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BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE DU PETIT DUC DE MADAGASCAR Otus Madagascariensis (Rasmussen Et Al., 2000), OISEAUX STRIGIFORMES, DANS LA FORET DE TSIMEMBO, DISTRICT D’ANTSALOVA

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BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE DU PETIT DUC DE MADAGASCAR Otus Madagascariensis (Rasmussen Et Al., 2000), OISEAUX STRIGIFORMES, DANS LA FORET DE TSIMEMBO, DISTRICT D’ANTSALOVA DEPARTEMENT DE FACULTE DES SCIENCES BIOLOGIE ANIMALE UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ------------------------------ Latimeria chalumnae FACULTE DES SCIENCES ------------------------------ DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE ------------------------------ MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES (D.E.A) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales Présenté par : Juliot Carl RAMAMONJISOA BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE DU PETIT DUC DE MADAGASCAR Otus madagascariensis (Rasmussen et al., 2000), OISEAUX STRIGIFORMES, DANS LA FORET DE TSIMEMBO, DISTRICT D’ANTSALOVA Soutenu publiquement le 21 août 2007 Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président : Madame Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Madame Olga RAVOAHANGIMALALA RAMILIJAONA Professeur Titulaire Examinateurs : Monsieur Hajanirina RAKOTOMANANA Maître de Conférences : Monsieur Lily-Arison RENE DE ROLAND Docteur ès-Sciences, Directeur National du The Peregrine Fund à Madagascar. REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail a été mené à terme grâce à la collaboration entre la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo et le Projet The Peregrine Fund Madagascar. Avant de présenter les résultats obtenus, je tiens à remercier sincèrement tous ceux qui, d’une manière ou d’une autre, m’ont apporté leur aide, assistance et encouragement. Il m’est particulièrement agréable d’adresser ma respectueuse gratitude à Madame Olga RAVOAHANGIMALALA RAMILIJAONA, Professeur Titulaire, responsable de la formation en 3ème Cycle au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo. C’est un grand honneur pour moi qu’elle ait accepté d’être mon encadreur. Malgré son emploi du temps très chargé, elle a pu trouver du temps pour m’accompagner et me diriger sur le terrain. Je suis heureux de pouvoir exprimer ici toute ma reconnaissance et ma gratitude à Madame Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA, Professeur d’ESR Enseignant-chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui a accepté d’être le président du jury de ce mémoire malgré ses nombreuses responsabilités. Qu’il me soit permis d’exprimer ma profonde gratitude à Monsieur Hajanirina RAKOTOMANANA, Maître de Conférences au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo. Il a accepté d’être membre de la commission de lecture et de siéger parmi les membres du jury de ce mémoire. Qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma sincère reconnaissance. Il m’est particulièrement agréable d’adresser ma respectueuse gratitude à Monsieur Lily-Arison RENE DE ROLAND, Docteur ès-Sciences, Directeur National du The Peregrine Fund Madagascar de m’avoir admis dans son projet à titre d’étudiant, de m’avoir aidé aussi bien sur le terrain que pendant la rédaction de ce mémoire et de siéger parmi les membres du jury malgré ses nombreuses occupations. Ma reconnaissance va de même à Monsieur Aristide ANDRIANARIMISA, Maître de Conférences au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo d’avoir accepté d’être parmi les membres de la commission de lecture. Je tiens à exprimer mes vifs remerciements à Monsieur Achille Philip RASELIMANANA, Maître de Conférences au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo pour tous les conseils et encouragements qu’il m’a adressé et d’avoir accepté d’être parmi les membres de la commission de lecture. Je suis endetté envers Monsieur Daniel RAKOTONDRAVONY, Maître de Conférences et Chef du Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, de m’avoir donné des précieux cours de statistique et des leçons d’initiation à la recherche. Je tiens aussi à remercier particulièrement : Tout le personnel enseignant et administratif ainsi que les techniciens du Département de Biologie Animale, de la Faculté des sciences, de l’Université d’Antananarivo. Monsieur Russel K. THORSTROM, Directeur chargé des programmes Afrique- Madagascar du projet The Peregrine Fund, qui m’a encouragé avec son aide matérielle et financière de réaliser cette étude. Veuillez trouver ici l’expression de ma vive reconnaissance. Tout le personnel, techniciens et étudiants du projet The Peregrine Fund à Antananarivo et Antsalova pour leur assistance matérielle, technique, financière et leurs conseils. Tous mes collègues et amis pour leur soutien moral et amical. Qu’ils trouvent ici mes chaleureuses amitiés. Mes parents qui m’ont beaucoup soutenu durant mes années d’étude. Qu’ils trouvent ici mes chaleureuses affections et mes vifs remerciements. RESUME L’étude éco-biologique du petit duc de Madagascar Otus madagascariensis, une espèce d’oiseaux nocturne, strigiformes, endémique de Madagascar, a été faite dans le centre Ouest de Madagascar, district d’Antsalova, forêt de Tsimembo. Elle a été effectuée en suivant des individus munis d’émetteurs radio et en observant des nids pendant deux périodes de reproduction entre mois d’août et février (2003-2004 et 2004-2005). Cette étude a pour objectif d’approfondir les connaissances sur la biologie et l’écologie des rapaces de Madagascar afin d’avoir des idées directives dans l’établissement de leur futur plan de conservation. Dans le site d’étude, la densité de la population de cette espèce est estimée à 0,36±0,07 individus/ha. Les résultats de suivi de huit couples montrent que la période de reproduction et de développement de Otus madagascariensis se tient entre septembre et février. Cette espèce niche dans des trous d’arbres. La ponte est de 1 à 3 œufs par nichée (2,4±0,9 œufs/nichée ; N=5 nids). La couleur des œufs est blanche. L’incubation a duré plus de 19 jours. Les poussins arrivent à leur stade d’envol à partir du 20ème jour de l’éclosion. Les juvéniles quittent leurs parents 10 jours après qu’ils aient pris leur premier envol. Pendant toute la durée de l’étude, le taux de l’envol des poussins est de 33,3% (N=6 poussins). Le petit duc de Madagascar se nourrit essentiellement d’insectes avec un taux de 93,3% (N=149 proies). Otus madagascariensis est, généralement, une espèce forestière. Le domaine vital d’un individu a une surface de 14,1 à 26,7 ha. Les domaines vitaux étudiés présentent des chevauchements. Mots clés : Biologie, écologie, petit duc, Otus madagascariensis, Madagascar, Antsalova, forêt de Tsimembo, rapaces, conservation, reproduction. ABSTRACT The eco-biological study of the torotoroka scops owl Otus madagascariensis were done during two consecutives reproduction periods, between August and February (2003-2004 and 2004-2005) in the Tsimembo forest, district of Antsalova, in the western central part of Madagascar. The Torotoroka scops owl, a strigiform nocturnal species, is endemic of Madagascar. His distribution covers the central highlands and western region of Madagascar. Eight pairs had their reproduction period from September to February. The population density was estimated at 0.36±0.07 individuals/ha. This species nested in natural cavities of trees. Clutch size was 1 to 3 white eggs and brood size was 2.4±0.9 eggs/nest (N=5). Incubation period lasted more than 19 days. The young fledged at 20 days after hatching and leave their parents after 10 days of fledging. During the study, the fledging success was 33.3% (N=6 young). The Torotoroka scops owl fed on primarily insects (93.3% ; N= 149 identified preys). Their home ranges, ranged from 14.1 to 26.7 ha, present an overlap. The results of this study present the first information in term of biology, ecology and ethology of this nocturnal species. They are essential within the framework of the conservation of the raptors and their habitats in Madagascar. Keywords: Biology, Ecology, Torotoroka scops owl, Otus madagascariensis, western central, Madagascar, Antsalova, Tsimembo forest, Raptors, Conservation, reproduction. FAMINTINANA Ny fikarohana momba ny biolojia sy ny ekolojian’ny vorondolo antsoina hoe torotoroko Otus madagascariensis dia natao in-droa miantoana, nandritra ny fotoam-pananahana roa, volana aogositra ka hatramin’ny volana febroary taona 2003-2004 sy 2004-2005. Notanterahina tany amin’ny faritra afovoany andrefan’i Madagasikara izany, ao amin’ny distrikin’Antsalova, alan’i Tsimembo. Izany dia ny mba hahazoana fahalalana bebe kokoa ny amin’ny biolojia sy ny ekolojian’ireo vorona mpiremby eto Madagasikara ary hiafara amin’ny fanatsarana ny fiarovana ireo harena voa-janahary. Ity fikarohana ity dia notanterahina nandritra ny fanaraha- maso ireo vorona nasiana mpampiely onjampeo sy nandritra ny fanaraha-maso ireo tranony miisa 8. Ao amin’ny toerana nanaovana io fikarohana io dia 0,36±0,07 ny hakitroky ny torotoroko. Ny valin’ireo fanaraha-maso rehetra natao no nahafahana nilaza fa ny fotoam- pananahan’ny torotoroko dia eo anelanelan’ny volana septambra sy febroary. Any anaty lava- kazo voa-janahary izy no manatody. Fotsy ny atodiny izay miisa 1 ka hatramin’ny 3 isaky ny tranony (atody 2,4±0,9/tranony; N=5). Mihoatra ny 19 andro ny faharetan’ny fikotrehany. Mandao ny tranony ny zanany aorian’ny 20 andron’ny nahafoy azy. Aorian’ny 10 andro nialany ny tranony dia mandao ny reniny sy ny rainy ny zana-borona. Nandritra ny fotoana nanaovana ny fikarohana dia 33,3% (N=6) no tahan’ireo zana-borona nandao ny tranony mba hiana-manidina. Bibikely no tena fihinan’ny torotoroko. Ny 93,3 isanjaton’ny sakafony (N=149) dia bibikely avokoa. Amin’ny ankapobeny dia voron’ala ny torotoroko. Mampiasa faritra manana velarana 14,1 ha hatramin’ny
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