BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY
VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 ISSN 0959-5805 BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONA L PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY
BULLETIN O F T HE INT ER NATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SO CIET Y
EDITOR Or Kiki Kafkoula Department of Urban and Regional Planning Or Mark Clapson School of Architecture Dept. of History Aristotle University ofThessalonika page 2 University of Luton Thessalonika 54006 EDITORIAL 75 Castle Street Greece Luton Tel: 303 1 995495/ Fax: 303 1 995576 3 LUI 3AJ REPORTS UK Dr. Peter Larkham Birmingham School of Planning ARTIC LES Tel: 01582 489034/ Fax: 01582 489014 Un iversity of Central England E-mail: [email protected] Perry Barr Reworlding the city Birmingham 5 B42 2SU Anthony D. King EDITORIAL BOARD UK Tel: 0121 331 5145 New Zealand's first civic design scheme: W. R. Oavidge and New Pl ymouth Or Arturo Almandoz Email: [email protected] 17 Departamento de Planiticacion Urbana Caroline Miller Universidad Simon Bolivar Professor John Muller Aptdo. 89000 Department of Town and Regional Planning Reviewing the Chinese City Caracas I086 University of Witwatersrand 25 Venezuela Johannesburg Peter Larkham Tel: (58 2) 906 403 7 / 38 PO Wits2050 E-mail: [email protected] South Africa Transportation and urban development in Manchuria Tel: 011 716 2654 / Fax: 011 403 2519 Wu Xiaosong and Robert Home 29 Or Halina Dunin-Woyseth E-mail: 041 MUJ@cosmos. wits.ac.za Oslo School of Architecture 34 Department of Urban Planning Professor Gcorgio Piccinato PUBLICATIONS: BOOKS PO Box 271 300 I Drammen Facolta di Architettura Norway Univcrsita di Roma 3 PUBLICATIONS: ARTIC LE A 38 Tel: 4722 20 83 16/ Fax: 47 22 11 19 70 Via Madonna dei Monti 40 BST RACTS 00 184 Roma Or Gerhard Fehl Italy PUBLICATIONS: REVIEW 39 Lehrstuhl fUr Planungstheorie Tel: +39 6 678 8283/ Fax: +39 6 48 1 8625 Technische Hochschu le Aachen E-mail: [email protected] 52062 Aachcn Schinkelstrasse I Or Pieter Uynenhove Germany 64 rue des Moines Tel: 0241 805029 / Fax: 0241 8888137 F-75017 Paris Or Robert Freestone France Planning and Urban Development Program Faculty of the Built Environment Professor Stephen V. Ward University of New South Wales School of Planning Sydney NSW 2052 Oxford Brookes University Australia Headington Tel: 02 9385 4836 / Fax: 02 9901 4505 Oxford E-mai l: [email protected] OX30BP UK Or Robert K. Home Tel: 01865 483421/ Fax: 01865 483559 Department of Surveying E-mail: [email protected] University of East London Dagcnham Professor Shun-ichi Watanabe Essex Science University of Tokyo RM82AS, UK Yamazaki, Noda-shi Tel: (0) 181 590 7722 x2504 I Fax: (0 181 849 36 18 Chiba-kcn 278 E-mai l: [email protected] Japan Tel: 81 474 24 150 1/ Fax: 81 471 25 7833 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 1 51 9111 International Planning History Conference an d 1 Finnish Urban MARK CLAPSON History Conference: Espoo-Helsinki, Finland, 20-23 August 2000 Department of History, University of Luton, 75 Castle Street, Luton, LU I 3AJ, UK Tel: (0) 1582 489034 The hosting of IPHS conferences gets Memorable among the keynote lectures Email: mark.clapson@luton .ac.uk better and better. Helsinki was a worthy were Professor Anthony King (New successor to the Sydney 1998 conference, York) the 2"d Gordon Cherry Memorial thanks largely to the efforts of Laura Lecture on ' Re-worlding the city'; Dirk The 9111 In ternational Planning History earlier part of the twentieth century, is a Kolbe (well known to many IPHS Schubert (Hamburg) on new challenges Society Conference in Helsinki, held in welcome contribution to the neglected members) and her colleagues. Some two for urban theory; and Gregers Algreen August 2000, contributes more than a little history of planning in that country, while hundred participants gathered at the Ussing (Royal Danish Academy of Fine to this issue of Planning History. Anthony two shorter pieces discuss the Chinese Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Arts, and originator of the Danish SAVE D. King's keynote conference paper, 'Re experience of town planning and urban Helsinki University of Technology, in a project- Survey of Architectural Values in worlding the city' is the first article here. growth. One is a review article by Peter building and campus designed by the the Environment) on 'The map and local It is an important contribution to our Larkham on some recent publications by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto in the 1960s. identity'. Stephen Ward was fluent in his contemporary understanding of the city, the University of Hawaii Press; the other is The magnificent lecture theatre, where the role as President of IPHS. particularly of the suburbs: they are no a concise study of transportation and urban conference plenary sessions were held, Some idea of the variety of papers longer the bastion of the white middle development in Manchuria, by Wu showed the quality of his work, and indeed presented: Philip Booth (Sheffield) on the classes, but dynamic and diverse multi Xiaosong and Robert Home. the campus library drew visits from the feudal origins of British development cultural housing areas, not simply in the I am grateful to those of you who Israeli participants (who are planning a control; Diane Brand (Auckland) on South West, but also in the booming countries of have sent me notifications of publications, new library for the University of Haifa). American connections with Australasian the Pacific. 'Edge city' forces and reports and other notices. Some of these Close by was the garden city ofTapiola, a urban plans; Robert Catlin (California globalisation have remoulded suburban are included here, others will be found in much-acclaimed town planning ventures State University, Bakersfield) on the life in the great metropolitan areas. King the first issue of Planning History for of the 1960s, which was the subject of an utopian black community of Allensworth, took as his working themes the key themes 2001. This will follow shortly. excellent conference session, led by the California (Ailensworth was born a slave and served as a ' buffalo soldier' in the of the conference: Finally, and in relation to this, I Finnish-American academic Arnold centre/periphery/globalisation. Robert must apologise for the late arrival, as it Alanen (Wisconsin). American Indian wars before creating his Home's report on the Helsinki conference, were, of this fina l issue of 2000. This was The hospitality aspects of the model community in 1908), Mark Clapson moreover, draws attention to some due to a number of problems. Some of conference were excellent, starting with (Luton) on desegregation in the Anglo significant aspects of the event. these were minor, notably illness and a the welcome reception at the cultural American suburb since 1960. Nurrit The Southern Hemisphere and flooded office; but one in particular was centre of the City of Espoo, in the heatt of Corren (Ort Braude College, Carmiel) on East more generally gain considerable and remains a major factor, namely the Tapiola, and hosted by its lady mayor (one high-rise building in Israeli cities; Owen attention in this issue. Caroline Miller's 'corporate repositioning' of the University of many women among the Finnish Crankshaw (Cape Town) on race, article on W. R. Davidge and the problems of Luton, and all that that entails. Happy officials and academics involved with the inequality and urbanisation in of civic design in New Zealand in the New Century! conference). The Museum of Finnish Johannesburgh; Richard Dennis Architecture hosted another reception, and (University College London) on zoning of there was an excellent closing conference North American apartment housing; Dalia banquet in the Old Student House built in Dijokiene (Vilnius) on re-evaluating 1868, with a recital by an talented young Lithuanian cultural suburbs; Gareth string quartet playing Sibelius. The Griffiths (Tampere) on multiculturalism in closing plenary session - ambiguously Scandinavia; .Michael Hebbert titled 'The Real End(?) of Town (Manchester) on the historical context of Planning' - was held in the Great the new urbanism ; Baruch Kipnis (Haifa) Assembly Hall of the University of on Tel-Aviv as an aspiring global city),; Helsinki, and doubled as a special event in Nori Lafi (Aix) and Denis Bocquet Helsinki's year as a European Union City (Rome) on Italian colonial planning in of Culture for the year 2000. Tripoli; Kerrie MacPherson (Hong Kong) on Hong Kong as a world city; Susan
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 3 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 2 Parnell (Cape Town) on British Colonial Circle for a memorable few days in the ANTHONY 0 . KING Office policy toward urban Africa. lakes and forests of Lap land). State University ofNew York at Binghamton, USA The conference doubled as the There were some minor disappointments: first Finnish Urban History Conference, the conference suffered (through no fault the organisers) because a significant and attracted nearly a hundred Finnish of I'd like to begin by thanking the organisers for individuals and hence, limit their actions.' ' But number of those who submitted abstracts academics. Laura Kolbe gave an excellent their outstanding generosity and hospitality in let me begin by addressing my title did not appear to present their papers, and keynote lecture on Helsinki in its Baltic inviting us all to this wonderful city of Helsinki this required some restructuring of the context (drawing upon her recent co and congratulating them on the excellent choice Re-Worlding- the City authored book on the city's history). Other sessions; developing countries were poorly of conference theme and sub-themes. I'm Post-colonial critic Gayatri Spivak has interesting papers by Finnish delegates represented, doubtless because of fu nding particularly honoured to have been invited to recovered from Hegel the imaginative idea of included Risto Suikkari (Oulu) on the problems; some papers bore little relation 2 give this millennia! memorial lecture in honour ' the worlding of the world', the process by traditional wooden towns of Finland. to planning or urban history. of Gordon Cherry, to whom all of us here owe which ' the world' actually came to be ' the Good half-day field trips were organised, so much; first, as the founder, and moving world '. This didn't, of course, happen just and there was a successful post-conference The next IPHS conference will be held in spirit behind, the UK Planning History Group once; the world is constantly being 're tour to St. Petersburg (although this 2002 in London and Letchworth. and then, the International Planning History worlded', requiring that we recast our reviewer took himself off to the Arctic 'structures of attitude and reference' towards to Robert Home, University ofEast London Society, in both instances, ably partnered by the immensely wide experience and knowledge use Said's phrase}, not only remaking the world ofTony Sutcliffe. It was certainly Gordon's for us, but also remaking ourselves for the very affable nature, immense enthusiasm, world. The reality always changes. And our Hampstead Garden Trust appoints President open-mindedness, and wide-ranging interests imaginations, our conceptual languages, have a which helped to foster an interest in planning difficult time trying to catch up with this. the spire of St. Jude's Church, designed by At their meeting on the 17'h October, history world-wide. We could start with the obvious fact that Sir Edwin Lutyens. 2000, the Council of the Hampstead The invitation also poses a challenge in that different people's worlds, and indeed, their In thanking the Chairman of the Garden Suburb Trust appointed Or. part of Gordon's work, suitably for a historian cities, are worlded in very different ways, not Mervyn Miller as the first Honorary Trust Council, Steven Licht, Or. Miller least, through the representations of their own referred to the responsibility of the with a background in the planning profession, President of the Trust. Or. Miller, who was devoted to researching and evaluating the universes by members of the world's major retired from the Trust Council at the daunting task of conserving the legacy of influence of particular planners and their religions - Islam, Judaism, Christianity, Annual General Meeting held on 20'" the social vision of Dame Henrietta relation to pa1ticular cities. My own view of Hinduism, Buddhism. But let me stick with September, had served as the Director Barnett, founder of the Suburb, the the world has been somewhat different, those terms and concepts which, in the last Appointed by the Royal Town Planning practical and artistic skills of Sir Raymond focussed as much on the larger structural forces fifteen years at most, the term 'global' has been Institute for 21 years. Or. Miller is a Unwin, and, in Central Square, the commanding virtuosity of Sir Edwin which have shaped human beings and the used to contest- international, trans-national, Chartered Architect and Town Planner, world-system/ic, post-modem, postcolonial, historian and lecturer. In 1998, he was Lutyens. spaces of the built environment, as on Or. Miller's place on the Trust post-communist - among others. awarded a Visiting Fellowship by Oxford individuals themselves. As Marx famously Council has been filled by Barbara Woda, In reminding ourselves of these various Brookes University in recognition of25 commented ' Men- and presumably he also Principal Conservation Officer for ways in which the world has been ' worlded', I years contribution to the conservation of meant women - make their own histories, but Hammersmith and Fulham London want to ask, what does it mean to be the the built environment. not in conditions of their own choosing'. This The meeting approved an Borough. is what sociologists like to call the 'structure International Planning History Society? Are amendment to the articles of association to agency' question. In Berger and Luckmann's we historians focusing on 'international' enable the Trust Council to appoint an classic text, The Social Construction of Reality planning? Are we members of 'national' Honorary President, and Or. Miller was ( 1967), they argue that 'there is a dialectical planning associations talking about our nominated to fill the role. He was process in which the meanings given by 'national' planning histories? Or is our focus presented with a painting by Annie individuals to their world become on the 'inter', the 'between-ness' between the Walker, who lives in the Suburb, showing institutionalised, or turned into social different 'nationals' -the crossover space, the the panorama from the Hampstead Heath structures. The structures then become part of trans-national cross-dressers, the increasingly Extension, with the horizon crownded by the system of meanings employed by culturally and linguistically hybrid spaces and
VOL. 22 NO. 3 2000 PAGE 4 PLANNING HISTORY * * PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 5 dommions and colon1es wh1ch, roughly So, if anyone has an agenda for of processes taking place between 1947 and the early 1960s, technically places in the world. Should we, perhaps, be the As a representation 'internationalising' planning history, we might scale, globalisation is frequently at least, became independent states. Transnational Planning History Association? on a world ask from whose position this is being used in relation to the 'economy', to (crudely) Technically, because to cite Gayatn Spivak What, in other words, do we address? undertaken. economic integration of the world , postcoloniality is ' the failure of What is the appropriate unit of analysis? describe the If we are to take the concept of again capitalism. Other scholars, '. People? Social problems? Spaces? And if under global globalisation critically, it needs to be given decolonisation differentiate between economic, Postcolonial consciousness, however, IS not spaces, what kind of units do we consider? however, some precision. What we need to know, as social, financial, and cultural one thing. The editors of Postcolonial Space(s) Neighborhoods? Places? States? Continents? political, Crang8 suggests, is how globalisation takes Yet as many critics point out", space is a space of And what kind of theoretical frameworks do we globalisation. place through conceived, perceived and lived state: ' postcolonial of globalisation are into those architectural use? many representations spaces, in changing patterns of spatial intervention accounts of the s that parade under a universalist Having done relatively little in planning profoundly unhistorical consumption, for example. This I address in construction world. Because of this, and either exclude or repress differential history since I went to the USA, what I want to interconnected modem my last section. But we also need to know how guise of globalisation avoids the of often disadvantaged ethnicities, address here are the ways in which my ideas on much discussion a very clearly structured system of global spatialities (and violent) nature of the way or peoples'. 12 Australian what I've previously seen as major forces highly political political economy (not least related to the communities globalisation has occurred -through Jacobs writes: 'Spectacles of structuring the production of urban space - in which imperial and colonial past) has produced, and geographer Jane different forms of exploitation and are entwined in a politics of race imperialism, colonialism, nationalism, imperialism, continues to produce, cultural difference and postmodernity whether in slavery, or ecological and cannot be constructively socialism, global capitalism (and various forms violence, so-called 'ethnic minorities'. and nation which creating conditions recourse to the imperial of social and spatial exclusion subsumed by environmental destruction, Here, I turn to another way of 're-worlding thought of without world-wide since the and postcolonial imperatives these, whether patriarchy, racism, sexism, of uneven development the world', a different theoretical inheritances century. We need to acknowledge this the present. ' 11 I want to make a classism, casteism) have changed over these fifteenth representation which critiques this idea of a which inhabit satellite TV, cyberspace, the s work in postcolonial last twelve years. My ideas have changed before addressing •singula r', globular view, namely, postcolonial few comments on thi concern for global ecology, and partly from my experience of being in the USA contemporary theory and criticism. criticism. s is not just, perhaps, but, more importantly, from moving the rest. The rise ofpostcolonial studie can also speak to what Spivak refers because of the presence somewhat from sociology and urban studies But we Postcolonial Theory as has been suggested, violence.~ We need not cite in the West but, into art history and cultural studies, with their to as epistemic One of the phenomena I've been trying to of Third World intellectuals on the relationship between power/ from the considerable concern for questions of representation, Foucault understand recently are the conditions more importantly, results to recognise that theories of of academics, as well positionality, identity, visuality, 'modernity', knowledge accounting for the quite spectacular growth in growth of the proportion they're used, not only subjectivity. My talk will be in three parts, globalisation and the way - American, British, as students, from ethnic minority backgrounds and the anglophonic academy 1 overwhelmingly in the West but take and early 1990s. • In addressing issues about the global, the originate Canadian, Australian, maybe elsewhere- of the between the late 1980s what should be interrogated. stantial growth of postcolonial and what I call 'contemporary for granted new knowledge paradigm of postcolonial addition, the very sub Chakrabarty challenges this mapping of 9 s in all anglophone (as hybrid modernities.' Dipesh theory and criticism. Among an audience such international student into single global histories by the has, in the relevant the world as this with - from eastern and western Europe, well as other) countries calls for a 'provincialising of a huge boost to the growth Interrogating the Global West and though also Australia, the US, South Asia, subject areas, given Europe'6 His fellow Indian critic, Geeta Kapur, studies. At my As historians, we might remind ourselves that South Africa, East Asia - which postcolonial of, and support for, postcolonial addressing the so-called 'New Internationalism' satellite of New in the long duree, each of the terms I studies has, to varying degrees, penetrated, I'm own university (an upstate of the 1990s writes: class of 12-15 mentioned earlier had specific social, conscious that I may well be representing a York City), in a graduate and Culture', for geographic and historic origins, as well as particular anglophonic view of the world. students on 'Postcolonialism Even as the developed nations disgorge s from, to give specific political, ideological, economic and While the postcolonial critique has obviously example, I can have student the developing ones of their material Puerto Rico, other conditions in which they arose. For had some impact on recent planning history, some examples, Mexico, Korea, basis, great amounts of cant about 'one well as the USA, all example, 'international' came into use - largely indeed, on the practice of planning itself(e.g. China, Canada, or India, as world' and polyvocal identities are history of in a legal sense - around 1780, and Leonie Sandercock's Towards Cosmopolis, of whom have some offered theoretically . Internationalists nationalism in 'transnational' especially in the 1970s, with the 1998), I want to make a few comments about imperialism/colonialism/and who are physically located in the First increasing visibility of transnational this paradigm. common. World take the national as not only a agenda corporations. Terms such as world-system Postcolonial criticism, according to Robert How far is the postcolonial lost cause but also as a negative and ethnic (including centre and periphery concepts) came Young (1990) 'itself forms the point of primarily driven by the postcolonial hypothesis ... for members of the Third a critique of with Wallerstein in 1974; postmodern, questioning Western knowledge's categories minority audiences in the West (as World, privileged and cosmopolitan as 10 racism in the generally from the 1970s and 1980s; global and and assumptions' . It 'demands a rethinking of Eurocentricism and also, cultural they may be, the international is a and conditions in globalisation from 1960, but especially under the very terms by which knowledge has been academy) or by the situation firmly hyphenated term; the nation is 11 And the neo-liberal regimes and conditions of the constructed.' Such statements take for postcolonial countries themselves? their express concern and determined knowledge mid to late 1980s granted that, in the early part of the twentieth whether in relation to systems of reality' .7 practice century, Europe held roughly 85 per cent of the production, education and professional earth as colonies, protectorates, dependencies, - including planning and urban design?
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 7 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 6 to Crang's 'conceived, perceived and consumption. The bungalow - in the country What are the analogies between an regard internationalisation of the economy and the '. but not of the country - was equally a product anglophonic postcolonial studies based on the Ii ved spaces culture, not least, through the processes of Roger Silverstone, in Visions of of imperialism, by the first decades of the histories of European imperial isms in Asia, Both imperialism colonialism and the workings of ( 1996) and Peter Taylor, in twentieth century, becoming the suburban Africa and the Americas, and more recent, Suburbia the world economy. Having discussed these rnities ( 1999), while both focusing on the house of cho1ce, first 111 Call fom ia, then d1fferent forms of imperialism in Europe? Can Mode topics elsewhere I won't go into them now, world of the USA, Australia and throughout the USA and Canada, then the centralised state rule of the Soviet Union be anglophone except to remind oursel vcs of the vast transfer , see the contemporary suburb as the transplanted to Australia, New Zealand, seen from a similar perspective? the UK of resources and accumulation of capital that embodiment of modernity, the Britain, and South Africa in the interwar years That there is no single paradigmatic characterised imperialism, not only fuelling modem suburb of single fami ly houses (though everywhere, translated and 'colonial/postcolonial narrative', let alone a classic industrial urban development in the mctropole in tree lined roads. ' This sformed). 20 common set of principles to account for all in large gardens but also promoting the economic, social and tran consumer modernity', Taylor To turn now from the suburbs of the earl y cases ofpostcolonial urban development, is landscape of spatial expansion of suburban development. writes, ' represents the culmination of four 1900s to those of the early 2000s. As we most clearly evident in Abidin Kusno's recent Or, in the British, French, Dutch, and centuries of ordinary modernity' . Probably hardly need reminding, suburb is a term and book on postcolonial Indonesia,'' and the fifty Portuguese colonies, the laying out of colonial thinking of the suburb in terms of the immense phenomenon around at least s ince the year history of urban design and planning in urban space, subsequently to provide the spatial amount of society's resources invested in it, fourteenth century, even though the1r mass1ve Jakarta, first, under Sukamo, and then, the 32 infrastructure for different kinds of postcolonial Taylor states that it is ' the modem equivalent expansion in Western cities was a nineteenth year rule of Suharto. The problem of suburban development. Along with these great Gothic cathedrals of the high early twentieth century development. The postcolonial studies, according to Kusno of the developments went the transculturation and and ages in feudal Europe'. With some of the suburb as a lifesty le however IS (himself an Indonesian), has been a tendency to middle hybridisation of suburban spatial and idea he writes that, with the era of American associated with the late nineteenth examine colonial discourse as part of an license, architectural forms. especially has spread st entered the critique of' the West'- without hegemony, ' the middle class suburb century in the West, as the century (1895) when suburbia fir undifferentiated 6 In the nineteenth s the world" • sh Dictionary. acknowledging that colonialism can come in to cities acros industrial bourgeoisie got larger, the suburb Oxford Engli of course, implied that the many different forms. What Kusno argues is represented a move to an imaginary, more Sub-urb for Silverstone: ettlement was 'sub' (i.e. under or that, until the demise of Suharto's ' New Order' Similarly, exotic, even foreign universe, one represented suburban s city- a generic growth out of the regime in 1998, Indonesia maintained a by new names, new spaces, new forms, new below) the Suburban culture is a consuming I want to suggest here is that, today, colonial regime in all but name. Moreover, he plants, imported from all over the colonial and city. What culture. Fueled by the increasing 18 one-t1me ' Th1rd departs from a key theme in postcolonial non-colonial world' . Quite early in the in many (particularly commoditisation of everyday life, s), we no longer just have sub-urbs criticism, arguing that colonialism did not bring development of the spatialiscd social World'citie suburbia has become the crucible of a e supra-urbs (or better, globurbs) about a displacement of indigenous culture. differentiation that became the suburb, three we also hav ping economy. It is a culture of, , social, spatial, Indeed, as the Dutch promoted the Indonesian shop spatial forms (non-native to north west Europe whose origins -economic and for, display. The shopping mall, c tural - are no longer language throughout the archipelago and also or America) were appropriated from other cultural and archite all glass and glitter, all climate and from the City, or even the country, developed indigenous forms and styles of cultures to give new meanings to suburban life: generated quality control, is the latest side the nation-state itself. design, they helped construct a sense of the villa, the verandah and the bungalow. but develop from out manifestation of the dialectic of at the airport - the new nationalism in the new state. The spatially Villa, as term and architectural idea, They fly in, touch down suburban consumption. The hybridity are fed by umbilical cords divisive system of planning, however, has been entered the English language from the Italian as urban centre- and displayed in the shopping mall is a infinitely, but no-one exacerbated after independence. a response to a renewed interest in the classics that not only extend representation, a reflection and a end. And just as before, the It should, therefore, be no surprise to us during the seventeenth century. However, it knows where they revelation of the hybridity of suburbia. to be generated by that broad-ranging theoretical models, whether moved into the fashion conscious vocabulary of suburbs of today continue Suburbs are places for transforming sm, colonialism, and the of globalisation, or postcolonialism need to pay England only from the late 18th century during forces of imperiali class identities. The differences cultures of global careful attention to particular political and the first spurt of expansion of the bourgeois diasporic m1gratory grounded in the differences of position , in this last section, historical conditions. classes. It also entered Germany about the capitalism. In providing in the system of production have world and capital cities in same time. Its transplantation to the USA early some examples from gradually, as Bourdieu states, been I also want to stress Hybrid modernities in the nineteenth century was an outcome of the USA, China, and India, overlaid and replaced by the , postcolonial or Typically, we assume that the spatial similar conditions. 'A villa', for architectural the very different transnational differences grounded in the system of and culture, manifestations of globalisation are in the CBD, writer A. J. Downing (1850), ' is the country neo-imperial flows of capital consumption. 17 architectural design the downtown, evidenced by the appearance of house of a person of competence or wealth migration, and urban and . multinational corporation headquarters, sufficient to build it with taste and elegance'. that help explain them While I largely agree with Taylor and international banks or the pervasive sign of Where a cottage could be looked after by a Silverstone here, there is a major omission in franchised global corporations- the golden M, family, 'a villa requires the care of at least Supraburbs and Globurbs their accounts. Neither pays sufficient 19 decades, new perhaps in some sort of vernacular disguise. three or more servants. ' The verandah, In the last two or three attention to the dependence of suburbanisation, DC have What has been neglected is globalisation (and another erogenous space and tenn originally supraurbs/globurbs of Washington both as economic as well as physical, spatial V1rginia, postcolonialism) in the suburb, specifically in from Spain and Portugal via colonial India, was been created in Northern and ideological phenomenon, on the the Pentagon and an additional spatial device for conspicuous significantly, not far from
2000 * PAGE 8 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 9 Dulles airport. The new migrations which have 'destgned for overseas buyers', either ' qualtty formed them- mostly, but not all, Asian (and apartments' or 'smgle fam1ly houses', the later, Asian-American) were, and are, in maJOr cltents for these being foreign funded firms, European, American and Asian different degrees, tied to American foreign 2 Pure American-Canadian Style policy as well as patterns of colonialism and expatriates or overseas investors. ' In the mtd nationalism. Asian Americans, as well as 1990s, villas were a major sell to overseas BEIJING DRAGON VILLAS Latinos/as have arrived in the United States as Chinese. a result of colonialism in the region and the At Regent on the Ri ver, seventeen ensuing colonial wars (in the nineteenth kilometres west of the city centre is a nineteen century, with Spain, or, later, in Korea, acre estate of luxury suburban homes Vietnam, and more recently, with actions in El 'surrounded by lovely woodland, rivers and Salvador, Grenada, Somalia). Immigrants of streams'. The nomenclature and designs of Asian and Central American descent - with these 'European and US style houses' are their local suburban economies and distinctive chosen to reach a more residentially mall architectures - carry the traces of wars. discriminating Euro-American-Chinese For government, military, and intelligence clientele - 'The American, the Nordic, the reasons, ' Pentagon connections are today Baroque, Mediterranean, Classic European, highl y significant for first wave refugees from The Georgian'. River Garden Villas or a number of countries to North Virginia. ' 21 Phoenix Garden Villas are located ' near the Near Seven Corners, Fairfax County, the Eden only world class 18 hole golf course, managed l.,c~ '' '"~ the ("1\)v.J..".J an~ nui') C•ty, ju~ * Bu1cr< of I'll"-'< O•oe '., "'"'" In before by Japan Golf Promotions'. (Figs. 2 and 3) Jul)· .\1. lWJ . Centre/Plaza 7 ' replicates a small Vietnamese 1""<'11t) rninut ..~.)· \lliW'. )VU CV\ J::Cl IU the lklu •~ villa' ~u•h w1th hu•c '"'c:"nt.enb. Alternatively, there are Garden Villas, King's llc•J••t: Ora,,.u VIII>>: rhc bc>uhful * marketing town', with its Saigon East store, l'n>lilohlc t•opolo1 1:~11\. Garden Villas, the Beijing Eurovillage - for the An~oenc:u, · C~3.0 'l)'le rr"-itknl~. w•th * typical (gold) jewelry shops and cultural v,u .., Ol< «
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 *PAGE 10 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 N * O. 3 2000 * PAGE 11 Figs 2 and 3: River Garden villas, BeiJing 27 'globalisation', to stress the importance of population (between IS and 22 million ) have very different histories, cultures, and diasporic place, and people as 'constitutive of, and The Indian diasporic population central to the functioning of global (cultural as geographies. 28 can be grouped, historically and well as) economic circuits' . geographically, into five main clusters, the Second, to counter the frequently expressed largest, and probably the wealthiest, being the ' homogenisation thesis' that is often associated four million in the USA (1.3 million), the UK, with globalisation; to recognize that when Canada, Australia and other western countries. ideas, objects, institutions, images, practices, The social, spatial and cultural transformations performances are transplanted to other places, taking place around particular cities - Delhi, other cultures, they both bear the marks of Hyderabad, Bangalore- has to be seen (if we history as well as cultural translation. can believe the advertisements) in the context This can happen in any or all of three ways. of two or three phenomena. One of these is the Most simply, for material phenomena, they transnational process of transmigration, in frequently change their form, their social use, which migrants move regularly between or function. And even though arriving in ' home' and the 'destination country', shifting si milar forms (whether material technology or capital (and ideas, practices) between them. images) they are invested with different More especially, however, it has to be cultural, social or ideological meanings. And River Garden Villa understood through the particular stance of the finally, the different meanings which material Indian state which, first, has legislated two objects, ideas or images acquire depend on the The Ultimate Lifestyle in Beijing distinctive categories- the Non- Resident highly varied local social, physical and spatial Indian, giving particular privileges and environments into which they're introduced. guarantees regarding the investment of The question of what social or other property capital in India, and the PlO, Person meanings can be attributed to what I've been of Indian Origin (with similar financial and describing here is certainly very complex. cosy living style for Regular shuttle buses go straight to legal privileges). Both of these categories How these developments are perceived locally Beijing expatriates. the city centre from River Garden carefully cultivate an Indian identity: one of is one question. From my o\\ITI perspective, Close to Third Villa. And special schoolbuses belongingness to the state, but another, a however, globalisation - seen in terms of children of River Annular Road East exclusively for the transnational identity, that can operate in the capitalist economic integration - has certainly residents. ln·house security, River Garden Villa is market. led, in probably every city in the world, to baby-sitting, laundry 't close to Capital Airport The third factor to note, however, is the immensely increased scales of economic, Road, Jingshun Road, and home cleaning services are !t'-1 social , spatial and housing polarisation - distinctive postcolonial identity (I use this 3rd Annular Road East easily available. ~ phrase in a positive way) in which property especially in postcolonial states. Traffic here is smooth and fast, so you get to the city Horse riding, Golf, etc. (f ~ .· But where, thirty years ago, 'modernisation' centre in just 12 minutes. advertisements (taken from the widely Those into horse riding will appreciate almost certainly meant a kind of with All Facilities The Sherwood Pacific International Equestrian circulating weekly magazine, India Today A Clubhouse 'westernisation', today it is more likely to mean court, sauna • Club nearby. Otherwise, there are several International) represent the new suburban Tennis not in the social room, swimming outdoor activities like golfing, fishing and developments with which developers tempt 'cosmopolitanisation' (though 29 pool, gym,. water sports. NRI's worldwide to invest. Much of the equity sense that Leonie Sandercock envisages.) Ho~~g Koog: 11:ooa. .m . - 7:00p.m advertising is directed to flattering the My concluding comment, however, I reserve ¥~ R it ~ ~I' ~ Aug26.94-Aug31,94 cosmopolitan nature of the potential investor, fif 'J' 1u aY ~ ae.,...9 tt.ooam-7:00p.m. people 'who have kno\vn the very best the for our conference title. To this, I'd like to add, (ff) r_ .J 1 J.TL Aug 28, 94- Aug 3t, 94 world has to offer'. If we can believe the ads, a if I may, five 's's: 'Centres- Peripheries :JI(ioer ~araen viua transnational, if still anglophonic, domestic Globalisations: Pasts and Presents (and in cases, postcolonial, maybe colonial) suburban villa architecture is in process, with Acknowledgements villas emanating or labelled from the US, Many thanks to Abidin Kusno, Deryck England, Scotland or elsewhere. (Figs 4 and 5) Holdsworth, John Hunter, Janet Wollf, Joe Wood, and Lisa Yun for suggestions and Conclusion sources. What do I want to say with these city stories? First, within a framework of an apparent
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 12 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 13 Fig 4: Independent Villas, Delhi NOTES
N.Abercrombie, S.Hill, B.S.Tumer, 14 In the USA, combming Asian, Black and Hispanic minorities, the academ1c eds. The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology.J:!armondsworth: Penguin, profession now represent some 17 per cent of all academics; in the UK , about 1988. per cent of academics are Black or 2 G.C.Spivak, The Post-Colonial Critic: 5-6 Interviews. Strategies, Dialog-ues. Asian. See King, Historical Ed.S.Harasym. New York and London: Geography, 1999. Routledge, 1990, p. l. 15 A.Kusno, Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and 3 E.Said, Culture and Imperialism London: Vintage, 1994. Political Cultures in Indonesia. London and New York: Routledge, 4 Most recently, F.Driver and D.Gilbert, in their introduction to their edited 2000. collection, Imperial Cities: Landscape, 16 P.Taylor, Modernilies: A Geopolilical Display and Identity. Manchester: lnlerpretation. Cambridge: Polity, 1999. ""u hQn•nonv o r •PIOnaO\Jr ono "poc • on a ~tot Uf•o o f Manchester University Press, 1999 . .)').., ~~ yd.~o. (278 ...0 .Q, m tr•. OPOIOX ) , Of"'O 0 Oullt UD OfOO O f 17 R. Silverstone, Introduction, in his 2&.40 lQ 11. (264 00 sQ r"tt". OPJ'UOJC .), gl...,tno you benot VOIUO a t 5 G.C.Spivak, In Other Worlds. London ~ :'\3.QO.OOO (US S t .O?.o'o 04 oppro~t.). edited collection, Visions of Suburbia. SCOOISH VILI...A. Typ..- 11 and New York: Routledge, 1988. 51\.Ut!H •~>• •nt.Jout wUh w •d6'' INinQ •c:>OCO on o otot ou>o Qf London and NewYork: Routledge, -'Cl() ..0. YOt , (.)()().00 s.Q, rnh OPC::WOJ(.) , ond 0 bviH•UI> Qt~O Of 6 D.Chakrabarty, 'Provincialising aq(;(lo "a f1 (?7-, 63 "a mfn apptOilt ) 01 o bo!!it18t vn~ Olf8t Of rtt 3~ 00.000 (V$ s ' , l.l,Q63 2,_ oppro~t-). Europe':Postcoloniality and the 1996. ~N E N TAL VILLA Critique of History'_ Cultural Studies, 18 R. Preston, ''The scenery of the torrid 1992, pp. 337-57. zone:' imagined travels and the culture Fig 5: Oxford Hermitage, Bangalore 16,1, 7 G.Kapur, ' A Critique of of exotics in nineteenth century British 'internationalism" in J. Fisher, ed. gardens', in Driver and Gilbert, Global Visions: Towards a New Imperial Cities, pp. 194-214, note 4. Internationalism in the Visual Arts. 19 A. J. Downing, The Architecture of London: Kala Press, 1995. Country Houses {including Designs for 8 M.Crang, 'Gioba1isation as Conceived, Cottages, Farmhouses and Villas). Perceived and Lived Spaces', Theory, New York: Dover Publications, 1969 Culture and Society, 16, l, 1999, pp. (first published, 1850) 167-77. Crang here draws on Henri 20 A. D. King, Th e Bungalow: The Lefebvre's, The Production ofSpa ce Production of a Global Culture. (199 1) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 9 This section draws on A.D.King, 1984; second edn., w ith new '(Post)colonial Geographies: Material introductory preface, Oxford and Symbolic', Historical Geography, University Press, 1995. 27, 1999, pp. 1-20 21 J. Wood, ' Vietnamese American place lO R.Young, White Mythologies: Writing making in Northern Virginia', HistOJy and the West. London and New Geographical Review, 87, 1, 1997, pp. York: 58-72. Routledge, 1990. 22 J. Ramesh, 'Ubiquitous Indians', India 11 P. Mongia, Contemporary Postcolonial Today In ternational, 1 May, 2000, p. Theory: A Reader. London: Amold, 25. 1996 23 Li Ronxhia, ' Beijing becoming an 12 G. Nalbantoglu and C.T. Wong, eds. international metropolis', Beijing Postcolonial Space(s). New York: Review, 43, 5, 2000. Princeton University Press, 1996. 24 J. Short and Y-H Kim, Globalisation 13 J.M.Jacobs, Edge ofEmpire: and the City. New York: Addison Postcolonialism and the City. London Wesley Longman, 1999. and New York: Routledge, 1996
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 14 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 15 25 The following information and 27 Ramesh, op cit. quotations come from various issues of 28 Mitchell, op cit. NI~:W ZJEAJLA\~DD?§ il(J~S>'.t ; : r:a / D~C:§~{J}~I China Daily in the mid 1990s. 29 L. Sandercock, Toward Cosmopolis. §Sl1tJElYLE: W. jft )[))A V}D~Jc Au i1.JJ N~2W 26 K. Mitchell, 'Global diasporas and New York: Wilcy, 1998. traditional towns: Chinese 1P1L~YM(OUTlHf transnational migration and the redevelopment of Vancouver's do·..vntown', Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, XI, 11, Spring, CAROLINE MILLER 7- 18. 2000, pp. School of Resource & Environmental Planning, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Tel: 64 6 356 9099 Email: [email protected]
Introduction New Zealand's planning and urban history recently developed concepts of civic has to date received only modest coverage design and town planning that were being and the research has generally failed to pioneered in Britain. These were ideas that reveal any s ignificant civic design were gaining s ign ificant interest and schemes prior to the 1920s. The currency in New Zealand in the period Christchurch Beautifying Association before the First World War. This interest promoted a modest civic redevelopment reached a high point with the visit in 1914 scheme between 1913 and 1916, but the of William Davidge and Charles Reade on project produced nothing in terms of a nation wide tour organised by the tangible results.' Such Beautifying Garden Cities and Town Planning Societies and Associations existed in a Association. New Plymouth seized this number of New Zealand towns and cities, opportunity to engage William Davidge, but unlike their larger American who the Town Clerk T.C. Bellringer counterparts they concentrated on small'c' described as 'an authority whose advice civic design, taking an interest in tree and assistance to us will be warmly planting, recreation and playground welcomed on many if not all sides' _2 This developments. was a bold step for a town which at the However, whi le its existence has time had a population of less than I 0,000 largely been overlooked, a quite and which has o riginally been subject to comprehensive civic design proposal for some detailed site planning as a New the provincial town of New Plymouth, Zealand Company Settlement. Davidge which includes a very large coloured plan duly did the work while in New Zealand and a detailed report, was commissioned on the Tour but there was some delay in its and completed between 1914 and 1916. completion. It was not formally presented Prepared by W .R. Davidge, the plan and to the Borough Council until February proposal are largely unknown because the 1916. By that point the rigors of war design was never put into place and the combined with the delay, served to dull material remained buried within the the ori ginal civic enthusiasm. The plan archives of the now New Plymouth and the proposal that it detailed were District Council. The plan, in fact, has quietly shelved and were never revived. become disconnected from the Report and Thus this paper will explore the is housed in the Taranaki Museum. role of Davidge in the development of the The importance of this civic proposal before looking at detail at what design proposal cannot be underestimated. was produced, which went beyond a civic It represents the earliest application of the
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 17 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. * 3 2000 * PAGE 16 both in holidaying and the health benefits town planning via the New Zealand News design proposal to address the future Carrington, the Company Surveyor. The of the seaside which has been covered so and Weekly Graphic and through his development of New Plymouth. site did however have some significant well by Stephen Ward. 9 At this point it 1S speaking tour in 1911. It may reflect the physical problems. While the Huatoki perhaps worth observing that while there fact that Reade was at best a confident, The Work of \V. R. Davidge River and the Mangaotuku Stream added are attractive beaches in Taranaki, they all well read enthusiast who lacked the sound W1lham Davidge was almost the character to the town running as they did feature black iron sand and front to the techn1cal skills that Davidge clearly had in archetypal early town planner. Qualified through its commercial areas, both were often turbulent Tasman Sea. Further, abundance. This expertise on the part of primarily as a surveyor he also held prone to flooding. Further the site while Taranaki's position as a premier dairying Davidge was subtly recognised throughout qualifications in engineering and located at the sea's edge was generally region and grower of magnificent the Australasian Town Planning Tour and architecture. As such he had all the quite hilly and the main street, Devon rhododendrons is partly derived from its it was Davidge who delivered the technical and design skills which might Street and Mall, poses real challenges in high and persistent rainfall. technical lectures throughout the Tour and have been expected in an early terms of the steepness of its gradient, to all Of equal concern in the Report who was invited to lecture at the practitioner. Given his varied but the very fit. Finally there was no was the quality of development in the Universities of Melbourne and Sydney.•• competencies it was not surprising that he harbour at that made loading goods suburbs particularly the perceived lack of 'felt that town planning was a matter of difficult until an artificial port could be reserves. This appears to be the result of Producing the Plan co-operation between experts' .3 While he built slowly and expensively. the disjointed growth of the town. While Davidge requested, while in transit to worked in the public sector until 1921, as Further New Plymouth's early the main Borough area had kept largely to Australasia via Vancouver, Honolulu and District Surveyor for Lewisham, year were dogged by difficulties which Carrington's plan, with its gridiron layout Fiji, ' a plan of New Plymouth and Greenwich and Woolwich between 1907 grew out of the increasing discontent of and provision of generous reserves information that may be available' _IS He and 1916, and then as Housing the native Maori iwi (people) with the including a partial town belt, the same had appears to have arrived in New Plymouth Commissioner, he was to go on to do nature of land sales. This culminated in not occurred in the suburban town districts via a streamer from the Port of Onehunga, significant work as a consultant. This the traumatic Land Wars of the early ofFitzroy, Vogeltown, Frankleigh Park Auckland, on the 10 July when he met consultancy with others formed an 1860s which seriously impacted on the and Westown. While these areas were with a sub-committee of Councillors to important part of the development of the towns development. However by 1863 the gradually merged, into what was called the discuss the work and agenda. For a fee of practice of town planning.4 Davidge was New Plymouth Town Board, with 51 Greater New Plymouth area between 1911 £25 gumeas he would submit a report to also a man who was a full and active settler ratepayers, was formed, by 1876 the and 1912, they brought with them their the Council before leaving New Zealand, supporter of the early organisations that Borough Council was created and by 1875 problems of somewhat that would deal with 'suggestions for the 6 sporadic and developed out of the milieu of a Harbour Board was established. The unplanned development and growth. 10 improvement of the seafront and of other organisations interested in housing, garden town had great potential as it was the Committees were formed in each area to parts of the Borough' .'6 In fact Davidge cities and town planning, in the early years largest settlement in the Taranaki undertake a range of beautifying works only spent two days in the town as he was of the twentieth century. He was a province, which, when the bush had been and while Bellringer complimented them due in Wanganui on Sunday and some of member of the British Gardens Cities and cleared yielded high quality soils and on their work, he also pointed to the need that time was taken up in delivering a well Town Planning Association from its pasture, making it a premier dairying for a 'comprehensive scheme for the received lecture as part of the Tour Series. earliest days and was a foundation region. The rich soils were produced from improvement for the whole of the The New Plymouth Borough Council also member of the Town Planning Institute the dormant volcanic cone of Mt. Taranaki foreshore, which could be borne in mind contributed £10 towards the cost of the when it was formed in 1913.5 While which dominates the Taranaki landscape. by each committee when extending their Tour's expenses and provided a venue and Davidge's role and work are Growth however was slow with the work' . 11 He concluded by saying that it Chairman for the talk. This was the acknowledged in all of the accounts of the population reaching 4,405 in 1901 and approach used by Tour organisers 7 was for this reason the Council would development of the British town planning only growing to 11,395 by 1921. support the visit of Rea de and Davidge on throughout the country with the movement he has never really received the The inspiration to employ the Garden Cities and Town Planning Government making a modest contribution prominence that others of his Davidge came from T.C. Bellringer the Association Tour and that 'a strong but only after some considerable contemporaries, such as Thomas Adams Town Clerk who served in that position endeavour will be made to get Mr Davidge lobbying." The public lecture was have, though he was clearly a competent for an amazing 50 years between 1902 and to visit New Plymouth and to submit to the however billed as entertainment, as Figure and experienced practitioner. 1952. He instituted a series of Annual Council a special report as to the best I indicates, emphasising that town Reports for the Council covering the method of laying out the whole of the planning was s till in its infancy in New The Engagement of Davidge activities of each of the Council seafront' .12 Davidge was duly contacted Zealand, as was the revolutionary nature On paper New Plymouth would seem the departments and the growth of the town. through the Association and Edward of what New Plymouth was proposing. · least likely of the North Island provincial In 1914 he reported that 'the people of Culpin replied in April 1914 that Davidge Given the limited knowledge of town New centres to require the expert assistance of Plymouth are realising that the would 'be perfectly agreeable subject to planning techniques in New Zealand at the seaport Davidge. Founded in 1841 as a New is not the greatest' but that the area terms, to undertake the preparation of the time, the town was demonstrating a hjgh Zealand Company settlement, drawing had the potential to be 'one of the plan to which you refer' . 13 The selection degree of foresight and innovation. settlers predominantly from Devon and principal seaside resorts in the of Davidge rather than Rea de is Davidge had stressed in his Dominion' 8 Cornwall, hence the town's name, it was . This interest in promoting interesting. Reade was well known in New meeting with the Councillors that he laid out largely in accordance with the New Plymouth as a seaside holiday Zealand for his propagandist work for detailed plan prepared by Fredric destination reflected a developing interest
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 19 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 *PAGE 18 would, due to time constraints, only be proposing. As had been requested there with cascades etc'.24 This civic centre or any other signs of pubI ic debate. The able to produce a 'suggestive' rather than a was great concentration on the would then connect with the walkway Borough Counc tlttself seemed never to development of the seafront area which he system. This whole area would be dtscuss the matter agam after their inittal stated should ' form the principal attraction oriented to the sea and would link the acceptance of the Report. The reasons for . 21 AMUSEMENTS. of the town'. To achieve this status he commercial and civic heart of the town the lack of tnterest arc not d iffi cult to recommended that the railway that ran the with the entertainment and recreational a pprehend. T he ttme delay resulted in the ~CSTRAU~IA~ 1'0'\\1'\ -·P. LA~.;_,L"CO length of the sea front separating the town features of the seafront. report being produced in the middle of the TOCR. from the sea, should be relocated to the He also went on to recommend the First World War when the papers and . 10 - ~JGBT, at. a· o'clock. · Mangotuku Valley. If this could not be development of a better train service to peoples minds were lilled with the trauma achieved immediately then the alternative T ·.~ · E ..t,.TnE · .Ror.AL. and from the town and to advocate within and cost of that war. It was not the time route be at least identified and reserved. the town the provision of' rapid transit for the rather sweeping proposals of . ~R . W. R. D .-\ VIDGB, · ... : He also recommended extensive facilities' either via trains or buses. Davidge that might have been viewed as a F.S. I., A.R.I.B ..-\ ...L\l.I. C.£.: {Lon- engineering work at the seafront to protect comprehensive package rather don County C<:luncil) · ·. . Recognising the unsuitability of the grid than one and enhance the beach with the intention that cou 100 · ~lago.i6cc:1t L&nte rn Sli~ lOO iron layout for such a hilly site as New ld be achieved in a series of steps, of creating a marine parade. '"fHB ME.SS.\Gl:: OF . GARDEN The latter Plymouth he advocated a more adaptive over time. Oavidge, as indicated earlier, CITIES A~D TO W.:\ -P LA~:\ING.'~ · would, according to the Plan feature parks, road layout that included radial and was very aware of the potential effects of I C bait man·, H it '\'o~hip ' the :rf.S.~. amusements, a promenade and a pier. In diagonal roads. This new transport system the War on the acceptability of what he · ·. ·. .A n~r1~.~ro~ r·nEE . . ·. · short a copy, on a small scale, of many would service the new industrial areas that was propos ing. . CH.\RI.F:S C. RE.:\.DE; Organiaer. .. English seaside resorts. he suggested should be identified early More importantly what Davidge .\.li~TR.A.L.A.S ~io~~\~ -P L~~~J..N. .G The development of 'pleasure and developed in a controlled manner. was proposing would have required a huge l beaches' and marine parade was to be only .· - · . . : · c7i3 With regard to the latter, he made a strong financial commttment from the Council one part of the overall approach to plead at the end of the Report for the that would have had to have been developing tourist attractions in the town. Council to lobby for legislation to grant extracted from a s mall ratepayer base. It Fig. I: Taraniki Herald, I 0 July, 1914 Other suggestions included the local bodies specific town planning was, moreover, a period when all local development of walkways along the powers. bodies were struggling to establish and ' working' plan. The latter could only be Mangotuku River and Huatolci Stream and The Report and plan produced b y upgrade basic public engineering works. produced with the assistance of a contour the further development of parkland within Davidge was thoroughly modem, In 1914 for m stance, two citizens looking plan at additional cost. 18 While there is no the Town Belt to form ' a ring of open incorporating as it did a clear and accurate for improved sewage connections were to suggestion at the time that Davidge saw spaces around the town' .22 In essence concern with efficient transport be ' informed that the sewer loan having any problems with producing the plan, in Davidge was advocating the development development. He also accurately been exhausted their application for February 191 5 he wrote to Bellringer of a linked walkway system that would identified both the natural advantages of extension of sewers cannot be considered saying he had delayed work on the Report include local highlights and special the site and how they might be exploited until next year's estimates are being because of the outbreak of war. This led features such as ' the remains ofMaori to enhance the town as a place to live, and formed'.28 Such concerns would easily him to realise ' that the people ofNew 'pahs' which have so strong an interest and to visit. The concepts being expressed outweigh the almost Herculean problems Plymouth would probably prefer the years to come will have even greater were also very reflective of the concerns of linance and disruption that Davidge's project to be deferred for the time being' .19 attraction for all visitors from the Oavidge had expressed in Town Planning plan would have involved. Ultimately 23 He also suggested that he had returned to Dominion or from the Home Land'. Systems2s and The Problem ofthe there was li ttle evidence of the use of England to much pressing work. These Davidge's suggestions were not Octopus26 that both date from the period Davidge's plan or suggestions. In the apologetic letters for on-going delay only confined to the development of the just proceeding the writing of this Report. twenty first century the railway still continued through to 3 February 1916 attractions of New Plymouth, he also The Report equally reflects the separates the city from the sea and the when the report and plan finally arrived. addressed the design of what might be considerable technical expertise that seafront is itself a rather bleak and Whether deliberately or by mistake the called the civic heart of New Plymouth. In Davidge possessed which allowed him to unattractive area. Council did not finally pay Davidge until Carringtion's original plan the main street produce a competent Report from such a June 1916.20 was clearly to be Devon Street. However short visit. Conclusion for many years development concentrated Oavidge's plan and proposal were never The Plan and Report on Brougham Street which ran at right A Plan Never Achieved put into operation at the time, and It is unfortunately impossible to reproduce angles to Devon Street. Oavidge The delay in presenting the Report and surprisingly they were never revived even the very large-scale plan that Davidge suggested a redesign that would plan was effectively fatal. As Tullett when the Town-planning Act was produced, given that it was beautifully concentrate all the major public buildings observes ' the report was fully published in instituted in 1926. The commissioning hand coloured and has subsequently been in the new civic centre, including the the Taranaki Herald on 21 March 1916, and production of the plan and Report do affected by water damage in one area. development of a new Town Hall and but little interest appears to have been however represent an important aspect of However the Plan read with the quite Railway Station which would be enhanced taken by the public'.27 There were New Zealand's planning history. The detailed Report that Davidge produced by the development of 'an ornamental certainly no letters to the editor in the application of civic design and redesign gives a clear idea of what he was water months following the receipt of the Report techniques within urban areas is a rarity in
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 *PAGE 20 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 21 New Zealand's history despite the fact that improvements it offered, but the country most people have always lived in urban missed out on the opportunity of seeing Fig. 3 Layout of New Plymouth areas. This is certainly the earliest town planning in action. The latter might proposal and one that was developed for have encouraged the uptake of the civic the archetypal small New Zealand town design aspect of the town planning whtch aspired to grow larger and more movement that is still largely absent from mfluential. lt also served to expose a the practice of town planning in New largely unsophisticated audience to the Zealand. practical improvements that could be made to the urban fabric by the application of Th e author would like to acknowledge the the new ideas and concepts of the town assistance ofMrs L. Officer, Archivist, planning movement. It is perhaps doubly New Plymouth District Council, the unfortunate that it was not instituted, as Taranaki Museum and the Massey not only did the people of New Plymouth University Research Fund, in the writing miss out on the opportunity to enjoy the of this article.
Fig 2: New Plymouth (from a postcard )
aNtnJr.Jn t1 ~ •• • .,.... 'nunf 110., ·roMtltMtwt
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 22 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 23 NOT ES
These proposals involved the IS Letter, Davidge to Town Clerk, design of a new tram terminal for New Plymouth District Council, Cathedral Square that formed the 24 April, 1914; NPBC File, heart of Central Christchurch. 3/1/IA, Town Planning: Visit by Peter J. Larkham Entries to the competition were Lecturer W. R. Davidge, 1914- University of Central England, Birmingham, UK disappointing and the matter faded 1916, New Plymouth District emai I: peter.larkham@ uce.ac.uk away. Archives. Tel: 0121 331 S 145 2 Undated memo, Bellringer to 16 Minutes of Job Committee re. Chairman: NPBC File 3/1/lA Town Planning, 10 July 1914, The origins, development and forms of Chinese challenged ... the urban planning system needs to Town Planning: Visit by lecturer NPBC, Agenda and Papers, 12 cities have long been of interest, particularly as undergo both institutional and philosophical W.P. Davidge (London) 1914-16; January 1914 - 27 April, 1914, Western scholars have attempted to understand reforms.' (Yeh and Wu, 1999, p. 167) New Plymouth District Council New Plymouth District Archives. the very different processes operating there. This Given this focus, several recent Archive 17 Reade handled the funding of the has resulted in an outpouring of scholarship, from publications reviewing the history and 3 G. Cherry, The Evolution ofTown. tour quite shrewdly by classics such as Wheatley's Pivot of the Four development of Chinese urban form and planning Planning, Leighton Buzzard: encouraging local bodies to write Quarters (1972) to the more recent volumes are of interest. A useful souvenir of the IPHS Leonard Hill Books, 1974. to the Government advocating discussed here; from national overviews (Ma and conference this summer was the publication by 4 G. Cherry, Pioneers ofBritish support for the tour. This Hanten, 1981) to detailed reviews of individual Kukkonen and Xiaojian ( 1998) on Ancient Town Planning,. London: The produced £350 from the cities (Sit, 1995) and plans (MacPherson, 1990), Chinese urban development, published by the Architectural Press, 1981. Government - see 1A series 1 file and including study of the importing of foreign Hels inki University of Technology. As a 5 Cherry, op cit, p. 57. 19/275/2 Pt. I: National Archives, concepts of planning (Cody, 1996). Even so, relatively brief overview covering some 5000 6 J. S. Tullett, The Industrious Wellington. there have been gaps in the scholarly coverage: years it is, perhaps, rather breathless; but it is Heart: A History ofNew 18 Minutes of Job Committee; see for example, Wang and Hague ( 1992) identified a densely written, contains some interesting Plymouth, New Plymouth City note 16. major focus of recent publication on the larger illustrations, and forms a good introduction for the Council, 1981. 19 Letter Davidge to Town Clerk, 12 coastal cities, which ' may distort perceptions of non-specialist. It also includes mention of recent 7 Tullett, ibid, p. 132. February 1915; NPBC File Chinese planning' in the postwar period. archaeological discoveries. Of note is the 8 Town Clerk's Report, Year to 31 3/ 1/1A. More recently, Gaubatz ( 1996) has emphasis on the planning of even the earliest March 1914; Minutes ofNew 20 Letter Davidge to Town Clerk, 3 reviewed the development of Chinese ' frontier cities, including regular street layouts, rigid Plymouth Borough Council July, 1916; New Plymouth cities' where, it is argued, a distinct urban form zoning, axial and symmetrical design; and the [NPBC] 20 April, 1914, New Borough Council File 3/1/lA. developed, albeit having many of the traditional observation that even very early cities (e.g. of the 1 Plymouth District Archive, p. 13. 21 W. R. Davidge, ' Report and features of Chinese city planning: these cities Shang period, 6 h to 11th centuries BC) conformed 9 S. V. Ward. Selling Places: The Suggestions for Preliminary Town to Feng Shui principles of location and form (p. Marketing and Promotion of Planning Scheme for the Borough Conform rigidly in some key aspects to 19). Towns and Cities, 1850-2000, ofNew Plymouth', p. 108. the ideals set out in the Chinese classics London : E&FN Spon, 1998. 22 Davidge, ibid, p. 116. for a ll Chinese cities. In fact, as a group, Imperial cities 10 Tullet, op cit, p. 30. 23 Davidge, ibid, p. 107. they conform as much to these ideals, Another perspective on older Chinese cities is 11 Town Clerk's Report, Year to 31 24 Davidge, ibid, p. 11 particularly in terms of city shape and the given by Steinhardt, whose Chinese imperial city March, 1914; Minutes ofNPBC, 25 W. R. Davidge, 'Town planning orientation of major buildings and planning appeared in paperback in 1999. The 20 April, 1914; New Plymouth systems', The Surveyors Institute thoroughfares, as their eastern hardback, published in 1990, was well reviewed, District Archive, p. 15. Transactions, 42, 1909-10, pp. 31 - counterparts, if not more (p. 3 ). and this more accessible reprint is welcomed. 12 Town Clerk's Report, ibid, p. 15. 63. However, nearly a decade after first publication, it 13 Letter, E. Culpin to Town Clerk, 26 W. R. Davidge, 'The problem of As the Chinese economy and society have is regrettable that the opportunity to take NPBC, 16 April, 1914; NPBC File the Octopus', Garden Cities and changed in the post-Maoist period, so has Chinese advantage of recent I iterature and archaeological 3/li1A: Town Planning: Visit by Town Planning, Vol. 12, 1912, pp. urbanism. Gaubatz remarks that 'Chinese cities work has apparently not been taken. As Lecturer W. R. Davidge, New 162-63. have changed more in the past half-century than Steinhardt's focus is specifically imperial, this Plymouth District Council. 27 Tullett, op cit, note 6, p. 31. they did in the previous 2000 years', often at the does to some extent reinforce the point made by 14 Anon., Australasian Tour of Mr. 28 Minutes of Works Committee, 7 expense of 'the unique cultural heritage of the Wang and Hague of a scholarly focus on eastern Davidge and Mr. Reade. Town January, 1914: NPBC Agendas Chinese urban life and landscape' (1996, pp. 314- or coastal China: the western extent of the Planning Review, Vol. 5, No. 4, and Papers. January - April, 1914. S). The planning system during this period has country/empire is little explored, with the furthest January, 1915, pp. 339-40. New Plymouth District Archives. also changed, as 'past urban planning practices, western city being Dunhuang. Two main features which were legitimised by the socialist ideology of Chinese cities are emphasised: first that of planned growth, are now fundamentally
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO * . 3 2000 * PAGE 24 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 25 planning in a premodern Chinese context imperial urban form, particularly ofTian'an Men setting them apart from the countryside, is not the ' modem1 st ctty', 3 deal with ' tradition and meant more than simply the abstract Square, Beijinh (p. 179ft). This re-interpretation replicated in this level of the Chinese city. Thus modcrn1 ty' and 4 d eal with 'city and nation'. notion that a city scheme was conceived to legitimate the new rule has obvious resonance there are no formal public administrative Each of the chapters is we ll argued and makes interesting readmg; some are, however, rather m liS entirety from its inception with the past; and the redevelopment of much of buildings, public squares and so on so remarkable though it is that planning was the historical fabric at this time has still left more characteristic of Western urban form and betler tllustrated than others - readers less famihar conducted in this way over the course of of the early fabric than the early historical planning; while temples did not dominate the city wtth these citi es or this cultural context would four thousand years of one nation's movements and redevelopments of this city. spiritually or architecturally (p. 82ft). Likewise, have been better served with more visual matter. history. In traditional China, it also meant although the concept of ' suburb' exists, and the Consideration of ' the modernists city' that a plan was drawn' (p. 5) word is used in transliterations from Chinese texts reviews some overt planning issues including the A regional perspective by both Xu and Steinhardt, Xu argues that widening, straightening and paving of streets And we should recall that these cities were Xu (2000) expands Steinhardt's perspective Chinese suburbs 'were certainly more "central" in which had become encroached upon during immense, the largest in the world: between c. 500 through an extremely thorough study of one city, economic terms and more bustling in daily life, centuries of use, the provision of sanitation, the and 256 BC the capital of only one state, Yan, Suzhou. Although a regional capital, this was not and thus were more ' urban' than most areas impact of railways, and the impact of urban 2 renewal. The most significant is Sun Fo, son of covered 32.lan , in the seventh century the wall of an imperial city, and Xu does suggest that much within the city walls' (p. 164) and thus differed Chang' an was 36.7lan long, and seventh century western study of Chinese cities remains biased in from Western concepts of the suburb and its Sun-Yat-sen, and first mayor of Guangzhou Beij ing covered 62lan2 (p. 10). favour of imperial cities at the expense of local planning. (Canton). He had studied in the United States and The book is structured in eight chapters, cities. This 'notable deficiency' is significant This is another valuable book. Its insights was a committed modernist planner, in favour of one introductory and seven chronological. There because 'the vast majority of urban centres in the into the form and planning of everyday Chinese 'scientific' knowledge and methods. His are copious footnotes and references, a useful premodern era were not imperial capitals', and cities are sharp, and its scholarship detailed. proposals included improving streets and index, and a glossary of Chinese, Japanese and ' the idea of building the imperial capitals, Referencing, glossary and index are all full. sanitation, and creating public open spaces. Korean characters. The text is fluently written especially in its cosmological aspects, is Moreover, in discussing the lack of early sources Overall, the ' modernist' view involved the and eminently readable although, despite the profoundly different from that of building, and of corroborating archaeology, Xu does imposition of a Western-style division between strong chronological structure, it does seem to maintaining and governing local cities' (p. 4). acknowledge that: city and countryside, contrary to Chinese expect some knowledge of dynasties and dates; The book's first chapter explores the traditiOn;w this as most obvious in the problems Kukkonen and Cxiaojian (1998), in contrast, context of the city's rise (from c. 514 BC) and It is difficult to recognise authentic of piped sanitation versus night soil carriers- who itional fertiliser m provide a useful !-page listing. decline. Xu then reviews the conception of the accounts of the city's construction as had a ready market for this trad A major achievement is in the fusion of city and its symbolism as perceived in the earliest historical fact from amendments or even the adjoining countryside. the textual, pictorial and cartographic evidence records, of the Eastern Han dynasty, over 500 concoctions. Changes to these texts may In chapter 8, a planned response to the the book carries 161 illustrations, many of which years after the city's foundation. Chapter 3 have taken place partly through the tension between tradition and modernity is are Chinese, and some are reconstructed plans examines aspects of urban planning and unconscious processes natural to the described by Dong. After some rather based on historical and archaeological evidence. governance in the period of the medieval urban passage of time and partly through unsuccessful early republican attempts to create In some cases Steinhardt uses these to resolve revolution. historiographical editing and exegesis not monuments and play down the imperial image, some confusions of planning, as with Bianliang The remainder of the book (4 chapters) only designed to afford support for later the new republican elite of Beijing!Beiping and its (pp. 139- 141 ), tracing some inaccurate plans to a examines some detailed aspects of the city's value systems and moral judgements but mayor, Yuan Liang, were seeking to present a 1330s plan drawn when Mongol conquerors were planning and transformations: the walls, the also reflecting the cosmological synthesis Chinese image to counter westernised Shanghai, deliberately attempting to legitimate their rule overall urban structure, urban architectural form of the particular time. (p. 30) and promoted tourism with a commodified through planning new cities and publishing and style (particularly in contrast to rural form), heritage image. Historic buildings were to be idealised or fictitious plans and views to and the issue of feng shui principles. The latter If only all writers on early urban form and repaired and, in the case of city walls and gates to be 'repaired' demonstrate a 'continuous chain of chapter is particularly interesting, as Xu finds planning were so careful! that had been demolished, were imperialplanning'. The Song dynasty, too, only one documented example of feng shui (see also Shi in this journal recently). than the produced idealised plans so that a city that applied to urban construction here, and questions ' Architectural authencity,' rather the assumption seemingly held by many scholars Modernity and national identity appearance of newness, was desirable. Chinese could never be ideally designed because of the primacy of these principles. Whilst the The last volume to be considered (Esherick) identity was important, despite some Western of topographical constraints could, after situation may have been different for imperial demonstrates a change of emphasis, detailing imports (trams, sanitation) for, as Professor Zhang its timber buildings had long been capitals, Xu questions their general application to changes in planning and forms of Chinese cities in Xiruo argued, ' the vulgarity of London, destroyed, be recorded as one that had regional and local cities, suggesting that their the period 1900-1950 consequent upon new clumsiness of Berlin, repetition of Paris and conformed to the norms of Chinese influence varied in intensity at different levels of concepts of modernity and national identity, and it Versailles, tediousness of Rome, what can be a imperial planning. (p. 160) interest of socio-political groups. is an edited collection. Its 13 chapters cover I 0 match for Beiping?' (p. 137) The book is important in highlighting cities, exploring the pace of change in the early The section on ' city and nation' explores The concept of the planned city, and the particular planning and governance principles which seem twentieth century and the range of influences the planmng of national capitals during wartime, forms, geometrics and spatial relationships, is thus not only to differ from imperial cities, but also upon it, including that of European, American and at Wuhon and Chongquing; although, unwilling to presented as a fundamental and pervasive aspect markedly from Western experience. The Western Japanese commercial interests and settlements, concede a defeat, the Guomindang made of Chinese urbanism. The book concludes with a urban/rural dichotomy, with cities having distinct the Guomindang revolution and the Sino-Japanese relatively little effort to reshape these cities. A brief view of some Maoist re-interpretations of legal and administrative corporate identities war. Following the introduction, 5 chapters cover last chapter reviews the earlier contributions and
PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 26 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 27 looks forward to future developments and research, after the rural-based interregnum of the Xu, Y., The Chinese City in Space and Time: the Maoist period. Development of Urban Form in Suzhou., ID lUwliD~~ ~J) .w } PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 28 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAG E 29 In this railway towns, with dtfferent functions and more connected through the post-road and river seven 'important frontier towns', all on post-roads concentrate trade and interior traffic. by utili tartan, usually growing on both sides of the networks. For example, Liaoyang castle was the or rivers: Ningguta (Ningan), Jilin, Qiqihaer, period, all towns in the region were affected locally railway. llarbin tS an example of the new railway centre of the Liaodong district, and controlled Moergen (Nenjing), Boduna (Fuyu), Aihui the ancient culture and remained largely supplied. towns, the admmistrattve centre of the railway, 1mportant economic and traffic functions. Semi (Heihe) and Sanxing (Yilan). Only the Royal wtth an open form and unplanned road system. military markets within the district, such as Road (linking the capital Peking (Beijing) to Ka1yuan, Guangning (Beizhen) and Fushun, were Shenyang, Jilin and Aihui (Heihe) was open all T he Railway Age engine local trade centres, and such castles and towns not year, while others would be closed in the rainy The invention and application of the steam T he Automobile Age only had great strategic importance, but took a season. In order to protect the 'birth place of the brought a new epoch for Manchuria's transport As the passenger and cargo flows on the railway vital position in economic and transport growth, Manchu Race, the Qing government created development. It was the Trans-Siberian (or increased, the primitive transport system gave and transmitted tributes paid by different outposts, and forbade Han women to enter the Middle-East) Railway, connecting to the sea at way to roads for automobiles. For instance, in Vladivostok in the north and Port Arthur (Lushun) nationalities to the emperor. region, a closed policy which caused a decline of 1904 and 1905, Yingkou and Changtu At the beginning of the Qing (Ch'ing) the post-road system and continued the in Manchuria, that transformed the region, respectively opened trolley rickshaw routes, allowing the establishment of an efficient regional linking the old town to the railway station. In dynasty of the Manchus ( 1644-1912), the underdevelopment of the region. government introduced a 'closed' policy, which After the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty was and international transport network, increased 1907, a Carriage and Railway Shareholding not only constrained the region's exploitation, but signed in 1858, Great Britain got the right to run transportation capacity, and massive population Limited Company was set up in Fengtian movement into the region. The railway caused a also weakened China's northeast border defense. business in Niuzhuang, which forced the Qing (Shenyang); and in January 1908 a 4 kilometre major relocation of Manchurian towns, weakening old 1,500 Russian soldiers invaded the Heilong River government to open the port of Yingkou. The carriage-railway link was opened from the towns along the ancient post roads, and creating some valley, and in the winter of 1665 built the castle of Qing government had to abandon its closed railway station to the Xiaoximen (followed Yakesa, from which they harassed Hulunbeier and policy, encourage migration to cultivate the new ones, and injected boundless energy and years later by a trolley bus service on the same vigor into the region. Qinqihaer. Several counterattacks organized by border areas of the three Northeast provinces, route). The carriage-railway initially used horses joint the Qing government failed because of the long rebuild the post roads leading to the border In 1896 Russia and China created a and manpower, limiting its speed and capacity, company through the Sino-Russian Treaty which In distances and difficulty of food supply. In the districts, and introduce measures of ' Immigration and was later substituted by trolley buses. allowed the completion of the railway, and in reign of Emperor Kangxi, in the summer of 1683 for Border Construction'. In 1881, General 1911, Dalian opened tls first trolley bus route 1897 Russia obtained a lease of the ice-free ports from the harbour. the government sent I ,500 soldiers under the Wudazheng was assigned to supervise the defense of Port Arthur (now Lushun) and Dalian. The command of general Sabushu to the Heilong area and cultivation of Sanxing (Yilan), Ningguta Following the train and ship, the automobile railway was finally completed in 1903, forming a emerged as another dynamic transport mode, as a permanent garrison, and enlarged the castle of (Ningan) and Huichun, and opened areas on the T-shaped rail artery through the whole region, the Aihui (Haihe). The next year a post road was built Sino-Russian border for cultivation. Recruiting faster than the carriage and more flexible than with a branch line linking Dashi Bridge to between Qiqihaer and the capital Peking offices were set up in Huichun and Sanchakou, train. The automobile first appeared in the region Yingkou. Trains superseded slower transport (Beijing), reserved for official use and so named and roads were built linking Ningguta (Ningan), in 1910, coming into full service in 1912, and modes (carriage and rickshaw), and allowed 'the Royal Road', with a ceaseless flow of Sanxing (Yilan), Huichun, Sanchakou, and accordingly further influenced urban government messengers, officers, businessmen Fengmishan (Mishan). The general ordered post millions of immigrants to move into the region, development. By dispersing population from the greatly accelerating economic and urban it and travelers. The Manchus defended effectively stations to be created, and used the military to overcrowded railway towns to remoter areas, development. The ancient post roads were the border against the Russians and developed the build ferries and bridges, creating better also offered an opportunity of redevelopment to replaced by railway and telecommunications. those old castles along the ancient post roads, towns. communication systems. Immigrants from inland llarbin, Dalian, Manzhouli, Suifenhe, and Siping Although the post road network was mainly China helped develop cultivation and urban spreading urban population more evenly. The were new towns developed in this period. Towns for government use and to strengthen the feudal growth. To take one example of changing urban automobile also affected urban form and structure. along the ancient post roads lost their former in 1914 a system, it facilitated economic and cultural fortunes, Shanchakou was formerly a deserted The Huali Automobile Company started splendour: Jilin, Boduna (Fuyu), Guangning exchanges, and more harmonious relations town, containing only 17 households, but by 1886 bus service between the old town of Changchun (Bcizhen), Sanxing (Yilan), Moergen (Nenjiang), Harbin between the peoples of the region. The there were 50 shops, with new houses under and the Toudaogou railway station, and Ningguta (Ningan), Aihui (Heihe) and Sanchakou construction of post roads promoted the formation construction on the back streets; within a few opened a bus service from Daoli to Daowai are examples of such towns. Dalian superseded of towns, allowed easier military movements and years a town with prosperous agriculture and district, followed by all main cities in the the earlier trade port of Yingkou to become the border defense, transport of army provisions, local industry was revived, but with the withdrawal of Northeast. The former closed mono-cntred ancient largest trade port in the Northeast. Roads could no tributes and other materials, and trade between the the soldiers and the desertion of the post roads, it castl e towns began to evolve into open and multi longer take the increased burden of traffic, and Northeast and the Central Plain. At that time, declined once again. cored modem forms; some old cities demolished population dispersed to towns along the railway as towns in the Northeast were mainly located in Traffic in the Carriage Age was backward, their town walls to improve traffic circulation, lines. Temporary housing spread everywhere, and river basins or along the post roads. Where as vehicles could move only slowly over short the County Annals ofTieling record: urban growth made town walls irrelevant, transport was more developed, the population distances and in small volumes, which limited changing urban form permanently. of the gradually increased around castles and post population flows, population growth and urban In about 1913, the secretary general Towns changed from walled feudal castles county raised a proposal to tear down the city stations. development. In order to meet the demands of to a more open modem form. Land for urban During the Qing dynasty, the network of security and defense, the town was usually square walls ... Most of the bricks and stones taken expansion broke the limits of town walls, onto post roads, centered on the residences of the and regular in shape, enclosed with high defense down from the walls had been used in the railway land, and created a multi-cored or Shengjing (Shenyang), Jilin and Heilongjiang walls and trenches, with the town gates the only construction of roads and sewers while the unbalanced urban form. The old system of town generals, was extended to the neighboring areas connection to outside. This planned town was rest were open to public use. construction could not longer confine the newborn within and outside the border walls. There were easy for administration and defense, and PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22, NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 30 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22, NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 31 In the new railway towns and cities, without the not only the city structure and system in the limitation of walls, districts specialised by Northeast, but also the evolution of the city's function, as independent parts of the city, in a internal functions. It allowed the movement of multi-cored form. At Harbin, for example, the millions of immigrants into the region, connected Mtdd\e-East ratlway station at Qinjiagang links developed and undeveloped areas, and accelerated north through the city to the Iron Bridge over the the exploitation of the region and the development Songhua Ri ver; west of the railway is the former of towns and cities there. Russian concession, called Daoli district, while to the. east is Fujiadian, or Daowai The city is Note on the a uthors Wu Xiao-song has been a divided into districts such as the business district, lecturer in the Department of City & Resource port district, hospital district and army district, Planning, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, and northeast of Qinjiagang is Majiagou, the China, since 1996. A native of Harbin, he lectured second district of old Harbin. from 1988 to \996 at the College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai Conclusions (which will host the World Planning Congress in \ This review of transport modernization and urban July 2001), and his Ph.D. there was on urban \ \...... development in Manchuria shows the importance history and theory. In 1999-2000 he was a of technology in urban development. Traffic postdoctoral fellow (funded by the Dept. for modernization not only became a symbol of urban International Development) at the School of growth, but also injected boundless energy into Surveying, University of East London, where this region, linking city and countryside, Robert Home (author of Of Planting and production and consumption. Heavy industry Planning: The Making of British Colonial Cities . accelerated regional development, and London: Spon, 1997, and a contributor to Fig. 2: City ofHarbin transformed the society from traditional to Planning History and Planning Perspectives is a industrial. Transport modernization has affected Reader in Planning. NOTES Steinhardt, N. S., Chinese Imperial City Urban Planning (published by Tongji Planning, Honolulu, 1990. For further University): 'Research on the RUSSIA references on Chinese history, consult development of border port towns in Kostof, S., The City Shaped: Urban North East of China', No. 4, 1992; Patterns and Meanings Through History. ' Immigration and urban development in London, Thames and Hudson, 1991 ; and North East of China', Journal of Urban The City Assembled: The Elements of Planning, No. 2, 1995; 'Commercial and Urban Form Through History. London, industrial growth and urban construction Thames and Hudson, 1992. in North East of China', No. 3, 1996. 2 MacPherson, K. L., A Wilderness of Primary source materials in Chinese Marshes: The Origins ofPublic Health in include: The Real Records ofEmperor Shanghai, 1843-1893. Oxford, Oxford Xuanzong ofth e Ming Dynasty (vol. 224); University Press, 1987; 'The head of the The Real record ofEmperor Taizu of the dragon: the Pudong New Area and Ming Dynasty, (vo\.233); The Real Shanghai's urban development', Planning Record ofEmperor Dezong of the Qing Perspectives, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1994, pp. 61- Dynasty; Qing Dynasty Record of 8; Bing, Z., 'The evolution of strategic Heilongjiang (Harbin, 1986); Masnaging planning in Shanghai', Planning History, the opening up ofwastle land in Liaodong Fig. I: Three provinces in Manchuria in relation to China Vol. 17, No. 2, 1995, pp. 12-16. Qing Dynasty, (Vol. 358) 3 E.g., Hietala, M., 'Services and 5 Nock, 0. S., World Atlas of Railways, urbanisation at the turn of the century: the London, Mitchell Beazley, 1978; on the diffusion of innovations', Studia Trans-Siberian railway and Vladivostok, Historica, 23, 1987. see Richardson, W., 'Vladivostok: ciry of 4 Wu Xiaosong's publications in Chinese three eras', Planning Perspectives, 10, on this important topic in the Journal of 1995, pp. 43-65. PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22, NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 33 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22, NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 32 An extensive bibliography; it also includes Rosalyn Baxendall and Elizabeth Ewen, Harriet Jones, "'This is Magnificent!" David Jeremiah, Architecture and Design non-U K reconstruction planning. Picture Windows: How the Suburbs 300,000 Houses a Year and the Tory for the Family in Britain, 1900-1970. Happened. New York: Basic Books, 2000. Revival After 1945'; Peter Weiler, 'The Manchester: Manchester University Press, : ISBN 0-465-07045-0; pp. 298; illus. Rise and Fall of the Conservatives "Grand 2000. ISBN 0-7190-5889-9; pp. 240; £45 Tom Martinson, American Dreamscape US$27.50. Design for Housing", 195 1-64'; Mark hb, £ 14 .99 pb. The Pursuit ofHappines s in Postwar Clapson, 'The Suburban Aspiration in Suburbia. New York: Carroll and Graf, ; pp. 291; A synthesis of social, urban and planning England Since 1919 .' The book tracks the complex and 2000; ISBN 0-7867-0771-2 history. Using sociology, oral testimony, important relationship between the 'ideal' ill us.; US$26.00 local newspapers and other archive May be ordered from Frank Cass: and the 'commonplace' in the social rare materials, the book examines the structural [email protected] purpose of architecture and design This book is comparatively defence of and social causes of suburbanisation intended for the family. Recognising the phenomenon: it is a passionate nineteenth-century American suburbia by a city planner based during the twentieth century, and draws Greg Hise and William Deverell, Eden by importance of the the cultural agenda in Northern America. American particular attention to the suburbanisation Design: the 1930 Olmsted-Bartholomew legacy and examining overview of African Americans. Its main focus is Plan for the Los Angeles Region. to prov ide a better life, the study is defined Dreamscape provides a readable and its Levittown, New Jersey, and herein lies a Berkeley: University of California Press, by two major periods of national of the growth of American suburbs, trenchant and key weakness: for though the book utilises 2000; ISBN 0-520-224215-9; ill us;£ 11.50 reconstruction. attractions. lt makes some the high-density sociologies, it ignores The Levitrowners by pb (hb also available) critical observations on consideration include m, and calls Herbert J. Gans, a classic work of The core areas for principles of the new urbanis homes and new neighbourhoods, uburban renaissance as an investigative urban sociology. It also has A facsimile report of this famous plan, family as much for a s for everyday nothing to say about Sylvia Fleis Fava and described 'elsewhere as a vital document the products and schemes urban one. and family other leading sociologists of suburbia. in the history of Los Angeles', with a life, and the housewife lengthy contextual essay by Hise and lifestyle. The account balances the Caroline Mulholland, William Mulholland publications, regional Berkeley: Mark Clapson (ed.), 'Planning, Politics Deverall. 'Hise and Deverall examine the popular with official and the Rise of Los Angeles. and municipal s, 2000; and Housing in Britain', Special Issue: reaons [the plan] was called for, analyse and national exhibitions, University of California Pres developments in ; £22 hb. Contemporary British History, 1411 2000. why it failed, and open a discussion about and speculative ISBN 0-520-2 1724-1 belief in progress. London, Frank Cass, 2000: ISSN 1361 - the future of urban public space. In cu ltivating a national (from press release) William Mulholland's grand-daughter 9462 pp. 190; pb; £10 to individuals; £37 addition, Eden by Design includes a evauates the engineer's development of to institutions. dialogue between Hise, Deverell, and widely-admired landscape architect Laurie Cathy Knepper, Greenbelt, Maryland: A the water supply system that, probably Living Legacy of the New Deal. John more than any other factor, allowed the Contents: Mark Clapson, Introduction; Olin that illuminates the significance of Hopkins University Press; (forthcoming, development of Los Angeles into a major Andrzej Olechnowicz, 'Civic Leadership the Olmsted-Bartholomew report, and May, 200 I) ISBN 0-80 I 8649-0-9. urban centre. She 'provides a and Education for Democracy: the Simons places it in the history of American comprehensive discussion of the problems and the Wythenshawe Estate'; Nick landscape planning.' (from publisher) A timely study of the best known of the the city faced when distribution of its Tiratsoo, 'The reconstruction of Blitzed New Deal Resettlement Administration 's water supply was controlled by the British Cities, 1945-55: Myths and Michael Holleran, Boston's 'Changeful three greenbelt towns. privately owned Los Angeles City Water Reality'; Junichi Hasegawa, 'The Times': origins ofpreservation and Company, of the negotiations between Los Reconstruction of Portsmouth in the planning in America. John Hopkins Peter Larkham and K. D. Lilley, Planning Angeles and Owens Valley residents in the 1940s'; Andrew Homer, 'Creating New University Press, ISBN 0-8018649 -0-9. the 'City of Tomorrow ': British early 1920s, and of the controversy over Communities: The Role of the (April2001) Reconstruction Planning, 1939-1952. public versus private electrical power.' Neighbourhood Unit in Postwar British Pickcring: Inch 's Books, 2000 I; ISBN 0- (from publisher) Planning'; Tatsuya Tsubaki, 'Planners and 'Traces the evolution of the historic 9514277-1-7; pp. 65; £9.95 the Public: British Popular Opinion and preservation movement in Boston between Housing During the Second World War'; 1860 and 1930.' (from publisher) PLANNING HISTORY VOLUME 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 34 PLANNING HISTORY VOLUME 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 35 Rob Freestone (ed.) Urban Planning in a readers might expect the book to be what Volker M. Welter and James Lawson Regional Survey and Geographical Changing World. London: E & FN Spon, it is, notably a beautifully illustrated and Citizenship'; Christiane Crasemann 2000; pp. 293; illus.; hb; £45; ISBN 0- timely centenary tribute to Brentham (eds.), The City After Patrick Geddes. Peter Lang AG: Bern, Berlin, Brussels, Collins, 'City planning exhibitions and 4 19-24650-9 Garden Suburb in West London. ' In an ambitious community initiative', the press Frankfurt/M., Oxford, Vienna, 2000. Civic Museums: Werner Hegemann et al '; ISBN 3-906764-69-9/ US-ISBN 0-8204- Roger Wojtowicz, ' Lewis Mumford: Contents: Robert Freestone, 'Learning release states, ' residents of a 680- 4642-4) pb.; pp. 349; illus; £37. Builder of the Regional City'; Edward K. from planning's histories'; Peter Hall, household estate [have) produced a top Spann, 'The Regional Planning ' The centenary of modern planning'; quality, lavishly illustrated book about its Associati on of America: British American Stephen V. Ward, ' Re-examining the history, after more than two years o f The City After Patrick Geddes is the first Planning Culture at Work, 1923-1938'; international diffusion of planning'; research and fund-raising. This, the first publication to trace the influence of the Cathcrinc Bruant, ' Donat A lfred Agache: Dennis Hardy, ' Quasi utopias: perfect comprehensive history of Brentham, Scottish biologist, sociologist and city Architect and Sociologist'; Mary 0. cities in an imperfect world'; Jon Lang, marks the Suburbs' centenary in 200 I, and designer, Sir Patrick Geddes ( 1854-1932). Ashton, '"Tomorrow town": Patrick ' Learning from twentieth century urban is the first urban project to receive a grant Contents: Volker M. Welter and Jarnes Gcddes, Waiter Gropius and Le design paradigms: lessons for the early from the Local heritage Initiative, a Lawson, ' Introduction'; lain Body Whyte, Corbusier'; Volkcr M. Welter,'Artu r twenty first century'; Gilbert A. Stelter, partnership between the Heritage Lottery 'The Spirit of the City'; Helen Meller, G likson, Thinking Machines and the ' Rethinking the significance of the city Fund, the Nationwide Building Society, 'Understanding the European City around Planning of Israel '; Rosa Tamborrino, beautiful idea'; Dirk Schubert, 'The and the Countryside Agency.' 1900: the Contribution of Patrick Geddes'; "Saverio Murstori: City and Region in neighbourhood paradigm: from garden Murdo MacDonald, ' Patrick Geddes and Postwar Italy'; Miles Glendinning, cities to gated communities'; Raphael Available from bookshops or direct from Scottish Generalisrn'; Sofia G. Leonard, ' Pat rick Geddes and Robert Matthew: the Fischler, ' Planning for social betterment: Alan Henderson, Brentham Heritage 'The Context and Legacy ofPatrick Missing Link ofNeotechnic Modernity'; from standard of living to quality of life'; Society, 47 Meadvale Road, Ealing, Geddes in Europe'; David Matless, 'Forms Erik Wiren, ' Planning for an Uncertain Robert Bruegmann, 'The paradoxes of London, W5 I NT. of Knowledge and Forms of Belonging: Future.' anti-sprawl reform'; Jeffry M. Diefendorf, ' Motor vehicles and the inner city'; David Sayer, Karen (December 2000), Country Hamer, ' Planning and heritage: towards Co ttages: A Cultural History. integration'; Maurits Van Rooijen, 'Open Manchester: Manchester University Press, space, urban planning and the evolution of ISBN 0-7190-4752-8. Price £47:00. the green city'; Susan Thompson, ' Diversity, difference and the multi Surveys the cottage as icon. Considers its layered city'; Alien J. Scott, 'Global city Victorian treatment as a picturesque and regions: planning and policy dilemmas in ideal home, as compared to its use within a neo-liberal world'; Brendan Gleeson and realist and official texts concerned with Nicholas Low, ' Is planning history?' the Condition of England. Also covers the politics of the cottage garden, the way Aileen Reed, Brentham: A History of the that we might 'read' actual cottages and the Pioneer Garden Suburb 1901-2001. sale of the cottage to commuters and London: Brentham Heritage Society, holiday makers hoping to escape the city. 2000; ISBN 0-9538775-0-7; pb; illus. £25. Its central concern is with the relationship of country to city, and the production and With a foreword by Sir Peter Hall, and an re-production of gendered space. introduction by HRH the Prince of Wales, PLANNING HISTORY VOLUME 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 36 PLANNING HISTORY VOLUME 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 37 Rachel I Iood, Faces ofAr chaeology in The stories arc coupled by short texts that changes, whereby public hygiene reforms Za Ping Wang, ' Planning and conservation Greece: Caricatures by Piet de Jong. decipher, where possible, the comments were incorporated into the urban policing in historic Chinese cities: the case of Leopard's Head Press, 1998. ISBN 0- contained in the highl y stylised cartoons of agenda as earl y as the 19111 century. Xi ' an '. Town Planning Review, Vol. 71, As a 904920-38-0 £26. de Jong. No. 3, 2000, pp. consequence of a medical debate fuelled The book offers an impressive by the high mortality rate in the capital, The book is about architect Piet de Jong panorama of foreign archaeology in the government adopted Although the literature on urban some of the ( 1887-1967) a Yorkshire man of Dutch Greece, but that is not its s ingle merit. ft administrative development in China has been expanding measures inspired by origin, who worked in excavations on reveals quite a lot about Greece during the Europe's in recent years, relatively little has been sanitary reforms, which many famous Greek sites (Knossos, interwar years, a most promising time, contributed written about the challenge and changes to to shape Venezuela's modern Athens, Corinth ... ) with British and when political renaissance was reflected in urban ism - historic Chinese cities. Historic a contribution which has been American archaeologists, such as the social life. lt also contains some preservation was an established policy disregarded unti l now. prominent Sir Arthur Evans (whose very information on Greek town planning, from 1949. This paper reviews the first operation in 1900 was celebrated in which fi gured high in the governmental Sean Damar, '"Engineers of the Human planning and development experience of Crete in 2000), C. Blegen (excavations in priorities up to the beginning of the 1930s. machine in the large historic cities since 1949 using "': the social practice of Troy), E. J. Forsdyke (Director of the This was manifest in exemplary projects management Xi'an as a case study. An examination of in Glasgow, 1895-1939', British Museum), Austen Harrison like the rcplanning o f Salonica and the the impact of national legislation and Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No. 11, 2000, pp. (designer ofNuffield College Oxford) and reconstruction of Eastern Macedonia after related policies indicated that the system 2073-89. many others. Over forty unusual the war. Piet de Jong participated in the was only successful in protecting some of caricatures made by de Jogn himself latter, by making the plans for a number of In the most important historic buildings and a 1997 paper in Urban Studies, depict the personalities of the destroyed settlements, among them an Clapham argued that Housing Studies s ites. The belated introduction of more archaeological circle of Greece during the important local centre (in this case under could benefit from an injection of social comprehensive protection and twenties ands thirties, including the couple the direction of the French Ernest constructionist research, as previous conservation measures in the early 1980s Piet and Effie de Jong. The cartoons were Hebrard). The collection of mini housing research had been driven by achieved only limited results since much left, by de Jong's will, to his friend biographies transcends the boundaries of policy-make of the historic character of the urban rs. This paper rebuts this Sinclair Hood, former director of the Greece, allowing glimpses into other parts argument townscape had already been lost. Since , demonstrating that such British School of Athens, who in 1900 of the world, like Britain, the Balkans o r 1980, economic reform and increased land research has been carried out by gave them over to the Knossos Trust. S. the Middle East. Extraordinary stories sociologists of housing in Britain for some values have placed additional pressures on Hood's wife is publishing these indeed ... or was it an extraordinary time? 30 years. The paper continues with a these historic towns. This resulted in the caricatures, providing for each one a brief The book is penetrated by the unparalleled deta total break-up of old town centres and the iled example of such research, note, in many cases a short biography, set atmosphere of the twe nties and thirties a loss of many traditional houses. The offering a case study of the housing against the events and the social prolific period of European history. ' urban skylines have become increasingly management of the interwar ( 1924) atmosphere of the time. dominated by modern hotels, offices and Glasgow housing scheme of Hamiltonhill. Rachel Hood loves her characters The book is available from the Knossos Marrying constructionist and materialist commercial buildings rather than by some of whom she got to know perso~ally , Trust, PO Box 5, Little Milton Oxford theoretical traditional temples, towers and pagodas. perspectives, and drawing upon They are intell igent, adventurous, and OX44 7QS, price £26.00 (plus' postage'and a wealth of empirical data, the paper devoted to their work. They care about packing). Cheques to be made payable to Artruro Almandoz, 'The shaping of demonstrates that the social practice of Greece, and never fail to stimulate Knossos Trust. Venezuelan urbanism in the hygiene council housing management in interwar empathy, even enthuse. The narration is debate of Caracas, 1880-191 0', Urban Glasgow was blatantly aimed at the social unaffected and refreshing, enriched with Kiki Kajkoula, Aristotle University of Studies, Vol. 37, No. 11,2000, pp. 2007- control of public-sector tenants, and that details picked up from numerous sources. Thessaloniki. 26. this social control was firmly located in contemporary class relationships and class From the perspective of urban ideology. The paper concludes that such a historiography, Caracas is often thought to perspective has considerable potential for have been asleep from the 1880s unti I the the analysis of current housing first decades of this century. On the management practice. contrary, this paper tries to demonstrate how the city underwent major urban PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 3 * 2000 *PAGE 38 PLANNING HISTORY VOLUME 22 NO. 3 * 2000 * PAGE 39 BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONA L PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY N01riE§ JFOJF( CONJrJ~[J35UTOJR§ The prime aim of Planning History is to increase Notices of relevant publications from publishers' awareness of developments and ideas in planning history publicity material arc usefu l; and fu ll publi cation reviews in all parts of the world. In pursuit of this, contributions (700- 1,000 words) are encouraged. Abstracts of relevan t (in English) are invited from members and non-members journal papers, particularly those originally published in a of the International Planning History Society alike, for any language other than Engli sh, are requested. section of Planning History. 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