Table of Contents Quarterly Progress Report

ACRONYMS 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 1. INTRODUCTION 9 2. BACKGROUND 10 2.1 WHERE WE WORK 10 2.1 INNOVATION NODES 11

3. HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS QUARTER 13 3.1 TIMELINE 14 4. ADMINISTRATIVE PROGRESS 17 5. PROGRAM AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS 18

5.1 ZOOMING OUT: HIGH LEVEL ACHIEVEMENTS 18

5.2 ZOOMING IN: MOST NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS AS PER WORK PLAN PROGRAM THEMES 19

5.3 UPDATE ON SUB-AWARDS 39

5.4 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 39

6. LEARNING AND REFLECTION 41

7. UPCOMING ACTIVITIES 43

Judicial Colloquium Remarks and Discussions - Observations from the bench 46

Update on consultancies 49

Figure 1: The new Khetha Field Office in Massingir, 17 Figure 2: Hosted a workshop in Massingir, Mozambique (GLC Node 1b) on Livelihood Opportunities and Community Needs 20 Figure 3: Participants at the DNRMC meeting in Moamba, Mozambique 21 Figure 4: A participant in the Wayfinder Workshop with the Mnisi Community provides feedback after a group exercise. 23 Figure 5: The K2C CLOs share their experiences, challenges and aspirations relating to their work with community-based conservation initiatives at a Wayfinder workshop we facilitated in November 2019 24

2 Table of Contents Quarterly Progress Report

Figure 6: Participants in the Wayfinder process share their perspective and experiences through the use of various creative tools and practical exercises. 24 Figure 7: Rangers from the KNP participate in WWF’s Survey of Ranger Working Conditions 26 Figure 8: Rangers from the KNP participate in WWF’s Survey of Ranger Working Conditions 27 Figure 9: K9 kennels, supplied by the Khetha Program, are ready for relocation to the new K9 satellite site once the location is confirmed 28 Figure 10: Dog Handler, Simon Mnisi (right) and kennel hand, Pleasure Mathebula (left), with K9 ‘Jake’ on training 28 Figure 11: Participants at the workshop on IWT in Magude Village, Province from November 25 to 27, 2019 33 Figure 12: Workshop participants meet with the Manager of the Tongatti Conservation Area to learn about the reserve’s challenges relating to IWT and their projects to integrate community participation in the management of the reserve. 33

3 Acronyms Quarterly Progress Report

APNR Association of Private Nature Reserves ANAC National Administration of Conservation Areas – Mozambique CFJJ Legal and Judicial Training Centre - Mozambique CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CLO Community Liaison Officer CoP Community of Practice DEFF Department of Environmental Affairs, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries DNRMC District Natural Resources Management Committee EWT Endangered Wildlife Trust GKSDF Greater Kruger Strategic Development Framework GLC Greater Lebombo Conservancy GLTFCA Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area HWC Human-wildlife Conflict IPZ Intensive Protection Zone IWT Illegal wildlife trade JMB Joint Management Board K2C Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Region KNP LACE Legal, Authorization, Compliance and Enforcement LNP Limpopo National Park M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEL Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning MINMEC Ministerial and Members of Executive Committee MoU Memorandum of Understanding MTPA Tourism and Parks Agency NGO Non-Government Organization NISCWT National Integrated Strategy to Combat Wildlife Trafficking PGR Attorney General – Mozambique PPF PPRNA Police Department of Natural Resources and Environment Protection – Mozambique SADC Southern Africa Development Community SAJEI South African Judicial Education Institute SANParks South African National Parks SAPS South African Police Service SAWC Southern Africa Wildlife College SERNIC Criminal Investigation Police - Mozambique SOP Standard operating procedure

4 Acronyms Quarterly Progress Report

SPARCC Special Platform for Action Reflection and Collaboration in Combating Wildlife Crime SSW Sabi Sand Wildtuin TFCA Transfrontier Conservation Area TRAFFIC Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network UNDP United Nations Development Program UCT University of Cape Town USAID United States Agency for International Development WEP Wildlife Economics and Policy WWF SA World Wide Fund for Nature – WWF MZ World Wide Fund for Nature - Mozambique

5 Executive summary Quarterly Progress Report

The beginning of the Khetha Program’s third year sees many of our initiatives come to fruition, producing tangible outputs. We completed a report on the implementation of SenseMaker™, a narrative-based research tool that captures stories and experiences, in communities neighboring a large private game reserve in the Sabie River Khetha Node. The report gives valuable insight into the perspectives communities have towards protected areas and wildlife, and will inform the development of future community-based projects in the node. After the pilot was completed, the private reserve decided to use SenseMaker as their official monitoring and evaluation tool going forward. Through our primary implementing partner in Mozambique, World Wide Fund for Nature Mozambique (WWF MZ), we hosted a workshop on Livelihood Opportunities and Community needs to identify feasible community-based projects in and around Massingir in Greater Lebombo Conservancy (GLC) Khetha Node (1b). We also established a field office in Massingir, Mozambique in the GLC Khetha Node (1b) from where WWF MZ will execute all community-based projects. Furthermore, we facilitated two Wayfinder processes, one with the Mnisi Community on the border of the KNP, and a second with the Kruger to Canyon Biosphere Region’s (K2C) Community Liaison Officers (CLOs). Wayfinder is a step-by-step process that allows participants to define and frame their understanding of a ‘problem’, and the context in which this problem exists, and to then develop strategies for creative and transformative change. The outcomes of these processes are being incorporated in community-designed projects in Mnisi, and the work of CLOs in the Greater Kruger area. Our support to law enforcement in South Africa and Mozambique has also yielded results. We completed the development of the training curriculum on ranger leadership with the Southern Africa Wildlife College (SAWC). The curriculum was presented to and welcomed by the Ministerial and Members of Executive Committee (MINMEC). The South African Department of Environment Affairs, Fisheries and Forestry (DEFF) committed to roll-out a pilot of the training course. We completed the survey of ranger perceptions and working conditions in the Kruger National Park (KNP) with the South African National Parks (SANParks). One hundred eighty seven (187) rangers from the KNP were interviewed. The results will be presented back to SANParks and other relevant parties in the next quarter to inform initiatives that will improve rangers’ working conditions and morale, and build their resilience in the context of the poaching pressure. We trained and re-trained 147 members of KNP’s ranger corps – including 137 members of the parks’ Protection Services – on the legal rules of engagement when pursuing and arresting poachers. In this manner, we support park officials to enforce the law in a manner that is not just efficient, but also responsible. We completed the development of training materials on wildlife trafficking crime scenes, and elephant and rhino poaching crime scene management for DEFF. Going forward,

6 Executive summary Quarterly Progress Report

DEFF will use these materials to train existing and newly appointed government and private sector officials in the correct collection and storage of evidence and wildlife crime scene management for effective investigations and increased successful prosecutions. We also finalized and presented the results and recommendations of the wildlife poisoning report to the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (GLTFCA) Joint Management Board (JMB). The JMB welcomed the recommendations and constituted a task team to review the recommendations and develop an appropriate response to wildlife poisoning in the GLTFCA. In Mozambique through WWF MZ, we hosted two workshops with key law enforcement institutions to improve the collective response to illegal wildlife trade (IWT) in the Gaza and Maputo . This support to law enforcement in Mozambique received endorsement from various high-ranking officials. Furthermore, in partnership with the Mozambican Legal and Judicial Training Centre (CFJJ), the South African Judicial Education Institute (SAJEI), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) VukaNow Program, we brought 60 members of the judiciary of Mozambique and South Africa together at a Joint Colloquium on Wildlife Trafficking to improve their collaboration in addressing IWT in the two countries. The Colloquium was a learning experience for the judiciary, with presentations from technical experts on wildlife trafficking, and the sharing of legal resources, tools, ideas, experiences, observations and challenges. Activities under our subaward with the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) are gaining momentum. During this quarter EWT had two planning sessions with the Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC) with regards to an analysis on IWT dynamics in South Africa and Mozambique. The steering committee for the development of guidelines on the application of restorative justice processes to wildlife crimes in South Africa, met for the first time. The steering committee was established to provide strategic direction throughout the project and to review project outputs, i.e. the guidelines and communication materials. The committee meets again in January 2020. Our support to District Natural Resource Management Committees (DNRMCs) continues in Mozambique. Through WWF MZ, we hosted a subcommittee on the management and mitigation of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) under the Moamba DNRMC. We continue to provide technical assistance to institutions working on IWT in the Khetha landscape. For example, we’ve provided assistance in the development of strategies for communication and stakeholder engagement for Greater Kruger Development Framework. We also participated in various platforms to share our work, experiences and learning. These include the VukaNow Special Platform for Action Reflection and Collaboration in Combating Wildlife Crime (SPARCCs), USAID landscape partners meeting, Southern

7 Executive summary Quarterly Progress Report

African Development Community (SADC) Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Community of Practice (CoP), MELCOM, and Annual Wildlife Crime Hub Meeting. In the coming quarter, we take forward the recommendations from the various completed research assignments and assessments, and sharing the results with other stakeholders through the expansion of our communication efforts. We look forward to various new research initiatives by our Wildlife Economics and Policy (WEP) Team and other consultants. These include an assessment of the extent of HWC in the Khetha landscape and linkages to poaching; the assessment of policies and legislation relating to wildlife trafficking and conservation which influence the relationship between people and protected areas in the GLTFCA; and the evaluation of the potential of the licit and illicit biodiversity economies in unlocking benefits and enhancing the livelihoods of communities around the GLTFCA.

8 Introduction Quarterly Progress Report

Khetha” is a word associated with the Nguni languages of southern Africa, meaning “choose” or “choice” and spoken by Zulu and Shangaan people commonly located in eastern and northeastern South Africa and western Mozambique. The word “Khetha” reflects the program goal to offer communities surrounding protected areas an opportunity to choose to conserve wildlife whilst making informed choices to improve their livelihoods.

Khetha is a five-year United States Agency for International Development (USAID) program, implemented by the World Wide Fund for Nature – South Africa (WWF SA), aimed at halting the impacts of wildlife trafficking on key populations of flagship species in the South African and Mozambican landscape of the GLTFCA. The goal of the program is to contribute to achieving positive growth rates in black and white rhino populations and maintain positive growth rates for elephants in the focal area by 2022. The overall goal of the project will be achieved through collaboration between WWF SA and partners towards the following objectives: 1. Support innovative partnerships and novel approaches within civil society, communities, private sector and government in at least four innovation nodes in GLTFCA to improve relationships between people and wildlife, by July 2022. 2. Support the implementation of critical wildlife trafficking policy frameworks for South Africa and Mozambique to increase crime prevention, detection, prosecution and collaboration, by July 2022. 3. Learn, collaborate and coordinate with influential institutions in the GLTFCA landscape to strengthen the collective response to wildlife trafficking, by July 2022. The project objectives contribute to the implementation of the United States National Strategy to Combat Wildlife Trafficking and complements further regional and bilateral programs managed by USAID and other United States Government agencies in southern Africa as well as ongoing responses by donors, governments, private sector and other organizations.

9 Background Quarterly Progress Report

The SADC region is facing an unprecedented increase in the poaching of elephants, rhinos, and other wildlife for illegal financial gains. In response, there is a growing international effort to address wildlife crime and the associated threats that wildlife trafficking poses to realizing sustainable development objectives. Wildlife trafficking weakens the economic prosperity of many countries. It threatens their natural capital and undermines sustainable economic development, including benefits derived from sustainable legal use and nature-based enterprises like tourism. Wildlife trafficking and poaching thrive where governance is weak, corruption is high, and poverty is prevalent. In these circumstances, communities often lose control of their governance systems and are subject to the rules and whims of criminal networks. Communities with a high reliance on natural resources are often exposed to security threats and the destruction of their livelihoods. With limited access to employment or other means of income, along with an often-conflicted relationship with wildlife, community members - especially young men - become involved in wildlife trafficking. Khetha supports USAID’s aim to address wildlife trafficking in the transboundary area of South Africa and Mozambique, located within the borders of the GLTFCA. Furthermore, in the GLTFCA landscape, the relationship between communities and adjacent protected areas and conservation agencies is complex due to historical, social, and political factors, including the displacement of communities from protected areas, which remains largely unacknowledged.

Fundamentally, the Khetha Program is grounded within the KNP and the Limpopo National Park (LNP). The majority of important elephant populations remain in southern Africa, including approximately 35,000 within the GLTFCA. South Africa, in particular, the KNP, is also home to key populations of white and black . The Program’s work under Objective One is focused on innovation nodes located around the protected areas as detailed below (Figure 1). We recognize that IWT is driven by transnational organized syndicates and that the product should be followed from the source to the market. Thus, under Objective Two, our work extends from the key nodes within GLTFCA to identified ports of entry and exit in both South Africa and Mozambique.

10 9 Background Quarterly Progress Report

11 Highlights of this quarter Quarterly Progress Report

12 Highlights of this quarter Quarterly Progress Report

13 Highlights of this quarter Quarterly Progress Report

14 Highlights of this quarter Quarterly Progress Report

15 Highlights of this quarter Quarterly Progress Report

16 Administrative progress Quarterly Progress Report

We completed the expansion of our office space to accommodate new additions to the Khetha Team. This space also accommodates visiting Khetha Team members based in the WWF SA Cape Town office. In addition, the extension provides short term working and meeting space for our sub-awardees, partners, and consultants as required for the implementation of Khetha-related projects. We established a Khetha field office in Massingir, Mozambique and we also completed the procurements for a vehicle and other necessary equipment for the field office.

Figure 1: The new Khetha Field Office in Massingir, Mozambique

17 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

This section reports on progress made in terms of the high-level work plan objectives and the more granular-level program themes.

18 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Innovation Nodes for community-based approaches to improve the relationship between communities and wildlife Developing livelihood projects in Mozambique In December, we, through WWF MZ, hosted a workshop on Livelihood Opportunities and Community Needs for the GLTFCA in Massingir, Mozambique, with representatives from the state, community-based organizations, non-government organizations (NGOs) and the private sector. During the workshop, the participants reviewed the GLTFCA Livelihood Diversification Strategy as well as the Limpopo National Park’s strategy for livelihood development in the buffer zone of the park. The workshop participants shared their experiences implementing livelihood projects and identified thematic and geographical areas for livelihood development projects. The participants agreed on and prioritized two activities: 1) the creation of an institutional framework in which everyone can participate in the governance process on community livelihood projects, and 2) the production of a manual guide for implementing livelihood initiatives or projects. The outcomes of the workshop inform the way forward for the Khetha program to support the development of community-based initiatives that address IWT and improve the relationship between people, protected areas and wildlife in the Mozambique landscape of the Khetha Program.

19 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Figure 2: We, through WWF Mozambique, MZ, hosted a workshop on Livelihood Opportunities and Community Needs for the GLTFCA in Massingir, Mozambique, with representatives from the state, community-based organizations, NGOs and the private sector.

Strengthening the connection and communication between people and protected areas in Mozambique In Moamba, Mozambique, through WWF MZ, we supported the formation of a DNRMC to increase the co-management and partnerships governing wildlife management and the sharing of resources between communities and protected areas. In November, a subcommittee under the DNRMC, focused on the management and mitigation of human- wildlife conflict (HWC), met for the first time. The committee discussed issues such as the impact of HWC, including the loss of human life, the distribution of community property, and recommendations for HWC prevention. The official launch of the Moamba District Natural Resources Management Council is scheduled for April 2020.

Responding to human-wildlife conflict in Khetha Nodes Through a consultancy, we are conducting an assessment of the extent of HWC in the Khetha landscape to prepare recommendations for approaches to mitigate HWC. The consultancy is undertaking a literature review and desktop analysis of HWC in the

20 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

South African landscape and analyzing the linkages, if any, between HWC, poaching, and wildlife trafficking. Furthermore, the consultancy will identify HWC management systems, responsible authorities, and jurisdictional mandates to finally produce a strategy with recommended interventions, research and training to mitigate HWC and improve relationships between community and conservation authorities in the Khetha landscape.

Figure 3: Participants at the DNRMC meeting in Moamba, Mozambique

Paradigm shifts between and amongst people and protected areas: Working to change negative perceptions that exist between people and protected areas

Capturing community perspectives and attitudes through SenseMaker We finalized the report on the application of SenseMaker in the Khetha Sabie River Node. SenseMaker is a qualitative data tool that analyzes the stories people tell to identify patterns and themes that give an understanding of people’s lived realities, perspectives, and attitudes. In Year Two, we interviewed members of communities neighboring the Sabi Sand Wildtuin (SSW), a private game reserve, as well as landowners and conservation managers. Results from the SenseMaker survey show that the majority of respondents (92%) would not want the Reserve to close down. Respondents strongly associate ‘nature’ with ‘culture’ and ‘heritage’ and see the Reserve as the custodian of their heritage and

21 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

culture which must be preserved for future generations to experience. With regards to poaching, the majority of stories indicate that community members wanted poaching to stop due to the negative impacts it has, not just on wildlife, but on the fabric of community life. Most respondents associated poaching strongly with “greed” and a desire by a few to increase their wealth and status. Together with SSW, we are planning a feedback session to the communities involved in the survey. Furthermore, the results from this study will inform future projects of the private reserve focused on community development and relationship building. The report was also anonymized and will be shared with other technical audiences in the next quarter.

“The SenseMaker feedback report has been and will be extremely valuable in making decisions on projects going into the future. We really would like to use SenseMaker as our official M & E tool.” ~ Julie Olivier, SSW Community, Conservation and Research Coordinator

Testing restorative justice as an approach to prevent wildlife crime re-offenses In partnership with EWT, we are developing guidelines on the application of restorative justice processes to wildlife crimes in South Africa. Restorative justice has never been applied to wildlife crimes in South Africa and is an exciting innovation of the Khetha Program. We have established a steering committee to provide strategic direction throughout the project and to review project outputs, i.e. the guidelines and communication materials. In November, the steering committee met for the first time. The committee consists of representatives from the Department of Public Law at the University of Cape Town (UCT), the Global Risk Governance Program at UCT, the Restorative Justice Centre, DEFF, USAID’s Governance Office, as well as WWF SA and EWT. At the meeting, the steering committee agreed to their terms of reference, after which EWT presented on the plan going forward for the development of the guidelines. The committee agreed that certain concepts, terminology and language need to be better analyzed and agreed upon before the project moves forward with meeting stakeholders and hosting workshops. For example, words such as ‘poaching’ and ‘poacher’ in this context, is a normative term which means different things to different people, is value-laden and open to multiple, conflicting interpretations. Other terms such as ‘illegal hunting’ and ‘illegal hunter’ could be used. Terminology such as ‘victim’ and ‘offender’ in the application of restorative justice to wildlife crimes could also be problematic as some parties could feel like historical victims, due to the colonial and apartheid injustices suffered in the past and the remnants thereof. The next steering committee meeting is scheduled for January 2020, where the committee will unpack the concepts of restorative justice and terminologies frequently used in the application thereof and consider these in the context in which wildlife crime takes place in the Khetha landscape.

22 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Learning about the value of community-based approaches: working with community-based facilitators or organizations Providing platforms for open discussion, reflection and planning During this quarter, we facilitated two Wayfinder processes: 1) with the Mnisi Community and 2) with the K2C CLOs. Wayfinder is a step-by-step process that allows participants to define and frame their understanding of a ‘problem’ and the context in which this problem exists, and then develop strategies for creative, sustainable, adaptive and transformative change. The Wayfinder process is based on systems-thinking and complexity theory and helps development practitioners, project teams, policymakers and other change-makers navigate towards sustainable, safe and just futures. At the core of this process is the recognition that sustainable development in the 21st century requires that different societal groups - especially people that inhabit the same landscape - find better ways to jointly manage the ecosystems around us, not just for the sake of biodiversity, but also to improve social cohesion and cooperation. The Wayfinder process in the Mnisi area focused on designing community projects where 1) members of the community see themselves as partners with a responsibility to ensure project success, 2) representatives of the community develop a vision for their future development, and 3) community representatives develop a project to address issues of collective concern. The Wayfinder process gave great insight into how the Mnisi Community perceive wildlife and their motivation to conserve wildlife, as well as their hesitation to do so due to a lack of benefits from wildlife, the impact of human-wildlife conflict, and their exclusion from decision-making in the management of wildlife and protected areas.

Figure 4: A participant in the Wayfinder Workshop with the Mnisi Community provides feedback after a group exercise.

23 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Furthermore, we introduced the Wayfinder process to K2C CLOs at their annual gathering. We applied a few of the Wayfinder tools that allowed the participants to share their experiences, challenges, and aspirations relating to their work, and their vision for the landscape in which they work.

Figure 5: The K2C CLOs share their experiences, challenges and aspirations relating to their work with community-based conservation initiatives at a Wayfinder workshop we facilitated in November 2019

Figure 6: Participants in the Wayfinder process share their perspective and experiences through the use of various creative tools and practical exercises.

24 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Examining policies that have an impact on relationships between people, protected areas and wildlife In December, we sent out a call for applications for the assessment of policies and legislation relating to wildlife trafficking and conservation, which influence the relationship between people and protected areas in the GLTFCA. In the next quarter, we are reviewing the proposals received, selecting a consultant, and commencing with the study. The purpose of this study to provide an understanding of how current policies, legislative instruments and frameworks, at local and international levels relating to wildlife conservation, sustainable use of wildlife, and wildlife trafficking in Mozambique and South Africa, influences the relationship between people, wildlife and protected areas. The WWF SA WEP Team will use the findings to inform a series of multidisciplinary workshops aimed at developing recommendations towards unlocking policy barriers to create inclusive growth through changes in legislation or implementation of existing legislative opportunities.

IWT Prevention

Recommendations for effective wildlife crime prevention approaches Through a consultancy with Conservation Synergies, we produced recommendations for the most appropriate community-based activities to prevent wildlife trafficking in our Khetha nodes. These recommendations follow from a review of criminology and behavioral economics literature, as well as an assessment of numerous community-based projects’ effectiveness to address high-value poaching in the Khetha landscape. The recommendations report is currently under final review by the Khetha team and will be made available in the next quarter and used to initiate pilot projects for support.

Rangers: Growing leaders In partnership with SAWC, we completed a training curriculum on ranger leadership. Much effort went into consultation with and getting the buy-in from DEFF and SANParks. In October, a workshop was held at the College with members of DEFF and SANParks to review the training program and materials. In November, the DEFF Chief Director for Legal, Authorization, Compliance, and Enforcement (LACE), presented the concept of the ranger leadership training curriculum to MINMEC where it was well-received by the political leadership. The Chief Director of LACE committed funding for the roll- out of a pilot of the training course for 10 rangers from provincial and national park agencies in January 2020. Furthermore, SAWC is planning a meeting in January with DEFF to develop a funding and implementation plan for the wider roll-out of the training curriculum.

25 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Ranger Survey The WWF global survey of rangers in the KNP to better understand their perceptions and working conditions was completed. The German Government provided co-funding for this project, which is led by the Southern Africa Wildlife Trafficking Hub Lead. A total of 267 rangers from various national parks in South Africa participated, of which 187 are from the KNP. The report will be finalized and presented to SANParks and other relevant parties in the next quarter to inform targeted activities to improve rangers’ working conditions and morale, and build their resilience in the context of the poaching pressure in the delivery of their daily duties at work, as well as at home.

Figure 7: Rangers from the KNP participate in WWF’s Survey of Ranger Working Conditions

26 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Figure 8: Rangers from the KNP participate in WWF’s Survey of Ranger Working Conditions

Legal support and training for KNP rangers During this quarter, through a consultancy, we provided legal training to 174 rangers in the KNP engaged in anti-poaching operations to ensure rangers adhere to best-practice law enforcement ethics and standards. The training provides rangers with the skills to identify and mitigate risks involved in anti-poaching operations. We also provided training to 137 members for the KNP Protection Services which deals with traffic and general security issues in the park. Legal training will continue in the next quarter.

IWT detection

Supporting K9 capacity in the KNP We are supporting the establishment of a K9 Unit in the KNP’s Intensive Protection Zone (IPZ) to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the SAWC and SANParks’ anti- poaching operations in this area. The IPZ is where the majority of rhinos remain, and the majority of illegal incursions into the park occur. A dog handler, Simon Mnisi, and kennel hand, Pleasure Mathebula, was recruited in the last quarter. They continue their training and deployment in the KNP as part of the SAWC K9 team. Infrastructure in the form of a vehicle trailer, mobile home, kennels, and an electric fence were purchased and assembled at the SAWC maintenance facility. It will be moved to the satellite unit once SANParks has approved the location.

27 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Figure 9: K9 kennels, supplied by the Khetha Program, are ready for relocation to the new K9 satellite site once the location is confirmed.

Figure 10: Dog Handler, Simon Mnisi (right) and kennel hand, Pleasure Mathebula (left), with K9 ‘Jake’ on training.

28 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

IWT Investigation and Prosecution

Improving the capacity to manage and capture evidence from poaching crime scenes We are supporting the establishment of a K9 Unit in the KNP’s Intensive Protection We finalized the guideline, training, and communication materials on rhino and elephant poaching crime scenes for government officials and private land owners, and wildlife trafficking scenes for port officials. All the materials are being translated to Portuguese and made available in January 2020.

DEFF, as well as other beneficiaries, such as the MTPA, the South African Police Service (SAPS) Forensic Laboratory, SANParks and the CapeNature Investigative Unit, were closely involved in the development of these materials to ensure they meet training needs. These materials are used by DEFF to train existing and newly appointed government and private sector officials in the correct collection and storage of evidence and wildlife crime scene management for effective investigations and increased successful prosecutions.

Assessing wildlife poisoning in the GLTFCA As reported in the Year Two Khetha Progress Report, we, in partnership with the Peace Parks Foundation (PPF), completed the assessment of wildlife poisoning incidents in the GLTFCA. In October, the consultant presented the findings and recommendations to address wildlife poisoning to stakeholders at a GLTFCA JMB meeting in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. The JMB welcomed the recommendations and appointed a task team to meet in February 2020 to discuss the recommendations and plan an appropriate response.

29 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Collaboration and cooperation amongst law enforcement actors

Ongoing capacity support to DEFF to address wildlife trafficking We are seconding a Biodiversity Law Enforcement Analyst and an Enforcement Coordination and Liaison Manager to the South African DEFF LACE branch to improve their capacity to implement the country’s National Integrated Strategy to Combat Wildlife Trafficking (NISCWT), the SADC Law Enforcement and Anti-Poaching Strategy, the African Union’s Strategy on Combatting IWT, as well as the outcomes of the Rhino Conservation Lab. The Rhino Conservation Lab was an extensive, month-long consultation workshop held by DEFF in 2016 with various stakeholders and experts in rhino conservation and countering wildlife crime to identify initiatives to address rhino poaching in South Africa. During the reporting period, the Analyst participated in various capacity building workshops, such as a Crime and Intelligence Analysis Training as well as a training in the use of iBase, an open source database used to store information on wildlife trafficking. The analyst also supported investigations into wildlife trafficking, tracing products from original to destination countries.

30 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

“[The Crime and Intelligence Analysis Training] provided a good grounding in the basic methodologies employed to analyze crime and produce enriched products and reports on the results, which can then feed into decision-making.” ~ Biodiversity Enforcement Analyst, DEFF

31 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

The Enforcement Coordination and Liaison Manager supported coordination amongst various law enforcement officials relating to IWT. He facilitated the roll out of C-more in the provinces. C-more is an application which law enforcement uses to live-track poaching incidents in protected areas. He established processes in DEFF to improve communication, planning and sharing of information relating to poaching incidents. He coordinated, supported, facilitated or participated in numerous meetings relating to the improvement of wildlife crime investigations, anti-poaching units and wildlife conservation. Furthermore, he also participated in the review of the Ranger Leadership Curriculum reported above, Rangers: Growing leaders.

Bringing together law enforcement institutions in Mozambique to improve coordinated efforts to address IWT In partnership with WWF MZ, we hosted two workshops in November with key law enforcement institutions to improve the collective response to IWT in the Gaza and Maputo provinces of Mozambique. These workshops received endorsement from various high-ranking officials with the participation of the Governor, Attorney General (PGR), and Provincial Permanent Secretary, the Provincial Director of Land Environment and Rural Development, Provincial Director of Justice Constitutional and Religious Affairs, the Provincial Commander, the Provincial Director of SERNIC, and the Commander of the Natural Resource Protection Police. At the Maputo-workshop, the Provincial Director of the Criminal Investigation Police (SERNIC), Head of the Police Department of Natural Resources and Environment Protection (PPRNA), and Judge of the 6th Criminal Section of Maputo Province attended. Other participants at the two workshops included prosecutors, magistrates and judges, various district administrators, SERNIC inspectors, and representatives from the National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC). The workshop in the Maputo included a training session for the ANAC inspectors, SERNIC and the Public Prosecution Services on evidence identification and collection, and SOPs for wildlife trafficking investigations at wildlife crime scenes. The workshop participants also visited two private sector conservation areas to learn about the challenges relating to IWT and projects by the private reserves to integrate local communities in the management of conservation areas. These workshops strengthen and improve the country’s response to IWT by improving the collaboration between the judiciary, SERNIC, the private sector, civil society, and public authorities. Following the workshops, the judges committed to speeding up wildlife crime cases, to enforce the penalty under the criminal framework and to share their learning from cases adjudicated.

32 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Figure 11: Participants at the workshop on IWT in Magude Village, Maputo Province from November 25 to 27, 2019

Figure 12: Workshop participants meet with the Manager of the Tongatti Conservation Area to learn about the reserve’s challenges relating to IWT and their projects to integrate community participation in the management of the reserve.

33 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Figure 13: Workshop participants meet with the Manager of the Tongatti Conservation Area to learn about the reserve’s challenges relating to IWT and their projects to integrate community participation in the management of the reserve.

Mozambican and South Africa judiciary meet to share experiences, challenges, and lessons on IWT-related cases Together with SAJEI in South Africa, CFJJ in Mozambique, and the USAID VukaNow Program, we hosted a Joint Mozambique-South Africa Judicial Colloquium on Wildlife Trafficking. Magistrates from South Africa and judges and prosecutors from Mozambique attended the Colloquium, totaling 60 participants. The purpose of the Colloquium was to allow the judiciary to share their experiences, observations, and challenges in adjudicating environmental crimes, including wildlife trafficking, in their respective countries. Presentations from USAID VukaNow, SANParks, and the TRAFFIC, gave participants a greater appreciation of wildlife trafficking and its associated challenges and impacts at a local, regional and global scale. A draft Handbook on the Adjudication of Environmental Crimes, a resource used by South African magistrates revised during 2019 thanks to our support, was also presented. The workshop participants expressed their renewed understanding of the seriousness of wildlife crime following the technical presentations. The workshop participants also recognized the important role of SAJEI and the CFJJ, as well as NGOs such as WWF SA and WWF MZ, and international donors such as USAID, in responding to the training needs of the judiciary in the two countries and recognized their role in cooperating and supporting such initiatives.

34 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Figure 14: Participants at the Joint Mozambique-South Africa Judicial Colloquium on Wildlife Trafficking in Johannesburg, South Africa in November 2019.

See Annex One for more details on some of the magistrates’ discussions and input. Furthermore, we also attended a meeting hosted by USAID VukaNow to discuss judicial training and resources developed for SADC countries. VukaNow aims to play a coordination role to improve these efforts in SADC which we will support in an advisory role, feeding into regional initiatives and providing technical support where needed.

Institutional integration by providing support to organizations that work on IWT

Supporting a Greater Kruger to create more benefits for people Together with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), we support SANParks with the development of a Greater Kruger Strategic Development Framework, as a strategic partnership approach between government, communities, NGOs, and private sector which seeks to improve well-being through meaningful economic development, derived from sustainable conservation and other compatible land-use practices in the Greater Kruger area. The Greater Kruger area is the area on the western boundary of the KNP. Furthermore, the program seeks to strengthen and/or formally constitute the community fora, and further arrangements with government and private partners in support of good governance, focusing on joint opportunities outcomes to address improved environmental and human well-being. The framework takes both a bottom-up and top-down approach to the process, to identify collaboration around short, medium and long-term strategies.

35 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

The consulting firm, Urban Econ, is tasked with the development of this Framework. During this reporting period, we provided technical assistance to the consultants in the development of a stakeholder engagement strategy and communication strategy. A conceptual framework was also developed and is currently under review. This framework will inform an implementation plan for the Framework. A Greater Kruger Indaba is planned for the next quarter to present the framework and implementation plan to provincial, district and local government, and community structures. Support to MTPA We met with the MTPA to develop a joint project in the Matsulu Khetha node. The MTPA is the mandated government institution responsible for biodiversity conservation in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. The MTPA has standing relationships with communities that are heavily impacted by IWT. Work themes of mutual interest include human-wildlife conflict, livelihood development, and improved community governance. Khetha committed to facilitating a Wayfinder process in the Matsulu node in the next quarter to co-design community-based interventions that address issues of HWC and IWT as per the needs of people in the node.

Communication and constituency building to communicate with external audiences about Khetha’s work and build support for Khetha’s work within communities and with other organizations

Communications Review Workshop In November 2019, we had our annual review of the Khetha Communication Strategy to ensure it remains relevant as the Khetha program progresses. Our seconded SANParks CLOs and Coordinator participated in the workshop, bringing their knowledge of the South African Khetha Innovation Nodes. We developed communication action plans of each node for implementation in 2020, which the CLOs and Coordinator will action. The action plans include activities that contribute to achieving the Khetha Communication Strategy’s objectives, such as creating dialogue on issues that influence the relationship between people and protected areas and perceptions of wildlife, raising awareness about policies and legislation relating to wildlife, and encouraging collaboration amongst targeted stakeholders in the various nodes.

36 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

Khetha Annual MEL Workshop We had our annual internal MEL Workshop to reflect on learning from the last two years implementing the Khetha Program and plan the way forward. We reviewed the Khetha Organogram following new staff additions and the shifting of positions to the Khetha Program teams. We also revisited the 2020 Work and MEL Plan and reviewed the program tracking and reporting procedures. The workshop included a guest speaker, Dr. Danny Govender from SANParks to talk about Strategic Adaptive Management and the Communications Manager presented back on her experience at Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Read more about her experience here: https://www.wwf.org.za/our_news/blog/diary_of_a_first_ timer_at_cites.cfm

Participation in platforms and networks that focus on IWT We attended the USAID VukaNow SPARCC meeting, as well as a meeting for the USAID landscape partners working on IWT in the various regions in southern Africa. The SPARCC’s theme was Learning from Failure: Addressing your challenges from crime

37 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

scene identification to successful conviction and sentencing. These two events provided an opportunity for us to connect with the other organizations, share updates, and plan for better coordination and potential collaboration in the future. The next SPARCC is scheduled to take place in April 2020. We participate in the SADC M&E CoP. An M&E CoP was established at the SADC Transfrontier Conservation Area (TFCA) Network meeting in 2016 to ensure SADC TFCAs are better equipped to measure the impact of their conservation, social and economic performance, as individual TFCAs as well as a collective, regional program. An M&E Framework for SADC TFCAs was developed to enable the standardized collection, evaluation, and reporting of data, which provides insight into the collective contributions of TFCAs more broadly. A Chair, supported by a Secretariat, leads the CoP. For 2020, Khetha committed to providing support to the Secretariat. Our support and participation in the CoP have great value for our own M&E systems since CoP members share learning related to M&E methodologies, tools and processes. Moving forward, the CoP aims to effectively communicate data and learning to different member countries and conservation partners in the region by working closely with communication experts. We participated in the MELCOM meetings. MELCO is a group consisting of the various USAID landscape partners’ communications and M&E practitioners. The group meets telephonically every few weeks to share updates on the programs to learn from each other’s experiences and share communications approaches, activities, and M&E tools. The Southern Africa Wildlife Trafficking Hub Lead attended the Annual Wildlife Crime Hub Meeting in Windhoek, Namibia. At this meeting, the Southern Africa Wildlife Trafficking Hub Lead met with the Hub leads for Central Africa and East Africa, as well as representatives from TRAFFIC and other WWF Country offices. The purpose of the meeting was to: i. Strengthen the functioning, coordination, and alignment of the hubs with WWF Country Offices, between hubs, with TRAFFIC, Regional Office for Africa, and other practices; ii. Establish a common understanding of significant emerging issues related to IWT and its impacts, and how the hubs can engage on these issues; iii. Identify key strategic partnerships and interventions to address wildlife crime; and iv. Consider lessons learned, impacts of the hubs, and the way forward. The Southern Africa Wildlife Trafficking Hub helps amplify the work done by WWF and TRAFFIC in the southern African region to significantly reduce the impact of IWT by supporting capacity building, partnerships development, and resourcing for IWT efforts. The Southern Africa Wildlife Trafficking Hub is currently leading initiatives supported

38 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

by the Khetha Program, such as the Survey on Ranger Working Conditions and the development of a curriculum on ranger leaderships as reported under Objective Two.

We entered into a subaward agreement with the EWT in Year Two to 1) develop guidelines for the application of restorative justice approaches to wildlife crime cases in South Africa, and 2) to undertake an analysis of IWT in South Africa with a strong focus on elephants and rhinos. During this quarter, EWT hosted a Restorative Justice Committee meeting as reported under Objective 1. The next steering committee meeting is taking place in January 2020. EWT also had planning meetings with the TRAFFIC in preparations for the wildlife trafficking analysis. The data collection commences next quarter. WWF MZ is our main implementing partner in Mozambique. As reported under Objective 2, they hosted two workshops this quarter for law enforcement institutions in Mozambique, with the endorsement and participation of high-level government officials. In the next quarter, we will continue with trainings and field visits for prosecutors and judges; develop a wildlife crime investigation toolkit; host a workshop on livelihood projects in Magude; establish a working group to develop ministerial decree on standard and mechanisms to manage conservation areas; identify, map and develop a database of Community Natural Resources Committees; develop a database and asses all rhino and elephant court cases under the new Conservation Areas Law in Mozambique to determine the best mechanisms to track such cases; conduct a feasibility study for a forensic laboratory in Mozambique; and develop a range of communication materials on IWT.

We continue to work closely with our key strategic partners to deliver the Khetha Program to ensure that our work plan and activities align with the needs of South Africa and Mozambique’s strategies to address wildlife trafficking. Our state partners include ANAC and PGR in Mozambique whom we engage primarily through WWF MZ, as well as the South African DEFF and SANParks. Other state partners include the SAJEI in South Africa and CFJJ in Mozambique, which we supported to host the Mozambique-South Africa Joint Judicial Colloquium on Wildlife Trafficking in November 2019. Furthermore, we met with the MTPA during the reporting period to explore areas of collaboration and decided on implementing a Wayfinder process in the Matsulu Khetha Node to design community-based initiatives. During this reporting period we also engaged with the GLTFCA at the JMB to present the findings of the wildlife poisoning study, a need identified by the GLTFCA which we responded to.

39 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

During this quarter, we’ve engaged with community structures such as the Mnisi Tribal Authority through introductory meetings and also running a Wayfinder process to explore areas of collaboration on community-based initiatives to improve the relationship between people and protected areas.

Furthermore, we had various engagements with NGOs such as Conservation South Africa, Conservation Outcomes, the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, and the K2C, as well as other technical experts such as the Wits Rural Facility.

40 Learning and Reflection Quarterly Progress Report

Khetha through the eyes of a new team member “There’s so much that I learned in such a short space of time, from individuals I work with - about what Khetha represents - what we are trying to do, and I learned a whole lot from partner organizations as well. I also learned a lot form the community members that I have been interacting with through the Wayfinder process and other engagements. Their hopes and dreams for their futures, how they view conservation and wildlife and how the story is changing from local communities not even being interested in hearing about it, to them telling a story of how they see the impacts of IWT but don’t see value in protecting wildlife because they are so detached from it. These are some of the opportunities that we as Khetha should pursue to get that connection restored that once existed between communities and wildlife.” ~ Newly appointed Community Projects Lead

Objective 1: Appreciating the importance of strong relationships “I learned again that nothing in this landscape is ever simple and straightforward. A good example was my first attendance of the community Task Team meeting in Punda Maria. It was immediately clear that there were tensions between the two communities and that much more work is needed to build trust and a proper set of relationships, especially since these two communities are supposed to cooperate within one project. This is so often where the rubber hits the road - the quality of the human relationships between people who form part of a consortium or partnership. So my learning is that we must pay more attention to this and we must better understand the conditions under which those positive connections between people/organizations can flourish. Partnerships are not just about MoUs and work plans - social connections matter and we need how to foster and facilitate these.” “There is immense value of trusted relationships stood out for me this quarter. There is evidence of success in countries (Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania) where small organizations / NGO’s that have built trusted relationships with government partners has (sic) shown to be a strong model, and has heightened agility and flexibility in working with government on IWT. The role of larger NGOs should be to partner with and support these instances where they are working and showing impact, and in that way supporting and leveraging the trust and flexibility that this model can offer. As Khetha, we are learning how to partner with both large organizations (like governments) and smaller entities (such as community-based organizations) to refine our own model of working.”

41 Learning and Reflection Quarterly Progress Report

Objective 2: Seeing and learning from patterns across landscapes and contexts

“I learnt that the issues faced in IWT are often very consistent across boundaries. The SPARCC meetings have highlighted that for me when there are regional representatives, and I have noticed that the challenges in addressing IWT, whilst they have differing contexts, often have a common thread – lack of basics being done well on the law- enforcement front, lack of capacity & overstretched prosecution, the need for collaboration across the value chain (inter-agency) and cross border collaboration, poor awareness in judiciary of IWT, corruption, lack of focus and impact on the “big fish.” As Khetha, we are focusing on addressing these issues and it helps to learn from the experience of those working in other contexts – we learn together how to navigate the complex system of IWT, and how to amplify our individual efforts for collective impact.” “Whilst interacting with colleagues from other regions, it was interesting to see the different power dynamics and interaction between sectors (State, Private and community) facing similar challenges in a different landscape. I think it showed the high level of capacity and commitment that exists within many of the government conservation agencies in South Africa and Mozambique. We have to keep working hard to support our government partners, since they are ultimately the custodians of wildlife within our two focal countries.” “The WEP roadshow and associated meetings made it clear that there is much similar thinking in the landscape, and by bringing people together, we can link up stakeholders with similar objectives and goals. The Khetha Program, with its linkages to a wide network of institutions and individuals, can certainly play a key role in improving communication and collaboration in the landscape to try to improve collective action where possible.”

Influencing mind-sets in the judicial community

“During the colloquium, I was very pleased to hear some of the South African magistrates, in particular, those who were part of the core working group to update the Handbook, speaking about the impact of the IWT on local people, and how criminal syndicates should be brought to book, not only individual poachers. I was also encouraged by the judiciary’s interest in work that is being done with communities to address IWT. I was, however, concerned about one magistrate speaking about harshening her sentences/giving maximum sentences from now on for wildlife crime offenders (in the face of what we’ve learned from the Conservation Synergies report - harsher sentences alone does not deter people from participating in wildlife crime etc.), and another magistrate talking about extending the definition of ‘murder’ to animals and not only to people.”

42 Upcoming activities Quarterly Progress Report

43 Upcoming activities Quarterly Progress Report

44 Upcoming activities Quarterly Progress Report

45 Annex 1 Quarterly Progress Report

“The foot soldiers” Numerous magistrates noted that those brought before court are mainly poachers and others lower in the criminal syndicate chain. It seems the “untouchables who lead poor, rural people into lives of crime” are not brought before court. Investigations need to target all levels of a network, not just the ”foot soldiers”’.

Foreign nationals

Foreign nationals accused of wildlife crimes (with particular reference to Eastern countries such as China and Vietnam), or accused with dual South Africa-Mozambique citizenship, are often deported after trial following early release. The magistrates feels their sentences are undermined when convicted wildlife criminals do no serve their sentence and get to continue to operate from abroad while their companies or families continue to operate in South Africa or Mozambique, often using illegal funds to purchase property and goods.

Corruption Several participants are concerned that corrupt law enforcement and politicians are working with and protecting criminals. Criminal proceedings are often delayed on purpose. For example, transport of the accused or the witnesses is delayed or transport couldn’t be secured for the day. The case then needs to be postponed. Transboundary cooperation Participants noted that it takes time for countries to form relationships, build trust and design and implement strategies to stop wildlife trafficking, while international criminal syndicates are dynamic and can operate, adapt and build connections quickly The seriousness of wildlife crime Wildlife crime is not perceived by the judiciary in SA or MZ as a serious crime, partly because there is a perception that there is no victim in environmental crime. Furthermore, some expressed their concern with regards to other environmental-related crimes that pose greater problems than the impact of poaching in their opinion, such as illegal dumping, illegal mining and pollution.

Few environmental crimes make it to court in Mozambique. Some examples cited include the location of the wildlife crime taking place very far from the nearest court meaning response time for law enforcement is slow; where an apprehension is made, there are often challenges to transport the accused to court hearings; poor evidence collection often leads to insufficient evidence to take a case to court etc.

46 Annex 1 Quarterly Progress Report

Poor capacity of law enforcement and prosecution The judiciary appreciates the commitment from rangers and encourages rangers to attend trials not only when they need to give evidence, but also to see how their evidence is received and learn from the experience to improve their presentation of testimony in court.

The poor collection, management and presentation of evidence in court affects bail applications, impacts on prosecution and the finalization of matters.

Often, investigators and other officials are not convergent in the languages spoken by foreign nationals, which could infringe on the rights of the accused.

.In South Africa, there are dedicated Senior State Advocates within each Director of Public Prosecutions Office that are responsible for all environmental cases relating to waste, biodiversity, oceans and coasts. This serves as a dedicated nodal point structure. Cases are directed to these prosecutors whom would then review and assign the cases to prosecutors that have required experience to deal with them. Through this National DPP approved approach a number of prosecutors have become highly experienced and hence normally receive these cases. However, the challenges arise more where cases are registered in regions where there are limited capacity or experience. In most instances, where there is this lack of experience the DPP nodal point will handle the case. There is also a national environmental nodal point stationed at the NDPP that coordinates with all the provincial DPP nodal points on matters relating to environmental crime.

Prosecutors need to present the context in which the environmental crimes took place, especially in sentencing procedures for consideration by the magistrate/judge (linked to Seriousness of the crime).

Disconnect between courts Sentences are often appealed in the high court and reduced (linked to Sentencing). High courts also need to be sensitized to the impact of wildlife trafficking.

Lack of resources Courts, in particular in Mozambique, lack resources to effectively function. For example, there is often no vehicle or fuel to visit crime scenes as part of the proceedings. The Mozambique delegates also wants more information on the impact and the dynamics of the illegal wildlife trade to give appropriate and effective sentences.

Legislation Some South African magistrates feel certain legislation is outdated. For example, certain provincial ordinances or decrees date back as far as 1969. The magistrates feel that legislation could be harmonized, or that one piece of legislation for the country can be developed to serve all provinces. It was also suggested that transnational legalization where countries have the same goals and objectives, should be developed. Legislation should include the planning stages of an environmental crime

47 Annex 1 Quarterly Progress Report

Bail SANParks Ranger Services reported observing a “recycling of poachers,” meaning they arrest poachers in the park who are out on bail. Magistrates responded with some of the challenges they face during bail applications. Bail must be given where affidavits are incomplete or if the police refuse to come to court. Magistrates also have to consider the safety of the bail applicant. There have been situations where the person on trial was killed while out on bail. In a specific incident, the accused was a person lower in the hierarchy of the criminal syndicate and was killed by the syndicate to silence him.

Sentencing Prosecutors must include or raise the impact of the environmental crime, including the far- reaching impact the crime has on the larger environment, people, the safety and security of the country and the rule of law, in their proceedings. “They need to give the full picture.” If the prosecutor doesn’t bring these impacts before the court, the magistrates cannot consider it, especially during sentencing. Thus, the prosecutors also need to be aware of the larger impact of the wildlife crime that was committed.

Sentences are often appealed in the high court and reduced (linked to Disconnect between courts). For example, a case was appealed in the high court and the sentence was reduced “because the animal did not die and the actions weren’t premeditated, even though four people were involved”. “The hard work is done in the lower courts and then just set aside in the higher courts.”

The participants feel there is a lack of consistency in the sentencing of wildlife-related crimes in-country and across borders. The participants call for uniformity in sentencing across provinces and national borders if the judicial system is to serve as deterrence to wildlife crime.

In Mozambique, wildlife crimes do not have minimum sentences. A South African magistrate indicated her interested in exploring how sentencing be used to produce resources that can be put back into conservation or law enforcement efforts targeted at addressing wildlife trafficking.

Foreign language support The courts in both counties require foreign language support, including local languages such as Portuguese, Tsonga, SiSwati, Venda as well as Eastern languages such as Mandarin, Vietnamese etc. Often, only a few interpreters service large areas or a large number of courts. Thus, it is often the case that an interpreter is not available if sick or required in other courts. The case is then postponed and delayed.

48 Annex 2 Quarterly Progress Report

Objective 1: Support innovative partnerships and novel wildlife crime prevention approaches among civil society, communities, private sector and government.

Consultancy title: Investigate policies which influence relationships between people and Protected Areas/wildlife Program reference number: ZA5570.O Purpose: Create a positive policy environment that enables communities to benefit from wildlife and encourages the protection of wildlife through an enhanced understanding of the range of policies from local to an international scale. A review of the legislation and implementation of policies in both South Africa and Mozambique will be undertaken to determine which are directly or indirectly relevant and identify any disjunctions and influence on people’s attitudes (e.g. access to resources, beneficiation from trophy hunting) Progress: During the quarter we sent out a request for proposals to implement this project. A consultant will be selected and commence work in the next quarter.

Consultancy title: Baseline and follow-up research on community attitudes and perspectives Program reference number: ZA5570.P Purpose: To enhance our understanding of dynamics in program nodes between people and protected areas in South Africa and Mozambique. This is done through site-specific baseline research with the view of tracking sentiments and perceptions over time through annual field-based research. Additionally, research will be done to improve our understanding of how wildlife security and community-based crime impact local wildlife trafficking. Progress: The report with the findings from the pilot was finalized and is ready for distribution. We have also shared our experiences implementing SenseMaker on other platforms, such as the MELCOM and SADC M&E CoP. Together with the project partner, we are planning feedback sessions in the communities where the surveys were conducted. The findings of the study will also inform future project by the private game reserve.

Consultancy title: Responses to human-wildlife conflict in Khetha landscape, effectiveness and recommendations Program reference number: ZA5570.AO Purpose: To assess the intensity of human-wildlife conflict in the Khetha landscape and the effectiveness of implemented mitigation strategies, and to provide an in-depth safety-risk assessment and attitudes towards wildlife and an understanding of the influencer dynamics. The Consultancy will make practical recommendations and produce implementation guidelines to address human-wildlife conflict in the landscape. Progress: Felines Communication and Conservation was appointed as consultants to execute the assessment. The consultancy is undertaking a literature review and desktop analysis of HWC in the South African landscape and analyzing the linkages, if any,

49 Annex 2 Quarterly Progress Report

between HWC, poaching, and wildlife trafficking. The consultancy is also identify HWC management systems, responsible authorities, and jurisdictional mandates to produce a strategy with recommended interventions, research and training to mitigate HWC and improve relationships between community and conservation authorities in the Khetha landscape.

Consultancy title: Piloting Wayfinder in Khetha Program nodes Program reference number: ZA5570.AR Purpose: To build capacity in the Khetha team to utilize Wayfinder to deliver community- based initiatives to reduce illegal wildlife trade from protected areas; provide input and support to the Community liaison officers/team during critical phases of the Wayfinder process; further refine Wayfinder capacity building and practice approaches within a globally important case study; and connect the Khetha team with the Stockholm Resilience Centre and the wider emerging resilience practitioner community Progress: In month of November 2019, the Khetha Program invited Paul Ryan from Australian Resilience Centre (Pty Ltd) to facilitate a project development Wayfinder workshop in the Mnisi Community. The objectives of the workshop were to 1) ensure community members see themselves as partners with a responsibility for project success; 2) community members develop a vision for their community and; 3) develop project to address issues of collective concerns. In the Month of December 2019, the KC invited us to a Community Liaison Officers Wayfinder Workshop. The purpose of the workshop was to build a common vision for natural resource management in communities adjacent to the protected area system. The process inspired and promoted a sense of custodianship over natural resources.

Consultancy title: Human-wildlife conflict monitoring and response strategies for communities Program reference number: ZA5570.AZ Purpose: To develop and pilot a standard human-wildlife conflict monitoring tool in partnership with mandated provincial institutions such as LEDET, MTPA and Kruger National Park; to identify and map vulnerable adjacent communities and their livelihood practices that are frequented by human-wildlife conflict incidents; to identify common damage-causing species as suggested by the communities; and to document social and cultural influences that drive retaliation response to human-wildlife in the communities. Progress: The contract was approved by USAID and the inception meeting is scheduled for early in the next quarter.

Consultancy title: Greater Kruger Wildlife Economy Program reference number: ZA5570.AD Purpose: Improve security and political support for the Greater Kruger Area through the implementation of integrated land-use models and the alleviation of pressure associated with poverty and other social development challenges in the region. Establish practical examples of the value of the Greater Kruger Area and the associated Wildlife Economy, which show how it can be developed to drive the socio-economic transformation of South Africa’s wildlife and tourism industries

50 Annex 2 Quarterly Progress Report

Progress: We are partnering with Conservation Outcomes to conduct this work in Gidjana and Bevhula Khetha Node. The contract currently awaits USAID approval. Other partners include SANParks, Conservation South Africa, K2C, Vhembe Biosphere, K2C and private nature reserves. Objective 2: Supporting law enforcement to increase wildlife trafficking prevention, detection, and prosecution, and reduce wildlife trafficking- related corruption

Consultancy title: Program to develop ranger leadership skills Program reference number: ZA5570.T Purpose: The project aims to increase rangers’ leadership, community engagement, negotiation, and conflict resolution skills, including handling human-wildlife conflict, through the assessment of potential models for leadership development from other sectors and development of curricula. Progress: The training curriculum is complete. The training program and materials were reviewed by DEFF and SANParks. Furthermore, the project was presented to the MINMEC. DEFF LACE committed funding for the roll-out of the training course for 10 rangers from provincial and national park agencies in January 2020. SAWC is planning a meeting in January with DEFF to develop a funding and implementation plan for the wider roll-out of the training curriculum.

Consultancy title: Legal support and training for SANParks Kruger National Park Rangers Program reference number: ZA5570.AT Purpose: Provide legal support and training to SANParks-KNP Ranger Services engaged in anti-poaching operations to ensure rangers adhere to best-practice law enforcement ethics and standards. The training will ensure rangers are able to identify and mitigate risks involved in anti-poaching operations. The consultancy will provide legal support and guidance in all law-enforcement related incidents. The consultancy will also build the capacity of the SANParks Legal Support. Progress:The consultancy continues to provide legal support and training to SANPark rangers. During this quarter, 174 rangers and 137 staff from the Kruger National Park Protection Services received legal training in rules of engagement and the management of crime scenes concerning arrest and handling of arrested poachers.

Consultancy title: Establishing a mobile K9 unit in the Kruger National Park Purpose: We are supporting the establishment of a K9 Unit in the KNP’s Intensive Protection Zone (IPZ) to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the SAWC and SANParks’ anti-poaching operations in this area. The IPZ is where the majority of rhinos remain and the majority of illegal incursions into the park occur. Our support includes infrastructure in the form of a vehicle trailer, mobile home, kennels, and an electric fence, as well as the recruitment of a K9 Operation staff member, or dog handler, and kennel hand, stationed at the unit. Progress: Equipment for the mobile K9 unit was purchased and is ready for set up once the

51 Annex 2 Quarterly Progress Report

location of the unit is approved by SANParks. The K9 operations manager and kennel hand have both received training in their respective areas of operation under a development program led by the SAWC K9 dog master. The unit has been operating from the SAWC in to assist with reaction requests in the IPZ with the support of the SANParks helicopter to deploy the canine unit. Since the start of the appointment of the K9 operations manager in February, he was involved in 10 solo operations, caught 15 suspected poachers and removed 6 rifles from the system.

Consultancy title: Wildlife crime prevention programs review and recommendations Program reference number: ZA5570.X Purpose: Over the past 20 years, there has been a growing recognition among conservationists that addressing IWT requires a multi-faceted approach, including addressing social drivers that influence involvement in illegal activities. Conservation criminology advocates for a more bottom-up approach to address environmental crimes. As a result of forced removals and restriction of access to natural resources during the establishment of protected areas, many perpetrators and members of their community perceive poaching as “contested illegality”. Therefore, such offences are not perceived as being criminal, offensive, harmful or dangerous and this perception is a growing concern for law enforcement agencies, conservation structures and policymakers. Understanding the political, social and economic complexities of the illegal wildlife trade, we recognize local communities as potentially powerful agents of positive change. Various crime prevention initiatives, campaigns and programs have been developed around the world across sectors to positively influence behavior change by addressing gender inequality, youth development and the creation of support networks for target groups. The Consultancy is developing a recommended community-based approach to reduce wildlife trafficking. Progress :The consultancy submitted their recommendations for a community-based approach to reduce wildlife trafficking in the Khetha Nodes. The report is under review by the Khetha team and will be finalized in the next quarter. A literature review and field report is being repackaged for distribution and being finalized this quarter.

Consultancy title: Training materials to guide the management of rhino and elephant poaching and trafficking crime scenes Program reference number: ZA5570.Y and Y1 Purpose: To improve the capability of officials to manage and capture necessary information and evidence from trafficking-level crime relating to rhinos and elephants in South Africa, and to test to expansion into Mozambique. This will be done through a review of existing training materials on management of high value trafficking crime scenes that will assist in the development of IWT curricula, engaging multi-media materials and standard operating procedures to inform officials, rangers and other agencies. Progress: All materials are finalized. The materials are handed over to DEFF for use in their upcoming trainings. Portuguese –versions of the materials are being submitted to Khetha in January 2020 which will be shared with WWF MZ and ANAC for their review and possible uptake with amendments as necessary.

52 Annex 2 Quarterly Progress Report

Consultancy title: Baseline study on Wildlife Poisoning in GLTFCA (Phase 2) Program reference number: ZA5570.AA Purpose: To increase our understanding of the drivers and impacts of wildlife poisoning within the GLTFCA and of current workable and appropriate methods to combat wildlife poisoning. The consultant will do fieldwork aiming to track the poison supply chain and understand how poisoning might affect local communities. The research findings will be disseminated to the GLTP Wildlife Poisoning Task Team and a report will be produced to detail clear action points for GLTFCA stakeholders. Progress: The findings of the study were presented to the GLTFCA JMB. We are working with the GLTFCA coordinator to develop a plan for distribution.

53