Sudan Medical Journal أُغِٚ اُطجٚ٤ اُغٞداٚ٤ٗ

Sudan Med J 2018 December;54(3):209-215 Original Article

The anthropometric measurement of the In Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups of the Nigerian adult population

Ezon-Ebidor I Edibamode, PhD, John N Paul, MSc, Josiah S Hart, PhD, Amarachi U Okere, BSc

Department of , Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

انقُاط األَثشوبىيتشٌ نألرٌ ـٍ يجًىعاث اإلؼبى واإلَىسوبا يٍ انغكاٌ انبانؽٍُ انُُجٍسٍَُ

ا٣ضٕٝ-ا٣ج٤ذٝس اٞ٘٣ع٘ذ اد٣جبٞٓدٚ٣,عٞٗ ٕٞا٤ُْ ثٍٞ , عٞع٤ب ٛبسد, آبسرش٢ ا٣ًٖٞٝ ا٤ًٝش١

هغْ اُزششؼ٣ ، ٤ًِخ اِٞؼُّ اُطج٤خ األعبع٤خ ، ٤ًِخ اِٞؼُّ اُظ٤ؾخ ، عبؼٓخ ثٞسد ٛبسًٞسد ، رشٞثب ، ثٞسد ٛبسًٞسد ، ٝال٣خ س٣لشص ، ٤ٗغ٤ش٣ب

يجشدة انخهفُت :األرٕ ٞٛ اُغضء أُشئ٢ ٖٓ األرٕ اُز٢ رزٞاعذ خبسط اُشأط .ٝرٜذف اُذساعخ إ٠ُ رؾذ٣ذ ٓزٞعؾ ه٤ْ ٓخزِلخ اُو٤بعبد اُجشش٣خ ٖٓ ا٤ٔ٤ُٖ ٝا٤ُغبس األر٣ٖ ث٤ٖ اإل٣غجٝ ٞ اٞ٤ُسٝثب أُغػٞٔبد اؼُشه٤خ اٌُجبس ا٤ُ٘غ٤ش١ اُغٌبٕ.

انًىاد وانطشق :ٛزٙ اُو٤بعبد اُز٢ رْ اؾُظٜ٤ِػ ٍٞب ٖٓ 182 اإلٗبس ٝ 118 اُزًٞس ٖٓ اإل٣غجٞ أُغػٞٔخ اؼُشه٤خ ٝ 95 اإلٗبس ٝ 105 ٖٓ اُزًٞس ٖٓ اٞ٤ُسٝثب ٓغػٞٔخ ػشه٤خ ث٤ٖ األػٔبس 68-18 عٞ٘اد .اُشه٤ٔخ سٚ٤ٗ اُلشعبس ًبٕ ٣غزخذّ ُو٤بط ؼٓب٤٣ش ٓخزِلخ ك٢ ًَ كشد.

انُتائح :أ ٜشد اُ٘زبئظ ٓزٞعؾ ه٤ْ األر٢ٗ أٞؽاٍ األر٢ٗ االػشاع ٝ شؾٔخ األرٕ األٞؽاٍ ك٢ كبطَ اُضوخ %95 إٔ ٠ِػ ٌٕٞ٣ اُزٞا٢ُ ,6.10±0.078 . ؾُِ3.24±0.059, 1.74±0.067ظ٠ِػ ٍٞ ؽن األرٕ ك٢ اؿجٞ اُزًٞس ٠ِػ, 6.00±0.084, 3.29±0.055, 1.66±0.055 ا٤ُغبس األرٕ ك٢ اؿجٞ اُزًٞس ؾُِ, 5.94±0.056, 0.01±0.047, 1.67±0.041ظ٠ِػ ٍٞ ؽن األرٕ ك٢ اؿجٞ اإلٗبس ٠ِػ, 5.71±0.051, 3.07±0.043, 0.60±0.03724 ا٤ُغبس األرٕ ك٢ اؿجٞ اإلٗبس ؾُِ 6.16±0.08, 3.07±0.055, 1.76±0.059ظ٠ِػ ٍٞ ؽن األرٕ ك٢ اٞ٤ُسٝثب اُزًٞس ,3.29±0.053 ,6.00±0.09 , ٠ِػ1.68±0.057 ا٤ُغبس األرٕ ك٢ اٞ٤ُسٝثب اُزًٞس ، ؽ 5.95±0.73, 2.79±0.067, 1.70±0.53ن األرٕ ك٢ اٞ٤ُسٝثب اإلٗبس ، ,5.78±0.08 ٠ِػ3.05±0.047,1.62±1.67 ا٤ُغبس األرٕ ك٢ اٞ٤ُسٝثب اإلٗبس .ُْ ٣ٌٖ ٛ٘بى اخزالف ًج٤ش ث٤ٖ ًَ ٢٘ؼ٣ األر٢ٗ األٞؽاٍ ، ٢٘ؼ٣ شؾٔخ األرٕ ٞؽٍ ًَ ٖٓ األر٣ٖ ك٢ ًال اُغ٘غ٤ٖ ٖٓ اإل٣جٝ ٞ اٞ٤ُسٝثب أُغػٞٔبد اؼُشه٤خ ػ٘ذ رِٜ٤ِؾب ٓغ اُطبُت اخزجبس .(٤ؿ t (p>0.05ش إٔ اؾُن األر٢ٗ اؼُشع ك٢ اُزًٞس ٝاإلٗبس ٖٓ اإل٣غجٞ ٓغػٞٔخ ػشه٤خ ًبٗذ أ٠ِػ ثٌض٤ش ك٢ األكشاد ٖٓ اٞ٤ُسٝثب أُغػٞٔخ اؼُشه٤خ.(p<0.05)

انخالطت :إٕ ٗزبئظ اُذساعخ أ ٜشد إٔ ًَ األر٢ٗ اؼُِٔٔبد اُز٢ رْ ه٤بعٜب ًبٗذ أ٠ِػ ٞٔػٓب ك٢ اُزًٞس أًضش ٖٓ اإلٗبس اُز٢ رظٞس إصدٝاط اُشٌَ اُغ٘غ٢ . ُٝزُي كئٚٗ ٢٘ؼ٣ أٚٗ ٣ٌٖٔ اعزخذاّ ٛزٙ اِٞؼُٔٓبد ك٢ رؾذ٣ذ اُطت اُشش٢ػ .

Abstract Background: The auricle is the between ages 18-68 years. A digital vernier visible part of the that resides outside of caliper was used to measure the different the head. The study was aimed at determining parameters in each individual. the mean values of the different Results: The results showed the mean values anthropometric measurements from the right for the auricular lengths, auricular widths and and left auricles between the Igbo and Yoruba lengths at 95% confidence interval to ethnic groups of the adult Nigerian be, respectively. 6.10±0.078, 3.24±0.059, population. 1.74±0.067 for the right auricle in Igbo males, Materials and Methods: These measurements 6.00±0.084, 3.29±0.055, 1.66±0.055 for the were obtained from 182 females and 118 left auricle in Igbo males, 5.94±0.056, males from Igbo ethnic group and 95 females 0.01±0.047, 1.67±0.041 for the right auricle in and 105 males of the Yoruba ethnic group Igbo females, 5.71±0.051, 3.07±0.043, 0.60±0.03724 for the left auricle in Igbo ______females 6.16±0.08, 3.07±0.055, 1.76±0.059 Corresponding author: for the right auricle in Yoruba males, John Nwolim Paul 6.00±0.09, 3.29±0.053, 1.68±0.057 for the left Email: [email protected] auricle in Yoruba males, 5.95±0.73,

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Original Article The anthropometric measurement of the auricle In Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups John N Paul

2.79±0.067, 1.70±0.53 for the right auricle in measurements that are obtained from these the Yoruba females and 5.78±0.08, studies in other countries; such as India, 3.05±0.047, 1.62±1.67 for the left auricle in Turkey and other European countries(3-13) the Yoruba females. There was no significant have been applied in our country today. difference between all mean auricular lengths, Our knowledge of physical anthropology and mean earlobe length of both auricles in indicates some differing characteristics both sexes of the Igbo and Yoruba ethnic between Negroes of which Nigerians are groups when analysed with student t-test inclusive and some other races (Caucasians, (p>0.05). However, the mean right auricular Mongloids, Australoids). There are no width in males and females of Igbo ethnic sufficient literatures on auricular dimensions group was significantly higher than in in Nigerian indigenous populations thus this individuals of Yoruba ethnic group (p<0.05). study was done to fill the gap. Conclusion: The result of the study showed This study was done to investigate mean that all the auricular parameters that were auricular lengths and widths, earlobe lengths measured were generally higher in males than of males and females between ages 18-68 in females which depict sexual dimorphism. It years. therefore implies that this information can be The auricle is the visible part of the ear that used in forensic identification. resides outside of the head.(14) The auricle is Keywords: Length, width, earlobe, auricle, also referred to as the ‗pinna‘. The auricle is Igbo, Yoruba. made up a cartilaginous and non-cartilaginous Introduction part. Anthropometric study of the auricle is the In Figure 1, the image of the pinna and the concise measurement of the auricle. In some various parts are shown to further elaborate on cases, it also involves taking note of certain the features under investigation. characters that are of keen interest in the auricle in the course of the study. According to Bozkiret al.,(1) auricular length, auricular width, earlobe length, and earlobe width are the main measurements been carried out in the anthropometric study of the auricle. Bozkir et al.,(1) went ahead to define these parameters as follows: Lobular ear height (auricular length): Distance between the highest point of the auricle and the lowest point of the earlobe, Auricular width: Distance from the to the , Lobular length (earlobe length): Distance from the or (15) incisures to the caudal part of the lobule, Figure 1: Anatomy of the Auricle/ pinna. Lobular width: Horizontal width of the lobule The cartilaginous part is composed of an at the midpoint of the lobular height. irregularly shaped plate of that is A good knowledge of the anthropometry of covered by thin skin.(15) the auricle is very essential for surgical The non-cartilagenous is called earlobe. The treatment of congenital deformities and earlobe is in the lowermost part of the external reconstruction of the auricle.(2) Advanced ear, it projects below the . The researches have also found anthropometric average earlobe is about 2cm long and studies of the auricle useful in identification of elongate slightly with age.(16) photographs through ear prints.(2) Human earlobe may be free or detached The anthropometric study of the auricle has (hanging free from the head). Whether the been studied by scholars in various countries earlobe is free or attached is a classic example and different intervals. Most of the Sudan Med J 2018 December;54(3) 210 Original Article The anthropometric measurement of the auricle In Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups John N Paul of simple genetic dominance relationship. strong and numerous. The skin of the Freely hanging are the dominant auricular is continuous with that lining the allele while the attached are recessive.(16) external acoustic meatus.(19) In Figure 2, the examples of attached and This cartilage is also called detached earlobes are shown to further cartilagoauriculae. The cartilage of the buttress the difference between both patterns auricle is C-shaped. It consists of a single (Nonpendulous and pendulous attachments). piece, it gives form the auricular part of the ear, and upon its surface are found the eminences and depressions described above. It is absent in the lobule; also it is absent between the tragus and beginning of the helix, the gap is being filled up with dense fibrous tissue.(20) In Figure 4, the cartilage of the auricle is 2(a) 2(b) shown with its parts properly labelled and Figure 2(a&b): Non pendulous and (b) pendulous indicated. earlobes.(17)

The auricle has two surfaces: A lateral or anterior surface and medial or posterior surface (cranial surface). The auricle projects from the side of the skull at varying degrees; so the cranial surface of the auricle might be hidden in some individuals.(17) In Figure 3 below, the two surfaces of auricle are indicated (anterior and posterior surfaces).

Figure 4: Cartilage of the Auricle.(21)

The ligaments of the auricle consist of two sets: Extrinsic ligaments and intrinsic ligaments.(22) The extrinsic ligaments connect the auricle to the side of the head. The extrinsic ligaments are two in number. They are namely: Anterior ligament, posterior ligament. The anterior ligament extends from the tragus and

Figure 3: Pinna.(18) spinahelicis to the root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone while the The body of the auricle is covered by elastic posterior ligament passes from the posterior and fibrous cartilage and skin. The cartilage of surface of the concha to the outer surface of the auricle is called cartilagoauriculae. It is the mastoid process.(22) connected to the surrounding parts by A group of strong band, stretching from the (18) ligaments and muscles. tragus to the commencement of the helix, The skin is thin, closely adherent to the completing the meatus in front, and partly cartilage, and covered with fine hairs encircling the boundary of the concha; a band furnished with sebaceous glands, which are between the and the caudahelicis.(22) numerous in the concha and . The muscles of the auricle are grouped into On the tragus and antitragus the hairs are two types, namely: Extrinsic and intrinsic Sudan Med J 2018 December;54(3) 211

Original Article The anthropometric measurement of the auricle In Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups John N Paul muscles. The extrinsic muscles of the auricle Research Ethics Committee of the University connect the auricle with the skull and scalp, of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The informed and move the auricle as a whole. The intrinsic consent was obtained from the volunteer muscles extend from one part of the auricle to subjects before commencement of the study another.(22) The extrinsic muscles of the from March 10  November 11, 2010. The auricle include: auricularis superior, subjects were grouped into five age range: auricularis anterior and auricularis 1828 yrs, 2938 yrs, 3948 yrs, 4958 yrs, (22) posterior. The intrinsic muscles of the and 59-68 yrs. Each subject was asked to take auricle include: Helicis major, helicis minor, a sitting position on a chair, the auricular antitragicus, transversusauriculae, tragicus and length, width and earlobe lengths were (22) obliqus auriculae. measured using digital vernier caliper as The auricle arises from a series of elevations depicted by Bozkiret al.(1) The auricular length termed auricular hillocks of Hiss around the was measured by placing the digital vernier first pharyngeal cleft. The auricular hillocks caliper vertically on the auricle, and the appear as elevations on the first and second distance between the highest point of the pharyngeal arches. Three elevations on the auricle and the lowest point of the earlobe was first (mandibular arch) and read from the caliper. Auricular width was three elevations on the second pharyngeal arch measured by placing the caliper horizontally, (hyoid). These auricular hillocks are seen at and the distance from the tragus to the helix (23) the sixth week of intrauterine life. was read from the caliper. The earlobe was Materials and Methods measured by placing the caliper vertically, and The study was descriptive and analytical. A the distance from the intertragic notch to the total of 500 subjects which comprised 300 caudal part of the earlobe was read. The Igbos (182 females, 118 males) and 200 earlobe was examined for the presence of Yorubas (95 females, 105 males) between the Darwinian Tubercle and the mode of earlobe ages 18 and 68 years randomly selected. All attachment. subjects used for this study were pure Results indigenes of the tribes (Igbo and Yoruba) both In Table 1, males in both tribes were seen to in Southern Nigeria with no history of have higher mean values of auricular length, auricular trauma or congenital deformities. auricular width and earlobe length than the Ethical clearance was obtained from the females.

Table 1: Mean auricular length, auricular width, earlobe length of the right and left auricles in both males and females of the Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups at 95% confidence interval. Auricular Length (cm) Auricular Width (cm) Earlobe Length (cm) Mean 1.96 S.E Mean 1.96 S.E Mean 1.96 S.E Igbo males, right auricle 6.10 0.078 3.24 0.059 1.74 0.067 Igbo males, left auricle 6.00 0.084 3.29 0.055 1.66 0.055 Igbo females, right auricle 5.94 0.059 3.01 0.047 1.67 0.042 Igbo females, left auricle 5.71 0.051 3.07 0.043 1.60 0.037 Yoruba males, right auricle 6.16 0.084 3.07 0.054 1.76 0.590 Yoruba males, left auricle 6.00 0.094 3.29 0.053 1.68 0.057 Yoruba females, right auricle 5.95 0.073 2.79 0.067 1.70 0.053 Yoruba females, left auricle 5.78 0.080 3.05 0.047 1.62 0.057

In Table 2, although there was a marked not statistically significant except for right difference in the parameters between the auricular width on comparison. males in both tribes, these differences were

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Table 2: Test of significance using Student’s t test between auricular measurements from Igbo and Yoruba males. Calculated T Tabulated T Level of Significance Inference Value Value Right Auricular Length (cm) 0.723 1.960 p=0.12 Insignificant Left Auricular Length (cm) 0.000 1.960 p =0.08 Insignificant Right Auricular Width (cm) 2.930 1.960 p =0.01 Significant Left Auricular Width (cm) 0.012 1.960 p =0.07 Insignificant Right Earlobe Length (cm) 0.312 1.960 p =0.09 Insignificant Left Earlobe Length (cm) 0.350 1.960 p =0.08 Insignificant

In Table 3, similarly, there were marked were also not statistically significant except differences in the parameters between the for right auricular width. females in both tribes, but these differences

Table 3: Test of significance using Student’s t test between auricular measurements from Igbo and Yoruba females. Level of Calculated T Value Tabulated T Value Inference Significance Right Auricular Length (cm) 0.149 1.960 p =0.09 Insignificant Left Auricular Length (cm) 1.045 1.960 p =0.08 Insignificant Right Auricular Width (cm) 3.790 1.960 p =0.01 Significant Left Auricular Width (cm) 0.430 1.960 p =0.11 Insignificant Right Earlobe Length (cm) 0.625 1.960 p =0.09 Insignificant Left Earlobe Length (cm) 0.420 1.960 p =0.07 Insignificant

Table 4, the values obtained from auricular Results of the data obtained from the two indices indicated that the Igbos‘ consistently ethnic groups showed that the mean auricular had higher values on the right auricles than the lengths and earlobe lengths of the right and Yorubas. left auricles were higher in both sexes of the Yoruba ethnic group than in the Igbos. Table 4: Auricular indices of the right and left Analysis using Student t-test showed there auricles in both males and females of Igbo and Yoruba extraction. was no significant difference between these measurements obtained from both ethnic Right auricle Left auricle groups (p>0.05). These are consistent with the Male Igbo 53 55 results obtained by other researchers.(1, 2,12,20) Male Yoruba 50 55 However, the mean auricular widths of the Female Igbo 51 54 Igbos were higher than the mean auricular Female Yoruba 47 53 widths of the Yorubas. This was only Discussions significant for the right auricular width for The results of this study indicate that all the both males and females of both ethnic groups auricular measurements were observed to be when analyzed with the Student t-test (p<0.05). This also agrees with the findings of generally higher in males than in females (8) (p<0.05). This is typical of sexual Barut and Aktunc. dimorphism. It implies the knowledge of The mean auricular and earlobe lengths were auricular measurements could be used as a higher in the right auricle than the mean means of identification in forensics and auricular and earlobe lengths of the left auricle anthropology. This result is in agreement with in the both sexes of Yoruba and Igbo ethnic the findings of other authors(1,4,8) who reported groups. This finding was in accordance to the work carried out by Bozkir et al.(1) among males as having higher auricular lengths, (8) auricular width, and earlobe length for both Turkish adults; Barut and Aktunc among auricles than females. Turkish adults.

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The auricular widths were also found to be have enough data for Nigerian indigenous generally higher in the left auricle than in the populations. right auricle in both ethnic groups as had Acknowledgement: We sincerely appreciate earlier been observed by Barut and Aktunc.(8) the entire members of the Department of Based on the calculation of auricular indices Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt, of both of both sexes in the Ibos and Nigeria for their support during the research. Yorubas, the left auricular indices were Source of funding: Self-funding. significantly higher than the right auricular Author’s Contributions: We write to state indices as was observed by Barut and that all authors have contributed significantly, Aktunc.(8) and that all authors are in agreement with the The auricular indices were higher in males contents of the manuscript. ‗Author A‘ (E- and females in the Igbo ethnic group than in EIE) designed the study and protocol, ‗Author females and males of the Yoruba ethnic group. B‘ (JNP) wrote the first draft of the The results of this study have established that manuscript and managed the literature search, the two auricles exhibit sexual dimorphism. It ‗Author C‘ (JSH) examined the manuscript therefore implies that this information can be for intellectual content, ‗Author D‘ (AUO) used in forensic identification especially managed the analyses of the study. All authors where the sexes of individuals (victims) were read and approved the final manuscript. not known and for anthropological studies as a Conflict of Interest: None. baseline data for these tribes. Informed consent: Obtained. Recommendation: We suggest that more works be done on this subject in other tribes to

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