CEU eTD Collection
Left SelfEasternEurope -Right Placement inWestern and Is left In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts degree of Master requirementsof the partialof for fulfillment In right self -right - placement Supervisor: Professor Gábor Tóka Gábor Professor Supervisor: Department of Political Science Department of publics Central European University European Central Budapest, Hungary Budapest,
Michael Tyrala
Submitted toSubmitted ’ an accurate mechanism accurate an reflecting the value positions? (2011) By
CEU eTD Collection
voters beingvoters particularly outdated. tomeaning about ofstudies the science,ofright comparative and political with left area While increasingly popular within electorates, the left Abstract organized according to the the to according organized a variable being independent placement ofelectorates, the and European multivariate gradu their T emanating from the historical ‘ describes the value positions of those whoThisit. partly is use duesheer toits complexity right self persistence, pluralisation and transformation typologythe about of the theories changing meaning of and left – right left left C socio EuropeEastern dimension is hypothesized to be particularly salient among the electorate dimension mostvalue related to strongly left as tomake by it far them If itis true Western societies his argument’s validity is ompared against - - right discussionright - self right - economic, - positioning
that that al entry EU entry into the al regression anlayses, with thedependent variable being theleft placement
the thanks to unique their overall position dissolution after the ofUSSR the postmaterialist
have encountered in
the theoretical perspectives socio from th from
is on the rise, it increasingly fails to be a ’s ’s - economic dimension ost visible relationship with e theoretical perspective of
different different tested custom , nationalist
. T by
eses are The hypoth aspect of society, as is argued here, asarguedalsothe here, be it is should of society, aspect his his value dimensions ofvalue the lef recent decades ’ of inclusion of of’ new all issueareas analyzing some of the m analyzing some the of thesis ) the the .
The main argument into indices
among the European publics publics European among risen the has and older empirical studies, f
attempts publics - right self - related right discourse has become astagnating
’
the related globalization literature
to value
provide an for each of the studied countries. ariate byway oftested ariate biv - placement. The socio
to rapid economic positions
ost significant changes that mechanism accurately that is tha t - right discourse
overview of the t
is further decreas. ing while the battery of questions of battery questions indings s of Central and under itswings. under
globalization
irrelevance, -
use right self -
( show that economic religious so muchso
general of left of
and and and and and and - - , , .
CEU eTD Collection Bohle, ZsoltBohle, Radoslaw Enyedi, Markowski and LittvayLevente suggestions, fi thank, to wouldlike I Acknowledgements all my friends acknowledgements extend these I Finally, of pursuits. mysupport academic my Beyond t thesis. tookthat I withthem
and clarity with which he provided me. providedwould he which I claritywith and who Imet this year at CEU. his, I am grateful to , as well as rst and foremost, Gábor Tóka Gábor foremost, rst and Paul Weith for
my family, friends and colleagues iii
the additional a
for supervising me and for supervising dvising which he dvising which for all I all for also like thank also to Dorothee
learned in the classes
for their unending for the guidance, guidance, for the
e to to e gratitud and
gave
me for for me CEU eTD Collection
References: Conclusion
1. Theoretical Framework & Critical Literature Review Analysis Review Literature & Critical Framework Theoretical 1. Introduction Table ofContents
Results of Discussion and Presentation 4. 3. Methodology Hypotheses Primary the and Question Research The 2. 1.1 Economic Globalization, Disruption of the Class Balance and the Decline of the Left 4.2 A Longitudinal Comparison: Oddbjørn 1.3 Historical Evolution and Contemporary State of the Left TheWest1.2 Discourse Vs. TheEastin theLeft-Right 4.1 European Social Survey 2008Results 1.1.1 The International Influence 1.3.2 Partisanship Vs. Values Vs. Partisanship 1.3.2 Left of Incidence 1.2.1 1.1.2 The European Union Influence 1.3.1 TheLeft theRig and 1.2.3 Previous the Studiesof Left-Right Distortion Phenomena 1.2.2 The Authoritarian Legacies of Communism 1.3.3 Typology Change: of Irrelevance,Persistence, Pluralisation, Transformation 1.3.6 New Dichotomization asa NewDichotomization 1.3.6 1.3.5 Socio Axes Dyadic Other 1.3.4 ......
...... Economy as the Dominant Value Dimension of the Contemporary Left Contemporary the of Dimension Value Dominant asthe -Economy
......
Right Self -Right ...... ht
......
...... Solution to Left to -RightSolution Complexity
...... Placement between the West and the East the and West the between -Placement
......
...... Knutsen’s 1973-1990 Data Vs. ESS 2008 iv
......
......
...... Right Debate -Right
......
......
......
......
......
...... -Right? ......
...... 64 60 56 24 12 49 12 24 11 23 16 27 43 49 44 40 30 33 34 8 8 1 8
CEU eTD Collection Table 5 Table 4 Table 3 Table 2 Table 1 List ofTables
Table 8 Table 7 Table 6 Table 13 Table 12 Table 11 Table 10 Table 9 disagreement among selected ‘informants’) selected among disagreement Index Index Index Postmaterialist Economic Index Left : Correlations and Regression Output between Left : Proposal for a more accuratedichotomization of the contemporary political space no was there which over (concepts left/right with association in used concepts stable The : : LeftSelf -Right : Left-Right : Correlations and Regression Output between Left : Correlations and Regression Output between Left : Correlations and Regression Output between Left : Mean Correlations between Left between Correlations Mean : Right Self -Right : Longitudinal comparison of correlations between the periods 1973-1990and 2008 : Longitudinal comparison of correlations between the periods 1979-1990and 2008 : Longitudinal comparison of correlations between the periods 1973-1990and 2008 with Correlations their Based on Countries Measured the of Dimension Value Dominant :
......
-Placement Self ...... Placement Map of theEU of from-Placement Map theEuro -Placement Mapof the EU from the European Social Survey 2002
......
...... Right Self -Right
...... v
Placement and the Value Indices per Region per Indices Value the and -Placement Right Self -Right Right Self -Right Self -Right Self -Right pean Social Survey 2008 -Placement and the Religion Placement and the Nationalism Nationalism the and -Placement the and -Placement Socio the and -Placement
......
...... -
... 42 25 15 15 52 51 50 58 57 56 54 54 53
CEU eTD Collection poli of socio the placement’s relationshipits to traditionalvalue dimension accurately reflectselectorates the increase. use to any it Ifis have should this increased provenmeaning be thatit however, thatperiod, throughout ( most contemporary widespread theirin as content in secularism sincespace the French Revolution, human filled thatthe is portrays, dyadictriadic world and with clas already immediately spring tomind when we askedare to describe anything, and these themselves are thatmost concepts andthe antonymyare environment.Comparison surrounding our Introduction by: supervised Thesis 1 onwards establishment othersocietalSince least the the very sidelines values. at or supposedly corrupts, and forthcommunication trasportation technologies– all byadvancesin brought above literature is filled with admonitions regarding the dangerous rise of the eco state. The Gábor Tóka
The left as the custodian of equality and justice through redistributive social and economic intervention of the cies.
The l The Spatial metaphors Why the sudden rise in the preeminence of inpreeminence thisparticular the dimension? rise Why sudden the
to a to
Right
– - - religion, equality - n extent economic dimension asaprimaryinerest this in thesis eft the main driving force mainthe behind driving economic globalization –
as the and rapidspread - right spectrum has been an important part of least at the Western p
defender of categories of space. It is then nowonder, engrossingly Laponce as (1981) postmaterialist the left the
are vital tools for all aspects of our own self hierarchy, internationalism
- ’ value positions. I test this hypothesis by measuring by valuethishypothesis positions.test ’ I private property, capitalism, and the curtailment of state byderegula right distinction the the of Washington the Consensus )
longevity values absorbing simplifying and such dichotomies as . D 1 espite naturally undergoing changes shiftsand
of existence, from their very ancient the to the
has survived to, thisday - nationalism, and many others – manynationalism, and others s , with
the
. sifications shortcuts. and 1 CEU CEU ide
contemporary reification ology Political Science Political - definition and that of of definition that and and itsuse is on even nomic dimension Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael from labour scholars
G lobalization
the 1980s the
2010 olitical - self 2011 that that tory as
– -
CEU eTD Collection with any othergroups“ any with cultures l on them appearso,would certainly when theseparties commonly cherrypick issue positions their and s that the rise of populist partie early in life either together with party identification or after it, is it Can Europe systems, ofnotoriouslyparty unstable the and party what Eastern but systemsCentral of seem orientation with muchideology (val , and less partyidentification with most strongly correspond electorates votersW particularlyoutdated. to being right of and left has becomea stagnating area of political science, with regarding tonecessary find out whether its traditional political allies –social democratic parties –into severely the Warsaw Pact,sudden with of t spread endthe of WorldWar 2,building on itsnotable successes increasingly talk about the of decline which left, been has the upsurgesince especially onthe by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka similar connections be traced there? And if it is true that left ed , in which new parties emerge and old ones perish almost every electoral period Inglehart and Connecting unique this of set circumstances tothe wider left
to hold hold to for most popularity oncurrent based disrupted the balance of balance class the disrupted forces, - eft
their left- ’ s he neoliberal
), political cognition, ), cognition, political social and. class religion self right labels seem toused be in connection with political parties more o - placement?
right self
Klingemann (1976) Klingemann
ideological paradigm ideological , , indeed according to their research
of the
-
placement s s could further distort hypermobility of capital, and ofhypermobility a capital,
Western European countries Western t he and prevailing opinion, while at the same time retaining the same at retaining while time prevailingopinion, and s e . This is developments affected voters
fou , together with dissolutionthe ofUSSR the and 2 weakening andweakening divi
nd that “ nd that
especially
- left
comparative studies about themeaning whole, on the right identification
throughout thethroughout prewar period. so because hat hat These findingsThese thecenter
collusion of other factors does theory tell us theorytell does studied -
- self right forcing class, theding labor self CEU CEU not
- Political Science Political the left
placement . with relatively stable ’
in Western political
plausible - right debate, debate, right value orientations positioning , while contested, , while
of themasses Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael - right discourse
appears to to appears
to suggest to about about
2010 ften than ften than
occurs - it is 2011
T ? has has the the he he
ue ue It ?
CEU eTD Collection cleavage themselves by it, and the whole ter cen asa the include a a distinction allegations is not thesubjec and to out distract divide played significant label by: supervised Thesis although although ‘ controversial piece radical paradigm and elsewhere, l the punditshave– and declared commentators persistence, a (Huber, 1989) supports? empirically preferencesvalues, as and Gábor Tóka key role key cursory glance contemporary at electoral battles tosee that typology of typology - eft s
such as O Dozens of Dozens pertinent Derived from the‘values’ stream, Kitschelt and Hellemans (1990) formulated charge an is old one, asevidenced at least asfar back asinUpton Sinclai right distinction is no longer relevant. Others, especially in the US, , one contrary ofbasicargumenn the the andassumptionsis ts that the l ’ lines increasingly
asmuch everhad; asit ,
matters, andmatters greatly portion of the electorate the electoral battle between the left and the right being pluralisation, transform
(take for example the US presidential elections of 2008, Slovak parliamentarySlovak for electionsof (take exampleUS 2008, the presidential ‘socialdemocratic’ or theories theories of changing nature the ofleft the increasingly talkofincreasingly a
The Jungle failing to reflectfailing to publics separate entity should be the case normatively beand case should the as t of t of t questions arise, c questions but his thesis however. ’ electorates label themselvestriad if (or we this dyad through electoral , yet persistent
the publics
ation –whichation serveas guides throughout this thesis.
, subscribe ‘conservative’. Speaking of issues, is it not rather thanrather continuum), a andpropagate define parties different irrelevance: called the so
– battle is often discoursively often is battle
if especially after the fall of the Berlin Wall –
for no other reason for noother than , 3 ’
s
veiling
positions . to a left Support or disprovement of such serious of disprovement serious or such Support
ontrariwise
ulterior elite corporate motives. This . Indeed, it takes nothing more than takes morethan . Indeed, it nothing - right identification based on issue - right discourse –
the l the
much of the literature also CEU CEU to allto that, a eft
- apparent Political Science Political simplified along these right distinction plays its widespread use
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael but also in Italy ‘ false l ly justly irreleva number of
truea that r’s (1906)
2010 eft eft a
- - show - right right 2011 nce, that that –
CEU eTD Collection Church (the main(the area of left- front attack, it is much better - to out to recognize the fact that our enemies have succeeded in spreading the Big Lie. Thereno isuse attacking it by a got 60,000 votes, and running on t Socialism, but won'tthey take label.the I certainly proved it in the case of EPIC. Running on the Socialist ticket I experiment ‘natural regards to his , with who, Sinclair important ones we can fall on back Lipset & Rokkan (1967) who identify four main cleavages: Owner – a they as are relevant as understandingcan. bepossible , and our require fullest ascribeway, meanings ifcertain people phenomena,to them identify with We can argue whether this relevance ‘ is media globally and politicians throughto locally individuals fromlevels relevance of thel epiphenomena elections of Czech2010, or parliamentary elections of 2010 justto name few) a by: supervised Thesis 3 2 providenot accurate an reliable and mechanism publics’for describing values.the This is effects that stem from everchanging the structure of soci left major forefront of interest cleavages t Gábor Tóka
ese exacerbatedth further crisis have debt crisisthe globalfinancial and Area he Euro severe distortion of distortion severe realitymay I as ensue, Other cleavages are more or less present in different countries in different degrees, to name just the most the most degrees, countries different just in name to different cleavages in less present Other aremore or To illustrate the potential distortive power ofthe labels of‘left‘ and ‘right‘ - right distinction an accurate descriptor of the pub problem – I The primary question Simplification, shortcut
State, Urban – first hypothesize (1)
and intensified
of these battles, butmatter no how strictly we posit ourselve if these phenomena are not fully grasped by their wielders, from wielders, fully not grasped bytheir whence phenomenaare these if
eft r ight involvement, although it can be argued it plays a role in the other cleavages as well),
in Europein Rural, CentreRural, – - that it pervades it that fact theright very divide, thediscoursive space on all the socio
he sloganhe to 'End Poverty in California' I got 879,000. I think we simply have that I aswell asthe West ingeneral
try to answer in this thesis is flank them ting,
Perifery. due to - economic dimension’s and and “. genuine its sheer complexity and t and complexity its sheer
the suspect is thecase result 4
’ ‘, remarked‘, that: ,
whether itreflects true positions, either but ant lic’s values
loss of accuracy eties, left eties, . :
public visibility and rise and visibility public Despite therise of use, its is the . 3
? “
The American People will take People willtake The American he plethora of distortionary
CEU CEU - I
right self will once more invoke more Upton once will Political Science Political
proves it proves
are understandable and act uponthem act and Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael - placement does s againstthe . s relevance. 2 But itis
Recently 2010
Worker Worker to the the to - 2011 a , ,
CEU eTD Collection claim extremely is hard toestabli opposite behind the stand think they lives daily their vote yetin and they or right, left the the are andto logy values ideo left the democratic politicalspace. the distorting effectively manipulation, highlyto susceptible complexityalso its to due is dyad discourse that while its main function is to serve as a simplification mechanism, the left a of irrelevance the theory a thatw argue lowerdichotomy likely is should Central and Eastern European EU members, thesalience of thesocio forefront the thus dimension of and amonginterest at visibility European publics Union the one selec between left ofrelationships the measuring the strength by tested by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka recurrent theme thesis, inthis is to show on v combinationofpersistence the
due to the rapid changes of societies brought by economic globalization, putting this putting globalization, brought byeconomic changes of societies rapid the to due ted indices of value dimensi Thirdly, I Thirdly, If If socio- the I(2) hypothesize Secondly, A The fourth (4) pertainshypothesis Kitscheltto Hellemans and - be evenbe West stronger than thein right spectrum may leadto part from these four primary hypotheses, a four fromprimary hypotheses, these part
what is claimed in thesis is true, it would hile theleft statushile quoof the hypothesize
. in the CEE region , further enforcing thiside , further
(3)
ons. ons. and and
sh with theavailable data and willbe treated merely asa ceptional ex due the to that transitional position pluralisation
dysfunctional politicaldysfunctional repwhereresentation, voters’ - right dichotomy in the EU can best be described by described dichotomybe right EU best the can in , even the though .
5 economic value dimension to
theories, it gradually moves towards a
essentially arious examples ofwider the ological imbalance. final p
overall usage ofleftoverall the suggest that the complexityofsuggest that oint of interest, or rather CEU CEU - - self right Political Science Political ’ While this - (1990) (1990) economic position
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael be the strongest the be positioning and . I . I typology
particular
2010 left
of the - - - form form - right right right right 2011 .
CEU eTD Collection . and study elaboration up for further least apart ofthis interest from the available literature interconnectedand phenomena researchthis comes thefact from that some dichotomy, the and underlying the changing tides of societies, for for arena such understand purposes for various with tampered understandings,or and pretenses false provide a reliable answer main toits question serious, but largely theoretical consideration informing the wider discourse by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka 2. 1. Apart from this introduction, fromApart the thesis this the the and thesociety at. large provided Answers bythis are ofthesis tremendous importance
based on the will of the people. This will can be can under used will democracy This Simply ofpeople. onthe put, the will based is the empirical of portion the the thesi theIn second partI comprehensive underlying by a the theoretical framework, followed First proceedbypresenting , I to justify the to dichotomy throughout evaluate themost important developments better understanding of the
mechanism
. and itschangingand meaning which in contemporary of also the era, all
important equation validity of my Intermingled with this process will be an analysis of theleft critical
restate my resea s
and if possible be able to quantify be to their able possible if and
literature review
for the uncovering ofdistortive the causes of these distortions. is th point surprisinglyup to have received only marginal propositions , and those aspects that have, are largely outdated electorates
can be established, avast underresearched field opens s .
consist rch questions hypotheses rch and of these questions these of , which is just as important . 6 ’ left ’
in thisthesis in
of the left the of s of - , positioning right the
and positionsand five . - A further incentive to undertake
right debateright parts: following
and thefusion of theserelated CEU CEU
potential of the left-
, connecting the two two the , connecting
their Political Science Political effects
as a as to summarize and
, the , the shouldthesis responsiveness to Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
preparation for for preparation in the electoral . W e need to need e
2010 . Once at
serves - - right right right 2011
CEU eTD Collection by: supervised Thesis
Gábor Tóka 5. 4. 3. how this work can be built uponbyfurther built be workcan research.how this theIn final, concluding part theoretical framework of this discussion. with previous results in the field, and theIn fourth variables by , split countries against r measuremmethod of Thethir egression
indices d, the presentsmodeland partof the methodological myresearch thesis
analyses are
section of of
the main left I present and describe the results of my research ent ran with left- . .
In orderIn find to quantify and relevant relationships,
I summarize the main offer and findings suggestions on - right right right self
7
analyzing
value orientation - placement being the dep placement the being
t hese empiric resultsal vis- s serving CEU CEU Political Science Political ,
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael comparing them as independent endent variable
2010 à - vis the - 2011
CEU eTD Collection 1. by: supervised Thesis instrumental ofmodern parts democratic systems. succeeded Marxism,as socialism, communism, morerecently and social democracy that eventually revolution.industrial This struggle eventually foundations forlaid the movements leftist such Influence1.1.1 TheInternational 1.1 Economic Globalization, Disruption of the Class Balance and the Decline of the Left throughoutaccompanyinganalysis rigorous well asto have developments mostthe important pur the left economyinternationalized T in picture,fits the theas has region importantand throughgone some changes shifts. rather affairs of thepast few decades in the European Union and ButKitschelt Hellemans (1990). that, before I theoretical Gábor Tóka he globalization literature’s w pose is Critical &Critical Framework Theoretical - The fiercest capitalThe This chapter right dichotomy
to provide in provision the of labor rights and theestablishment ofwelfare regimes as framework thesis this approaches its topicfrom
a
look at the at look has two purposes. The main a
brief yet comprehensive conceptualization, summar comprehensive yet conceptualization, brief and serves as ajustification of for some - gle gle labor strug is the most fruitful way to go I believe, as it ork c on the
debates and arising from available the
historical evolution ofleft evolution the historical started . apital 8
in18th the century with - believe labour struggle labour
The Great Depression of 20s thelate and is toimmerseis Literature Literature
and seeand how the left it is necessary to update the state of , namely the four theories of four theories the , namely , my hypotheses. Themy second hypotheses. CEU CEU describing waythe capital the readerthe into the main Review - Political Science Political right discourse left
is the beginningofthe y
- strongly right literature and evaluat - Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael right dichotomyright
Analysis
related to 2010 , with ion of ion - 2011 , as as ,
CEU eTD Collection Monetary Fund,World was World Organization, Bankthe inMonetary and that Trade fashion a hasdoctrine also taken the internationalover financial institutions such the as International relentlessly. andwriters publicrelations hacksdevelop, to package and push their ideas and doctrine scholars, ofinstitutes, publications, researchinternational network foundations, centers, Friedman by Chicago protectionof and privatization, deregulation pr competitive exchange rates, trade liberalization, encouragement of foreign investment, direct restructuring of public expenditure priorities, lower taxes, market determined interest rates, Washington Consensus sector. byWilliamson As mentioned public coined (1989), termwho originally the stressed mini intensified thewith expansionof from itsroles simultaneously consumers to and producers compromise unique the culminating into thistrend society, of 30s early lastthe century further increased the interveningof role statethe economyin and by: supervised Thesis towards capital. that led to the elimination of capital controls, with power once again shifting decidedly appeared Keynesian discredit demandmanagement to that finally circumstaces that cameend gradual a to beginning Gábor Tóka - financiers. According to (1999), George According Neoliberalsim, new socio the The post
the importance ofmarket forces instead of forces, state private sector instead of the , who, together with their supporters and funders over time over created supportersfunders and their with who, together ,
” . (Zinn, 2003 2010. (Zinn, Crouch, ; )
the philosopher the d an corporate financial its and theThrough interests, influence ofUSA the this (Boyer, 2010) (Boyer,
(Crouch, 2010) -
war compromise was brought uponbya brought was compromisewar , neoliberalism essentially calls for fiscal p - economist Friedrich von Hayek and his students lik students economist his and vonHayek Friedrich
Q uantitatively diminishing labor’s internal divisions further - economic neoliber 9 operty rights.
doctrine that inspired that doctrine a lism was conceived post -
World War2 era and the later onset of globalization with the inflation crise
historically special of set CEU CEU
an ideologyan Political Science Political a t the University of olicy discipline, Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
labour s ofs 70s the essentially
e Milton 2010 “ - a hugea capital - 2011
CEU eTD Collection the e the commodification transnational movement of Neoliberalism states and international organizations derived from its permeation into the realm of culture, extending its ideological basis overtakingand others, many more decrease in international worker solidarity as an effect of thehypermobility of capital regimes, change part.2009; 2010)sinistra’ Crouch, (Allen, sinistra’,t di only to changed ‘Democratici once already Labour’, Gerhard Schröder’s ‘Neue Mitte’ or the former Italian Communist Party, which had move more towards the middle. corrupted labor’s traditional political custodians since it appears tohave been based largely on and unsecured credit housing debt, ( ( right’s the of staple a paradigm and economic dominant the as today reigns still haveit spurring generated opponents, numerous nothing short been has whileof and extraordinary frequent crisesthe that it seems be to rapidlybeen and exported ofteneven imposed abroad. by(2002)described Stiglitz by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka perceptually conomy for just not the s T The overwhelming f
and pressures. To name a just his all took place at the same time as the left was weakening due to effectively
. Ap meaning USSR).
art fromart essentially creating someof parts has become thevery essence of economic globalization –
and meaning decline the of unionism; through all the all through f urther proofurther domi and ofpower the
factors of production factors orce and clout of neoliberalism, technocrats, but fortechnocrats, individual each
as resembling acland
This trend can can for example traced T be to trend This to individuals and their their individualsand to social relationships. (Ong, 2006) s few: few: e
increasing the visibility and perceived importance visibility perceived and of increasing the perceptually
changing nature ofworkplace the productionand 10
– , consumerism, corporatization, franchising, franchising, , consumerism, corporatization, social democratic parties – estine coup estine d’etat. meaning USA)
At any the rate, ascension neoliberal o change once more, dropping its more,dropping once o change cross
the global economic infrastructure,
as nance - cutting postmaterialist issues; , basic illusory as basisits has bee CEU CEU
of neoliberalism ally changing society. society. ally changing Political Science Political victory Through these it has has theseit Through ony Blair’s ‘New Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael , enabling the the ,enabling forcing them to
other societal over the left the over
2010
can be be can
; and and ; from from - 2011
has ‘di ‘di n
CEU eTD Collection globalization of economy reached new – globalization in reached of visibility) economy heights domestically. , union Single Market P the first large most disc among the suddenly were Area Euro single currency the Monetaryto Economicand .(Fligsteinleading Unionof 1999 and Mara crisis that a was solved almost European from populations. attention general the economy the very since beginning, due and to its technocratic has nature attracted only little has risen economy more thatperhaps specifica , and point the further in drive that impact onthe world 1.1.2 TheE str accuratedichotomy an is informer ofpublics the Secondly, if chapters. following outlined be the in will distortionary effectsthat for twothesis sets Firstly, stage, reasons. it the and is indeed very at the of someroot of the by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka engthen the relationship of the Since then, public discussions accompanied every country’ accompanied every discussions then, public Since The Europeanfor some Unionhas a been The above theconstitutes internationalcultural This short ascension onneoliberal short treatise isone This an relevant and important EU has become a much m in visibility
uropean U uropean
- Most recently scale economic crisis theEU that has gone thr , but it wasn’t until the global financial crisis hit untilcrisis 2007the globalfinancial hit in EU it wasn’t the the, but that and rogramme, rogramme,
, butEuropean continent the itsown had ofdevelopments regional share to the forefront of publics the to forefront Influencenion , passing ofMaastricht the passing w decade later with passing the Programmeof Single Market the hen the were publics informed
socio
ore visible actor not only internationally, also but not internationally, only actor visible ore - economic 11 ’ interest.
member in individual topics states. ussed
’
In theearly 80sfaced it asevereexistential value positions, it should byextension also dimension
club predominantly gathered predominantlyaroundclub gathered Treaty and
dimension with about Greece,about ough since the creation of the creationough sincethe of the – left CEU CEU (which has thanks to the the to thanks has (which cr
s decision to adopt the the decisions adopt to - that had that had eation of the monetary ofeation the right self Political Science Political lly lly - ‘rightist’ economy, Drita, 1996)Drita, later followed by Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael - a positioning.
the left tremendous
2010
for this
- With - right 2011 ,
CEU eTD Collection a ( Western Europe the Europe with compared Eastern could becould said hold to water regarding Portugal, andSpain Greece, which managed to drop the beshould lower there than in the West.Among Western the countries, a the last 20 years offers a becomehas dominant the way of organizing politicsin Europe the Eastern and Central in only major disseminators of theleft Left of 1.2.1 Incidence I dichotomy? other assumption that these influences indee is positioning into hypothesizedtranslate forefront andto interest, the are dimension of bytransition at societal WestVs.East 1.2 The role in the future socio tha also and Portugal, and Ireland by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka incomplete) transition from states communist to liberal democracies, much being the preeminentbeing the - econom clear differences between theWest the East that and related are tot I T
f it isf true, it Laponce maintains,) as (1981 that parliamentary democracy one is of the more noticable contrast more he i he
nfluences answer positivelyonboth answer counts. ic dimensionic has reached maximum a play to likely is and , levels .
d accurately describingd accurately publics
- that I have described above Right Self Right logical value in Left the - - right divide right divide amongsimple countries, the thatdemocracy fact
hypothesis hypothesis incidencethat the of very left - predictors of lef among their electorates Placement betweenEast andthe West the t t these countries will require heftybailout have even Right Discourse a 12 starker
t -
right self are argued to have put the socio- have arguedthe to put are ’ value positions
impact in the countries of Central a due to the specifi the to due ?
Is it plausible tohypothesize any - placement in the EU, CEU CEU . Could it be a be . Couldit Political Science Political - cities of their rapid right self similar assumption essentially creating
s , visibility of the Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael n even he left he if this self - - placement economic economic plausible
2010 bigger - - right 2011 nd
CEU eTD Collection Communautaire underpinnings its ideological and Communautaire increasing influence of EU, the having to adopt theessentially entire body of the Acquis European regardsinto access the with to Parliament blocs least on least discussion takes place before policies implemented. are A processes. populations became disillusioned the newabout regime democratic the under unemployedpoverty line or has in significantlyrisen entire r the themselves finding of numbers those absolute in and the fact years, early democracy the in have the CEE region populations. ofmedia all coverage thisfacilitate the ofintroduction the left the orgovernment just changes, elec democratic parliamentary regimes, especially those with multiparty systems, where the political homogeneity when itcomes to the official line. This comes in huge contrast with livingessentially an authoritarianregime under ideologi that cause is obvious a have to democracies than the rest of theWest, but these will not be discussed at length. shackles o by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka further cause could be that due be civil cause could tostill that atrophied s further the toral battles, wideranging battles, value toral
been incrediblyhigh. Because their haveexpectations beennot metby the totransition Accession Accession to European Unioncan the said be to the have however ateffect opposite Badescu and Sum causes thereSo particular what could forcoming be voters democracies from younger the elite level, as parties are
f authoritarianism 10- only lesser affinity with left- Decreasing voter turnouts across the board in this region appear to attest to this.
. For example,For
( 2005) transitional expectations of the maj
elementary cite seve right self
15 years before the15 yearsbefore CEE being region,thus also younger
positions of parties and of the positions parties required to ral - placement than their Western counterparts? An
13 right to express one’s opinion,with combined one’s express to right other
. review their overall ideologica
differences that could be encountered in
, and thesocieties are faced with ociety, often very oftenvery ociety, publiclittle ority ofCEE the populationsority ir representatives, frequent CEU CEU - right discourse to their Political Science Political
and apathetic to its Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
cally ensures l positioning egion, theegion,
2010 - 2011
CEU eTD Collection comparison. comparison. right self by: supervised Thesis 4 byapproximatelyand how dichotomyright gaining is although ground, notit is clearstill whether it really, understood is is (and year 2008 the for respondents of highand Portuguese exceptionally due refusal rate Spanish the was drivenlower to left 94.2%. Portugal, Greece and is The Spain, excluding beenhave empirically confirmed. average left The 2008 appearin Belgian electorate’sthe increase in usethe of left 2002and differences between significant 2002. since Theonly Surveyonly operates Social Electoral Systems 1(1996 Module ’ Spain. and 2008,rateyearPortugal for in extremelyboth an 67.5% refusal for althoughwith that high of lowest overall the score 2002to in 79.7% from use of decrease its apparent Portuguese the the research question and context with right provideus somethe should ideasre preliminary country and the actual percentage of self descriptive outline of thestudied countries, such asmean left usedare in this thesis – from th Gábor Tóka
All the available the All European Union countries for the European Social Survey’s 2008 batch were used for this
- low (for a Western low (for European86.0% country) a the95.4% 2008; 2002to high in in and from - self right Unfortunately, of Study the (2005)Comparative using ResearchBadescu conducted bySum and The The e left -
placement lower is inEastern Europe.
secondary secondary - right point of view, and support the above hypothesis from the specific data that data that from specific the hypothesis above support the point right of and view, placement was only 76.9%, although, as has been mentioned, this percentage mentioned, been this has although, as 76.9%, placement wasonly and hypotheses. and
a hypotheses hypotheses wider longitudinal presentation wasnot possible, because European European SocialEuropean and Survey (2002) – (2008) many self
presented in the previous pageschapter previous ofpresented the this in - - 2001) corroborates the corroborates use2001) thethat of hypothesis left placers).
at anyat rate higha really number, that proving the left - placers, ascan be seen inTable Table 1and 2. 14
In order to providea orderto In - right self
three southern countries southern three - placementWesternof countries - CEU CEU - right sel right right self kindmap of Europe of I presentI alongitudinal Political Science Political garding f Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael - - ’ placement from placements perplacements
average of use my
appear to appear to
2010
primary - This This 2011 - 4 -
CEU eTD Collection Germany France Finland Estonia Denmark Czech R Bulgaria Belgium by: supervised Thesis United Kingdom United Sweden Spain Slovenia Slovakia Romania Portugal Poland Netherlands Latvia Ireland Hungary Greece Germany France Finland Estonia Denmark Czech R Bulgaria Belgium Left Table 2: Kingdom United Sweden Spain Slovenia Slovakia Romania Portugal Poland Netherlands Latvia Ireland Hungary Greece Left Table 1: Gábor Tóka
epublic epublic
- - Right Self Self Right
Left(0)- Left(0)-
Mean (0 Mean (0 5.14 4.88 4.42 4.70 4.95 5.10 5.30 5.41 4.95 5.66 4.60 4.75 5.62 5.54 5.41 4.83 4.54 4.79 5.72 5.19 5.31 5.42 4.92 4.93 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5.01 5.12 4.54 4.63 4.73 5.59 4.83 5.75 5.15 5.75 5.13 5.56 5.12 - - Right Right(10) Placement Map of the EU from the European Social Survey Social European 2008 ofEUPlacement Map the from the Survey Social European 2002 ofEUPlacement Map the from the
- - 10) 10) ( 10)
Self Self - - Left Left Placement (%) Placement (%) 86.0 78.7 79.7 83.3 95.3 82.8 83.0 77.3 92.7 93.5 94.6 92.9 89.9 90.6 94.6 80.8 90.0 97.1 80.3 79.5 85.7 68.9 67.5 83.2 96.0 83.8 91.9 79.9 82.8 92.2 94.0 95.0 78.3 96.0 90.3 72.1 95.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A - - Right Right 15
Don’t know Don’t know 13.4 20.3 11.8 16.6 16.4 13.7 16.8 18.3 20.4 14.2 30.0 21.8 16.7 15.9 11.1 17.2 21.7 27.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (%) (%) 4.7 4.6 6.5 4.1 6.2 9.7 9.2 3.9 9.5 2.5 9.5 3.4 8.1 4.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 9.7 3.9
CEU CEU No answer No No answer No Political Science Political N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (%) (%) 0.6 1.0 5.3 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
Refusal Refusal 10.2 10.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (%) (%) 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.3 9.0 2.9 2.2 1.2 0.7 3.2 3.1 5.9 2.7 1.3 0.2 1.5 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2010
- 2011 1899 1519 1511 2110 2364 2046 1685 2566 2919 1503 2000 1506 1360 2352 1830 2576 1286 1810 2146 2367 1619 1778 1980 1764 1544 2072 2751 2073 2195 1661 1610 2018 2230 1760 2052 1999 1729 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N N
CEU eTD Collection Neoliberalism are unions trade and thus because organizations, the market is supposed beto the mostfair and decisive authority. occurred.this a earlier work book, excellent his In phenomena. contemporary of 1.2.2 TheAuthoritarian Legacies Communism representations of actual the direction that left- science itsexplanationsforpolitical phenomena, has pointsto discrepancy strongly these such the selfnote a as left leaning, left – be possibly r UK lowest the even percentage of the surpassed which 90.3%, Republic Czech with placement wasthe by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka ight self traditional labor movement traditional labor a to dyad different . and and this has been empiricallysupported by various data (Pop- be scoring Western country, the United Kingdom the90% United with Westernscoring country, ing According to theneoliberal theory, trade unions are essentially unnecessary Authoritarian heritage is a An important aspect to note is noteAn to is aspect important thateven the though CEE generalperceived regionin is The only CEEThe only countrythatapproximated the West theof in use left -
placement, Bulgaria with Romaniaand scoring the lowest in thisbatch, which could explained by its two- byits explained at least partly European explained intoUnion. laterthe by their accession , des
- positioning results of the Scandinavian countries for similar reasons. While countries for ofScandinavian similar positioning the reasons. results cribes thecribes way that The CEE region of European Unionaveraged the 80.2%
- - self right right self positions. positioning does not seem to reflect this in - placements essentially are merely
party system and from that stemmingparty systemofthat longterm fromuse and fervent promoter of neoliberal marketnomy promotereco offervent neoliberal
Polish Solidarity was self commonlycause of many uponpotential looked
as antithetical as can be. The very fact that the 16
Ost (2006), supported by ’s Crowley supported (2006), Ost - hijacked and transformed from hijacked
- Eleches and Tucker, 2010) Eleches and
the emotive an CEU CEU
lower percentage for the Political Science Political
many countries. Alsomany countries.
on usethe of left Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael d partial bestpartial at - right self
2010 and why why and
(2004) - 2011 – - -
CEU eTD Collection system and that workers’system influence that and hidden functioned through workplacemechanisms was found well as a heads countless labor union interviews with involving communist regimes , and themselves the legacy theybehindresearch meticulous left .Through such as Margaret Thatcher’s TINA (There Is No Alternative) in the UK. world, doctrineThe neoliberal further spreadbyis establishing well employed appeared i that onlyquickly ‘reformed’ the concern not does regime. c The tying past hated dysfunctional characteristic authoritarian ofunderstandably the with entiretytied their exactlyopposit suggesting the aspects, almost of in all in quality countryranking Scandinavia,any the whichhighest (see scores such quite successfully tied to the failure authoritarianismof and ofWar, to end thethe related Coldbeen especially whereas and thehas of 80s often left the as is indeed what and artificially thought tied to ‘modern’successfulsincethe and beginning (neoliberalism, laissez in pervades Western and Eastern Europe,nary distortio aswellof asthat asurviving Poland leadership by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka . So essentially not because modern democratic leftist policies have been tried and failed that the that Central and Eastern and Central Europe excluded,ofnot use through and the campaigns effective The second culprit is to be found in the perverse organizationof perverse the of the society toin found is be The second culprit The distortion i turned almost 180 degrees turned almostis 180degrees a
as a stilland beingas used as well large numbers file ofand qualified rank the Europe. societies andof Eastern Central n fact that frequent labor concessions were an inherent p most of the CEE countries after transition, but countries most CEE the of
- fair s twofold. Firstly, as was described indetail e market economy, has etc.) become
political tactic against democratic e), but because they have in the CEE region been in in been CEE the region they in have e), because but startlingly clear example of thedifferences between 17
of the largest labor movement in - the pastcommunist regimes funded think tanks al the mode dominant ofduct con s the rank and file, Ost (2006) (2006) Ost rank file, and the s
was overtimemasterfully CEU CEU leftist theory Political Science Political , the , art of the communist communist the of art left - right right ommunist parties
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael economic right trend
in general l overthe
2010 which - 2011 as .
CEU eTD Collection fresh graduates of around the age of age 30 - ofthe graduates around fresh in state,welfare effectively by simply it). reducing This portion of population the can divided be that – describes and (2010) analyzes a number from it reduction of thewelfare state, because it has largely already cons goodsumed the deriving base in voting Europeans stronglybeen delegitimized withtogether negative the legacy ofworkings these twoinfluences most clearly. attest to 1968can in Czechoslovakia 1956and in Hungary region were naturally endowed andless brethren ‘ moment thatskilled workers were able resentfullyto leave heavybehind the burden of their fosteredwhich workethic and divisions, pronounced the labor’s very became particularly feature of that system, the equal remuneration for all worke a by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka signifi to “right wing urban poors” – thepoors” what wingurban “right he calls
twogroups. vote right wingparties (which inCzechare the Republic hard working at reforming the The first group generally consists of urban dwelling university students group ofdwelling generallyThe first consists urban and universitystudents relatively relatedMuch to t The authoritarian perversions of theformer regimes present were that or is still doing so unwittingly
cant cause of the worker docility of university studentsof during university c
, informing their , informingleft their the the
Czech Republic). group This at can, for now,least afford vote to for the
not forgotten, had nor been their he their’
with especially the younger generations of generations Central theand especially younger with Eastern above distortionary phenomena, - right self certain significant of portion the right Czech wingpopulation
unio – that was left bybehind communism the . They continue to enjoy free education, and becausethe and enjoy education, to free . Theycontinue ns.
ommunism was kept quite ommunism able quite low, they are easily was kept to unbridled ofprevailing power the economic paradigm, 35 - , but not values not positioning their , but necessarily
(this societal stratum covers in in the postcommunist period. Another inherent 18
who depend on the welfare s welfare who onthe depend forceful imposition rs despite their different qualities Czech sociologist Jan Keller CEU CEU Political Science Political – the largest right largest wing the the general left has
by the USSR, as Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael tate, buttate, despite Through in the CEE the in
. 2010
- 2011 the the
CEU eTD Collection them, an essential feeling values has inasociety taken onneoliberal that because makesit them t not righ because vote it is to their advantage of jobs those currentlyunemployed).the blamed,the marginalized also because they were population.of Memberst government interventions thatsupport qui right time vote because, they welfare dependsgroup onthe state and thus oppose should descend the societal ladder and take up job alower arepaying than they qualifiedfor. This for 10% account around of the communism asessentially meaningthe left. successfully been tied to au same at the it time everythingregime, to connected paradoxically opposing Instudents. effect, thisgroup is being blindedby shortterm stemming gains from former the by one, itoversaturated approximateis Western university to i.e. being market the begins however a generation have will vote and while education, fees for university the at same time espouse their own families profitable market land and the job penetrate by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka
The second group consists ofThe secondconsists that group ofportion the middle class that was forced to of introduction proposed the studyingferventlyoppose are still that Of those course,
right nevertheless., not irony even At the realizing thesame passing time, each are seemingly not ready or able to do the same (not realizing that they likely thatthey took realizing do to same the able (not seeminglyor are ready not
are quite, are well off.
feel more and class, all middle feel above more below off well those than thoritarianism and failure his Czech
large group furthermore blame decreased chance for this success story, because thejob
population. population. forced toforced take a te schizophrenically,te they are extremely of critical
the unemployed or as Roma marginalized, such the According Keller to
Keller (2010) estimates this particular group to 19
jobs, and sincemany started have ofthem not orbecause theright embodies values their , but
. lower paying job, yet those below them This all simply due to perception ofthe
neoliberal reforms, butthesame at ’s
(2010) a strongly neoliberal ideology
CEU CEU the unemployed and theand unemployed the research Political Science Political .
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael , , asit has so many of them
2010 - 2011 ,
CEU eTD Collection w together with authoritarian legacies is at lea pickingEuropean the socialslowly modeltraditional at state the EU, essentially serving as ‘ the region other authors aswell distribution of rightist capitalist and leftist capitalist inCEE forces the region politicalmapEurope other CMEs route, joining onthe economicof neocorporatist neoliberal, theof only Sloveniais and country entire the institutional structure is market aless structure is a regionbyc ected aff Bohle &Greskovits (2007a) find that the Baltic s economic ideals,while the CMEs espouse moreleftist egalitarian ideals. pointneoliberal of view, could one thatthesay LMEs espouse rightist in by: supervised Thesis where governmentswhere a hold issues, while CMEs relyonnon- simplistic terms, LMEs rely strongly on market relations to solve economic coordinatio Economies Germany, Belgium, Market Finland, Coordinated (Austria, Sweden) Denmark, Liberal Market Economies (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, UK, USA); and literature authoritarian Gábor Tóka hy Grdesić (2008) differ?Grdesić Slovenia does But i But division naturally This has Political supporteconomy morePolitical that the examples provides , whichmain capitalist broadlyeconomies intosetups twoinstitutional divides
Trojan hors Trojan
f itis indeed true that the double influence of the global neoliberal thrust, communist partic
ularly (Crowley, 2005; ommunism, beenhaving e
legacy theory f or the or strong interventionistrole. market
neoliberal proxies that are to transform the EU from within
market relations, they are basicallycorporatist neo economies Americanization - not bypassed the region of Central and Eastern Europe. Europe. Eastern and regionof bypassed the Central not radical
Meardi, . This support comes from the varieties of capitalism - radical but one, provides an answer to this to answer an provides st partly responsible for neoliberal one, the Visegrad four countries one,neoliberal Visegrad the 20
2002)
tates’
an actual of Europe , Meardi going
(note that these we
(Hall and Soskice,(Hall and 2001) part of the USSR) institutional . ’ with regards to their entry into they what CEE region that hasCEE taken the regionthat CEU CEU
this distribution of forces, forces, ofthis distribution as far as to call the CEE , distinguishing between Political Science Political
still re uniqueness
dividualist the Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael is supis call embeddedcall
most strongly
From the From the ported byported
2010
of the . socio - This This 2011 . In In n - ’ : ,
CEU eTD Collection distance themselves from thepast to Russia – – populations towards neoliberal opposite, surge the pole might have Slovenia to enabling take a missing, countries, the was anticommunist Baltic legacy ideological fourthe and Visegrad Slovenian experience has different, been much milderone than the encounter countries of thepostcommunist space. a resemblingmore closely thus and state, managers the with the both dealing to used and andpopularity of versions communistdifferent authoritarian legacies. He argues by: supervised Thesis way. One cannot forget mentiway. Oneto cannot effects that human history is filled with its began literature as canthing, from derived be et al. (1999) Kitschelt of countries. CEE paths the effectsshaped that strongest the even effects,or only placement is oriented to the right) could a be it be that the genera Gábor Tóka corporatist structure which also incidentally ‘ ’ ownership social Could itbe plausible that the stronger the strangle of USSRgreater the 1989, before It is by noby means is It , each country in the region had its own unique institutional
transition ? It does appear that the mostunde appearthatthe does countries It ? made spe
cifics of Tito’s legacy former– in Yugoslavia the biggest aboutface towards biggest neoliberalismthe l Greekl ofself left Spain that Portugal, notice pull Greece and (although , not to mention other,completely historicallycontingent causes and
– , thanks towhich labor in these countries was muchmore active and
Slovenia has gone the neocorporatist way, contrary to to hasway, contrary allthe the gone otherneocorporatist Slovenia possess alarge Russ implied that the distortionary effects of communist legacies are the different route different
and Russian influence the on the years on the of- pro . For another. For
relatively clear of any distortionary influences The theory essentially proposes because that the result of their right wingauthoritarianpast? 21 ian ian and are population of interest thus particular
and countlessand works of institutionalist the , distortionthe does flow not only in one r r the Soviet clout, such asthe Baltics communist, anti be
it embodiesit en , as if wishing to completely to if wishing , as
desirable namely CEU CEU
that due to to that due the s Political Science Political tructure fromwhich it . - Alternatively, couldAlternatively,
capitalist and anti ‘ for theelites and self management Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael ed bythe
2010
For one one For relative .
- 2011 ’ - -
CEU eTD Collection across parts parts publics of CEEacross the between the modern democratic left and authoritarianism of entire the paths usedpowerfulweapon,shaping and a misconstrued as can be discourse potentially perceivedsuperi bymany West,as is the which than in the West. socio postmaterial dimensions and value prominence ofreligious the Europe’ in the torunup the War Iraqof in 2003) take for toexample translated association policy andits USA ideologicalthe position of savior a plausibly different in major ways of fromposition strong the West. to the thatthanks argue I comes left ownit to when their paradigm in speak to so potential whether indoctrinative influence populationmajority is under a generally triescoun (which is a under a youngare intelligencethe and elites, truethatthe is it religious indoctrination thatwas by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka - economic relationshipleft have with stronger a will dimension A second What itshows first is that the Central and Eastern European countries lesson The important fromto take analysis is not this that one distortion or other,the with a with ‘natural’ course
regions forregions many come to years left
important aspect to take into account is the obvious way that the left the obvious way the that account is take into to aspect important
This This is also hypothesizedbe to becauseofstrong the approximate to wish
pull direct West opposite the to , especiallyanti its
or right, right, or is ormore or less devious, steers thatone further from any ( the claim o ) .
present in this region. E region. this in present f such ‘naturalness’ -
religious thrust. ( leftist pull, very likely connected to communist
22 (such asthe outlined asymmetric connection
or.
ern positioning of this particular strata
among the CEE elites ( CEEamong elites the
the division between the ‘Old and New New and ‘Old divisionthe the between , together with the much lesser general mpirical evidence suggests that while likely be likely , a simplification, a thatruns rampant Pop - right self strong rightist pull in the CEE - Eleches and Tucker, 2010) Tucker, Eleches and
nonsense in any any nonsense in ing case in muchin ofregion,the the CEU CEU Political Science Political - - positioning and thus thus and positioning right self to
’ publics Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael see this positive - placement
2010
are are - ), the), - right 2011 still still )
.
CEU eTD Collection third of the choice. Of those were that ableto provide any answers( all at asked toself people had had understandings ownpeople their logical of phenomena,often to were they unable express ‘wrong’ or ‘misplaced’. He cited examples of studies that suggested that even certain though example by have less clear and structured views of thesubstantive content of left and right wasnot more off an muchit than example but measuring and there misplacementwasfound ofFreire even (2009), in Belchior (the left or the right), and whether the difference was significant. this Labour those countriesin up to thatpoint respondents for both9% Netherlands Westand Germany. Thereasonfor the poorerresults UK of and US a provided respondents left appears to be more orless negative. 1.2.3 P by: supervised Thesis time in two (1976) workKlingemann’s that suggests a Gábor Tóka -
right misplacements not are considered be exceptions can a complete they novelty, but
survey was as theUK’s self - revious Studies of theLeft party a systems effectsof to due - Laponce (1981) 1974 mentionsLaponce Survey, the which Barnes in respondents were first Due to the sheer complexityof the sheer left the Due to Has Conservative respectively)
the left entire sample Laponce (1981) that (1981) that it Laponce is a at that time - place themselves on aleft missing was that
- right - positioning percentag
wrong justification of choice,comparedwrong justification their to for the 19% UK, and was found in the fact the was found in
literature described or atthat time -
Right Distortion Phenomena it - hand remark that based remarkhand results, that “right onthe wingers do
, this point fu failed tofailed elaborate side onwhich S
tudies uncover to attempted that have tudies the percentage of – (the respondents preferring Liberal-
lesser polarization lesser precarious undertaking indeed to to precarious undertakingmark indeed a - in starkin contrast to today’ssituation right scale and then were asked toelaborate on their much lesser prominence of theleft e shows importantly, a . More
23 that the left-
studied the outlined phenomenaoutlined the studied - right distinction, it has been expressed for distinction,expressed right been it has rther accen rther , although that too has changed with with , althoughtoo changed has that dyad right only
tuated by Inglehart and tuated byInglehart A more recent exceptional CEU CEU has not been asprevalent from a around
was wrongmoreoften Political Science Political n interesting Conservative and ), 15% of US the Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael - .” right dimensionright
respondent as respondent ? The answer? quarter to
2010
aspect - 2011 .
CEU eTD Collection simplified and clear, asking specific questions dominaon a model is ignore,if the not should one certainlyfinding While a is this words. themwith by: supervised Thesis reported in parts of the literature. are reliable predictors of left- respondents’answers should French EstatesFrench General periodofduring the the RevolutionFrench 1789. in the In following andthe Right1.3.1 TheLeft empirical choices and de debatethe in a a divide such conceptualization is necessary, because it left whole the the left dee by majorshiftsas such structural the ofWar, end the Coldbyfurther and enla 1.3 Historical Evolution andStateof Contemporary the lightly.taken and based on thepotential societal effects such distortions may carry information on subject this most certainly one is of theweaknesses of the left Gábor Tóka strong pening of the EU project, this part of the thesis will , lists important theories that guide the overall arguments of this thesis - The left After describing the significant and rapid changes thatwere brought by globalization,
right debate. A debate. right justification for them
- right debate is a - more concise form to the and reader, right political discourse originated a
ttempting to comprehensively and above all accurately conceptualize accurately above and ttempting all comprehensively to cisions have been taken
. Italso c ideally n overwhelminglydiffic right self reflect their self Wether this re learly traces the thought process of thoughtauthor, tracesprocess the learly - placement, it normatively be, as should as and is 24
in theresearch introduces the historicalintroduces complexityof this ally is or is not the case, the - few weeks after the convening of the placements. ult task. Still, and perhaps all themore, concentrate on the theoretical core of
provides provides into whyinsight specific
Left nt dimensionnt ofleft the part of this part - Right
That is of course if values CEU CEU , it is not a
Political Science Political Debate work Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael -
right literature, and serves as . matter to be rgement and -
right, the 2010
displays displays lack of - 2011
CEU eTD Collection are those who argue those are 1981) This (Laponce, sayis to thatthesehavenot been someimpervious to changes there , but metacharacteristics that ofmeaningstendency of these on comparisons based the broad left T trend. this shifts and chang left centuries,the past the Throughout 1997) (Gauchet, left. onthe ofrevolution the supporters and right, onthe sat ofking the supporters during Assemblies, National years months and the theseating arrangement became such that by: supervised Thesis overview, inherent complexity that falls under the left- 1981,(Laponce, p.119) Orientation to time Religious contrasts contrasts Economic Political contrasts was no disagreement among selected ‘informants’) Table different as outlined cultures, Table in wasimported 3,which from book. his according which concepts, to test broad him the 150years)of least time withstood (at and ago, right Gábor Tóka . Laponce (1981), through a (1981), Laponce
3 While Laponce’s fram So : The stable concepts The used: in association with left/right (concepts over which there
in this thesis I what is it then that his obviouslycreateshis tremendous difficulties even es compared to howunderstood to is compared es andit logicallyboundto today, is continue
for the embefor the
have have am interested to a to ework functions well on well a functions ework the the poor poor equalitarian discontinuity thought free Left meticulous meticulous
larger extent persisted, and can certainly be identified today. ddedness left -
right
and and specifically in the socio categories over time,
categories, but at the same time, despite the sh the the
of the general meanings of meanings left contemporary of general the rese
25 right right
- right distinction has undergone a distinction undergone has right
arch right distinction
are supposed to are supposed process , showing the the , showing basis historical broad
found four stable, yet
- continuity religion rich hierarchical Right economic value dimension of there are certain general , CEU CEU providing a
stand for? stand for scholars attemptin
Political Science Political
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael good starting Three decades number of
relatively relatively 2010 ifting - 2011 and and g
CEU eTD Collection . exploiting unbalanced when but understandable, mixed wi opposing it. those and contains the particular issues are that contested between theprevailing neoliberal paradigm andcontemporary right Union,overwhelmingly definesleft the the European it the in as curtailment of state by deregulatory policies. This the is property, capitalism, the and defend private Right onthe Those intervention state. bythe myself: Washingtoncalled Consensus account for globalthe paradigm thatoccurred shift with the andonset rapidspreadof so the and muchmore specifically attuned tosocio change opposing toward order,and hierarchical social greater equality. economic, political, by or wesocial; shall Right mean a supporting “ Lipsetal. etattempted provide (1954) to definition for accounted be to have elaborated on other value dimensions thatshould theoretically on be decline.the Th remainingdimensions e growamong to contemporary continue should to the effects described inmore detail the left by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka By Left mean shall we advocating social change inthe direction of equality greater – - As seen, theAs seen, definitions of the en dimensions ev oldest differ certain in With all this in mind, I right distinction and its changing its and distinction right Those on the Left seek
of thesocio and complicated picture
by Laponce
- nevertheless and tested accordingly. economic dimension. What does
are thus hypothesized thus are , as formula
rather social justice th theth other value
suggest amore specific, to its
a definition time. over I above, gained widespread value preeminence that more concrete definition more than fifty years ago: ted byted Knapp & and Wright (2001) amendedby 26 numerous
- European respondents at the expense atof the respondents the European through redis economics to be of secondary interest, of be althoughinterest, to secondary they dimensions they potential users definition that definition
, I it mean in contemporary times
tributive social social tributive economic and suggest a suggest
more attuned to moreattuned argue CEU CEU traditional, more or less
that it hathat it should ” Political Science Political
While moreworkable While , a
likely providelikely a further updating further mostaccurately and situation ripe for Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael respects.This is
current times
2010 ve, due due ve, very very - 2011 to to ?
CEU eTD Collection placement. aswellof partisanship predominantly with the “value derivative view”, but it is worth noting some specific aspects much. so digress not us But let life. to that of the direction of a child, whether partisanship, issue preferences or values, is significantly related this discussion through their own research that strongly suggests that the initial political partisanship preferences values and voters of individual thatareof the reflection their left predictor dominant in some in other countries, and (1997)(1989), Knutsen right self (Converse and 1986) Pierce, placement is related more closely to party affiliation rather than to any issue preferences. seminal article, claims least at that amongWestern European electorates one’sft le (1969),especially and Stokes view”. derivative byButlerand held “value Thefirst, calls the and surrogate the “party view” is essentiallycontention Vs.Values 1.3.2 Partisanship by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka
Modern genetical research has also proposed that political values may even be inherited. otherhand, On the onepointsof introduction, atthe ofmain in the hinted scholarly been As has -
placement does not successfully relate valuesto the of
It is furthermoreIt is that
parents andparents time, decreases with althoughremaining quite voter. Niemi and Jennings (1991)to add Jennings Niemiand time voter. come with young a first first
.
that betweenthat more recent
If this is true, it could be one more argument to suggest that left-
gaining prominence since Inglehart and Klingemann’s (1976) Klingemann’s Inglehartand gaining since prominence also questionablealso highly whether suggest whilethat partisanship may be the slightly more By now it has tobe nowclearBy this has that it thesis concerns itself
partisanship and values, and partisanship between empirical findings of 27
, more advanc
Sani and Sartori Huber Sartori and (1983), Sani self
CEU CEU it is - ed societies, placers. Political Science Political
issue preferences or what Milicwhat (2007) strong throughout strong
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
it issue is - - right self - self right
2010 - 2011 -
CEU eTD Collection incongruent self incongruent itwell may be individuals, then very that ofpartisanship one of is major the causes this g their derive placement from and partisanship, according Inglehart andto Klingemann (1976) of majority a left truethat then indeed is If it statements positions. and particularindividuality within will be discussed inmore detail libertarian toconnected i left than dyads the embodied also other have logically),center byideology, and often als indeed historically been the traditional custodians of the left and the right (as well as the by: supervised Thesis strongly tied with spreading the left the spreading tied with strongly (2009) Belchior suggest and media, Freire as issue partisans, suggesting that people that fill the difference place themselves based on particul percentage of left is the is valuesrole play in left values prevalence of partisanship and issue preferences orientations /value Gábor Tóka roup consists about equally of politically cognizant as well as relatively disinterested preferences, values,
should Furthermore, partyaffiliation may aseasily just be caused by sympathies toasingle Parliamentarism and popular ideologies such associ Milic’s (2007) work implies that the “party surrogate view” is problematic because the
or extreme- play a significant role in self t, by others deemed asseparate; - placement. -
- self right moderate or other other or placers is more oftenthan not much higher than the percentage of - right self the given party, not necessarily programme its issue orgeneral in of in thischapter the parts following , which further, which greatly complicate left- than partisanship cues, partisanship thosefrom derived as than such the - - positioning really that significant? right dimension around the world, and parties have parties and have dimensionright world, the around - placement . o by name.the same At time however, parties 28 While disagreementthe ratio between asto the
-
right one, by some thought of as strongly of strongly bysomeas one, thought right such as liberal
just as part of the literature claims alism are historically most - conservative, CEU CEU .
p right understanding and Political Science Political ersists
- right self Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael , it is clear that
authoritarian
2010 - placers . - 2011 But But ar ar -
CEU eTD Collection by: supervised Thesis side,one to p prevailing under assault reforms, it can such with quickly goahead does find country population. Evenif a its itself naturally r hard and under before long prevailingparadigm for global allows and thus cannot as act ‘left’ or as‘right’ asthey present themselves muchthe as only , but governments,national or whether left right unprecedentedly economic left potential anyway.Still, questions donecessary databases providethe not surveyed analysis by case doesthat my permit, wordcount not limited and would European lengthyindividual this a qualitative countries the in case require thesis for all equal not does USA a hardly partisans that are being solely led by partythe their inflow,investment even or worse governmen ts Gábor Tóka aising
country more to ‘
Such realities naturally shift the entire socio What potentially further exacerbates this distortion To ascertain thespecific influence of mentioned theabove corporate taxes, stretch to imagine of partisanshi
being aradigm. the right the having to keep in mind how such reforms would affect potential foreign direct affect potential reformswould mind how in such keep to having
- by globalthe financial institutions, agencies rating and othertools of the right self caused by thevery relevant fear of the and noticeably gone global,or the veryat European.least means This that
for example the for example the
in this case, in this and it possibly with also the outward p responsible has to be keptmind be in to has at least as a theoretical possibility e position of employees position e th strengthening or - placement alsothe is fact socio that , and it indeed is an established fact, going forreform examplegoing tax a , ’
whether such moves might neighbours, jobscosting thusneighbours, and political currency with left inSweden . After have allthink, government to leftist will a even , 29 have have
and notth
, further complicating , further discourse. the a - much sovereignty in lower these issues economic left eir own positions value ‘race to the bottom’ effects, leftist
ary effect on voters’ socio introducing progressivetaxes introducing
constitute capital fl capital constitute
that what we call left CEU CEU - partisanship right dimensionright closer to -
economic issues have versus employers. This for which Political Science Political left
- Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael the the right . . phenomenon distortionary It is after all after is It most of the attitudes of of attitudes ight from
2010 in the - 2011 - ,
CEU eTD Collection making and less sence less tothe electorate. become connected less to left industrial related to the conflicts the to related connotations economic are becoming irrelevant becauseright increasingly over timewill bya replaced be of out explanatory mosaic them as far asto say that well be that some individual of their characteristics may inunison. work I Indeed, them a such to whenso applying pointoutto that these theoriesnot arecom the of to concepts in preindustrial, andindustrial, societies. advanced industrial in this thesis, and materialist/post- a and Change of 1.3.3 Typology by: supervised Thesis main dimensions (religious value pluralisation, transformation of typology Gábor Tóka guidingofKitscheltStaf light Herbert and thisthesis, formulate Hellemans (1990) The The I what In
society even economic values and issues, aswell as reli Irrelevance
theories on changingtheories the nature ofleft the find be to one ofmost the important articles about the left
some of them
which originated in pre in originated which theory states that the left- : Irrelevance, Persistence, Pluralisation . According to Knutsen (1995), these theories operate with three , asI - different, more suitable simplificationmechanism. “ right self varied and uneven area as the European Union, it may very may very the as European Union,it area uneven and varied
- are actually highly are compatible and it is possible to create an secular, left materialist), which are essentially said to be differently tied
present below
conflict structure of industrial and society, its meaning - placement, the since paratively aimed particular at regions or countries, ” ” 1995,(Knutsen, p.66) 30 - right materialist –
-
industrial society. Furthermore, society. advanced industrial in right right and isdistinction nolonger workable .
this terminology cannot transcend the this terminology transcend the cannot - right
terms ‘left’ and ‘right’ are which I which , Transformation : irrelevance: , persistence, CEU CEU gious/secular
Political Science Political call soci - Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael right dichotomy It necessary is
values, have values, have o
-
economic economic would go
2010 Left and d - 2011 the the
CEU eTD Collection broken down and placed under other dyads specifically otherdyads down placed under related and to broken them ofsurvivor the left suggested values. publics’ coherently informed not is bythe a if it meaningfulexistence hardly is meaningful persistence I will eventuallyitessentially (if already)to lead this not toas confusion has the such lead to the time left dimensions under becomeassigned over developed in following the short, subchapters. In I see it as existing an trend that meaningsright of thelatter are interpreted based on theformer. pe new remainand ones dominant dimensions old specifically, the minds.More publics’ the in correlated other among each strongly dimensions, becoming will and aremore but by are to continue significant, morebeing be and penetrated left predictorof main value become thus the and (should) visibility, can of new reached levels in its relations with the Third World contains this conflict structure will rightly connotations related to the conflictstructure of industrial Mypublics. argumentin diverges thatI donot see the inability “transcend theto economic the left by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka rrelevance - - self right - This theory too to an extent goeswith along my be argument that will further The t mainmy of inthe thesis hand with argument theory goes hand This right dichotomy has become too complex a mechanism to be comprehended bythe mechanism a complex dichotomybe right becometoo to has the industrial society element amongmember its states
above Persistence theory with regards to publics’ left- placement , I hypothesize, I the socio
- right dichotomy . . theory The dichotomy might persist through continued use, that but might through continued by itself The dichotomy persist states tha prevail for a long period still, as periodstill, ean Europ forlong a Union the prevail
for long a periodstill
for example and (religious thedimensions t old - econo 31
mic dimension to be the most likely right s . I actually argue. I that this element has - right dichotomy, but I also dichotomy,argueright I that but society” as afatal flaw. I argue that elf - placements either , with otherdimensions either
and their societies, as well as CEU CEU netrate them, but the left the netrate them, but Political Science Political
(this I believe would – there will be no Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael socio o the point that -
economic) new value
2010
relevant other - 2011 As As -
CEU eTD Collection be the ideal outc ideal the be by: supervised Thesis theory. left Pluralisation with the old, but getting time even stronger. over necessarily not possibly, The new dimensionsadd to newmeanings are the to left penetrate the left I remain to dimensions significant. old the disruption until it eventually wanes morbut dimension should morelikely) (which is disruption until their irrelevance. This I argue is already slowly but broadly happening to religion in the religion slowly happeningin to isbroadly already but their This argue irrelevance. I until perceivable time socio not to 1995) is specifiedhowever.supposed happen (Knutsen, dichotomy,declining. When traditional dimensions significantly this isright the with dimension Gábor Tóka - right dichotomyright already - economic
The The There is little difference in my argumentation regarding the Persistence The I can imagine I e likely will simply remainmany for people under the left-
as described described as in Inglehart’s (1990) ‘new hypothesis politics’ will over left take e th Pluralisation Pluralisation Transformation Transformation theories. Whether itis
, - dimension will continue to dominate the left to the continue dominate will dimension right distinction will not be interpreted
being mixed with the other dimensions, old and new, causing disruption, new, and causing dimensions, other old the mixedwith being become uncorrelated with the left ome), the left remainingunder or such transformation theory is similar to the Persistence theory and made it so complex asto lead to aform oftheIrrelevance . example,For argue thatideally I . essentially states that the new
one or the other, new value orientations penetratedthe orientations new value the or other, one t diverges only in that new value orientations which orientations new value that diverges in t only
in future the 32
- right ownright , dyad formingdichotomy, its , but it seems more plausible that the - right in weakening forms, causing forms,right weakening in
- subserviently subserviently dimensions. to old the right dichotomyright equal onan footing
theory in that it also considers CEU CEU materialist/post - right dichotomy, causing right causing dichotomy, right discourseright for the Political Science Political the the
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael religious - materialist
2010 - secular - 2011 and -
CEU eTD Collection merely asan economic distinction dyad, completing whatsectional called is the ‘conservative’ to (1994), this Giddens According been has dyad perceived differently in merge beginningto two are ‘conservative‘ being strongly tied to- pro it historically USA,mainly the in where accurate measure of value positions. complicate orientation in thepolitical space and makes left historically and Such collusion similar dyads surely that connected are toit, but inessence describe different phenomena. mistakenly with other collated quite itbe to values, oftenremains one’s explain mechanism to 1.3.4 Other Dyadic A a taking outlining right, over byfarnot mission is eventually might happenWest, and to I what call socio- the by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka
ted in this thesis, letted thisthesis, in themargument connecting presen and the with Th The liberal- argued even the is though left that It the introduced Having
closer at- look the socio
some of the other dyadic relationships that simplify the political space, and by space, end simplify political relationshipsthe that dyadic some other the of e authoritarian being much being the moreto influence of religion. linked
ressive prog or - conservative, xes
- . libertarian
into the more recent liberal left typology of typology economic dimension
indiscriminate usage of thesedyads to serves further - and authoritarian
dichotomy business or- pro
theories served asaproxy for the left 33
‘ -
is often ofis thought theas other major, cross political compass’ right dyad is today the most widely used dyadmostwidely right today the is conservative dyad enjoyed popularity has conservative
about the changingabout meaning the of and left . lib
ertarian as the socio capitalist policies. Nowadays, the economic dimension, althoughits -
conservative - right self CEU CEU , which seesthe left Political Science Political
us continue first by first continue us - -
Europe, the term the Europe, placement a Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael political right - right,term the
distinction
2010
dyad. Itdyad. - - right right less less 2011 .
CEU eTD Collection exclusive,antithetical. H histo but represent a shifting map of the political spectrum, relative to the particular cultural and “ Bobbio(1997) arguesthat others? the compared with is there anything else that would argue for the potential survival of this particular dimension left the - 1.3.5 Socio a leftists and rightists maymeet theextremes at orinthemoderate space, and inthis is there left different from dyad intrinsically the is ofperthis se, positions set any difference between extrememoderate andessentially is rad values mainly method,right betweenand concerns mainly antithesis left whereas concerns the should not however be equated as is sometimes thecase. be able to right the to and left because wasit the rise of thevalues of liberty that enabled democracy and prevail for to the universe political authoritarianism increasingaudience democracies inadvanced especially.ofleftdouble The axes widespread gained popularity on compass Internet, being the have available to thus ever an a spin is by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka connection, the but rical of contexts given a time.” . - Apart from the fact that the socio explains p.27) that “theBobbio (1997, differenceextremism between moderatism and right dichotomy, and that it has The difference over values stro is of off
E Value Dimension theLeft DominantValue of Contemporary the conomy as libertarian David Nolan’s Nolan Chart. Both the Nolan Chart and the political - libertarianism are also the essentiallibertarianism are building blocks of (1997) Bobbio’s , and he goes asfar astosay that thelatter is thecause of theformer. This is
se dya e alsostrongly argues for thepreeminence ofthesocio ds no are alternate in government by way of way alternate government in by t to be thought of as naturally coinciding t thought be of naturally to as .
At the same time, within these contexts, the in the contemporary world become especially salient, - economic dimension has for a nger one” methods. the over than 34
left icalization of positions thanicalization ofrather positions
and thedemocratic process. right CEU CEU are absolutenot terms, Political Science Political
long time partlong been of - Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael right right
Because the - Right – - - economic economic
right and and right 2010 both the the both ? They They y are are y - 2011
CEU eTD Collection West pe pertinent elsewhere men, the privileged, just not and imm been pasta indeed has the equality in As church. and state imposedhierarchies by setbroader of values behind these terms; apart from socio calls(1981) it the horizontalversus the although vertical, Laponce dimension ofleft the by: supervised Thesis assault on theditional tra European welfare state; the left dimension might more but getting be salient, thewere results enoughsignificant make to as clusters other the behind some worse, of fared itself often finding cluster significantly Orientations’ choice controlledparty is for. government intervention Right Materialist Orientations’, of societies for industrial Europe Orientations, and Materialist/Postmaterialist Val measuring the issue relevance of the Religious/Secular dimension, Left dimension boilsdowndimension to essentially the of level governmentineconomy. intervention the Gábor Tóka rtains ediately springs to to springs mind for exampleequality, is ediately political such asvoting rights for all
in the lastthirty years - As demonstrated Knutsen’s (1997) analysis (1997) Knutsen’s right self in different countries. predominantly
as well - placement meaningfullypublics’ valu to actual connected es?
, but European, but Unionit the s in . His value model consisted of three clusters of left - right valuenamelyright scale, hierarchy, equality versus or, as Laponce to socio- to , the , – that servethat asan important predictor with thelargest effect before
–
argument that is
( This appears to support the hypothesis that the socio thatthe hypothesis supportthe to appears This the the Interestingly, in hisInterestingly, in 1981dataset, the ‘Left economic issues.
in in year 1990the , it is exactly these – global voting rights for women. questions These might still be seems confirm to dominanc the testing predominantly issues of welfare, taxes, and wider than just wider spread Consensus;of Washington the 35 Bobbio (1997)
the pervasive preeminence of economy in the of preeminence the economy pervasive in the
ue Ori ue
too Downs (1957) too the establishment ofsinglema and the rket hould be hould
entations socio
- safe
economic term discusses at length in his in book, at length discusses . H to say that - economic issues also the CEU CEU is researchis has shown that e ofe thesocio argued that the left- Political Science Political
understands a what he calls ‘Left - -
Right Materialist Right Materialist the termequality - in Europe. What Europe. in Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael right orderings,
the neoliberal - - economic economic economic
2010 much much
- right right 2011 -
CEU eTD Collection take account of should actualitymostscale in only) the and be stable, the primary not (if (1997) propose to like would thus complexity withthe left first of all be covered by different dy trends this valuesarepostmaterial supposedlyon the ris right secularism, postmaterial values dimensions have traditionally been strong, Ihypothesize leastat in such exceptional cases asPoland, where the religious thus and thealso toEast withabove the mentionedWestfloodgates phenomena,exporting samethe from paradigm solution of the global financial crisis EU, within the currency by: supervised Thesis historically Gábor Tóka
massive risen andly importance in ould sh historically and more recently have become redundant. completely , I above , the makemyself understood fully To s t is hard to argue against the proposition left hard against proposition tothatthe is the t argue that thesocio
; interest in Europe. While this is a
tion of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, which opened the the opened which Warsaw ofthe Unionand thePact, tion dissolu Soviet or the even hould not continue. (Norris and Inglehart, 2009) hould (Norris continue. Inglehart, not and . is historically replete withmyths that prove ever more elusivemodern in times. I - not right as they often being, are because this leads t
)
been
wh –
has en attempting to predict electorates’ left-
s -
o, because as has been shown, economic naturally pushed the economic dimension to the of forefront which is still primarily a , very much very ;
and other termsmore orless associated with theleft and the the resultant debt crisis of the EuroArea equality versus hierarchy versushierarchy dimensionequality ofleft the ads for greater clarity, and not necessarily
that eventhat herethesocio in line with Bobbio (1997) and implicitly Knutsen generalization e in and Europe, is there nothing t 36
come out asat
n economic union;
does does
the various dimensions have all been been dimensions have all various the that can surely slightly be disputed of mean coursenot that
What I meanWhat I that is these should o significant. confusion
the dominant value dominant ofthe one least right self - economic dimenould sh sion CEU CEU
- the overwhelming impact dyad right - secular dichotomy has Political Science Political - placement
value Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
and its uneasy For one thing, o
dimension to in sheer its suggest -
right . associated
2010 visibility This has has This religion,
value value -
2011 that
CEU eTD Collection largest opponents of. largest religion today anymore Supporting this is the fact that even this minority is not self convictions it should all, leftist most religious countries in Europe, such Portugal,as and Spain are incidentallyItaly, among the rather than on further, clergy. involving international scandals least theCatholic order has been shaken in the pastyears by thedisclosure ofmassive invasive. traditional position of manwoman and and otherareas that are increasingly being seen as opin control subject their belie more increasingly findingan people it more with Europe, and in atheist notis exactly a difficult task today. on the right, right, Jesuson the Christbut wasoftenon left. placed the sourceof of the much distortion and confusion collated and intermingled in the general disc andgeneral the collated intermingled in by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka - placement based onparticular dimensionplacement based this also should decline in Europe. be across Taking a closer look at the country level, one level, the country at look closer a Taking As Bobbio(1997) argued vis some , rather but anti-
( Norris and Inglehart, 2009; USA Today,2000)
, without any other and above all socio- all above and , other any without (not mention(not to Latin America a as shining example of this‘ ions in the matters of sexuality and sexual attraction, household hierarchy, the attraction, and sexual the of in matters sexuality ions only religious terms were themselves often found onthe sid ofleft e the spectrum, the right.the InLaponce the (1981) surveys,the terms God
fs to an ecclesiastical order, especially when orderstill that attempts to be
a decreasing liberal, with both the leftist and the rightist liberalism being the minority - à
- vis religion, finding left a wing believer
To complicate the left Religion, as thought of in the past is also in decline ourse and in peoples’ minds, and peoples’ ourse in and that in Europe Europe that in vote 37 political reality.
economic considerations
also sent by their churches to voteanti to churches senttheir by
tends to find to tends
Further
solely solely onitsbased religious personal issue, unwilling to to unwilling personal issue, - CEU CEU more, the right religious dimension , Political Science Political priest that some of the most most some of the that discrepancy
, and , and Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael , suggesting that, suggesting legitimacy o this verythis fact or a right wing right a or wing religion
2010 ’ ) . All in - 2011 - f at f at left are
is is
CEU eTD Collection the left misleading whistleblowers matters of security is anticloning, life, T and government surveillance marginalized groups such mothers, as homosexuals and minorities, moreprotective andmore more ofof environment, to protective conscious the be appears appear however haveto over time settled into solving theirmore traditional socio said tobe issues connected tothe most affluent of societies, asthese have come to closer recently issues of privacy, leakage of sensitive government informati gay as movements civil such rights the various through as brought issues forward such abortion, of issues example bioethics environmental issues, ofcivilstrengthening and the society humanism such. as by: supervised Thesis Basically date definition mostupto providethe of byideas to postmaterialism. general guided be the that is being used even today. postmaterialist value orientation (1971), who byInglehart identified within what is traditionally thought of as left and right. These issues fall under the areas byintroducingmatters new issue complicated Gábor Tóka he righthe - Specific issue Such generalizations, though persistent, are however though Such generalizations, persistent, What is more,modernWhat is times,pr technological right discourse as has become the norm, asit notis at all obvious that these issues are , on other the hand, ,
it – pertain and thus the prevails confusion thus and .
s
to a to as are in vitro fertilization, etc.) positions allofin theseinstances more receptive regarding surveillance and accepting less of wide
that have become associated with holds the more traditional more accepting more orof governmental accepting corporate whistleblowers. Rather than the index however, I - ranging new onindividual worldviewimprovement, based - economic problems. thesepostmaterialist Even issueareas . 38 the left It is hardly logical values under to orderthese
that did not not did that - right value scale. To generalize, the left ogress and globalizationogress and further have (capital punishment)(capital
rights, immigration rights, ormost
believe it is more accurate to this dimension are value at first readily and easily fall extremely problematic CEU CEU
more cautiousmore regarding created aspecificcreated index Political Science Political on, etc , or ‘ or , Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael . They are alsoThey are natural
2010 , and in in , and ’
- 2011 (pro (pro
and and for for
CEU eTD Collection socio religion may with left- nationalist right spectrum. All of these can hardly be called exceptions. are condemnable,people rather as the ‘inadaptable’ called been have opinionsonwhat example be minorities could by some, such solidarity is often cited as one of the main reasons for capital’s victories over labour. are threatening their jobs. Indeed, the lack of internationalist workin internationalist times extremist anarchist extremists fact that the distinction ones onrightist ones asthey are orientations strongly connected to the left or the right among the publics by: supervised Thesis although it has to be to has it although with dichotomy the right, particularly connected Gábor Tóka actually - . Butf economic dimension in the lives of contemporary European publics ensurethat economic European should of lives contemporary the in dimension Roma, some or ones Muslim Extrem At any rate, of all thesedimen N and postmaterial values ationalist attitudes s. s. right
, rather than the left
,
right wing when or example, it is questionable whether the work be, ism and ism and value attitudes or view foreign workers with internationalist solidarity when these but even despite the potential power of nationalism in some countries and some countries in nationalism the of potential power despite even but
they show up in party programmes, are just as likely show programmes,as uponleftist to party just show upin they are constitute a
self admitted
nationalism extremists - placement, have too -
right one right that of that in populations mostEuropean wing countries, the left , as they in are actuality most suited minority even when compared to the mithe to compared when even minority i n others, the sheer exposure to, and stable centrality of the n others, sheerexposure centrality stable ofthe and to, the
could potentially offset be it cannot beit cannot said that thesepassions occupy theonly
. While the passions the . While that these minorities evoke in some are
however unclear however such toleftconnection the been connected largely withright largely the been connected sions are likely to likely constitute are somesions positive relationship . other
39 popular dimensions popular
. Once again
by left wing anarchist elem . however T hese issues
CEU CEU embodied in the left the embodied in ing left class hold such to the liberal
Political Science Political , one with counter can nority of right wing of right nority g class unity and and unity g class
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael in contempin orary and widerand value - conservative - right dyad
2010
Another - - right right ents, ents, 2011
CEU eTD Collection a the publics between recent results. This will make for a the major contributions of this thesis 1995my withmore to be study compare will Knutsen’s find out least themore politically educated Western publics than I countriesyears1973- betweenEuropean the between the West and theEast, outlinedhaving empirical and intheoretical the issues salient and the most important through gone frame, having but Left to aSolution 1.3.6 Newas Dichotomization . typology basis for the rejection confirmation or my of view religious and post allthree correlations in dimensions studied, he valuerelationship positions left between and meanings positions this dimension will prevail by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka Western European groupcountries. of selected It is much toVery against I what
, apart from providing my own results of these relationships for the year 2008, one of of 2008,one year for ofthe relationships my from these results providing , apart own .
.
discussion ofle discussion the But it may likely be that even this salient dimension gets lost vastocean the lost in salient dimension even gets this that maybe But it likely
impossibleaccount to for the entiretyof the left- the more obvious as well as the more hidden differences and specificities
- materialist. ’
value orientations and and left orientations their value - left if
ft Could it be that these three dim - right,
right self very interesting longitudinal look at the developments I hope I hope globalization, and intrinsic connection economicits to globalization, in here, written have 40 1990 , Knutsen have successfully argued my and positions - -
positioning is indeed any indicator of value of value indicator any positioning is indeed - self right - apart fromapart thesocio
Right Complexity Right s regarding Kitschelt and Hellemans These results willalsoprovide an excellent placementa for - right self
am willing to admit? In order to right debate in such a debate in right actually found relatively strong ensions makeensions more sense to at the the covering his 1995 study
CEU CEU - - positioning, for if only economic alsoincluding Political Science Political number of Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael short space
2010 Western ) (1990 ’ - 2011
of of
CEU eTD Collection occur occur clearif weto wish up the in my opinion extremely messy potentially and dangerous of things to come, but anrather attempt a at normative – solution development Kitschelt and Hellemans (1990) will prevail, or whether s forwe lack can, of a alongorganized theselines, as they most closely approximate accurate an description of what a later or becometo subjective interpretations,I sooner subservient but longer quite complicatedsometimes and up misusedcomplexity easily for various goa became consisting of ahyperissue, a originalungraspable. dyad made the doing so at were th axes outli other dyadic ned with above, in the in reach,mingled and their extended than two centuries of its existence, these internal essentially a it century, wa inl8th usethe France in Evenwidespread entered politics. when it mentioned obvious itthatthe is left least in theory established the by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka lot of the lot confusion valuesif the within the political contemporary sp the whole the Nobody can predict with cert Nobody predict any can I periods of time.Furthermore, itis clear that anything that is made for people will would like to end thischapter end a wouldliketo with
superissue thatwithin it embodied superissue dimensions. numerous I
will not prove victorious. The table is thus not supposed to serve as a prediction a as serve notto thus supposed prove is not victorious.Thetable will distinction as outlined in Table 4.It Table in is distinction outlined as , ready , ready to empiricallytested. be ‘preeminence of
better term, call contemporary ‘reality’.
the contain - right debateisright of one the organizing most powerfuldyads
socio number of superissue dimensions, numberof superissue thatare due their to ls and interests conflicting dimensionsconflicting thatare to changesure over - ainty which of the four outcomes formulated by by ainty formulated offour which outcomes the economy’
41
(Langford, 1991)
practical proposition. From proposition. above practical the not a not assumption in in assumption dimensions . I perfect solution, parts asits stillare
thus propose simplifyto and clean
The left omecompletely different
CEU CEU have intensified, further believe would it up clear
contemporary Europe ant outcome Political Science Political argue that in the more - right dyad in effect dyad right effect in Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael ace would be be would ace hat should hat should
s already 2010 - 2011
at at
CEU eTD Collection Table Proposalfor a dichotomizationof 4: space themore accurate political contemporary their left- status quo of the publics’ value orientations and their ability to translate them accurately in by: supervised Thesis
Gábor Tóka importance that one ascribes tothe preservation key term, battle lines drawn between those who drawn term,lines those key battle between think inequalities are essentially social and thus postmaterial values should tolerated be values bylaw, postmaterial Religion –this dimension pertains to the level severe should be tackled so asnot to en possible and who eradicate thinkto they those possible political systempolitical one Freedom of Choice –this dimension pertains portrayed in this work are unfortunate but natural and only natural only unfortunatebut and theare most globalized andglobalized internationalist looking world Socio such as drug abortion, as use, rights,such gay new of religiosity /spirituality of an individual distinguishing extreme elements from the to the extent that individual liberties and embodies social and economic issues as System Outlook distinction ofdistinction type forof preference the bioethics of national anofidentity in national increasingly - Econom right self
–this to dimensionthe pertains –this dimension describes the , theof position women, etc. the existing order existing the Value this dimensiony –this essentially
- positioning. moderate would wish to to wish live under, would Cluster with equality being the withbeing the equality
danger danger
42
Internationalist Democratic Secular Liberal Left
Dyad (Triad
CEU CEU Authoritarian Anarchic / Religious /Spiritual Political Science Political Conservative Nationalist Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael ) Right
2010
- 2011
CEU eTD Collection of public’sdescriptor the values Research Question methodologymeasurings. andspecific structured manner of changing nature the of left the dimensions,numerous it connecting the to wider economic globalization debate 2. by: supervised Thesis A TOWARDS A BY H4 E SELF H3 SELF H2 FOR DESCRIBING THE PUBLICS H1: Gábor Tóka UROPEAN REGION : : : The Research Question
T - - W
T LEFT COMBINATION OF THE P THE OF COMBINATION PLACEMENT IN THE PLACEMENT AMONG SE THE TESTED THE IN VALUEDIMENSIONS HE SOCIO HE HE SOCIO HE HILE THE STATUS QUO OF THE QUO LEFT STATUS THE HILE After outlining the most important aspects and evolution of the left- -
RIGHT SELF RIGHT
FORM OF THE IRRELEVANCE THEORY - - ECONOMIC VALUE DIMEN ECONOMIC VALUE DIMEN
OF THE SELECTED restate my : - PLACEMENT Despite the rise of its use, is the left- C ENTRAL AND ’ ERSISTENCE AND PLURALISATION THEORIES
VALUES
research questionsresearch hypotheses and moving before onto the ?
DOES NOT PROVIDE AN ACCURATEAND RELIABL - right dichotomyright , EU
and and IN THESELECTED SION HAS THE STRONGE THE HAS SION
MEMBER STATES - SION HAS A HAS SION E RIGHT DICHOTOMY IN T IN DICHOTOMY RIGHT ASTERN the the . 43
Primary Primary E
UROPEAN REGION THAN THE IN STRONGER RELATIONSHI allow me to EU .
MEMBER STATES ST RELATIONSHIP WITH ST RELATIONSHIP Hypotheses HE HE LECTED right distinction an accurate
EU once more once CEU CEU
CAN BEST BEDESCRIBED , Political Science Political
EU IT GRADUALLY MOVES MOVES IT GRADUALLY .
P WITH LEFT MEMBER STATES right dyad Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
, and in, and a E MECHANISM MECHANISM E
and theories
LEFT
W 2010
ESTERN ESTERN and its and - - RIGHT RIGHT RIGHT RIGHT more more - 2011 .
CEU eTD Collection accessed on the ESS the on accessed my results andmy Kitschelt and to results interpreting themHellemans according (1995) 1973- results relationships measuring for similar the Knutsen’s the Europeanthe SocialSurvey) (2008 studiedEU electorate. left be correlations however. bylookingwork will done at most of for more the reported mainly provide are information, to The regressionoutcomes salience publics European possible to to possible nationalist economic ofindex questions analysis . thesis Klingemann and Knutsen,(Inglehart 1995) , 1976; number of relevant authors in this area of the discipline 3. by: supervised Thesis 5 especially an provide does but it dimensionsmeasured, value the Gábor Tóka
The specific methodology on when, where, why, how and from whom the data was gathered can be easily - Methodology - self right After this Multivariate regression analysis also is undertaken with the dependent variable being The The As mentioned
to left to with left with running regression a
value value value outlined a design research is measure thestrengthof therelationships of thesefour value placement - right self
dimension dimension, thirdly to the postmaterialist the to dimension, thirdly value dimension, and finally the website: website: , ’ lef
I pertaining
will t
in the previous chapters previous the in - right self - http://ess.nsd.uib.no/ess/ and the four indices as the independent variables for the bulk of as bulk the thevariablesfor the independent four indices the and positioning continue a with as the independent variable independent the as
firstly - placement . 5
to the religious the to on a This database not is exactly - right self simple and effective one, beingbya one, used simple effective and cross-
longitudinal comparison of my 2008 data with data my comparisonlongitudinal of 2008 in the chosen countries and compare their overall countriescompare and chosen their the in 44 , t .
he data for this data he
country basiscountry - placemeas thedependentnt variable and
value value
s
consists of Itconsists for each country.
for purposes such mine as for this purposes in , secondly to to socio the secondly dimension, .
(Gravetter and Wallnau, 2008) and (Gravetter research will ideal forideal indexingthe of all CEU CEU robust set of robust set a ’ 1990 period, Political Science Political (1990) typology (1990) .
comparative bivariate
Like this, it will be
be obtained from obtained be dimensions dimensions Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
questions for questions substantial analyzing
2010 - with 2011
an an -
CEU eTD Collection able to respond “ would you place yourself on this scale, where 0means the left and 10 means for this research. any case. Systems, databases reviewed relationship of the choices dichotomy, ithas to be said that all contains asignificant number of casesthat are in fact not familiar with the left- unchanged.While scale poses certain methodological this dangers orientations, strength of the the socio by: supervised Thesis 6 midpoints two place themselves ofnot one in its very the in with true the median and mode all for the countries surveyed known opt to for the middl because asubstantial amount of respondents theunfamiliar with left Inglehart and Gábor Tóka
Theactual question posed was:
on the, hand other that there certainly might be many people that are perfectly familiar and knowledgeableand ofleft the dependent dependent The key
always to need madebe
- etc.) hadetc.) their own weaknesses a and
T economic centre. he Europeanhe S I
found it imperative t Klingemann (1976) the 0–10 (1976) scaleKlingemann can quite plausibly be seen asproblematic, Don’t know“ the the
Moreover, an evenno is scale guarantee that unknowing
relationships betweenrelationships publics e th
religious dimension (Eurobarometer, ValuesEuropean Study, Comparativeof Study Electoral and postmaterial dimensions, – ocial Surveyocial
e pointe would (which numberbe 5 this statistic has been analyzed in the previous chapter.)
variable is In In politics peoplesometimes talk of"left" and "right". Using this card, where
at some point at - o accountfor these right dichotomy,right they yet research designsbring and such forth conundra, hard
(2008) ‘Placement theleft right on scale’. with 45 . left
trade database
-
right self anyway.
- ’ left and a and . While I off occurred wouldhave in kind of some
can be said tobe an overall centrist - - self right key question for question key - Since my was interest to uncover .positioning All in all, the other agree wi on this scale) stil the right? (Respondents were also also were (Respondents right? the cases and l preferl toplace themselves
CEU CEU if the central point indeed pointif the central indeed placement value their and Political Science Political th this pointth this - right dichotomyright are opted , and 5, and indeed w individuals would individuals
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael ascertaining 6
According to to According to , it is also
2010
keep the the keep good fit good fit - right
2011 the as
CEU eTD Collection wouldyousay you are? which respondents were asked opinion. toprovidetheir redistribution of welfareand social services. importantly regarding equality of government and incomes responsibility as economic divisions how directlyasks which religious theis. respondent 0.80on theinternalover consistencywas test the socio of reliability applies,this questions undergoing individual er were added after and standardized a togeth by: supervised Thesis 7 some reason. or other merely attest to the fact that the person visits the church on a religiousness of to level a the connected be to have necessarily thisthat measure can be asource of imprecisions, slight since chur a in of nodifferent religion andis 1995) thiswork.Theposition Knutsen, it in 1976; Klingemann, whose of orientations strength relationshipleft value to 0.70.accepted Sti scored both indices nationalist and Gábor Tóka
The actual question posed was: Regardless of whether you belong to a particular religion, how religious person’s life has often been measured by way of measuring church attendance. I 1. two key questions a (Inglehart questions oftenconsists twokey of or one only ofThe index religion 1. This brings This thevariablesand the to independent us indice thus The socio
How religious are you? are How religious Government
using Cronbach’s alpha. Cronbach’s using -
ll, ll, economic is specifically index designed to take account of the main socio
(0 I maintain -
10 scale: 0- proposed and propagat and proposed A should reduce differences inincome levels. theoretically mo
that the shouldthe individualhighly questions be pertinentto Not religious at 10 at all, Not religious 7
However, the only successful index, having on average onaverage successfulindex, only having However, the just slightlyjust lower re precise measure precise re the is one used inESS (2008), ed ed prevailingneoliberalby the paradigm 46
It consists of these particular statements, to
- Very religious) Very
-
right self - economic Thepostmaterialist index.
on average regul
- placement they measure. person, it can for example for example can it person, CEU CEU ar basis because of family, 8
ch attendance does not not ch does attendance
Political Science Political than the traditionally s the s Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael mselves.
2010 for the for the
– Where Where argue argue most most - 2011
test test
nd -
CEU eTD Collection Like me, 3 Like small. Agree strongly, 2- and tell me how much each person is or is not like you. Use this card for your answer. for Use your is or like card this meyou. eachis tell how much not and person paidleaveprovide from work peoplewhofor temporarily to have forcare members? family sick working parents? services for care child sufficient ensure ensure a reasonable standard of living for the unemployed? one? and 0 means it should be entirely governments’ responsibility. Firstly, to ensure a job for everyone who wants responsibility you think governments should have. 10 means it should not be governments’ responsibility at all orshould not be. For each of the tasks I read please out tell me ascore on of 0 for this purpose. for this measured bydifferent indices, and ESS particularly (2008) a provides good set of questions (1971) index’ ‘Inglehart the measuredoften been by by: supervised Thesis 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 the following the statements Gábor Tóka
The actual question posed was: Using this card,please say to what extent you agree or disagree with each of Theactual question posed was:
Theactual question posed was: The actual questio The actuallisten Please question people. some posed describe was: briefly will I Now The actual question posed The actual question posed was: The actual question posed was: And how much responsibility do you think governments should have to The actual question posed was:
(1- 1. As has been discussed 2. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. Agreestrongly, 2- - Somewhat like me, like 4 Somewhat
Important that people are treated equally and have and equally thatpeopleopportunities. Important are treated equal Important to understand people. toImportant different understand Paid leave from work to care for sick leavefromPaid care workto family, governments careservices forChild governments’ parents, working responsibility. for of living theresponsibility. governments’ Standard unemployed, Sta Health care for the sick, governments’ responsibility forJob everyone,governments differencesstandard small. society, in be of fair For should living ndard of living for of responsibility. ndard living thegovernments’ old, Agree, 3- n posed was:
:
Neither agree nor disagree, 4 Agree, 3 The The takegovernment should reducemeasures to differences in i was: was: - A little like me, little 5 A
Thirdly to ensure a reasonable standard ofliving for the old? Secondly to ensure adequate health care for the sick? For a society to be fair, differences in people -
Ne
And how much responsibilities do you think governments should have to People have different views on what the responsibilities of governments governments of responsibilities the what viewson different have People in theprevious chapter, the spread of postmaterial values has And how much responsibility do you think governments should to have ither agree nor disagree, 4 nor agree ither - ’ responsibility. Not like me, me, Not like 6 47
- Disagree, 5
17
- Not like me at all) me at Not like - Disagree, 5- - . Postmate 10 Disagree strongly) Disagree
. 11 Disagree strongly) Disagree
CEU CEU ’ rialism can howeverbe s standard of living should be
’ responsibility. ’ 12 Political Science Political
(1
- Very much like me,2 much like Very 9
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael to each descriptionto each 13 . (1 levels ncome 14
- 16 10 10
how much 2010 15
- 2011 - -
CEU eTD Collection 4 Not like me, like 6 Not here fromhere other (0 countries? describes your position? should go further. Others say it has already gone too far. Using this card, what number on the scale best 5 me, to her/him. isimportant environment the wants tocare for their well does. She/helikes to be freeand not depend on others. her/him. Even when she/he disagreeswith them, she/he still wantsto understand them. by: supervised Thesis 22 21 20 19 18 17 would likely beenstaplealways the of Onethought. areathatthe nationalist ES a Furthermore, mu Europeanrelated EUindeed Union.Nationalismvery the the is in to in ch immigration. butrobust one, ofespecially both the a questions are a 2 Gábor Tóka - - given country. given
A little like5 me, little A Like me, 3 The actualThe question posed was: The actual question posed was: Is [country] made aworse or abetter tolive place by people tolivecoming The actual question posed was: It's very important to her/him to help the people around her/him. She/he Theactual question posed was: The actual question posed was: Now thinking about the European Union, some say European unification The actual question posed was: It is - Not like me, me, like Not 2. The index of from nationalism databasenot ESS is an the (2008) constructed 5. 4. 3. 1.
- Somewhat like like 4 me, Somewhat Immigrants make country worse or better place to live? for nature toImportant environment. care and topeopleforwellImportant help care and others makens toandImportant decisio own be free. : European Union: unificationEuropean gofurt - N
have strengthenedthehave power ofis opinions about thisindex the onminorities in ot like me at all) me at like ot nation’s sovereignty, which the EU member states pool membermany EUstates in nation’s sovereignty, the which areas - 6 Not like me, like Not -
Not like like all) me at Not
( 0 - 10 scale: 0 scale: 10 - being. - 10 scale: 0-
6
- - Not Not like me at all) A little like me, little 5 A
Itis importantto her/himmake to her/hisown decisions aboutwhat she/he (1 She/he strongly believes that people should care for nature. Looking after - Very much like me, 2- -
Unification further,go 10 Better to place live, 10
(1- important to important her/him tolisten topeople who are different from Very much like me, 2- -
Not like me, me, Not like 6 48
(1
- Very much likeme, 2- Like me,3 good indicator oftendencies nationalist - - Unification already gone too far) Wors - Not like me at all) Not like 18 20 her Like me, 3
e place to live) e place - - or gone too gone or far? Somewhat like me, 4 me, like Somewhat being. - 22 Somewhat like me, 4 like Somewhat S database lacksandS database which 19 CEU CEU
Like me,3
Political Science Political
(1- 21 Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael - Very much like me, me, much like Very Somewhat like me, me, like Somewhat -
A little like me, 5 me, like little A
-
A little like like little A 2010 , - 2011 has has -
CEU eTD Collection 4. by: supervised Thesis world world ofkind.homogenization different a doesCentral forand Eastern signi essentially being tohomogenize the member states least inat certain areas, theresults differ geographicalother regions. As we will see, even thein European Union, of one with its roles to extrapolated be thenot study ofresults ofshould all, this First mindfew a in keep things. to 4.1 European Social Survey2008Results 4.1 European Social is muchvalues, this thesis devoted to trends broader uncover the basis by which Latvians placethemselves on the left and to try fascinating While wouldbe it 0.000. 0.064,p< = ificant R(1491) almostan insign Survey only such Social 21,with Austria. notable as or European provides Italy omissions EU caution,with the as dimensions. Left scored extremely low on correlations between left studied countries in our topic. Despite a r outlier of the biggest byfar the be to couldturnedout Latvia,which be point in Ado so. case to important and interesting wouldbe muchit as analysis, individual country much time to Gábor Tóka Presentation Presentation ficantly in both their intensityand goes direction.This as muchEurope, Western as it for – When writing about left about When writing Before we getinto the proper presentation and discussion of the results, it is important Another thing to take into account that into account is it take thing to is notAnother in the range devote to of thesis this world a such hard however
- right self
and Discussion and Discussion
- currently consists of 27 member states, but the 2008 batch of of of but2008batch member states, the currently consists 27 placement resonated most strongly nationalism moststrongly the withplacement resonated with index - right
Europe The use ofThe use the termUnion a European should
self may establish, be to ifpossible is it all at – - elatively highelatively percentage of self placement, one is essentially not moving real not placement, the essentially in is one , which has lived through its own share of share own livedthrough its has , which
of Results of 49
- . With us proceed. of way,. thisout let our - self right
placement and all of the value - CEU CEU right scaright Political Science Political - placers (83.8%) placers le instead of their Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael taken lso taken be but in the in but
2010 - 2011
, it it ,
CEU eTD Collection values in a given country, but merely the relationshi merelycountry,but given a in values never reaches preeminence. This does not necessarily reflect thelevel of importance of those weak relationships inmost countries, save for the‘usualsuspects’, and even inthose casesit country. indication of salienceof or the any domination particular value dimension thein given world of electorates’ perceptions. by: supervised Thesis Kingdom United Sweden Spain Slovenia Slovakia Romania Portugal Poland Netherlands Latvia Ireland Hungary Greece Germany France Finland Estonia Denmark Czech R Bulgaria Belgium Index Religion Table different interpretations of thesamedata, mine more pres usera friendly makingfor anddimensions, for differentmeans value regions rankings provideand 10,which and self Gábor Tóka Mean - positioning. Themain results are presented Tables 5, in 8,followed6, 7and by 9Tables
: Correlations Correlations 5: Output Left Regression and between
epublic
For example, can notice we the that postmaterialist value dimension show
0.084 0.104 0.269 0.295 0.116 0.117 0.142 0.236 0.129 0.009 0.197 0.156 0.286 0.166 0.232 0.244 0.067 0.118 0.039 0.079 0.126 0.152 R
EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY 2008 R Square R 0.017 0.000 0.039 0.024 0.082 0.028 0.054 0.060 0.005 0.014 0.002 0.006 0.016 0.011 0.073 0.087 0.013 0.014 0.020 0.056 0.007
The results below therefore are
entation B (Std. Error) (Std. B - - - 0.084 0.186 0.244 0.085 0.142 0.113 0.218 0.085 0.135 0.118 0.247 0.101 (0.012) 0.186 0.181 0.097 0.082 (0.026) 0.081 (0.016) 0.052 0.008 0.050 (0.020) 0.033 50 is this
of results
(0.019) (0.015) (0.025) (0.019) (0.032) (0.020) (0.025) (0.016) (0.017) (0.021) (0.020) (0.018) (0.016) (0.021) (0.013) (0.022) (0.020)
.
p of that value dimension left to
. Different authors frequently have frequentlyhave . Different authors 12.68 12.32 10.48 11.49 - - - 4.40 9.74 4.59 4.47 5.69 8.86 5.37 8.09 5.54 8.46 4.65 3.14 5.18 3.88 - 0.37 2.43 1.62 Right SelfRight t
CEU CEU 160.9 (1, 2059) 151.9 (1, 1711) 110.0 (1, 1943) 132.1 (1, 2081) Political Science Political 15.0 (1, 2108) (1, 15.0 19.3 (1, 1770) (1, 19.3 1544) (1, 21.0 1442) (1, 20.0 1581) (1, 32.4 1336) (1, 78.6 1701) (1, 28.9 1617) (1, 65.4 1230) (1, 30.7 2527) (1, 71.6 1542) (1, 21.6 1676) (1, 26.8 94.9 (1, 996) (1, 94.9 0.1 (1, 1635) 5.9 (1, 1294) 2.6 (1, 1754) 9.9 (1, 1599) not necessarily any - Placement and the F (df) Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
s relatively
2010 - 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.712 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.105 0.002 0.000 0.000 - Sig. right right 2011
CEU eTD Collection Belgium Socio Table instudiedofUnionmember the European positioning batch states results quite persuasively show values that have weakrelationshipleft a with only by: supervised Thesis left weakrelationship valuesexplaining than with less 5% rather a shown only of the variations in dependentvariablethe and the variableshasbeing independent fourbeing value indices the Mean Kingdom United Sweden Spain Slovenia Slovakia Romania Portugal Poland Netherlands Latvia Ireland Hungary Greece Germany France Finland Estonia Denmark Czech R Bulgaria Gábor Tóka - - self right
-
Economic Index
: Correlations Correlations 6: Output Left Regression and between
Multivariate regression analysis of the whole EU sample with left- Overall, theresults
epublic
B
t 0.265,0.044,0.008), =(0.113,
positioning.
0.173 0.217 0.368 0.134 0.054 0.166 0.014 0.025 0.034 0.256 0.008 0.117 0.144 0.087 0.233 0.292 0.268 0.255 0.397 0.327 0.137 0.113
R R
2
=0.046,F seem to confirm the primary EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY 2008 R Square R 0.047 0.135 0.018 0.003 0.027 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.066 0.000 0.014 0.021 0.008 0.054 0.085 0.072 0.065 0.157 0.107 0.019 0.013
(4, 30260) 0.000. (4, 367.68,p< =
(30 (27.2, = 260) 24.1,11.6,2.3) B (Std. Error) (Std. B - - - 0.209 0.195 0.384 0.627 0.604 0.446 0.908 0.577 0.307 0.239 0.391 0.835 0.303 0.129 0.327 0.045 0.062 0.584 0.331 0.027 0.019 51
(0.044) (0.054) (0.032) (0.047) (0.048) (0.048) (0.055) (0.040) (0.057) (0.052) (0.039) (0.051) (0.052) (0.076) (0.051) (0.046) (0.052) (0.054) (0.066) (0.051) (0.060)
hypothesis. 11.87 13.34 12.53 16.59 14.31 10.03 16.24 10.76 - - - 4.70 3.57 9.20 5.35 4.60 5.84 1.69 6.37 0.97 1.19 5.01 0.53 0.31 - Right SelfRight t
for the 2008. year CEU CEU If taken as the whole, If a taken 140.9 (1, 2448) 178.1 (1, 1914) 157.0 (1, 2034) 275.2 (1, 1475) 204.9 (1, 1708) 100.6 (1, 2039) 263.8 (1, 1685) 115.9 (1, 1648) 22.1 22.1 1192) (1, 25.1 1688) (1, 12.8 1220) (1, 84.7 1501) (1, 28.6 1654) (1, 21.2 34.2 (1, 1873) (1, 34.2 1441) (1, 40.6 Political Science Political 0.2 (1, 1352) 0.9 (1, 1.4 (1, 1259) 0.1 (1, 1587) 2.8 (1, 979) - right self F (df) Placement and the < 0.000 , p< (1, 1590) (1,
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael 1545)
-
- placement
- self right
2010
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.091 0.000 0.596 0.332 0.232 0.000 0.753 Sig. - 2011
CEU eTD Collection Postmaterialist Index Table dimension ofcountries. value preeminent nine sample asseen inTable 5, and as Table 10 sho entire for the mean correlation score slightly a lower religion society, Western showedonly theof economization the countries. Despite some European in of religion influence and haveunderestimated However,I greatly quite pr and countries. by: supervised Thesis United Sweden Spain Slovenia Slovakia Romania Portugal Poland Netherlands Latvia Ireland Hungary Greece Germany France Finland Estonia Denmark Czech R Bulgaria Belgium shows, judging by left highest mean correlation score for the entire sample asseen in Table 6, and as Table 10 been confirmed,also barely. albeit Thesocio- shows left that Gábor Tóka Mean
Kingdom
: Correlations Correlations 7: Output Left Regression and between
The The While such a result notis exactly a special case in th
epublic
second second
-
right self
hypothesis
0.032 0.091 0.037 0.061 0.156 0.103 0.083 0.013 0.186 0.019 0.000 0.092 0.056 0.159 0.092 0.142 0.004 0.041 0.000 0.064 0.147 0.075 R - - right self placement is a poor predictorofplacement poor a values. is
EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY 2008 , R Square R regarding preeminence of thesocio 0.025 0.009 0.020 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.004 0.022 0.001 0.008 0.001 0.004 0.024 0.011 0.007 0.000 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.003 - placement, it is the preeminent value dimension of ten
B (Std. Error) (Std. B - - - 52 0.110 0.065 0.112 0.003 0.000 0.045 0.096 0.049 0.025 0.040 0.097 (0.012) 0.066 0.054 0.008 0.125 (0.017) 0.000 (0.019) 0.063 (0.017) 0.032
0.029 0.024 (0.015) 0.012 ws, judging by left
economic dimension doe
(0.018) (0.016) (0.025) (0.020) (0.013) (0.019) (0.016) (0.013) (0.020) (0.016) (0.014) (0.015) (0.017) (0.013) (0.019) (0.019)
e socialsciences, quiteclearly it - - - - - 6.24 4.19 4.52 0.14 2.33 6.03 3.65 1.23 2.54 7.90 4.54 3.54 0.47 7.34 0.01 3.75 2.55 Right SelfRight 1.53 0.00 1.30 0.77 ematurely ematurely off wrote power the t
- right self
CEU CEU - economic dimension has economic dimension has Political Science Political 38.9 (1, 1497) 1497) (1, 38.9 17.6 (1, 2047) (1, 17.6 1642) (1, 36.4 1612) (1, 13.3 2518) (1, 62.4 1934) (1, 20.6 1791) (1, 12.5 1509) (1, 53.8 1523) (1, 0.00 1668) (1, 14.1 20.4 (1, 992) (1, 20.4 0.0 (1, 1527) 2.3 (1, 1432) 0.0 (1, 1573) 5.4 (1, 1315) 1.7 (1, 1.5 (1, 1141) 6.4 (1, 1708) 0.2 (1, 1274) 0.6 (1, 1757) 6.5 (1, 2073) - Placement and the - F (df) s placement it is the Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael indeed
1635)
2010 hold thehold 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.884 0.124 0.995 0.020 0.000 0.191 0.000 0.216 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.637 0.000 0.438 0.991 0.000 0.011 Sig. - 2011
CEU eTD Collection value dimensions except wasvalue which for nationalism, liberal market economies. Western Europe has scored higher correlation means for all the omies econ state controlled transition essentially from to rapid providedbya capitalistcontrast by: supervised Thesis between left hypothesis Centralabout the and EuropeanEastern region having a stronger relationship Mean Kingdom United Sweden Spain Slovenia Slovakia Romania Portugal Poland Netherlands Latvia Ireland Hungary Greece Germany France Finland Estonia Denmark Czech R Bulgaria Belgium Table Latvia,with Latvia and formy nationalismBulgaria and only highest countries in scored sample, for of any the that judging by left relationship with left- Nationalism Index Nationalism Gábor Tóka
: Correlations Correlations 8: Output Left Regression and between
Looking at the data regionally, the results the regionally, the data at Looking Postmaterialism on nationalismhave and both average negligible a shown only
epublic
- right self
being aforementioned outlier. the - right self right self 0.096 0.172 0.024 0.154 0.050 0.105 0.095 0.016 0.007 0.119 0.064 0.056 0.114 0.015 0.115 0.166 0.063 0.141 0.167 0.206 0.153 0.020 - placement and thesocio R
- placement, postmaterialism is not a preeminent value EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY 2008 - R Square R placement as seen in Table 7 and Table 8, and Table 10 shows 10shows Table 8,and Table 7and Table placement in seen as 0.030 0.001 0.024 0.003 0.011 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.004 0.003 0.013 0.000 0.013 0.028 0.004 0.020 0.028 0.042 0.023 0.000
B (Std. Error) (Std. B ------53 0.093 0.010 (0.013) 0.081 0.078 0.035 0.004 0.071 0.072 0.052 0.103 0.039 0.073 (0.015) 0.126 (0.020) 0.109 0.016 0.077 0.071 0.008 0.043 0.028 0.009
-
economic value dimension due to the stark stark the dimension to due economic value shown 9 Table in
(0.014) (0.010) (0.012) (0.023) (0.018) (0.014) (0.020) (0.009) (0.014) (0.014) (0.015) (0.016) (0.020) (0.021) (0.015) (0.017) (0.012) (0.014)
only
slightly higher CEEslightly for the region. ------6.54 0.79 7.92 6.74 1.53 0.23 4.89 3.62 5.71 7.33 Right SelfRight 2.84 4.92 8.56 5.36 0.99 3.80 3.36 0.57 2.47 2.24 0.60 t
CEU CEU force meforcereject my to third Political Science Political 24.2 (1, 1200) (1, 24.2 1497) (1, 42.8 1603) (1, 73.3 1202) (1, 28.7 62.7 (1, 2048) (1, 62.7 (1, 45.5 1293) (1, 14.4 1229) (1, 11.2 1660) (1, 23.9 2436) (1, 32.6 1898) (1, 53.7 8.0 (1, 2049) 0.6 (1, 1647) 0.9 (1, 1653) 0.3 (1, 1268) 0.5 (1, 1224) 6.1 (1, 1491) 5.0 (1, 1592) 997) (1, 13.1 0.3 (1, 1580) 2.3 (1, 935) - Placem F (df) Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
1867)
ent and the the and ent
dimension dimension
2010 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.429 0.000 0.322 0.000 0.125 0.000 0.001 0.564 0.812 0.000 0.013 0.025 0.000 0.544 0.000 0.000 Sig. - 2011
CEU eTD Collection Region Table do own leavetheir scars distortionary influences not or Spanish Polish continued religiosity for instance even seated societal cleavage structures or value dimensionsuprooted , not completely be cannot persuasivelythatsuch - believe, has deep shownI dimension.quite or been It cleavage value and ma in ofage democracy, Left by: supervised Thesis with Left- Table Romania Eastern Europe excluding Bulgaria, Romania Bulgaria, Central and Eastern Europe Portugal, Greece EuropeWestern excluding Spain, Portugal,Spain, Greece Western Europe Self Correlation Mean Gábor Tóka - Romania Hungary (0.156) Hungary Slovenia (0.295) Belgium Portugal Placement as dependent Placement variable as - Ireland (0.197) Greece Greece (0.286) Poland (0.236)
right self Spain (0.269) Spain by : Dominant10: Value Dimension of theMeasured Countries Correlations Based on their : Mean9: Correlations between Left Religion
decades of indoctrinationcertain to ofevidenced or phenomena,as exposure by
Right Self
(0.142) (0.126) (0.117)
-
placement based on values has thus been
- Left with
- Placement United Kingdom (0.217) United Czech Republic Czech
Right Right Netherlands (0.256) Netherlands Germany Denmark (0.397) Slovakia (0.166) Socio Sweden (0.368) Sweden Finland (0.268) Finland Estonia France (0.292)
ny countries logically ny countries -
Economy European Social Survey 2008 Survey Social European 2008 Survey Social European
(0.255)
(0.233) Religion
(0.327) 0.131 0.098 0.123 0.155 0.232 0.174
-
Right Self
54
Socio Postmaterialism , w .
0.141 0.075 0.126 0.251 0.082 0.208 - Economy - hich Placement theValue and Indicesper a function of- function deep a
shown function morea be to of the
is not to say decadesthat of such Postmaterialism
CEU CEU 0.044 0.020 0.039 0.119 0.051 0.102 Political Science Political
Bulgaria Latvia (0.064) Nationalism Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael seated societal
Nationalism Nationalism
(0.153)
2010 0.098 0.124 0.103 0.100 0.061 0.090
-
2011
CEU eTD Collection by: supervised Thesis Kits It is problematic because itrelies on certain assumptions that mightmight or materializ not theoryTransformation will becomemore relev with eventually be religion case such will the as dimensions, waning today casemajority even , whenhumans. Thus,even incomprehensible As Revolution. Laponce French existence in been in or somefor shape another a long time, much transcending fartherthan the form ofIrrelevance the mention to not potentially distortionary the ‘auspices’ of theleft intermingling of issue areas,dimensions various and value positioning. Iargued in the previous chapters that this the EU member states, values are overall incomparably weakly related toelectorates’ self most EU, the pluralisation likely those thatcanpostindustrialin called be Persistence the supports countries, all thiseither depending onparticular dimension, value postmaterial some dimension lost its cloutin byfarnot strong religious has countries. With too varyingly a the most value salient related toleft stages onlyinitial the of andsupport that mosaic, toosubject this is interpretation to hand in hand with the that mosaic built, I supporting my hypothesis fourth Gábor Tóka chelt and Helle Finally, how theseresultsfrom Finally, doall whenfare analyzed point of the of view This view of view This mine highly a predictive is and one predictions feebleare indeed entities. theleft large But despite tremendously Broadly speaking,j Broadly
or the or
Pluralisation mans’ (1990) - right dichotomy. This makes the whole dichotomy.right makes the dichotomy This incomprehensible, theory. say becausethe theory. I ‘form’left however, ust socio as predicted, the I it will continue being
’s ’s (1981) excellent research implies, itis in a way natural for theories
typology of - right self as hasas previously been, argued eventually leading a to – persistence most inthe industrial likely societies of
55 - , theories? I would argue that they very very wouldargue muchthat they theories? I go - positioning, and da positioning, the ant.
right self and
in use. Finally, after losesit some of the so so in a way irr - - economic dimension continues economic be dimensionto continues placement percentages inmajority of other dyadicother relationships under
is
because of the excessive CEU CEU elevant ta haveta revealed the that Political Science Political I predict , perhapsthe - . right dichotom right , although t , as I argue is the the is argue I as Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael .
2010 hey can y has - 2011 e. e. -
CEU eTD Collection Mean Table Longitudinal1 11: the periods comparison between of correlations years later, for aperiod which comes almost 20 yearsafter those ofstudy. Knutsen the ofoutcomesone the Survey Europeanand Values of correlations, followed by a multivariate analysis. As data sources, h values (which Isimply call postmaterialist in this thesis). His met values (which call I socio and postindustrial eras. These dimensions were respectively religion, left preindustrial,industr the in dominant valuebeen dimensions ascribedhave to three and been an inspiration for my thesis. It measured relationships between left Comparison: 4.2 A Longitudinal on discussion. the might morelight shine would look weight at to of be back the unearthpath development to visible try trends and my give theory could what to but future, regards dowith much can notI is that There by: supervised Thesis (Knutsen, 1995, [The(Knutsen, changethe p.72) only to of is inclusion theoriginal ESS column.] Britain Ireland Denmark Italy Germany France Belgium Netherlands left and attendance) between (church religious values Correlations 2: Table Gábor Tóka
In In
(
1995) 0.27 1973 0.16 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.36 0.33 0.43
,
Oddbjørn
of Kitchelt andKitchelt Hellemansof (1990) 0.25 0.07 0.44 0.13 0.22 0.33 0.21 0.31 0.31 1978 - longitudinal publishedKnutsen longitudinal a
economic values in my thesis), and materialist/postmaterialist for the 1973 for the years Knutsen’s 1973 Knutsen’s Oddbjørn 0.22 0.08 0.15 0.03 0.20 0.33 0.24 0.35 0.37 1981
56
0.24 0.12 0.18 0.17 0.27 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.37 1990 - 1990 to essentially give empirical we
st as I am trying now, amtrying I typology as st , ju 0.24 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.31 0.40 Mean study - 1990 DataVs.2008 ESS
hods consisted of an analysis consisted hods
- CEU CEU right self
that hasthat in many respects Political Science Political e used Eurobarometer ------Dif. 90 973- -
0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.08 0.06 right self - placement scale -
1990 and 2008 Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
right materialist materialist right - 73 - placement 2008 ESS
2010 0.14 0.08 0.19 0.11 0.16 0.23 0.12 0.12 N/A ight to to ight
more more -
2011 that that ial,
15 15
CEU eTD Collection religious value dimension. value religious value dimension. value a 10- a study used Knutsen’s(1995) that report to importance it some may of be thesis, my ofsection by: supervised Thesis 25 24 23 strongest 1995, [The(Knutsen, changethe p.73) only to of is inclusion theoriginal ESS column.] Average Mean Ireland Belgium Germany Italy Britain Netherlands France Denmark left between Correlations 3: Table Table Longitudinal1979 12: the- periods comparison between of correlations methodol dimensions allof although thedimension value problematic, maintainthat mightbysome as I seen be impact ofleft dimensions ca self e collective rights to measure the relationship between left between relationship measure rights to the collective Gábor Tóka conomy, the government’s role in the provision of social services and redistribution, and individual versus
Knutsen used thet Knutsen used questions pertaining to the inequality of income, the government’s role in the management of Knutsen used church attendance to measure the relationship between left - placement and the materialist/postmaterialist value dimension. value materialist/postmaterialist the and placement
point left-
A Knutsen’s Knutsen’s (1995) data strong Pluralisationprovide support for the
correlations EB EB from correlations 11, 16
ogical approaches between my and thesis Knutsen’s (1995) article.
few few evidence evidence favourofin pluralisationtheoryare the findings about the persistent
0.23 1979 0.03 0.11 0.12 0.25 0.24 0.31 0.37 0.41 are indeed easilyare comparablewithout quite much the to different loss
n easily ben easily compared my to ESS notice - right materialist orientations, the increasing impact ofmaterialist/ right scale; furthermore, scale; right
- raditional 12 raditional
83* s
of caution: of 0.27 (5 1979 0.09 0.15 0.15 0.38 0.32 0.36 0.32 0.42
items) -
item battery ‘Inglehart index’ to measure relationship the between left
- right materialist orientations and left orientations and right materialist
tying into has what discussedbeen in the methodological
and EB 19 based on three items. 0.32 1 0.19 0.22 0.30 0.29 0.36 0.35 0.37 0.48 990
whilethe religious 57
0.28 Mean 0.11 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.45 ( 2008) - right self right
data, the materialist/postmaterialist
- placement and the left 0.09 79 Diff. 0.16 0.11 0.18 0.04 0.12 0.04 0.00 0.07 - 83/90 23 -
right self
and left and CEU CEU
- right selfright Political Science Political -
79 Dif - - placement scaleplacement
0.05 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.01 - - 90 f. right materialist
-
1990 and 2008 Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
placement andthe - right materialist materialist right theory. “ 2008 ESS
2010 0.22 0.11 0.11 0.23 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.39 N/A
- post - right 2011 The The
25 24 -
CEU eTD Collection Table Longitudinal 1973 13: the- periods comparison between of correlations (2008) dataset, theoverall picture appears tobe quite different. the ofcolumnfrom ESS (1995)with addition final article a data the providing Knutsen’s th 11,12 at e exactcorrelationTable are 13,which However, looking and tables from eithersupports the Pluralisation - insocio the remainswhich stagnant for Ireland, of the mix, all dimens in the results show decline a the into mostdimensions Typical in countries. Pluralisation left rising the tendencyforslightly both decline slight showed a for most the of countries for the religious valuea while dimension, 1973- the self materialistorientations, theincrease and intheexplainedvariance by: supervised Thesis (Knutsen, 1995, [The(Knutsen, changethe p.73) only to of is inclusion theoriginal ESS column.] 0.29to 0.27 omitted1988 are thefrom cal somewhatresults lesswhendeviant or the countriesby 0.03 from the other average drops correlations Britain for isparentheses based on four only Theresults. deviant coefficient from is 1988 omitted. For the * Mean Ireland Belgium Britain Italy Germany France Netherlands Denmark materialist/post between Correlations 4: Table
Gábor Tóka Average correlations from EB 11, 16 and 19 based on four New Politics items. The -
placement scale.
For the studied countries, and admittedly, the sample is quite small, the comparison the samplequitesmall, the is countries,admittedly, studied and the For
1990 period and 2008 show startingly different trends. The1990 and 1973- trends. different 2008show period startingly
0.22 1973 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.28 0.23 0.34 0.24 0.25
” (Knutsen, 1995, p.86) 0.28 1978 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.30 0.26 0.36 0.36 0.48 culation correlations.culation average of mean The allcountriesfor drops from only
or the 0.29 1983* 1979 0.11 0.14 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.34 0.42 0.41
- Persistence - materialist orientations and left - 0.34 1988 0.38 0.39 0.31 0.52 0.20 0.27 0.45 0.22
right materialist and materialist/postmaterialist When taken as standalone results, my also thesis 58
economic dimension and has actually gained actually gained has economic dimension and
theory depending on individual countries. theory. When 2008 the results added are 0.29 1990 0.37 0.27 0.41 0.40 0.18 0.16 0.31 0.25
ions for all of the countries except ofcountries except the for all ions
Mean 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.41 0.16 0.16 0.28 0.27
of value orienta CEU CEU
(0.23) -
right self Political Science Political
Diff. 73
- -
0.07 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.07 0.03 1990 and 2008 Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael - - 90 placement scaleplacement
1990 period coefficient in tions in the
2010 2008 ESS
0.11 0.15 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.09 0.09 0.05 N/A - 2011
of of
CEU eTD Collection fut meaningfully forseeable Transformation Irrelevance. The – remaining high Pluralisation continuinga trend,it socio lacked da forI which Italy (excluding inreligious the 0.01 point dimension. On however, average allof combined the countries by: supervised Thesis
Gábor Tóka - economic
theory is
dimension
could due to oversaturation be moving towards at least a form of a form least moving towards at oversaturation be to due could
a would appear that my hypothesis appear thatmy would sound one,sound meaning that the left and 0.18 on the postmaterialist 0.18onthe and ure. theory does not appear to be in the cards for any incardsfor be any does appearto the not theory ta) fell by 0.10 in the religious dimension, 0.06 in the dimension,the in byreligious fell 0.06 the 0.10in 59
dimension. - right dichotomyright –
about the Persistenceabout the CEU CEU Should this prove this be to Should Political Science Political Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael while its use
2010 - 2011 and
CEU eTD Collection provide methodsbivariate and ofmultivariate analysis as well asalongitudinal compar visible and arguably most relevant socio electorates if that herbefore.washypothesized historicallyhig than state ever It this confusing despite left was claimed to which the in support hypothesis relationshipwith left- andrate so, any marginally at only shownhave thatwhile the socio- provided muchlineprimary formin a theory,very the with irrelevance towards the of hypothese are theories best suited describe to status the quo, the chronological trend appears move to trend,claimingchronological combinationof a pluralisation and that while persistence the Hellemans’ (1 based ofphenomena andto and transition it. other related Finally, process onKitschelt stronger even predictor an European the and regionin Central itsuneasy Eastern to due bywhic the basis provide clusters of Conclusion by: supervised Thesis Gábor Tóka - right dichotomyright become incomprehensible so has and oversaturated Through the Through My research,My built on theEuropean Social Survey’s latest 2008 dataset Throughout
the value positions ofmeaningful self informationvalue aboutpositions the
interesting and relevant results characteristics of theleft ’
value positions indeed translated into their left into their translated positions indeed value . Theonly had hypothesis to that rejected be differences. was about regional 990) 990) typology, hypothesis a waspresented about the quo status its and
t first his thesis right self
clus - Thesocio woulddoit. h they ter, dividedinto four hypothese
I
attempted to trace - placement economic value dimension is indeed the dominant one, it is - , right self a
all of the value dimensions ofvalue the all
gradual shift towards a form of irrelevance the theory - , supporting most, supporting my of hypotheses economic value dimension wouldoverwhelmingly
in thein European Union.This provided further - 60 placement
and connectand economic dimension was argued mech s,
- anism. I
right self two distinct yet closely related
was primarily arguing -
placers, whose numbers are together CEU CEU Political Science Political - placement,most the
share only aweak , Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael that it not does
. The findings The findings . – study ative utilizing
2010
that the s. s.
to beto - 2011
the the –
CEU eTD Collection accurate to c accurate to mentioned dyads. other bythe dichotomized much thatare and more values scalemind keepingissues in accurately while right picture,t incoheren very as publicsmakingfor generally a tend toplacethemselves theleft on it getsbut further complicated in the publics’ withmindsmixing by the otherrelated axes, an thatit as conclusion complexextremely It is duality. a indeed oftencalled that causes, practice and from theory First and the Thirld World. At the same time, argued Ihave shownand onmultiple examples dimension continueelse salient be ifthe forwill to nothing international than vis Bobbio(1997)Zolberg and (in:to Tilly,1995), the challengesocio- of its widespread use, example hypotheses and pos and hypotheses exa difference was large not relationship values with than there does in it and Central Eastern althoughEurope, the Western European countries have shown that left by: supervised Thesis the incomprehensible left Gábor Tóka mples theserious repercussions that actively Everyt Through the second cluster, the Through second I I it is ofit plausible is thatportions continuesevenelectoratesmore than perplex to those it believe that the thesis also show
subscribe to it all a which ofall it ‘hyperissue’ superissues,and consists multiple whyproposed a I hing hing beenthat has in written this thesis and
n sible avenues to pursue than it that it has becauseof thatby ample evidence that the left
and the percentages case the any and low in -
righ that due that due to its shiftingand nature a , potentially leading to a to , potentially leading t dichotomy result attempted show to onboth
ed the distortionary effects may bring .
in
This increasing complexity is why I find it more find it why I increasing complexityis This 61
formulating
far far form of irrelevance - right distinction matters
not reached itszenith. provide
- about the leftthe about - self right
. many more questions, untested
s
w answers hole host ofhole otherpotential placement has a stronger CEU CEU - theoretical and practical right dyad points dyadright the points to . Political Science Political
economic dime for
by exploitation of Indeed, according . Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael Still,
because of its
‘ superissue it has -
2010 à - vis the the vis nsion nsion - 2011
for for ’, ’, -
CEU eTD Collection debatebyproviding ongoing left great gaps in the fabric ofhistory,reading European shifted my and warp woof frequentlywithout warning, s thu and over a draped it possible and influences ofstructural and other the shape that voter choices and behavior. electorates left about one the than own,hardly moreserious but of their concerns other dyads respondents’ chosen tobe asked even inthelargest and most reliable datasets to andnewtake the failing muchadapt to . T notice situation positions. spaceinform and political value their about more specific, albeit only by: supervised Thesis of of often the the plane source is political for simplifyingthrough to orientation tool a supposed be that a significant part of the electorate operates with it rather incorrectly. Thus, what is to its persistent, even rising relevanc ofleft information the such effectively. The successfulspread using questions are often dispersed among thevarious datasets, creating tremendous difficulties in interest, the one which they most strongly associate with left- is already a part of daily of dimension preferred reality for their respondents’ ask could to be to often embody is them expected that Gábor Tóka much confusion and possibly an an weaponideological much possibly well. and as confusion Using the words of Tilly (1995), of words Tilly the Using p The Th
rough this research I this rough
and the
at the same time roblem left - disparate collection of facts and arguments, anchored it to a right self
ir
understanding of left however however theoretical - placements, but not nearly as enough to place themselves on the enough onthe as placethemselves to nearly not but placements, ” . is Nevertheless, am I its as I had suggested
not only publics’ only minds the not in but
tried own concrete results it, andmay that serveas aviable e
schema for people to be able toorient themselves in the
of sorts in a situation when the confusion confusion situationwhen a the fix in obvious . Another
to provide a to provide -
right self “ I have woven an uneven tissue wovenuneven an have , but perhaps it is not far off the mark to suggest suggest mark to it faroff the not perhaps is , but 62
hope - . The other dyads placement
better understanding of our better understanding unique, of our ful this that thesis the contributedto , of the underlying psychology, , ofunderlying the he of sets questions are that r ight self CEU CEU - right dyad a is testament
in our discipline itself
Political Science Political nearly always ask for alwaysfor nearly ask carry methodological - right self - placement. These Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
of conjectures, tendentious - placemen
2010 - 2011 t ,
CEU eTD Collection outdatedthe comparative studies, perhaps tobut trytake also and accountof the political science discipline indire is need of, I inspiration for further research in the field by: supervised Thesis phenomena that werehere hintedat phenomenathat Gábor Tóka
.
. Further research that this particular part of the 63 add would
– not only with regards to replacing to regards with only not CEU CEU Political Science Political Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael
2010
many - 2011
CEU eTD Collection Services. Available at: Services. Available at: Survey2). (200 Social European (1957).Democracy AnTheoryDowns, Economic Anthony of York . New Washington,Shoreham,Washington DCHilton, meeting of theAmerican Political Science Association, Marriott Wardman Park, Omni the annual Model.at presented Social Paper European of the Future the and Capitalism, Stephen (2005). Crowley, 394- Legacies and Comparative Perspective. Weakness (2004).Posten Explaining in Steph Crowley, Labor McCormick,- Socio Marginson, Paul Rebecca Richard HymanGumbrell Regini, Marino Crouch, and Colin Robert by Boyer, Baccaro, WithLuccio Forum. Discussion Crisis. Contributions Financial Global the and remains weak. Labor labor but finance of Thecollapse (2010). Colin Crouch, Harvard University Press. Philip,Converse, Pierce & David Stokes, (1969). & Donald PoliticalButler, Change in Britain McCormick,- Socio Marginson, Paul Rebecca Richard HymanGumbrell Regini, Marino Crouch, and Colin Financial Crisis. Discussion Forum.With C Global the and remains weak. Labor labor but Thefinance of (2010). collapse Robert Boyer, Politics European Neocorporatism: Towards Transnational Capita & Dorothee Bohle, University of Chicago Press. a (1997). of andRight:TheSignificance Bobbio, Norberto Left of TheImportance Left (2005). Sum, & E. Gabriel Paul Badescu, Sweden', Politics, Party - "Catch the (2009).and 'SocialDemocracy Christopher Allen, References: by: supervised Thesis ESS Survey (2008). Social European Academia Sinica (IPSAS). Available at: “Elections and Democratic Governance”, Organized by the Institute of Political Science, New Democracies. Paper prepared fo Gábor Tóka 429.
30(3): 443- Economic Review Economic Review
Greskovits http://ess.nsd.uib.no/ess/ http://ess.nsd.uib.no/ess/ Vol.15 (5): 615- Vol.15 (5):
, Roy
Overshooting Overshooting the EastMark: European VarietiesLabor, of 466.
Béla
ESS Round 1 – ESS Round (1986). (2010) 8,341 (2010) –376. 8,341 (2010) –376. ( 2007a
r Presentation at the International Conference on http://www.ipsas.sinica.edu.tw/image/ipsas/1/76.pdf Round 4 Round East European Politics andSociety Politics European East 34. Political Representation in France ) ontributions by Luccio Baccaro, Robert Boyer, Robert byBoyer, Baccaro, Luccio ontributions 64 .
Neoliberal
. – lism in Central- 2002. 2008. Norwegian ism, Neoliberali Embedded Norwegian Social Science Data - Political Distinction. Chicago: Communist Europe: Historical Historical Communist Europe: All Thesis" inGermany and CEU CEU . London: Macmillan. - Right Orientations in the Eastern Europe.Eastern Political Science Political : Harper Harper and: Row Social Science Data , Vol.18, No. 3, Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael . Cambridge:
2010 sm and West West -
2011 .
- -
CEU eTD Collection cleavage. Kitschelt, Herbert (2010). Jan Keller, Princeton University Press. European PoliticalResearch Journalideology. of at: 599–621.Available 17: Values partisanshipand D. John Huber, (1989) in left- Advantages. Comparative Foundations of Oxford: DavidVarieties (2001). PeterA.Soskice, & Hall, of Capitalism. The Institutional 14, 133. and inWeakness Slovenia, Croatia (2008). Marko Grdesić, Sci Gravetter, Fred Press. University Stanford Anthony(1994). BeyondGiddens, andLeft Right:The Future of Radical Politics World. inEconomic Globalising a Transnational at: Avilable Sovereignty Institute. on Conference the of at Neoliberalism. Presented (1999). History Susan AGeorge, Short Realm (Eds.), (1997). Marcel Gauchet, Availab citizens. Freire, André & Belchior, Ana Maria (2009).What left and right means to Portuguese No.1,vol.102, 1- AttemptCreate to a Sing Fligstein, NeilMara & by: supervised Thesis http://www.czech Inglehart, Farlie. Dennis Crewe, and New Wiley. York: Budge, Ivor Competition.Ian andParty Voting of Representations andBeyond: Identification Preference, and the Hans Klingemann, & Ronald Inglehart, Political Science Review Inglehart 6765.1989.tb00209.x/abstract;jsessionid=2E63A601E8005C9D77FD28B50EC1C77C.d02t03 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475- http://www.tni.org/article/short- Gábor Tóka ences: SixthEdition.Wadsworth: ences: le at: at: le , Ronald Comparative PoliticalStudies
Comparative Politics European Ronald http://www.palgrave s of memory: conflicts conflicts memory: of s and divisions erick J.erick Wallnau,& B. (2008). EssentialsLarry of Statistics for the Behavioral 33. freepress.info/politika/jan
& Hellemans,& S (1990). ( 1971). v duy rvcvc vlč. zc Fe Pes Aalbe at: Available Press. Free Czech voličů. pravicových druhy Dva Left 65: 991- 65: - Drita, Iona HowDrita, toMake aMarket: (1996). Reflections on the le le Mapping Mapping ofthe Paths Yugoslav the Model: StrengthLabor and
The Silent Revolution TheSilent Postin - Market in the European Union. inEuropean Market the Cultural shift in advanced Right Right Mass amongPublics.Dimension Western Party In Right Left and history 1017. - journals.com/cep/journal/v9/n2/full/cep200914a.html taf Cenagage Learning. Cenagage Serbia . - (1990). The Left The (1990). neoliberalism 23: 210 23: - . - Dieter(1976). PartyIdentification, Ideological keller European Journal of Industrial Relations Industrial European of Journal , 10.1057/cep.2009.14. Palgrave Macmillan. Palgrave , 10.1057/cep.2009.14. 65 . In Pierre Nora, Lawrence D. Kritzman
-
238. . New Columbia York: Press. University - Press Oxford University dva
- druhy - Right semantic
industrial society. - American Journal of Journal American pravicovych - right orientations: Measuring Industrial Societies CEU CEU Political Science Political s and the new politics new politics the and s - volicu .
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael Princeton, NJ:
. . Stan Sociology American
2010 ,
2008, 2008, ford: - 2011
,
CEU eTD Collection Voting Behaviour.Luzern. Universität Voting at: Available ThomasMilic, Ideology, (2007). Left 77- IndustrialRelations towardsEU the GuglielmoMeardi, TheTrojan (2002). Horse Americanizationfor the of Europe? Polish Press. Alignments. Cleavage (1967). Structures,Rokkan, Stein Seymour Lipset, & M. Party SocialPsychologyHandbook of Behaviour, of Gardner Lindzey Political in (ed.), Psychology An of Analysis Voting: politique Class Comparison. Canadian Political Journal of Sciencecanadiennede Revue / science Langford, TomLeft/Right Attitudes: Political Orientation and and (1991). A Reappraisal Available at: placem (1997) Oddbjørn Knutsen, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475- A (1995 Oddbjørn ) Knutsen, Routledge. York: Knapp, Wright,The Andrew & Vincent (2001). Cambridge: Competition,Representation, Systems: Communist Party andInter Mansfeldova,Tóka,Post & Herbert; Markowski,Radoslaw (1999). Gábor Zdenka; Kitschelt, by: supervised Thesis . New York: Cambrid York: New aglobalized. in world (2009). Ronald Cosmo Pippa Inglehart, & Norris, identification. party Niemi, R http://www.unilu.ch/files/paplufirstpart.pdf SeymourLipset, ofUniversity Press. Toronto JeanLaponce, A. (1981). Left and Right: The Political of Topography Perceptions. Toronto: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3229163 Ithaca, NY: Co NY: Ithaca, The (2006). David DefeatOst, Durham: DukeUniversity Press. andSovereignty Citizenship Mutations in Exception: as Neoliberalism (2006). Ong, Aihwa Gábor Tóka comparative study. comparative 99.
ent: A comparative study. , Vol. pp.475- 24, No.1991), 3(Sep., ichard G ichard
Cambridge University Press. University Cambridge Party Systems and Voter Alignments – Alignments Systems andVoter Party http://ips.sagepub.com/content/18/2/191 rnell University Press.
Kent Kent Jennings, . & M.; Lazarsfeld, Paul F.; A
merican J European PoliticalResearch Journal of 63- 28: . Value orientations, political conflicts and left .
The partisan and the and value The partisan ournal P of (Vol. Addison 2), -
of Solidarity: Anger and Politics Solidarity: Postcommunistof and Politics Europe. Anger in
. International Political Science Review
European JournalEuropean of M. (1991). Issues and inheritance in the formation of of information inheritance and the (1991).M. Issues -
Right Self Identification, Party Identification and ge University Press olitical Science 35: 970-
66 Barton, Allen H. &Li(1954). The Juan nz, 498. at: Available
6765.1995.tb00487.x/pdf Government andPolitics ofGovernment France politan communications: cultural diversity communications: cultural diversity politan Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
Cross- - based of components left
Industrial Relations National PerspectivesFree. The .
CEU CEU 988. 93, 1995.Available at: Political Science Political
-
Party Cooperation.Party - Systems, and Voter Voter and Systems, right identification:
Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael 18 , vol. 8, no.1, :
- right self
191–225. 2010 . New New . - 2011
- - .
CEU eTD Collection Harper CollinsHarper http://www.princeton.edu/~gpop/LR%20Legacies%20GPE%20JAT%20APSA%202010.pdf Washington,Association. at: DC. Available DistinctionsPost in - Pop by: supervised Thesis Zinn, Howard (2003). A (2003). Howard Zinn, - http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005 2000. gathered Survey fromdata WorldValues Available the at: USA) Today(2005 in: Religion takes a http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/paper.cfm?researchid=486 Lourdes Beneria. Beneria. Lourdes Contributions byCharles Tilly, Charles(1995) Tilly, Context. paper)National (unpublished Sum, Paul Badescu, & Gabriel Stiglitz, Joseph Upton06) Sinclair, (19 Systems. Beverly Hills: Sage, Democracies.Western Daalder,Hans In and PeterMair (eds.). Sani, Giacom International Economics 1989. Available at:1989. Available International Economics (ed.): Williamson, (1989).Means John WhatWashington byPolicy Reform Gábor Tóka - Eleches, Grigore &JoshuaAfter A. Tucker, (2010). Eleches, Grigore the Party:Legacies and Left , Washington: Latin for ,Washington: Institute Readjustment:American HowHappened has Much
o & Sartori, Giovanni Sartori, Polarization,o & (1983). Fragmentation Competition and in . (2002), (2002), International LaborInternational History Class andWorking
Communist Meeting Annual Countries. . The Jungle . Globalization and Its Discontents Globalization andIts People’s History ofthe United States: 1492 Scholarly Controversy: Global Flows of Labor and Capital and GlobalLabor Flowsof Controversy: Scholarly 307-
( Immanuel Wallerstein, Aristide Zolberg, Eric Hobsbawm, and 2005) 40. . New SimonSc York: &
. Ideological Voting: Left-
back seat in Western Europe. 2005Western - Europe. seatin back
08 67 -
10-
europe New York: York: , New - religion huster, Inc. huster, of theAmerican Political Science Right Orientations in a Cross
No 47, 1995 Spring , 1- -
CEU CEU cover_x.htm Western European Party WW Norton.
Political Science Political , I – n: Williamson, n: John Present 08- Michael Tyrala MA1 Tyrala Michael 10.
. New York New Supporting
2010 - Right 56. - 2011
- : .