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Day1 Pres1 16Nov BRAMA-Mod Content and Structure: • Quality of Herbal Materials, Biodiversity, Factors affecting Quality, Adulterations • Identity and Quality Assessment and Control • Quality Assurance Systems: GAP, GCP, ISSC-MAP, HACCP, GMP 1 Wild, Domesticated or Cultivated: from Biodiversity to Quality Botanicals Chlodwig Franz (Austria) University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Med‘Arom Consulting A-1190 Vienna Once upon a time in the Paradise… there was the tree of knowledge: 3 P.P. Rubens & J. Brueghel d.J.: ‚Il Peccato‘, Vienna, Kunsthistor. Museum Sweet apple, Crab apple… …or thorn apple (hallucinogenous) ? (Datura stramonium) 4 Biodiversity … • is the entire (genetic) variability among all living organisms and ecosystem 5 (J. &. P. Brueghel & P. Rubens, ca. 1610) Biodiversity … • Is the (genetic) variability of all living organisms • includes the diversity between species as well as variations within a species • comprises the diversity of ecosystems and ecological complexes • is the basis of human and animal life and welfare Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro 1992, enlarged at Bonn 2007 6 …in our specific case, the diversity of natural products from plants: • 4 (5) nucleic acids responsible for the genetic code • 20 proteinogenic aminoacids (enzyme components) • some dozen sugars and fatty acids • but more than 200.000 secondary plant substances! (some 1.000 new ones detected every year) – several biosynthetic pathways - showing a large inter- and intraspecific variation • 3.000 – 30.000 metabolites in a single plant *e.g. terpenes, phenylpropenes, polyphenols, iridoids, saponins, alkaloids, glucosinolates, steroids, … 7 Bioactive (Secondary) Plant-Products • Essential Oils • (Bio)Flavonoids • Polyphenols • Polyacetylene • Polyketids • Alkaloids • Glucosinolates • Cyanoglykosides • Benefit Health Poison complex mixtures ‚multi target‘ 8 Plant Material PHARMA FOOD Herbal medicinal Plant Food Products (HMP) Supplements (PFS) Pharm. Legislation Food Legislation ‚activity driven‘ ‚safety driven‘ Active Ingredients ! Residues (Single substance / (herbicides pesticides,…) Entire Extract? ) Contaminations Contaminations (microbial, heavy metals, (irradiation, toxic subst.) Irradiation) Residues Quality??? (herbicides, pesticides) (functional substances?) 9 Plants and Plant Products for Health …but where are all the starting materials coming from…? 10 Estimations / Facts on MAPs (WWF/TRAFFIC 2012) • 50,000 – 70,000 medicinal and aromatic plant species are estimated to be used world-wide (of which some 15.000 are endangered!) • Some 3,000 MAP species are traded internationally • ca. 900 MAP species are commercially cultivated • (70)-90% in terms of species numbers, 30-(50%) in terms of quantity are wild collected! • World-wide cultivated food plants: some 200 species only! 11 Why Biodiversity is important for MAPs ? • The wild relatives of cultivated (medicinal and aromatic) plants provide a reservoir of potentially important genes for crop improvement programmes • To efficiently use these genetic resources, it is important that biodiversity is further studied, characterised, evaluated, conserved and available • This will allow to find new genotypes of wild species and local/neglected varieties with key genes for important traits • This will also allow to promote domestication of wild species for product innovation and new bioactive compounds 12 Wild Collection of Plants: ‚natural‘ – including Diversity 13 3 Main Questions Concerning Plants and Plant Products: • Plants are always available – are they? • Plants as natural products are always safe – are they? • Plants (and plant products) have always the same composition – have they? 14 Phytochemical Biodiversity Biodiversity, ‚bioprospecting‘: inter- and intra- specific variability Domestication: Genetic improvement: first steps of cultivation Selection, crossings, … GMO (?) new varieties with uniform quality 15 Andean - Yungas - Highway Bolivia (Google Earth: ‚the most dangerous road of the world‘) 16 …passing Coca ( Erythroxylum coca Lam. ) plantations… 17 Cinchona bark Cinchona sp. ‚fever bark‘ 18 Cinchona: Chemical Polymorphism 19 Germplasm Collection of Monkspepper, Vitex agnus-castus: Domestication / Cultivation Trials 20 Photo: L. Draxler Germplasm Collection of Vitex agnus-castus: Screening on Phytochemical Quality Agnuside Casticine 21 EFSA Monogr. Origanum – species worldwide called „Oregano“ • Table 1. Species used commercially in the world as oregano • Family Species Commercial name/s found in literature • Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare oregano, origanum • Labiatae Calamintha potosina Schaf. oregano de la sierra, oregano, • (syn. Thymus origanum (L.) Kuntze) origanum • Origanum vulgare L. oregano, orenga, Oregano de • Coleus amboinicus Lour. (syn. oregano, oregano brujo, oregano • Espana • de Cartagena, • Poliomintha longiflora Gray oregano • C. aromaticus Benth) oregano de Espana, oregano • Salvia sp. oregano • Frances • Satureja thymbra L. oregano cabruno, oregano, • Coleus aromaticus Benth. oregano de Espana, oregano, • Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns et * Spanish oregano, oregano , • Hedeoma floribunda Standl. oregano, origanum • Link (syn. Coridothymus capitatus • Hedeoma incona Torr. oregano • (L.) Rchb.f.) • Hedeoma patens Jones oregano, origanum • Verbenaceae • Hyptis albida H.B.K.oregano, origanum • Lantana citrosa (Small) Modenke oregano xiu, oregano, origanum • Hyptis americana (Aubl.) Urb. oregano • Lantana glandulosissima Hayek oregano xiu, oregano silvestre, •(H. gonocephala Gris.) Lantana hirsuta Mart. et Gall. oreganillo del monte, oregano, • Hyptis capitata Jacq. oregano, origanum • Lantana involucrata L. oregano, origanum • Hyptis pectinata Poit. oregano, origanum • Lantana purpurea (Jacq.) Benth.& oregano, origanum • Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. oregano, oregano cimarron, m • Hook. (syn. Lippia purpurea Jacq.) • Monarda austromontana Epling oregano, origanum • Lantana trifolia L. oregano, origanum • Ocimum basilicum L. oregano, origanum • Lantana velutina Mart.&Gal. oregano xiu, oregano, origanum • Origanum compactum Benth. (syn. oregano, origanum • Lippia myriocephala Schlecht.&Cham. oreganillo • O. glandulosum Salzm, ex Benth.) • Lippia affinis Schau. oregano • Origanum dictamnus L. ( Majorana oregano, origanum • Lippia alba (Mill) N.E. Br. (syn. L. oregano, origanum • dictamnus L.) • involucrata L.) • Origanum elongatum (Bonent) oregano, origanum • Lippia Berlandieri Schau. oregano • Emberger et Maire • Lippia cordiostegia Benth. oreganillo, oregano montes, • Origanum floribundum Munby oregano, origanum • oregano, origanum •(O. cinereum Noe) • Lippia formosa T.S.Brandeg. oregano, origanum • Origanum grosii Pau et Font Quer oregano, origanum • Lippia geisseana (R.A.Phil.) Soler. oregano, origanum • ex letswaart • Lippia graveolens H.B.K. * Mexican oregano, oregano • Origanum majorana L. oregano • , origanum • Origanum microphyllum (Benth) Vogel oregano, origanum • Lippia helleri Britton oregano del pais, oregano, • Origanum onites L. (syn. O. * Turkish oregano, oregano, • Lippia micromera Schau. oregano del pais, oregano, smyrneum L.) origanum • Origanum scabrum Boiss et Heldr. oregano, origanum • Lippia micromera var. helleri (Britton) oregano • (syn. O. pulchrum Boiss et Heldr.) • Moldenke • Origanum syriacum L. var. syriacum oregano, origanum • Lippia origanoides H.B.K. oregano, origano del pais • (syn. O. maru L.) • Lippia palmeri var. spicata Rose oregano • Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile oregano, origanum • Lippia palmeri Wats. oregano, origanum Lippia umbellata Cav. oreganillo, oregano montes, oregano, • (Koch) letswaart (syn. O. gracile • Lippia velutina Mart. et Galeotti oregano, origanum • Koch, O. tyttanthum Gontscharov) • Rubiaceae Borreria sp. oreganos, oregano, origanum • Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum oregano, origanum • Scrophulariaceae • (Link) letswaart (syn. O. hirtum Link) • Limnophila stolonifera (Blanco) Merr. oregano, origanum • Origanum vulgare subsp. virens oregano, origanum, oregano • Apiaceae Eryngium foetidum L. oregano de Cartagena, oregano, • verde Asteraceae Coleosanthus veronicaefolius H.B.K. oregano del cerro, oregano del • (Hoffmanns et Link) letswaart monte, oregano del campo • (syn. O. virens Hoffmanns et Link) Eupatorium macrophyllum L. (syn. oregano, origanum • Origanum vulgare subsp. viride * Greek oregano, oregano, Hebeclinium macrophyllum DC.) (Boiss.) Hayek (syn. O. viride ) • Halacsy (syn. O. heracleoticum L.) • * Species of main economic importance according to Lawrence and Reynolds (1984) • 22 Biodiversity of ‚Mexican Oregano‘ Gas-chromatograms of the essential oil from leaves of different Lippia graveolens populations and chemotypes in Guatemala (Fischer et al. 1996) ) 23 Main essential oil compounds of different Lippia species (Verbenaceae) in Central and South America L.alba (Guatemala) (Uruguay) L. graveolens (Guatemala) (El Salvador) compound Fischer Senatore Lorenzo Fischer Senatore Vernin (1996) (2001) (2001) (1996) (2001) (2001) Myrcene 7,6 0,2 0,8 1,9 1,1 p-Cymene 0,7 4,2 5,5 1,4 1,8-Cineole - 14,2 1,3 5,2 2,1 Limonene 1,0 43,6 2,9 0,3 0,8 Linalol 4,0 1,2 55,3 2,7 0,3 Myrcenon 54,8 Piperitone 30,6 - Thymol - 56,6 31,6 7,3 Carvacrol - 4,4 0,8 71,2 Caryophyllene 2,6 1,0 9,0 4,6 4,6 9,2 α-Humulene 0,6 3,0 5,0 Caryophyllene 2,1 1,1 0,6 0,3 4,8 oxide Z-Dihydrocarv./ 0,8 1,6 Z. Ocimenon E-Dihydrocarv./ 1,2 5,5 24 E-Ocimenon Commercially used ‚sage‘ species Salvia officinalis a Salvia fruticosa b Salvia lavandulifolia c ααα-pinene 5.7 -6.6 9.0 8.4 β-pinene 1.4 - 2.7 4.5 3.9 1,8-cineole 9.0 - 10.4
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