The Diversification of (In)Security in 21st Century UAE and Qatar: Cultivating Capital, Interdependence and Uncertainty Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Callen, David J. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 13:21:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347189 THE DIVERSIFICATION OF (IN)SECURITY IN 21ST CENTURY UAE AND QATAR: CULTIVATING CAPITAL, INTERDEPENDENCE AND UNCERTAINTY by David J. Callen __________________________ Copyright © David J. Callen 2015 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF MIDDLE EASTERN AND NORTH AFRICAN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by David J. Callen, titled The Diversification of (In)Security in 21st Century UAE and Qatar: Cultivating Capital, Interdependence and Uncertainty, and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/20/14 Leila Hudson _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/20/14 Maha Nassar _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/20/14 Paulette Kurzer _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/20/14 Aomar Boum _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/20/14 Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 11/20/14 Dissertation Director: Leila Hudson 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: David J. Callen 4 Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures......................................................................................................6 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................7 Introduction—On the Diversification of (In)Security ...........................................................9 Literature Review.............................................................................................................13 Case Background .............................................................................................................20 Methodology ....................................................................................................................22 The “Press Profile” Measure ................................................................................23 Sources .................................................................................................................27 Outline..............................................................................................................................30 Chapter 1—Diversifying Security by Constructing Niche Roles: The Haven and Broadcaster Approaches .......................................................32 The Stakes: Small States in a Globalized Search for Security.........................................32 The Strategy: Using Neoliberalism to Harness Capital for Interdependence ..................43 The Approach: Niche Roles and Entrenching Interdependence ......................................53 Diversifying Small State Security ........................................................................53 Corporatizing the Nation......................................................................................59 The Haven and Broadcaster Approaches to Filling Niche Roles ........................67 The Haven, the Broadcaster and the Diversification of Insecurity ..................................72 Chapter 2—Sovereigns and Development in the UAE and Qatar .........................................76 Gulf Leadership and the Significance of the Sovereign ..................................................77 The Al Nahyan and Al Maktoum in the UAE .................................................................82 Abu Dhabi and the Al Nahyan .............................................................................87 Dubai and the Al Maktoum..................................................................................93 The Al Thani in Qatar ......................................................................................................98 Doha and the Al Thani .........................................................................................102 Officially Articulating Development Strategies and Motivations ...................................107 The Arab Spring in the Gulf as a Catalyst for Diversifying (In)Security ........................115 The Gulf Cooperation Council: A Collective Approach to Diversifying Security? ........118 Chapter 3—The UAE: A Haven for Capital ..........................................................................123 What is the Haven Approach? .........................................................................................124 Khaleeji Capitals: Cities of Corporations ........................................................................128 Hubs for Capital: Ports and Airports ...............................................................................133 Business and the Haven ...................................................................................................139 Domestic Businesses ............................................................................................140 A Business Event Haven ......................................................................................145 Sovereign Wealth Funds and Investment: Havens for a Haven’s Capital .......................146 The UAE’s SWF Portfolio ...................................................................................149 The Cityscape as a Haven: Tourism and Architecture.....................................................153 Iconic Architecture...............................................................................................154 Experiences and Attractions ................................................................................156 Hospitality Havens ...............................................................................................162 5 The Haven and the Diversification of Security................................................................167 The Haven and the Diversification of Insecurity .............................................................174 Chapter 4—Qatar: Broadcasting for Interdependence ...........................................................184 What is the Broadcaster Approach? .................................................................................185 A Haven from which to Broadcast...................................................................................189 Cities of Corporations ..........................................................................................190 Hubs for Capital ...................................................................................................192 Haven-like Business.............................................................................................193 SWFs and Investment ..........................................................................................195 The Cityscape.......................................................................................................196 Broadcasting Goodwill: Foreign Policy, Media and Diplomacy .....................................199 A Uniquely-Inclusive Foreign Policy ..................................................................199 Media as a Political Tool for Interdependence ....................................................205 Diplomacy: Mediation .........................................................................................209 Diplomacy: Taking Sides .....................................................................................212 Broadcasting Culture: Beating the Haven at its Own Game? ..........................................215 Art ........................................................................................................................216 Education/Knowledge ..........................................................................................220 The Broadcaster and the Diversification