Biodiversity Assessment Toolkit

The Zoological Society of London Biodiversity & Oil Palm Project

VERSION 1, SEPTEMBER

Edited by

Imanuddin Sophie Persey Dolly Priatna Laura D’Arcy Lili Sadikin Michal Zrust

The Zoological Society of London Biodiversity & il Palm Project

This document was compiled by the Zoological Society of London’s Conservation Programme in Indonesia as part of the Biodiversity & Oil Palm Project, in collaboration with the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Between October 2009 and September 2011 this project was funded by a grant from the Biodiversity & Agricultural Commodities Programme, with match funding from Wilmar International. BACP BIODIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL LIPI COMMODITIES PROGRAM

Table of Contents i

Table of Contents

List of Tables ...... iii List of Boxes ...... iv List of Figures ...... iv List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ...... v

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT ...... 3

PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES (HCV 1.2, 1.3 & 1.4) AND THEIR HABITATS AS PART OF AN HCV ASSESSMENT IN OIL PALM ...... 7

MONITORING BIODIVERSITY TO DETERMINE THE EFFICACY OF HCV MANAGEMENT ...... 12

RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT AND LONG TERM MONITORING ...... 14

COMMUNITY INTERVIEWS ...... 14

MAMMALS ...... 17

Methods Suitable for All Mammals ...... 17 1. Reconnaissance transects (Recce walk) ...... 17 2. Line Transect Sampling ...... 18 Methods Suitable for Medium & Large Mammals ...... 22 1. Occupancy surveys ...... 22 2. Camera trapping ...... 23 Methods Suitable for Primates ...... 27 1. Nest counts (Distance Sampling) ...... 27

ii Table of Contents

Methods Suitable for Small Terrestrial Mammals ...... 31 1. Box Traps ...... 31 Methods Suitable for Bats ...... 33 2. Mist netting ...... 33 3. Harp traps ...... 35

BIRDS ...... 40 1. Species inventory ...... 40 2. MacKinnon Lists ...... 41 3. Line Transect Sampling ...... 43 4. Point Transect Sampling ...... 45 5. Mist netting ...... 47

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ...... 52 1. Visual Encounter Surveys with timed searches ...... 52 2. Line Transects with Visual Encounter Surveys ...... 53 3. Quadrat/Patch Sampling ...... 55

FISH ...... 59 1. Live Capture ...... 59

VEGETATION ...... 64 1. Quadrat Method ...... 64 2. Distance Methods (Plot-less) ...... 65

USEFUL LINKS/RESOURCES ...... 69

ANNEX 1 ...... 72 ANNEX 2 ...... 73

List of Tables iii List of Tables Table 1. Summary of all the methods of primary data collection described in this toolkit ...... 10

Table 2 Examples of habitat variables ...... 13

Table 3. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of all mammals ...... 21

Table 4. Summary of methods of rapid assessment and monitoring of medium-large mammals ...... 26

Table 5. Summary of methods of rapid assessment and monitoring of primates ...... 29

Table 6. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of small mammals ...... 37

Table 7. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of birds ...... 49

Table 8. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of Reptiles and Amphibians ...... 57

Table 9. List of trap/net can be used for biodiversity assessment and monitoring ...... 60

Table 10. Summary of equipment used for rapid assessment and monitoring of fish ...... 62

Table 11. Summary of methods used for rapid assessments and monitoring of vegetation ...... 67

iv List of Boxes/List of Figures List of Boxes

Box 1. The RSPO Principles and Criteria relating to biodiversity (Based on the National Interpretation for Indonesia) ...... 1

Box 2. HCV Criteria for Indonesia ...... 2

Box 3. Defining ‘High Conservation Value’ species in Indonesia ...... 4

List of Figures

Figure 1. Flow chart highlighting how each section of this toolkit can assist planning and carrying out a biodiversity assessment ...... 11

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms v

Table of Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviation Full Name

Africa African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Convention Resources

ARTS Adaptive reccee transect sampling

ASL Above sea level

AEWA African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement

CARPE Central Africa Regional Programme for the Environment

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CMS Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

ECWAS Economic Community of West African States

EIA Environmental impact assessment

FPIC Free, prior, informed consent

FSC Forest Stewardship Council

GIS Global information systems

GISP Global Invasive Species Programme

GPS Global positioning system

HCV High conservation value

HCVN High conservation value network

HCVMA High conservation value management area

HWC Human-wildlife conflict

vi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

IAIA International Association for Impact Assessment

IUCN World Conservation Union (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)

KPI Key performance indicator

UN United Nations

UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

IAIA United Nations Environment Programme

IDR Republic of Indonesia Rupiah

LIPI Indonesian Insitute of Science

MOU Memorandum of understanding

MVP Minimum viable population

NGO Non-governmental organisation

NTFP Non-timber forest products

P & C Principles and Criteria

PT Indonesian Limited Company (Perseroan Terbatas)

RSPO Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil

SLIMFs Small and Low Intensity Managed Forests

SOP Standard operating procedure

USD United states of America Dollar

WCS Wildlife Conservation Society

ZSL Zoological Society of London

INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION

he expansion of palm oil industry in Africa comes amid the announcement by the World Bank of an estimated 50% increase of worldwide demand by 2020. In Indonesia and Malaysia, over the past 30 years rapid oil palm expansion has resulted in the loss and fragmentation of T biodiverse tropical lowland forests. This has had serious consequences for biodiversity, as the majority of forest species are unable to adapt to survive within oil palm monocultures. In an effort to reduce the negative environmental and social impacts of palm oil production, the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil has established a set of P rinciples and Criteria (RSPO P&C) that define a standard for more responsible palm oil production. If a palm oil producer wishes to say that the palm oil they produce is sustainable, they must first undergo an independent audit to certify that they comply with the RSPO standard.

The main provision in the RSPO P&C to mitigate impacts on biodiversity is the requirement to identify, maintain and enhance High Conservation Values (HCVs) which could be affected by either existing oil palm concessions or areas proposed for oil palm expansion (Box 1). To achieve this, it is necessary for be carried out to identify which of the six HCVs are present (Box 2), and in turn the management actions required to ensure these values are maintained

Box 1. The RSPO Principles and Criteria relating to biodiversity (Based on the National Interpretation for Indonesia)

Criterion 2.1. There is compliance with all applicable local, national and ratified international laws and regulations.

Criterion 5.2. The status of rare, threatened or endangered species and high conservation value habitats, if any, that exist in the plantation or that could be affected by plantation or mill management, shall be identified and their conservation taken into account in management plans and operations.

Criterion 7.3. New plantings since November 2005, have not replaced primary forest or any area required to maintain or enhance one or more High Conservation Values*.

*Where the HCV status of land developed between November 2005-2007 is unknown, this can be excluded from the RSPO certification programme until an acceptable solution for HCV compensation has been developed.

2 INTRODUCTION

or enhanced. In many cases, this Box 2. HCV Criteria involves designating areas of natural habitat that support HCVs HCV 1. Areas with Important Levels of which must not be converted to oil Biodiversity palm or where certain actions 1.1. Areas that Contain or Provide must be taken in order to avoid Biodiversity Support Function to negative impacts. These areas Protection or Conservation Areas are known as HCV management 1.2. Critically Endangered Species areas. The quality of the data 1.3. Areas that Contain Habitat for Viable used to inform such decisions is Populations of Endangered, Restricted critical to determining the impact Range or Protected Species that palm oil production has on 1.4. Areas that Contain Habitat of Temporary biodiversity, particularly in areas Use by Species or Congregations of where development is planned. It Species is therefore essential that effective HCV 2. Natural Landscapes & Dynamics methods for assessing the 2.1. Large Natural Landscapes with Capacity presence and status of species to Maintain Natural Ecological and natural habitats that could Processes and Dynamics be affected by either existing 2.2. Areas that Contain Two or More or new oil palm concessions Contiguous are employed during HCV Ecosyste s assessments. In order to 2.3.Areas that Contain Representative determine whether the actions Populations of Most Naturally taken to maintain and enhance Occurring Species the HCVs identified are effective, it is necessary to monitor and HCV 3. Rare or Endangered Ecosystems evaluate changes in these values HCV 4. Environmental Services over time. 4.1. Areas or Ecosystems Important for the Provision of Water and Prevention of Floods for Downstream communities 4.2. Areas Important for the Prevention of Erosion and Sedimentation 4.3. Areas that Function as Natural Barriers to the Spread of Forest or Ground Fire

HCV 5. Natural Areas Critical for Meeting the Basic Needs of Local People

HCV 6. Areas Critical for Maintaining the Cultural Identity of Local Communities

HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT 3 HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT

he aim of this toolkit is to assist HCV assessors in conducting scientifically sound biodiversity assessments within and around oil palm concessions, as one component of an HCV assessment. It will also serve as a useful resource for RSPO, Conservation or HCV managers from palm oil companies T who are tasked with developing and implementing protocols for monitoring HCV species and habitats that may be affected by an area of palm oil production.

This toolkit is designed to assist practitioners to plan and implement biodiversity assessments accurately and efficiently, in order to obtain high quality and useful primary data concerning the presence, distribution and status of HCV species in and around oil palm concessions (Box 3). Included in Annex 2 is a table which lists all mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish and tree species found in Cameroon, Ghana and Gabon listed as Critically endangered (potentially as HCV 1.2), Endangered or Vulnerable (potentially as HCV 1.3) on IUCN Red List. This table includes information regarding the conservation status of each species, their ecology and habitat requirements, as well as recommended methods for conducting either a rapid assessment or longer term monitoring of each species. This information has been provided as guidance only for protected species as there is often no clear country specific HCV species list. In country information needs to be obtained from the relevant authorities. For each method listed, there is a section within the toolkit which provides a detailed description of the protocol, the resources required to implement it, the biodiversity data that can be generated, guidance on how this data can be analysed, and a review of the overall strengths and weaknesses of each method.

• The range of methods suitable for collecting primary biodiversity data as part of an HCV assessment will vary depending on; • • Size and location of the concession, • • Types of habitats that persist within and around the concession, • • Season, • • Quality of the secondary data available for the region, • • Time available to the assessor, • • Experience and level of expertise of the assessor.

4 HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT

In some cases, several different methods may be equally suitable for obtaining the data required. However, ensuring that the assessor has the necessary expertise to implement the methods used is critical to the quality of the data collected and should therefore be one of the key factors considered when deciding which methods to use.

The information contained in this toolkit is based on ZSL’s experience of conducting biodiversity assessments on oil palm concessions in Indonesia and globally in the context of other land use types, as well as a review of existing literature. It also incorporates the outputs from a workshop organized by ZSL and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), which aimed to ‘Determine effective methods for rapid biodiversity assessments in oil palm landscapes’. This workshop was held on the 20th July 2011 in Bogor, Indonesia and was attended by 47 scientists, NGO representatives, HCV assessors and conservation managers from palm oil companies with experience of conducting biodiversity assessments in oil palm concessions.

Box 3: Defining ‘High Conservation Value’ species

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www.iucnredlist.org)

HCV 1.2. Species that are listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, listed on Apendix 1 and 2 under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora or protected under national laws

HCV 1.3. Species that have ranges that are restricted to a single region

The IUCN Red List prioritises species for conservation attention based on its risk of extinction, which is determined using a scientifically rigorous approach. This list is regularly updated so it is important to refer to the latest version. Species categorised as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable are all considered to be threatened. (Detailed information about the criteria for each of these categories can be found at the following link: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical- documents/categories-and-criteria/2001-categories-criteria)...... Continued

HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT 5

Continued......

Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (www.cites.org)

This is an international agreement between 175 governments which aims to ensure that the international trade of plants and animals does not result in certain species being exploited to the extent that this becomes a threat to their survival. CITES categorises species into 3 lists, known as Appendix 1, 2 and 3, depending on the level of protection they require. Appendix 1 species are threatened with extinction, so international trade (import and export) of these species and derived parts are prohibited except in exceptional circumstances. Trade in Appendix 2 species is strictly controlled by a quota system to avoid unsustainable exploitation. Appendix 3 species are listed at the request of a member country to assist in controlling international trade in a species that is protected by national laws. To date, over 5000 animals and 28000 plants are listed by CITES, details of which can be found on the CITES website.

African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource The convention was adopted on the 15th September 1968, in Algers, Algeria and was revised in 2003 in Maputo, Mozambique. This convention represents the commitment by African countries to promote and support the conservation and sustainable management of the environment and their natural resources. Since the convention was adopted, 42 countries are signatories, of which 30 ratified it.

Protected by national governments

Legal status of species may vary from one country to the next. You should contact the local wildlife authorities for a country specific exhaustive list of nationally protected species as this may include species not necessarily listed on the IUCN Red data list (see information below for the relevant authorities to contact in Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Lberia and DRC).

Cameroon: MINFOF (Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife) (http://www.minfof.cm/), MINADER (Minitry of Agriculture and Rural Development) (http://www.minader.cm/) Gabon: Ministry of Water and Forestry (http://www.eaux- forets.gouv.ga/), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development (http://www.agriculture.gouv.ga/)

6 HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT

Ghana: Forestry Commission of Ghana, Wildlife Division (http://www.fcghana.org), Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (http://173.1.128.235/), Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, Wildlife Department (http://www.ghana.gov.gh/) Liberia: Forestry Development Authority (http://www.fda.gov.lr/), Ministry of Agriculture (http://www.moa.gov.lr/) DRC: MENCT (Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Tourism) (http://www.mecnt.gouv.cd/), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (http://www.rdc-agriculture.com/)

Endemic

Endemic species are those whose distribution is restricted to a geographically isolated area, such as a single island or part of that island.

Restricted Range Restricted range species are those whose historical range is less than 50.000 km2.

PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES 7 PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES (HCV 1.2, 1.3 & 1.4) AND THEIR HABITATS AS PART OF AN HCV ASSESSMENT IN OIL PALM

In this section we will highlight how this toolkit can assist in the process of planning and implementing the biodiversity component of an HCV assessment (see Fig 1). This is in line with the recommended process for conducting an HCV assessment, as described in part 3 ‘Identifying and managing High Conservation Values Forests: a guide for forest managers’ of the ‘High Conservation Value Forest Toolkit’, December 2003.

Step 1: Secondary Data Collection

It is essential that as much background information as possible, about the species and habitats present in the area where the HCV assessment will take place, is collected from pre-existing sources. This includes information regarding habitat type, cover and quality, as well as the distribution and conservation status of species, all of which assist the assessor to determine the biodiversity that is likely to be identified during the assessment. This is the first step in designing an efficient and effective field assessment to verify the presence of HCV species and determine the area of natural habitat required to maintain and enhance viable populations of these species the HCV Management Areas (HCVMA). As with any secondary data, the source and types of data must be considered carefully, due to potential bias, low capacity or lack of impartiality of the source.

Examples of sources of secondary biodiversity data include: • Information from the company: The company may be able to provide maps or aerial images of the concession concession or the area planned for development. If the area is already an active concession of some kind, workers who spend large amounts of time in the field may also be a useful source of information about the presence and distribution of species within the concession. • Information from previous research carried out in the area: It is worth contacting universities, research institutions and NGOs working in the region of the concession as they may have valuable information about the species present and their status.

8 PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES

• Information from local people: People living in and around the oil palm concession can provide valuable information about the presence, distribution and abundance of species in the area. This can be extremely helpful in identifying areas where biodiversity assessments should be targeted and the HCV species that are likely to be recorded. However, this information should be interpreted with caution as it may not be based on firsthand experience and can therefore be unreliable. Please see the section on Community Interviews for further information. • Websites: There are a number of websites that provide valuable information regarding land cover and species distribution, particularly for threatened species. Please see the list of links at the back of the toolkit for further information. • List of HCV species: Appendix 2 of this toolkit lists the potential mammal, bird, amphibian, reptile, fish and tree species found in Cameroon, Gabon, DRC, Liberia, Congo and Ghana that are categorised as Critically Endangered (potentially as HCV 1.2), Endangered or Vulnerable (potentially as HCV 1.3)on the IUCN Red List. This information has been provided as guidance only for protected species and therefore country specific information needs to be obtained from the relevant authorities. • National Interpretation of HCV Toolkit: Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, DRC and Cameroon have all shown some adherence to the HCV concept and all, with the exception of Cameroon, have drafted their National Interpretation. These include a comprehensive list of secondary data relating to all of the HCVs (http://www.hcvnetwork.org/resources/national-hcv-interpretations).

Step 2: Determining suitable methods of primary data collection

Practitioners conducting HCV assessments often have a very limited amount of time on the concession to collect primary data. In order to maximise the time spent on the concession, it is important that a field assessment is well planned and has clear objectives. This includes defining the range of habitats and taxa that must be sampled to ensure that all important habitats and HCV species that may be impacted by palm oil production in the area are identified. It should be recognised that the data obtained during a rapid assessment is likely to be limited to a species inventory, often limited to more conspicuous and abundant species, basic information about species distribution, indicators of the diversity of certain habitats and possibly estimates of the relative abundance of key species. In order to obtain accurate estimations of the size, range and viability of the population of HCV species, targeted biodiversity a ssessments repeated on a regular basis will be required. Annex 2 of this toolkit provides information regarding the ecology and habitat of protected

PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES 9 species, as well as recommended methods for conducting rapid assessments of each species. This will assist the assessor in determining the range of methods that can be employed and the habitats to target in order to verify the presence of HCV species indicated to be in the area by the secondary data obtained in Step 1.

Step 3: Field Data Collection

It is important that the protocols that will be used to collect the primary data, as well as the expertise, equipment and sampling effort required are decided well in advance of heading into the field. This toolkit provides a detailed description of the protocols for the methods most commonly used for conducting biodiversity assessments of mammals, birds, reptiles & amphibians, fish and vegetation. These methods are listed in Table 1. This includes information regarding the equipment and skills required to implement each protocol, as well as an indication of the approximate level of sampling effort necessary to meet the objectives of the assessment (e.g. species inventory or estimate of population size). However, these are only guidelines and the protocols described may need to be adjusted depending on the habitat and field conditions in the area being assessed.

Step 4: Data Analysis

Often one of the most difficult aspects of conducting an HCV assessment is analysing and interpreting the data collected. This toolkit contains guidance on how the data collected should be treated in order to obtain certain information (e.g. relative abundance vs. absolute population density). Further information about freely available software to analyse the data collected is included in the useful resources/links section. The digital version of this toolkit also includes templates of excel spreadsheets that can be used to tabulate the data collected prior to analysis.

10 PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES

Table 1. Summary of all the methods of primary data collection described in this toolkit

Taxa Method/Equipment Tar get species Pa ge Reconnaissance All species, including primates 17 All mammals transects

Line transect sampling All species, including primates 19 Medium-large Occupancy surveys Mammals in general 22 mammals Camera traps Elusive, low density mammals 23 Primates Nest counts Chimpanzee/Gorilla 27 Small terrestrial Box traps Rats and terrestrial mammals 32 mammals Mist nets Fruit bats 35 Bats Harp traps Insectivorous bats 37 Species inventory All species 42 MacKinnon lists All species 43 Bird Line transect sampling Mobile, conspicuous birds 45 Point transect sampling Cryptic, skulking birds 46 Mist nets Small, elusive birds 48 Visual encounter survey All terrestrial amphibians and (VES) with timed 54 reptiles searches Reptiles and Line transect with Amphibians Terrestrial amphibians and visual encounter survey 55 reptiles except canopy species (VES) Quadrat/patch sampling Terrestrial frogs and reptiles 57 Different nets and traps can be Live capture 61 used to survey different habitats Fish Quadrat method 66 Distance method 67

PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES 11

Information$from$ The$HCV$Toolkit$for$ previous$research Step%1.%Secondary% Indonesia data%collection

List$of$HCV Information$from$ species$(Annex$2) company

HCV$species$&$ habitats$likely$ to$be$present$in$

List$of$HCV Step%1.%Secondary% species$(Annex data%collection 2),$section$on$ assessment$methods

Proposed$ methods$for$ biodiversity

Figure 1. Flow chart List$of$HCV highlighting how each Step%3.%Field%data% species$(Annex collection 2),$section$on$ section of this toolkit assessment$methods can assist planning and carrying out a biodiversity Sections$on$data$ assessment Step%4.%Data% produced$and$Method analysis of$analysis$for each$taxa

12 MONITORING BIODIVERSITY

MONITORING BIODIVERSITY TO DETERMINE THE EFFICACY OF HCV MANAGEMENT

The purpose of monitoring biodiversity is to determine whether the management interventions designed and implemented to maintain and enhance species and habitats of High Conservation Value are effective. If not, the information gained as a result of this monitoring should provide insight into how these management interventions need to be adapted and improved in order to conserve these values.

Biodiversity monitoring involves conducting repeated assessments over time to identify trends in the status of species or habitats that are the focus of management interventions. Due to limitations of time and resources, it is not possible to monitor the changes in status of all of the species present within or around a concession. It is therefore important to identify measurable indicators that show whether the efforts to maintain and enhance biodiversity within the concession are having the desired impact. A variety of different species are suitable indicator species for long term monitoring.

Good indicators should be relatively cheap and simple to measure, provide useful information about whether management objectives are being met and ideally provide quantitative results. Species that make the best indicators are sensitive to changes in their environment, respond to changes in a similar way to other species groups, and have different responses to natural or anthropogenic stresses (Sewell & Griffiths, 2009; Lindenmayer et al 2000). Often short lived species groups such as butterflies, birds and insectivorous bats provide suitable indicators of the quality of HCV areas being maintained within oil palm concessions.

An alternative to using indicator species is to monitor changes in umbrella or keystone species, which are species that are highly dependent on particular attributes of a landscape. This includes species with large home ranges, species reliant on a common food source such as fruit, or those dependent on cavities in large trees for nesting or roosting. As these species are highly dependent on the characteristics of an intact natural ecosystem, their presence suggests a wide range of other species with similar habitat requirements may also be able to persist in that landscape. Examples of umbrella and keystone species found in West and Central Africa include African elephant, western gorilla, common chimpanzee and pygmy hippopotamus. However, the indicator or umbrella species selected for monitoring programmes need to be closely linked to the HCVs present and the

MONITORING BIODIVERSITY 13 measures adopted to maintain and enhance them. A range of species that could provide suitable indicators are highlighted in Appendix 2, however it is recommended to contact in country experts (e.g. Academic/science insitutuions, NGOs) to get advice on the indicator species chosen.

Finally the type, cover and quality of habitats and the vegetation that it comprises of are important factors in determining the biodiversity that the habitat is able to support. There are a large number of different habitat variables, so it is important to assess and monitor those that are most relevant to the management objectives. Examples of these habitat variables are listed in table 2.

Table 2. Examples of habitat variables

No Element Variables Species composition, tree density, tree dbh (diameter at breast height), tree height, tree architecture, canopy cover, canopy 1 Vegetation connectivity, biomass, forest health and productivity (Leaf litter/ phenology) 2 Aquatic All species, including primates 3 Physical Slope, aspect, soil depth, soil type

References

Lawton, JH & Gaston, KJ .2001. Indicator Species in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity vol 3. Ed S.A. Levin. Academic Press. New York

Lindenmayer DB. 1999. Future directions for biodiversity conservation in managed forests: indicator species, impact studies and monitoring programs. Forest Ecology and Management 115: 277-287.

Menge BA & TL Freidenburg. 2001. Keystone Species in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity vol 3. Ed SA Levin. Academic Press. New York

Newton AC. 2007. Forest Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. New York

14 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT AND LONG TERM MONITORING

COMMUNITY INTERVIEWS Community interviews regularly form a major component of HCV assessments in oil palm concessions. Often people living in and around areas of forest are relatively aware of the biodiversity around them and so are considered to be a good source of information about the biodiversity value of these habitats. Key informants for community interviews include local hunters and fishermen, who are usually very knowledgeable about the species present in the area and can provide information about the extent to which different species are exploited. Obtaining such information from these people can be a quick and valuable way to find out which species are likely to be present in the area, their distribution and the threats they face, particularly as a result of human activities.

In some circumstances, surveys of local communities can provide valuable insights into the population status of certain species, such as a study into the extent of mammals’ densities in tropical rainforests of Cameroon (van der Hoeven et al. 2004). The process of interviewing communities can also help raise awareness about the importance of conserving biodiversity amongst people whose activities may threaten HCV species and habitats.

When carrying out interviews it is vital to use visual aids, ideally photographs, to make sure that the person conducting the interview and the respondent are talking about the same species, particularly when there are local names for species. Pictorial guides of species that may be present within or around the survey location can be made by scanning or downloading royalty free pictures or using existing field guides if available (e.g. Primates of West Africa, Kingdon Field Guide to African mammals, Birds of West Africa). However, pictorial guides must be used with caution to ensure that they do not encourage the respondent to positively identify a species that they have little or no information about in order to please the interviewer.

The following methods can be used to conduct community interviews:

1. Semi structured interviews This method involves carrying out informal interviews which aim to cover certain topics but are not guided by a pre-prepared questionnaire. However, it is important to standardise the way in which the information obtained from the

RECOMMENDED METHODS 15 interview is recorded to facilitate analysis. This method allows the interviewer greater flexibility to interact with the respondents depending on the answers received, which lends itself to being used to interview large groups of people. However, as the majority of the data produced is often qualitative, interpretation of the results can be time consuming and subject to bias.

2. Questionnaires This method involves preparing a set of specific questions, which either form the structure of an interview or respondents can be given to complete independently if they have the ability to do so. The lifestyle and type of interaction with wildlife of the group that you wish to target should be taken into account when designing the questionnaire. It is important that the questions asked are concise (to encourage participation) and self explanatory (to reduce bias). This method can be used to produce quantitative results. However, inaccuracies in the data produced may arise from the respondents feeling obliged to answer all the questions even if they do not know the answer. Therefore, questionnaires should ideally be combined with semi- structured interviews to gain goity results. od qual

Whilst it can be very useful, the information obtained through community interviews should be used with caution to guide decision making as this knowledge is often not based on firsthand accounts and so may be exaggerated or mixed with myth. It should not be considered a substitute to conducting a field assessment in order to obtain scientific primary data regarding the presence, distribution and status of HCV species within and around the concession being assessed.

Reference

Babbie, E. R. 2005. The Basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Thomson/ Wadsworth. p. 174.

Kapila S & F Lyon. 2006. Expedition field technique: people oriented research. Second edition. Royal Geographic Society. London

Van der Hoeven, C.A., de Boer, W.F. and Prins H.H.T 2004. Pooling local expert opinions for estimating mammal densities in tropical rainforests. Journal for Nature Conservation, 12(4): 193–204.

16 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS 17

MAMMALS

Methods Suitable for All Mammals

1. Reconnaissance Transects (Recce Walk) MAMMALS

Equipment • Binoculars • Field guide of mammals (see references) • GPS • Spot lights/head torches if at night • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of protocol This method involves the observer moving through a habitat in a specified direction, but unlike line transects they are not restricted to following a specific route and are free to take the path of least resistance. Recce transects can be carried out on foot, or by using boats or cars to move slowly along rivers or roads that pass through or alongside habitats of interest.

The time and GPS position should be recorded for the start and finish of each transect. Both direct and indirect observations, such as dung, nests or sign, can be recorded. For each direct or indirect species observation, the species name, type of observation (direct sighting, sign etc), location and time of observation should be recorded.

Transects should be carried out when the target species groups are most likely to be active , which would be early morning or late afternoon for diurnal mammals, but after sunset for nocturnal species.

If the aim of the survey is to produce a comprehensive species inventory, then it is important that the areas sampled are representative of the range of habitat types present. If the aim is to compare species richness between different habitats then the sampling effort in each habitat type should be standardised.

18 RECOMMENDED METHODS

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species list and richness

Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type

MAMMALS sampled to determine the proportion of the species present in the habitat (species richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded after each recce walk against sampling effort (length of transect or number of hours of observations). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species richness for that habitat.

[ √ ] Relative abundance

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be estimated by dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort in that habitat type.

[ X ] Absolute density

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present and the GPS location of each species is recorded then these points can be plotted to produce a species distribution map.

Strengths Weaknesses

• Can be used to quickly and easily • Results may be biased towards cover large areas species that favour open habitats. Species that live in • More flexible and less labour dense vegetation are rarely intensive than line transects recorded using this method • Causes less disturbance to the area being surveyed than line transects as transects follow existing paths or trails

•

RECOMMENDED METHODS 19

2. Line Transect Sampling

Equipment • Binoculars

• Field guide of mammals (see references) MAMMALS • GPS • Spot lights/head torches if at night • Tape measurer or laser sighter • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of Protocol Line transect sampling involves recording all species seen or heard along a pre- defined linear route. Ideally, a path along the transect should be cleared in advance of walking the transect to ensure that any disturbance caused does not affect the results. Transects should be sufficiently far apart to ensure that the same individual is unlikely to be recorded on two adjacent transects. The minimum distance between transects will vary depending on the species, but should be no less than 250m. Transects are usually between 1km-2km in length, depending on the terrain.

The time and GPS position should be recorded for the start and finish of each transect. Both direct and indirect observations, including chimpanzee nests, tracks or dung, can be recorded. For each direct or indirect species observation, the species name, type of observation (direct sighting, sign etc), location and time of observation should be recorded. For direct sightings, the sex and age class of the individual should also be recorded. If the objective is to estimate population density then the perpendicular distance and height above the ground of the species on first sighting should also be recorded.

Transects should be carried out when the target species group is likely to be most active, which would be early morning or late afternoon for diurnal mammals, but after sunset for nocturnal species. Observers should aim to walk at a slow and consistent pace (approx 1 km/hour).

Ideally, transects should be positioned randomly to avoid bias but this is not always practical. However, it is important to ensure that transects are placed in locations that are representative of the range of habitats being surveyed.

20 RECOMMENDED METHODS

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species inventory and richness

Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to

MAMMALS determine the proportion of the species present in the habitat (species richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded after each transect against sampling effort (length of transect or number of hours of observations). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species richness for that habitat.

[ √ ] Relative abundance

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be estimated by dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort in that habitat type.

[ √ ] Absolute density

Distance software can be used to estimate population density. The results can be compared between locations or over time to measure trends in population density.

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present and the GPS location of each species is recorded then these points can be plotted to produce a species distribution map.

Strengths Weaknesses

• Suitable for surveying a wide • The encounter rate for elusive range of mammal species. and rare species may not be Conspicuous and bold species can sufficient to estimate be surveyed using direct population size. Inactive observations whereas indirect species are rarely detected observations can be used to survey elusive or nocturnal species

• • This method can be used to estimate absolute density and is an efficient way of monitoring changes in the population of a target species over time

Table 3. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of all mammals RECOMMENDED METHODS

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of Suitability for Suitability for species habitat type produced sampling Effort expertise rapid assessment long term group required monitoring

Reconnaissance All species All habitat Species inventory, N/A Suitable Suitable Transect (Recce except rats types relative walk) abundance Line Transect Low density Habitats with Absolute density At least 40 Suitable Suitable Sampling wide ranging consistent, sightings of a conspicuous easy terrain, single species are mammals, each transect needed, though including should be 60-80 gives primates confined to a better precision. single habitat Need at least 20 type transects in each habitat type

MAMMALS

22 RECOMMENDED METHODS

Methods Suitable for Medium & Large Mammals

1. Occupancy surveys

MAMMALS Equipment • GPS • Map of survey location • Field guide of mammal (see references) • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of Protocol This method involves dividing the area to be surveyed into 1km x 1km grids, then randomly selecting grids that account for at least 30% of the total area of interest. Each grid selected should be searched for 6 man hours, recording the GPS position and species name for all wildlife sign and direct observations. Each grid should be surveyed on three consecutive days to avoid bias created by weather conditions or other disturbances.

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species list and richness

Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded against sampling effort (number of man hours searching). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species richness for that habitat.

[ X ] Relative abundance

[ X ] Absolute density

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution The presence or absence of each species within each grid can be used to determine the habitat usage by each species. The percentage habitat usage can be estimated using Presence software.

RECOMMENDED METHODS 23

Strengths Weaknesses

• Cheap, easy and suitable for • Labour intensive

identifying elusive species MAMMALS (indirectly)

• Does not require high levels of skill

• Provides information about habitat use

• 2. Camera Trapping

Equipment

• Camera traps • Field guide of mammals (see references) • GPS • Memory cards • Security boxes & locks • Silica Gel • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of protocol Cameras should be checked prior to use to ensure they are in good working order (sensor, time and date settings). Each camera trap should also be given a unique code in permanent marker in order to simplify identification of the location at which pictures were taken during analysis. Memory cards should also be labelled with the ID number of the camera trap they belong to. Including sachets of silica gel inside the cameras can help to reduce the risk of breakage due to moisture.

The placement of the camera traps depends on the purpose of the survey. If the aim of the survey is to produce a species inventory, cameras should be placed on paths or forest trails that are likely to be used by medium and large mammals. Bias towards a particular species can be avoided by placing the cameras within 1km x 1km grids, to ensure they are evenly spaced throughout the habitat being surveyed. If the purpose is to determine the presence of a target species in an area, such as the pygmy hippopotamus, then the area should be surveyed for signs and cameras placed in locations suspected to be used by this species in order to increase the likelihood of capturing an individual of this species. If the aim of the survey is to

24 RECOMMENDED METHODS

estimate the density of a species which can be identified to the level of the individual, such as leopards or golden cats, cameras should ideally be placed in pairs on either side of the path so that each side of the individual is photographed to assist in identification.

MAMMALS Once the location for each camera trap has been selected, the camera trap should be attached to a tree about 1-2m from the path and 30-70cm above the ground. Cameras should be angled to face towards the path. Understory vegetation that surrounds the camera should be cleared to prevent it from triggering the camera. For each camera set, the GPS location, ID number, time and date it was set, as well as features of the surrounding habitat (micro and macro) should be recorded.

Camera traps should be checked every 1 to 2 weeks to ensure that they are still functioning effectively (batteries remain charged, space available on the memory card etc). It is useful to have a two memory cards for each camera so that these can be switched to allow data to be periodically transferred to a computer. For each picture taken it is necessary to record the date and time it was taken, the species visible in the photo, the number of individuals and if possible the sex and age of each individual. Camera base is a free software application that can be used to manage the pictures captured and the associated data.

RECOMMENDED METHODS 25

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species list and richness

Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to MAMMALS determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded against sampling effort (number of trap nights). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species richness for that habitat.

[ √ ] Relative abundance

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be estimated by dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort (trap nights) in that habitat.

[ √ ] Absolute density CAPTURE software can be used to estimate the density of species that can be identified to individual level from photos (e.g. leopard). More recent methods include Spatially Explicit Capture Recapture, and both require training in analysis techniques.

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then the GPS locations of each camera where a certain species was recorded can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species.

Strengths Weaknesses

• Highly suitable for confirming the • The equipment is expensive presence of species for which (USD $200 - $500 per unit) direct observations are very rare • This method can only be used (most large mammals) to estimate population size for • Causes very little disturbance the very limited number of to wildlife species where individuals can be identified from photos • Ability to collect large amounts of data with limited human resources

26 MAMMALS

Table 4. Summary of methods of rapid assessment and monitoring of medium-large mammals RE

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of Suitability for Suitability for long MM species habitat type produced sampling Effort expertise rapid assessment term monitoring group required ENDED METHODS Patch Low density, All habitat Species Grids searched Ability to Highly Highly occupancy wide ranging, types, except inventory should cover identify suitable suitable elusive large wetland areas and richness, 30% of the species by mammals habitat use area of indirect and and interest direct distribution sightings

RECOMMENDED METHODS Camera Trap All species All habitat Species list, 350 trap Ability to Suitable Highly types relative nights per identify suitable abundance, 100km2 species by absolute indirect and density direct sightings, experience of using the equipment

RECOMMENDED METHODS 27

Methods Suitable for Primates

1. Nest counts (Distance sampling)

Equipment MAMMALS • Binoculars • GPS • Tape measure or laser sighter • Clinometer • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of Protocol Counts of chimpanzee/gorilla nests are carried out along a pre-defined linear transects. These transects should be no less than 500m apart and are usually between 1-2km in length, depending on the terrain and size of the area. Ideally, a path along each transect should be cleared in advance of walking the transect to ensure that any disturbance caused does not affect the results. If the transects will be used for periodic monitoring they should also be marked.

Transects should be walked during the day. Observers should aim to walk at a slow and consistent pace (approx. 1 km/hour). The time and GPS position at the beginning and end of the transect should be recorded. For every chimpanzee/gorilla nest that is visible from the transect, the perpendicular distance of the nest from the transect, as well as the height of the nest in the tree should be recorded (GPS). It is also necessary to quantify the age of each nest observed, based on the level of decay (see Mathewson et al. 2008 or Johnson et al. 2005), as well as the height and species name of the tree that the nest is built in.

As with all of the transect methods the location of the transects must be representative of the range of habitats being surveyed. Several transects should be surveyed in each area sampled to obtain an accurate estimate of the nest density and, therefore, the size of the population.

Data produced and method of analysis

[ X ] Species list and richness

[ X ] Relative abundance

28 MAMMALS

28 RECOMMENDED METHODS

[ √ ] Absolute density

Distance software can be used to estimate nest density, but this should take into account the rate of decay of the nests. The results can be compared between locations or over time to measure trends in population

MAMMALS density.

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then the GPS locations of each nest or individual recorded can be plotted to produce a distribution map.

RECOMMENDED METHODS Strengths Weaknesses

• Does not rely on observing the • Estimates of absolute density chimpanzee/gorilla directly from indirect signs can be inaccurate due to • This method can be used to uncertainties in decay rates. estimate absolute density and is an For example, nest decay rates efficient way of comparing changes can vary between different in the size of an chimpanzee/gorilla habitats and geographical population over time Ability to

regions collect large amounts of data with limited human resources use

RECOMMENDED METHODS Table 5. Summary of methods of rapid assessment and monitoring of primates

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of species habitat type produced sampling Effort expertise group required

Line transect All species Wide range of Species inventory 20 km transects Ability to sampling habitat and richness, per habitat; identify relative stratified primates, abundance, sampling ability to absolute density estimate distance Nest Counts Chimpanzees/ Wide range of Absolute density 20 km transects/ Knowledge of Gorillas habitat habitat; stratified Chimpanzees/ sampling Gorillas ecology and tree species

MAMMALS

30 MAMMALS

30 RECOMMENDED METHODS

References

Barnett A. 1995. Expedition Field technique: Primates. Royal Geographic Society. London.

MAMMALS Kingdon J. 2003. The Kindgon Field Guide to African Mammals. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. London.

Blom, A., Almaši, A., Heitkönig, I. M. A., Kpanou, J.-B. and Prins, H. H. T. 2001. A survey of the apes in the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic:

a comparison between the census and survey methods of estimating the RECOMMENDED METHODS gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nest group density. African Journal of Ecology, 39: 98–105.

Furuichi, T., Inagaki, H. and Angoue-Ovono, S. 1997. Population Density of Chimpanzees and Gorillas in the Petit Loango Reserve, Gabon: Employing a New Method to Distinguishiing Between Nests of the Two Species. International Journal of Primatology 18(6): 1029-1046.

Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Tashiro, Y. 2001. Extended Application of a Market-Nest Census Method to Examine Seasonal Changes in Habitat Use by

Chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology 22(6): 913-928.

Oates JF. 2011. Primates of West Africa: A Field Guide and Natural History. Conservation International. US.

Krebs C. 2006. Mammals, in Ecological Census Method. Shutterland, Ed. Cambridge University Press. New York.

Plumptre, A.J. and Reynolds, V. 1996. Censusing chimpanzees in the Budong Forest, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 17(1): 85-89.

Gessner, J., Buchwald, R. and Wittemyer, G. 2013. Assessing species occurrence and species-specific use patterns of bais (forest clearings) in Central Africa with camera traps. African Journal of Ecology.

RECOMMENDED METHODS 31 RECOMMENDED METHODS Methods Suitable for Small Terrestrial Mammals

1. Box Traps

Equipment MAMMALS • Either Sherman traps or locally made wire traps of dimension 25cm x 10cm x 10cm (Kasmin traps) • GPS • Field guide of mammals (see references) Gloves for handling mammals • • Marking material/scissors if using mark and recapture technique • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of Protocol Traps should be placed either in lines or within a grid, at least 10m apart. Ideally, at least 100 traps should be set for 3 or 4 days in each habitat type for a rapid assessment. Each trap should be numbered and secured, and the position should be recorded (GPS) and marked so that it can be easily located and checked. Wherever possible, traps should be placed along fallen logs, habitat edges or potential runs to improve trapping success. Traps must be baited each time they are set. Suitable baits include peanut butter mixed with shrimp paste and oats, salted fish, roasted coconut or banana.

The type of bait used will affect the species trapped so a wide variety of bait should be used over the course of a survey in a particular habitat if the aim is to produce

a species inventory. However, if the aim is to assess or monitor the population of 31

a certain species the bait used in each survey should be standardized. Traps should be checked early each morning and re-baited and washed if an animal was MAMMALS captured. For each individual trapped, the species name and trap number should be recorded. If the objective of the survey is to estimate species density then each individual trapped should be marked, and recaptured individuals recorded. A larger sampling effort will be necessary in order to obtain sufficient data to estimate absolute density.

32 MAMMALS

32 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species list and richness

Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to

MAMMALS determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded against sampling effort (number of trap nights). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species richness for that habitat.

[ √ ] Relative abundance

RECOMMENDED METHODS The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be estimated by dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort (trap nights) in that habitat.

[ √ ] Absolute density

If the capture-mark-recapture method has been used the data can be analysed using CAPTURE or MARK software to estimate density. This can be used to compare population size over time or between locations.

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then the GPS locations of each box trap where a certain species was captured can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species

Strengths Weaknesses MAMMALS • This method can be used to • Labour intensive estimate absolute density if • There is a risk of small capture–mark-recapture methods mammals dying in the traps if are used and the data is analysed they are captured for too long using distance software in poor weather conditions

• Small mammals must be handled with care as they carry diseases that can be transmitted to humans

RECOMMENDED METHODS 33 RECOMMENDED METHODS Methods Suitable for Bats

1. Mist netting

Equipment MAMMALS • Mist nets (12.6m x 2.1m and 12.0 x 2.7m) • with 30mm fine mesh and 4 pockets • Field guide of mammals (see references) • GPS

• Cotton bags • Head torch • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of Protocol Mist nets should be opened before dusk and closed when the capture rate starts to decrease. They should then be opened again before dawn. Ideally, mist nets should be manned constantly, but at the very least they should be checked every 20 minutes. They should not be left unmanned for long periods of time as there is a high risk of bats becoming overly stre ssed or entangled and dying in the nets. The nets should be closed during the day to prevent birds from being caught in them. For each bat captured, the species name, sex, age, and breeding stage should be recorded. All bats captured should be released at the site where they were trapped as soon as possible.

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species list and richness MAMMALS Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded after each night of trapping against sampling effort (number of mist net hours). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species richness for that habitat.

[ √ ] Relative abundance

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be estimated by dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort (mist net hours).

34 MAMMALS

34 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS

[ √ ] Absolute density

If the wings of bats captured are marked and surveys repeated at regular intervals the data can potentially be analysed using MARK or CAPTURE

MAMMALS software to estimate population size. This can be used to monitor trends in population size over time.

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then the GPS locations of each mist net where a certain species was captured can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species RECOMMENDED METHODS

Strengths Weaknesses

• Mist nets are light weight and easy • Mist nets often require a to set up license from a scientific authority and special • Suitable for surveying open areas permission to use. Please refer where it is usually difficult to to local wildlife authorities for capture bats more information

• The most suitable technique for • Mist nets are expensive and sampling fruit bats can quickly be destroyed if 34

non target taxa such as birds become entangled MAMMALS

• Requires a high level of skill to

release bats entangled in the mist net and handle them safely

• Risk of bat mortality if the nets are not checked frequently enough

• Note that this technique is not

RECOMMENDED METHODS 35 RECOMMENDED METHODS 2. Harp traps

Equipment

• Harp traps

• Field guide of mammals (see references) MAMMALS • GPS • Cloth bags • Head torch • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of Protocol

Harp traps are most effective when they are set up across potential flight paths of bats, including forest trails, the entrance of caves or small rivers. Ideally, there should be dense vegetation above and on either side of the site chosen to set up the harp trap, otherwise bats will likely fly around the trap. Experience has shown that positioning harp traps randomly usually results in very low capture rates. Traps should be placed approximately 50m apart. In order to improve the efficacy of the trap, vegetation can be used to block gaps beneath or to the sides of the traps that may otherwise allow the bats using these flight paths to avoid the traps. Traps should be set up before dusk and checked 2-3 hours after sunset and in the morning at dawn. If capture rate is high harp traps should be checked every 20-30 minutes until the capture rate starts to deWcrease. hen conducting a rapid assessment traps should be moved to a new location every day, as bats quickly learn the trap positions. All bats captured should be transferred to individual cloth bags for identification. For each bat captured, the species name, age, sex, and breeding stage 35 should be recorded. Bats should be released as quickly as possible at the site where they were captured to avoid undue stress to the animals. MAMMALS

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species list and richness

Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded against the total sampling effort (number of trap nights). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species richness for that habitat.

[ √ ] Relative abundance The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be estimated by dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort (trap nights) in that habitat.

36 MAMMALS

36 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS

[ √ ] Absolute density If the wings of bats captured are marked and surveys repeated at regular intervals the data can be analysis using MARK or CAPTURE software to

MAMMALS estimate population size. This can be used to monitor trends in population size over time

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then the GPS locations of each harp trap where a certain species was captured can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species.

RECOMMENDED METHODS

Strengths • ·This method is very effective for capturing insectivorous • This method can be used to bats estimate absolute density if capture-mark-recapture Weaknesses methods are used and the • Harp traps can be difficult to data is analysed using distance obtain and are cumbersome to software Suitable for transport between survey sites surveying open areas where it

is usually difficult to capture • Harp traps are not effective bats for surveying open areas, 36 including oil palm

monoculture MAMMALS

Table 6. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of small mammal RECOMMENDED METHODS

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of Suitability for Suitability for long species habitat type produced sampling Effort expertise rapid assessment term monitoring group required

Box trap Small All habitat Species inventory 300-400 trap nights Ability to Suitable Suitable terrestrial types and richness, in every habitat identify species, mammals relative type experience of abundance, using the absolute density equipment

Mist netting Fruit bats All habitat Species inventory Using 3 mist nets Ability to Suitable Suitable types, but and richness, for 4 nights, in identify species, most effective relative every habitat type experience of in forested abundance, using the habitats, caves absolute density equipment Harp trap Insectivorous Forest/scrub, Species inventory 16 trap nights (4 Ability to Suitable Suitable bats not effective in and richness, days in every identify species, open habitats relative habitat type using experience of abundance, 4 harp traps) using the absolute density equipment 37

MAMMALS

38 MAMMALS

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of Suitability for Suitability for long species habitat type produced sampling Effort expertise rapid assessment term monitoring group required

Reconnaissance Squirrels, All habitat Species inventory N/A Ability to Suitable Suitable transect Otters types and richness identify species (Recce walk) Line Transect Squirrels, Habitats with Species inventory, At least 40 Ability to Suitable in some Suitable Sampling Otters (close consistent, easy Relative sightings of a identify species, circumstances to water) terrain, each abundance, single species ability to transect should absolute density are needed to estimate be confined to a calculate distance

single habitat absolute density, RECOMMENDED METHODS type though 60-80 gives better precision. Need at least 20 transects in each habitat type

RECOMMENDED METHODS 39

RECOMMENDED METHODS

References

Aplin KP, Brown PR, Jacob J, Krebs CJ & R. Singleton. 2003. Field methods for

rodent studies in Asia and Indo Pacific. CSIRO. Canberra. MAMMALS

Barlow K. 1999. Expedition Field Techniques: Bat. Royal Geographic Society London.

Barnet A & J Dutton. 1995. Expedition field techniques: small mammals.

Royal Geographic Society. London.

Kingdon J. 2003. The Kindgon Field Guide to African Mammals. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. London.

Berry N., O’Connor W., Holderied M.W. and Jones G. 2004. Detection and avoidance of harp traps by echolocating bats. Acta Chiropterologica 6(2): 335-346.

Struebig M & R Sujarno. 2006. Forest Bat Survey using harp-traps: a practical manual and identification key for the bats of Kalimantan Indonesia. Kalimantan Bat Conservation project.

MAMMALS

40 40 MAMMALS

40 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS BIRD 1. Species inventory

Equipment • Binoculars • Field guide for species identification • (see references) • GPS

• Sound recorder (optional)

• Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

BIRDS Description of Protocol RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS A simple inventory of the species present within and around the concession can be produced by recording all bird species identified by sound or visual observation. Observations do not need to be confined to a specific sampling area or time period unless the objective is to compare the biodiversity value of different habitats.

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species inventory and richness

A simple inventory of the species present within and around the concession can be produced by recording all bird species identified by sound or visual

observation. Observations do not need to be confined to a specific sampling area or time period unless the objective is to compare the biodiversity value of different habitats. 40

[ √ ] Relative abundance MAMMALS The relative abundance of species in certain habitat can be produced by dividing the encounter rate of each species by the total sampling effort.

[ X ] Absolute density

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then the GPS locations where a certain species was recorded can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species

RECOMMENDED METHODS 41

RECOMMENDED METHODS

Strengths Weaknesses

• Simple methodology • Data obtained is limited to species presence/absence • Suitable for surveying any unless sampling effort is habitat type standardized

• Difficult to use this method to

compare the biodiversity value

of different habitats BIRDS • ·Cryptic and elusive bird species are rarely recorded

2. MacKinnon Lists

Equipment • Binoculars • Field guide for species identification • (see references) • GPS • Sound recorder (optional) • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

41 Description of Protocol

The observer walks slowly around the study area over an unlimited period of time, MAMMALS recording each new bird species encountered until a fixed number of species have been recorded. The length of each list can be adjusted depending on the bird species richness of the study area. A limit of 20 species is usually appropriate for good quality habitats and 10 species in poor quality habitats. Once the limit for a list has been reached, this process should be repeated until at least 15 lists have been produced. Each species can only be recorded once in each list, however, it can be recorded on more than one list. Ideally, each list should be composed of encounters from within a single habitat type, rather than a mixture of habitat types. This will allow the species richness or relative abundance of a particular bird species within a specific habitat type to be compared with other habitat types or over time.

42 42 MAMMALS

42 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species inventory and richness

A species accumulation can be produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded in each list. This curve will reach a plateau when the majority of the species present in a habitat have been recorded. This can be used to compare the species richness between different habitats.

[ √ ] Relative abundance

BIRDS The relative abundance of each species can be calculated by dividing the RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS number of lists a particular species appears in by the total number of lists from a particular habitat type e.g. a species appears in 6 out of 10 lists made in a particular habitat type so the relative abundance of that species is 6/10 or 0.6.

[ X ] Absolute density

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then the GPS locations where a certain species was recorded can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species.

Strengths Weaknesses 42

• Simple methodology · • Data obtained is limited to MAMMALS species presence/absence • Rapid method for comparing unless sampling effort is species richness of different standardized habitats • Difficult to use this method to

compare the biodiversity value of different habitats

• Cryptic and elusive bird species are rarely recorded

RECOMMENDED METHODS 43

RECOMMENDED METHODS 3. Line transect sampling

Equipment • Binoculars • Field guide for species identification • (see references) • GPS • Sound recorder (optional) • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of Protocol Line transect sampling involves recording all species seen or heard along a pre- BIRDS defined route. Ideally, transects would be positioned randomly to avoid bias but this is not always practical. However, it is important to ensure that transects are placed in locations that are representative of the habitat being surveyed. Transects should be no less than 200-250m apart and should be around 1-2 km in length.

The time and GPS position of the start and finish of each transect should be recorded. The optimal time for walking transects is between half an hour before sunrise and 9am, or late afternoon. Observers should aim to walk at a slow and consistent pace (approx 1 km/hour). For each species seen or heard, the species name, number of individuals and time of observation should be recorded. If the objective is to estimate population density then the perpendicular distance of the bird from the transect on first sighting should be recorded. Transects can be either variable distance, where the exact distance of the bird from the transect is estimated, or fixed width, where the

birds are assigned to the most appropriate distance band (e.g. 0-5m, 5-10m etc) from 43

the transect. Birds flying over the transect should be recorded separately MAMMALS Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ Species inventory and richness A species accumulation can be produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded against the sampling effort (e.g. number of transects). This curve will reach a plateau when the majority of the species present in a habitat have been recorded. This can be used to compare the species richness between different habitats.

[ √ ] Relative abundance The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be calculated by dividing the encounter rate for each species by the total sampling effort in that habitat type.

44 44 MAMMALS

44 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS [ √ ] Absolute density Distance software can be used to estimate absolute density. This can be compared over time to monitor trends if surveys of the same habitat are repeated and sampling effort is kept constant.

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then the GPS locations where a certain species was recorded can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species.

Strengths Weaknesses BIRDS RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS • Can be adapted to almost any • Errors in distance estimation habitat type · can result in unreliable estimates of population • Highly suitable for rapid density assessments of large areas • Can be challenging to follow a • Can be used to estimate transect line in habitats where absolute density the terrain is difficult

MAMMALS

RECOMMENDED METHODS 45

RECOMMENDED METHODS 4. Point Transect Sampling

Equipment • Binoculars • Field guide for species identification • GPS • Sound recorder (optional) • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of Protocol

Point Transect Sampling involves recording all the bird species seen and heard when the observer stands at a fixed point for a fixed period of time. If the aim is to BIRDS estimate population density then only species observed within a circle of a fixed radius from the point should be recorded. The points sampled may be positioned at regular intervals along a transect or randomly within the habitat being surveyed. Each point should be at least 200m apart. 10 minutes is suggested as an appropriate length of time to carry out observations at each point.

The time at which each point count is started and its position (GPS) should be recorded. For each bird seen or heard, the species name, number of individuals and time of observation should be recorded. If distance sampling is being used, then either the actual distance of the bird from the observer should be recorded, or the area surrounding the point should be divided into concentric circles and each bird observed assigned to the circle of appropriate radius. An effort should be made not to record the same individual twice. The optimal time for walking transects is between half an hour before sunrise and 9am, or late afternoon. 45

Data produced and method of analysis MAMMALS

[ √ ] Species inventory and richness

A species accumulation can be produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded against sampling effort (e.g. number of points). This curve will reach a plateau when the majority of the species present in a habitat have been recorded. This can be used to compare the species richness between different habitats.

[ √ ] Relative abundance

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be calculated by dividing the encounter rate for each species by the total sampling effort in that habitat type.

46 46 MAMMALS

46 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS

[ √ ] Absolute density

Distance software can be used to estimate absolute density. This can be compared over time to monitor trends if surveys of the same habitat are repeated and sampling effort is kept constant.

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

The presence and absence of species at each of the points can be used as a source of data about the habitat use of this species. This data can be analysed using Presence software to estimate the percentage habitat use. For further detail please

see the description of the patch occupancy method in the section on medium and BIRDS large mammals. RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS

Strengths Weaknesses

• Can be adapted to almost any • Risk of double counting habitat type individuals

• Highly suitable for rapid • Not effective for detecting assessments of large areas birds that live in open areas

• Can be used to estimate • The observation period is

absolute density reduced by the time spent moving between points • Better suited to patchy habitats with difficult terrain 46 and limited access than line MAMMALS transects

• Suitable for detecting inactive birds

RECOMMENDED METHODS 47

RECOMMENDED METHODS 5. Mist netting

Equipment • Mist nets (mesh size 25 – 30mm) • Field guide for species identification (see references) • GPS • Cloth bags • If capture-mark-recapture methods are being

used banding pliers and unique numbered bands issued by the relevant country scientific authority will also be required BIRDS • Camera (optional) • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of Protocol For best results, mist nets should be set up close to fruiting/flowering trees or in gaps in the forest. The most effective time to operate mist nets is between half an hour before sunrise and around 9am, as well as 3 hours before sunset, as this is when birds are most active. Ideally, mist nets should be manned constantly. If this is not possible each net must be checked at least every hour to ensure that birds do not become entangled in the nets, which may result in death. Captured birds should be transferred into cloth bags to be identified and banded (if applicable). The species name, age, sex and breeding stage should be recorded. Birds should be released as quickly as possible close to the location where they were trapped. Birds that cannot be released before sunset should be released the next morning to avoid 47

disorientation. In order to estimate population size and trends over time, it is essential to standardise sampling effort by using the same number, length and mesh MAMMALS size of mist nets in each habitat type and ensuring that they are operated for the same period of time.

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species inventory and richness

A species accumulation can be produced by plotting the cumulative number of species recorded against sampling effort (number of mist net hours). This curve will reach a plateau when the majority of the species present in a habitat have been recorded. This can be used to compare the species richness between different habitats.

[ √ ] Relative abundance

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be calculated by

48 48 MAMMALS

48 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS dividing the encounter rate for each species by the total sampling effort in that habitat type (mist net hours).

[ √ ] Absolute density

MARK or CAPTURE software can be used to estimate absolute density. This can be compared over time to monitor trends.

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then

the GPS locations of the mist net where a certain species was captured can

be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species BIRDS RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS

Strengths Weaknesses

• Less reliant on the ability of • Mist nets often require a the observer to identify birds license from a scientific quickly from a distance or by authority and special call as individuals are permission to use. Please refer captured, allowing photos to to local wildlife authorities for be taken for later more information identification if necessary • Requires a high level of skill to

• Ability to capture forest ensure that birds are captured canopy or ground dwelling and handled safely species that are rarely 48

• Time consuming as the net recorded using methods that must be manned constantly MAMMALS rely on seeing or hearing the whilst it is open birds present These data collected can be used to • Mist nets are relatively estimate population size expensive

• The data collected can be used • This is not a reliable method to estimate population size for surveying aerial birds

Table 7. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of birds RECOMMENDED METHODS

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of expertise Suitability for Suitability for species habitat type produced sampling Effort required rapid assessment long term group monitoring

Species All species Wide variety of Species inventory, N/A Ability to identify Highly Suitable inventory habitats absolute density species sighted suitable from a distance or by sound MacKinnon All species Wide variety of Species inventory, At least 15 lists Ability to identify Highly Suitable

List habitats relative abundance per habitat species sighted suitable from a distance or by sound Line transect Mobile , Habitats with Species inventory, At least 40 Ability to identify Suitable Highly sampling conspicuous consistent, easy absolute density sightings of a species sighted suitable birds terrain, each single species from a distance or transect should though 60-80 by sound, ability to be confined to a gives better estimate distance, single habitat precision ability to use type distance software

BIRDS

50 50 BIRDS

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of expertise Suitability for Suitability for species habitat type produced sampling Effort required rapid assessment long term group monitoring

Point transect Cryptic, Wide variety Species inventory, 50 points per Ability to identify Suitable Highly sampling skulking birds of habitats, but Relative abundance habitat, or 80- species sighted suitable most effective in 100 encounters from a distance or dense habitats per species by sound, or by such as forest sound, ability to estimate distance, ability to use distance software RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS Mist netting Small, elusive, Wide variety of Relative 7,200 net hours Ability to identify Not suitable Highly bird species habitats abundance, per habitat species based on suitable absolute density, morphology, license breeding condition to use mist net from scientific

RECOMMENDED METHODS 51 RECOMMENDED METHODS

References

Bibby C, Jones M & S Marsden. 1998. Field Expedition technique: Birds. Royal Geographic Society. London.

Sinclair, I. and Ryan, P. 2003. Birds of Africa south of the Sahara. Struik, Cape Town.

Borrow, N. and Demey, R. 2004. Birds of Western Africa. Helm Field Guides.

Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd, London. BIRDS

Gibbons DW & RD Gregory. 2006. Birds in Ecological Cencus Technique. Shutterland, Ed. Cambridge University Press. New York.

Lee DC & S Marsden. 2008. Adjusting sound period strategies to improve the accuracy of forest bird abundance estimates from pont transect distance sampling survey. Ibis: 1-11

MAMMALS

52 MAMMALS

52 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

1. Visual Encounter Surveys with timed searches

Equipment • Torches • Field guide for species identification (see references) • GPS

• Sound recorder (if available)

• Data sheets, clipboard and pencil RECOMMENDED METHODS

Description of Protocol The observer is free to search any environment or structure that may provide suitable habitats for amphibians or reptiles, such as streams, pools of standing water, holes or

LES underneath decaying logs or large stones. For each species observed and heard the name of the species, time observed, number of individuals and the type of habitat where it was found should be recorded. Care should be taken not to record the same REPTI &

AMPHIBIANS individual twice. If individuals are captured in order to identify them, they should be

released as soon as possible at the same site. Although searches do not need to be confined to a specific area, the length of time spent searching a particular site should be standardised (number of person hours) if the aim is to compare the relative abundance of a certain species between sites or over time. Searches can be carried out during the day or night, depending on when the species targeted are most active.

52 Data produced and method of analysis

MAMMALS [ √ ] Species inventory and richness Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species richness) that are likely to be identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded after each search against sampling effort (person hours). The point where the curve plateaus is the species richness for that habitat.

[ √ ] Relative abundance Relative abundance species in certain habitat can be produce by dividing species encounter rate by total of effort.

RECOMMENDED METHODS 53 RECOMMENDED METHODS

[ X ] Absolute density

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution The GPS locations where a certain species was recorded can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species.

Strengths Weaknesses

• A rapid, effective and cheap • Fossorial and canopy species

way of surveying a large area are rarely detected using this method • Requires little equipment

2. Line Transects with Visual Encounter Surveys LES Equipment • Torches REPTI & AMPHIBIANS • Field guide for species identification (see references) • GPS • Sound recorder (if available) • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

53 Description of Protocol Identify the site to be surveyed and mark the transect, ideally during the day, using a MAMMALS rope marked every 10m by flags labelled with consecutive numbers. It is recommended that transects are at least 200m in length. The area, 20m either site of transect, is slowly and systematically searched. The amount of time spent searching each transect should be limited (for example to 1 hour) in order to standardize sampling effort. If the transect follows a stream or river, at least one observer should walk in the river, with another observer on each bank. For each frog, lizard or snake observed record the species name, the number of the closest transect marker, the distance of the individual from the transect line (water edge) and the substrate it was found on (for example, on rock, on leaf or shrub, etc.).

54 MAMMALS

54 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species inventory and richness Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species richness) that are likely to be identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded after each transect against sampling effort (length of transects, number of man hours spent searching or number of transects). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species richness for that habitat.

RECOMMENDED METHODS [ √ ] Relative abundance The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be produce by dividing the encounter rate of a particular species by total sampling effort.

[ √ ] Absolute density LES Distance software can be used to estimate absolute population density. This can be compared over time to monitor trends if surveys of the same habitat REPTI

& are repeated and sampling effort is kept constant. AMPHIBIANS

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then

the GPS locations where a certain species was recorded can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species.

Strengths Weaknesses MAMMALS

• A cheap, simple and easy • This method may not be method to assess a large area suitable to cover the whole range of amphibian and reptile

habitats

• Very active species may not be

recorded

RECOMMENDED METHODS 55 RECOMMENDED METHODS 3. Quadrat/Patch Sampling

Equipment • Field guide for species identification (see references) • GPS • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil.

Description of Protocol Quadrats should be laid out either at regular intervals

along a transect or randomly within the study site, ideally using brightly coloured rope so that the boundaries are highly visible. 10m x 10m is considered to be a practical size of quadrat to position and search for amphibians and reptiles in tropical forests. The lack of leaf litter and placement of palm fronds make this method impractical for surveying oil palm monoculture. Quadrats should be searched systematically from the edges inwards by removing the leaf litter and turning over

logs and stones. For every amphibian or reptile encountered, the species name and LES the habitat it was found on (e.g. under dead leaves, on log etc) should be recorded. For each quadrat surveyed, the slope, % canopy cover, % leaf litter cover, % REPTI &

herbaceous plants, diameter of trees > 10cm, and the presence of dead logs and AMPHIBIANS climbers should be recorded. Ideally, 25-30 quadrats should be searched in each habitat type.

Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species inventory and richness

55 Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to

determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species MAMMALS richness) that are likely to be identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded after each quadrat against sampling effort (number of quadrat). The point where the curve plateaus is the species richness for that habitat.

[ √ ] Relative abundance

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be produce by dividing the encounter rate for a particular species by the total sampling effort.

[ √ ] Absolute density

Absolute density can be estimated by dividing the number of individual of a certain species by the total size of quadrat.

56 MAMMALS

56 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS [ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

The species inventory from each location sampled can be used to infer habitat use. Data can be analysed using Presence software to estimate percentage of habitat use. For further information, please see the guidance on data analysis for the patch occupancy method in the section on medium-large mammals.

Strengths Weaknesses

• Very effective for detecting • Labour intensive Very active

leaf litter species species may not be recorded RECOMMENDED METHODS • Only suitable for leaf litter species

LES

REPTI & AMPHIBIANS

MAMMALS

Table 8. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of Reptiles and Amphibians RECOMMENDED METHODS

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of Suitability for Suitability for species habitat type produced sampling Effort expertise rapid assessment long term group required monitoring

Visual All terrestrial Terrestrial, Species A two hour Ability to Suitable Suitable Encounter amphibians riparian, inventory and search per day identify Surveys (with and reptiles ponds, forest richness, for 4-6 days in species time search) relative each habitat abundance type Line transect All terrestrial Terrestrial, Absolute 15-20 transects Ability to Highly suitable Highly

with VES amphibians riparian, density in each habitat identify suitable and reptiles ponds, forest type species except canopy species Quadrat/ Litter frogs and Leaf litter on Species list and 25-30 quadrats Ability to Not suitable Suitable Patch reptiles forest floors richness, in each habitat identify sampling absolute type fossorial density species

AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES

58 MAMMALS

58 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS Reference

Bennet D. 1999. Expedition field techniques: Reptiles and amphibian. Royal Geographic Society. London.

Crump, M.A. and N.J. Scott Jr., 1994. Visual Encounter Surveys. In: Heyer, W.R., M.A. Donnelly, R.W. McDiarmid, L.C. Hayek and M.S. Foster (Eds). Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for amphibians. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington

Halliday T. 2006. Amphibian in Ecological Census Method. Shutterland, Ed.

Cambridge University Press. New York. RECOMMENDED METHODS

Channing, A. 2001. Amphibians of Central and Southern Africa (Comstock books). Cornell University Press, New York.

LES Frétey, T., Dewynter, M. and Blanc, C.P. 2012. Amphibiens d'Afrique centrale et d'Angola. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

REPTI & AMPHIBIANS

Amiet, J.-L. 2012. Les Rainettes du Cameroun (Amphibiens Anoures). Chimaira Edition, Germany.

Chirio, L. and LeBreton, M. 2011. Atlas des Reptiles du Cameroun. IRD Institut RE, Montpellier.

MAMMALS

RECOMMENDED METHODS 59 RECOMMENDED METHODS FISH

1. Live Capture

Equipment • Appropriate nets or traps (see table 9) • Field guide for species identification (see references) • GPS • Water bucket

• Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of Protocol Live capture is the most common method used for surveying fish biodiversity. If the purpose of the assessment is to produce a species inventory then a variety of different nets and traps should be used in order to effectively survey the range of habitats present. The most appropriate tool to use in each location depends on the characteristics of the body of water being surveyed. The best nets and traps to use may be those being used by the local fisherman in the area.

If the purpose of the survey is to compare the species richness of different habitats or monitor changes in relative abundance over time it is essential to standardise the survey effort with each tool in each sampling location (the number of nets, the length of time they were active for).

FISH 59

MAMMALS

60 MAMMALS

60 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS

Table 9. Summary of nets and traps that can be used to assess and monitor fish

Name of Characteristics of Protocol net/ trap water bodies suitable for surveying

Scoop nets Vegetated habitats along Use the net to disturb vegetation and rocks. the edges of streams and Scoop up the water in the area disturbed and rivers, rocky and muddy transfer any fish captured to a bucket for substrates on the bottom identification.

of streams RECOMMENDED METHODS Cast nets Large fast flowing rivers These nets are pyramid shaped and operated by throwing them into open areas of water. Gill nets Relatively large, deep The gill net is deployed by attaching one side to a bodies of water with slow fixed point, stretching it out across the body of currents water that will be surveyed, and then securing it to another fixed point. The buoys should be at the top of the net and the lead weights on the bottom. The weight can be varied to adjust the vertical position of the net in the water. The nets should be checked on a regular basis (every few hours or overnight) to prevent fish from becoming entangled and dying.

Locally made traps Standing pools of water, Traps should be baited (oil palm is a suitable bait),

swampy areas and secured and left overnight. If used in streams, the FISH relatively small but deep opening of the trap should face upstream 60 streams

MAMMALS Data produced and method of analysis

[ √ ] Species inventory and richness Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded against sampling effort (e.g. number of man hours spent sampling or length of time a net or trap was left in place). The point where the curve plateaus is the species richness for that habitat.

[ √ ] Relative abundance The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be estimated by dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort in that habitat type.

RECOMMENDED METHODS 61 RECOMMENDED METHODS

[ X ] Absolute density

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present and then the GPS locations where a certain species was captured can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species.

Name of net/Trap Strengths Weaknesses

Scoop nets Cheap & easy Efficiency and selectivity of this method is unknown Cast nets Highly portable Requires skill to use effectively, not suitable for water bodies with lots of debris or natural obstructions Gill nets Relatively cheap; very Effective only for lake and selective as the size of the river with little current and mesh determines the body the species very mobile size of fish that it will capture

Locally made traps Cheap & easy Efficiency and selectivity of this method is unknown FISH 61

MAMMALS

62 62 FISH

Table 10. Summary of equipment used for rapid assessment and monitoring of fish RECOMMENDED Equipment Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of Suitability for Suitability for species habitat type produced sampling Effort expertise rapid assessment long term group required monitoring Scoop net Small fish Shallow Species inventory, 10 scoops per Ability to water relative abundance site sampled identify species Cast net All species Deep water Species inventory, 10 casts of the Ability to METHODS with lack relative abundance net per site identify

natural sampled species Suitable, Suitable, obstruction on however a RECOMMENDED METHODS however the RECOMMENDED METHODS the bottom range of different equipment equipment should Gill net Mobile fish Deep water, Species inventory, 1 day per site Ability to best suited to be used to survey calm or slow relative abundance sampled identify capturing the the moving species focal species full range of or species group Seine net Demersal or Shallow water Species inventory, 10 scoops per Ability to habitats present should be used pelagic fish with lack of relative abundance site sampled identify

natural species obstruction Electro fishing All species All type of Species inventory, 1 hour per site Ability to shallow water relative abundance sampled identify species

RECOMMENDED METHODS 63 RECOMMENDED METHODS

References

Coad W. 1998. Expedition Field Techniques: Fishes. Royal Geographic Society. London.

Cote IM and MR Perrow. 2006. Fish, in Ecological Census Method. Shutterland, Ed. Cambridge University Press. New York.

Paugy, D., Leveque, C. and Teugels, G.G. 2003. Poissons d'eaux Douces et

Saumatres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of West Africa. IRD Institut RE, Montpellier.

FISH 63

MAMMALS

64 64 MAMMALS

64 RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS

VEGETATION

1. Quadrat Method

Equipment • Tape measure (>20 m) • GPS • Rope to mark out quadrats • Range finder (optional)

• Chalk (for marking trees)

• Data sheets, clipboard and pencil. RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS

Description of Protocol Quadrats can either be positioned randomly within the target habitat or regularly along a transect. Alternately between placing the quadrat on the left and right hand side of the transect is an effective way of distributing the quadrats. The size of the quadrats sampled depends on the type of vegetation being assessed. Appropriate sizes are 20m x 20m for trees (>20cm dbh), 10m x 10m for poles (>10cm dbh), 5m x 5m for saplings (>1 m high and <10cm dbh) and 1m x 1m for seedlings (<1 m high). Density is measured by counting the number of individuals within each vegetation category that fall within the quadrat. For every adult tree and pole present, record the species name, the diameter at breast height (dbh) and the height. For saplings and seedlings it is only necessary to record the species name and height. A process for determining whether trees that fall on the edge of the quadrat should be counted must be decided before sampling begins. 64

Data produced and method of analysis MAMMALS Different formulas should be used to obtain different types of data:

# individual of a Species Relative Density = X 100 Total # of individual (all species)

Number of tree Total Density = VEGETATION Sampling area

Relative density of a species × Density (all species) Species Density = 100

Dominance = Density of a species × Average Basal Area For species

RECOMMENDED METHODS 65 RECOMMENDED METHODS

Dominance Relative Dominance = X 100 Total dominance of all species

Number of plot at which species occurs Frequency = Number all plot X 100

Strengths Weaknesses

• Relatively easy methodology • Labour intensive

• Difficult to carry out in areas with rough terrain

2. Distance Methods (Plot-less)

Equipment • Tape measure (>20m) • GPS • Range finder (optional) • Chalk (for marking trees) • Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

A. Point centered quarter method

Points within the habitat being sampled are selected either randomly or MAMMALS systematically, for example at regular intervals along a transect. Divide the area

around each point into four quadrats. This can be done by drawing a perpendicular line to the transect, or using a compass bearing. In each quadrat, measure the distance to the nearest tree. For each tree, record the species name, diameter at breast height (dbh) and height.

B. Nearest individual method VEGETATION This is a simplified version of the point centered quarter method which involves measuring the nearest tree to the sampling point, without dividing the are

66 66 MAMMALS

66 RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS Data produced and analysis Different formulas should be used to obtain different types of data:

# individual of a Species Relative Density = X 100 Total # of individual (all species)

1 Total Density = (Mean point - to – plant distance) 2

Relative density of a species × Density (all spec ies) Species Density =

100

RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS Density of a species × Average Basal Area for species Dominance =

Relative Dominance Dominance X 100 = Total dominance of all speci es

Number of plot at which species occurs Frequency = Number all plot X 100

Strengths Weaknesses

• Less time consuming and • Not suitable for habitats with

labour intensive than quadrats sparse vegetation 66

• Suitable for rapid assessments • Not possible to combine MAMMALS of large areas surveys of different growth

stages e.g. Trees, saplings etc

VEGETATION

Table 11. Summary of methods used for rapid assessments and monitoring of vegetation RECOMMENDED METHODS

Method Vegetation Target Minimum Type of data Type of Suitability for Suitability for variable habitat type sampling effort produced expertise rapid assessment long term required monitoring Quadrat Tree density, Forest in Quadrats Absolute Species Suitable Highly method species general should ideally density, identification suitable richness cover 10% of the species area of interest richness Distance Tree density Forest in 50 points minimum Absolute Species Suitable Suitable method general, but per habitat type density, identification (plotless) not suitable for species

open woodland richness

VEGETATION

68 68 MAMMALS

68 RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED

References

Bullocks JM. 2006. Plants, in Ecological Census Method. Shutterland, Ed. Cambridge University Press. New York.

Elzinga CL, Salzer DW, Wiloughby JW and JP Gibbs. 2001. Monitoring animal and METHODS plant population. Blackwell Science. Oxford.

Hill D, Fashaw M, Tucker G, Shewry M, and P. Shaw. 2005. Handbook of Biodiversity Method, Survey, Evaluation and Monitoring. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS

Newton AC. 2007. Forest Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. New York.

General References

Shutterlands WJ. 2006. Ecological Census Techniques: a Handbook. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

McCullough, J. (ed.). 2004. A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Forêt Classée du Pic de Fon, Simandou Range, Southeastern Republic of Guinea. Une Evaluation

Biologique Rapide de la Forêt Classée du Pic de Fon, Chaîne du Simandou, Guinée. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 35. Conservation International, Washington, DC. (http://www.conservation.org/Documents/RAP_Reports/RAP35_Simandou_Guin 68

ea_Nov-2002.pdf). MAMMALS Jennings, S., Nussbaum, R., Judd, N. and Evans, T. 2003. The High Conservation Value Forest Toolkit. Proforest, Oxford. (http://www.hcvnetwork.org/resources/global-hcv-toolkits).

VEGETATION

USEFUL LINKS/RESOURCES 69

RECOMMENDED METHODS

USEFUL LINKS/RESOURCES

Topic Website URL Description of RECOMMENDED METHODS information available Species http://www.cites.org/ Provides valuable information Conservation regarding species listed in CITES Status Appendix

http://www.iucn.org/ Provides valuable information regarding threatened status and

ecology of many species http://www.arkive.org/ Contains general information regarding many species worldwide http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.e Contains general information

du/ regarding many species world Mammals http://www.atrium-biodiversity.org/ Is a biodiversity information system designed to help manage and facilitate analysis of the large amounts of data generated including data from camera trap http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/ Provides valuable data on apes status, threats and conservation, using a mapping software http://www.bats.org.uk Official website of Bat Conservation Trust, contain some information 69

regarding bats MAMMALS http://www.iucnbsg.org/ Global network of bat specialists, contain useful information such as

publications and local groups 69 contacts

http://www.africanbats.org/ Contains extensive information on policy, current research and publications on bats in Africa Birds http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/spe Provides information regarding cies/ current birds conservation status worldwide including Africa http://www.africanbirdclub.org/ African birdwatcher group which provides information per countries such as checklist, photographs and bird sounds

70 70 MAMMALS

70 USEFUL LINKS/RESOURCES RECOMMENDED METHODS

Topic Website URL Description of information available Birds http://www.birdlist.org/waf/west_afri Provides valuable information ca.htm regarding species listed in CITES Appendix http://www.birdexplorers.com/afbid/ Database of bird photos for Africa classified by species and countries

Reptiles & https://www.amphibians.org/ Official website of the amphibian

Amphibians specialist group. Contains up to date

information regarding frog species RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS and their conservation worldwide. http://amphibiaweb.org/ Provides information on amphibian declines, natural history, conservation, and taxonomy

http://www.iucnbsg.org/ Official website of tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group. Contains up to date information regarding conservation status of tortoise and freshwater turtle of the world http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csl.html Contains extensive info about all the crocodilians species worldwide, hosted by the crcodile specialist 70 group

Fish http://www.freshwaterbiodiversity.eu Contains information regarding fresh MAMMALS /index.php/ water fish and their distribution http://www.fishbase.org Search engine regarding fish in general Methods of http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu Free software to analyze species data analysis richness and species diversity http://www.ruwpa.st- Distance website, good and free and.ac.uk/Research/DistanceSampling software to estimate density and / population wide range of species http://137.227.242.23/software/ Presence software official website

USEFUL LINKS/RESOURCES 71

RECOMMENDED METHODS

Topic Website URL Description of information available RECOMMENDED METHODS Methods of http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Publica Official website of Royal Geographic data tions/EAC+publications/Field+Techniq Society contain information analysis ue+Manualss.htm regarding survey technique for several taxa in Pdf http://warnercnr.colostate.edu/~gwhi Mark computer program’s website

te/mark/ HCV http://www.hcvnetwork.org/ HCV Resource Network Approach (international) – HCV Toolkit

MAMMALS 71

72 72 MAMMALS

72 ANNEX 1 RECOMMENDED METHODS CONTRIBUTORS

Name* Organisation

Adek Zoological Society of London, Indonesia

Dedi Zoological Society of London, Indonesia

Desman Alfajri Zoological Society of London, Indonesia

Hariyo T Wibisono Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program, Bogor RECOMMENDED METHODS RECOMMENDED METHODS

Haryono Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor

Hellen Kurniati Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor

Hidayat Ashari Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor

Keith Hamer Leeds University, UK

Maharadatunkamsi Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor

Matthew Struebig Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, UK

Oktawira Zoological Society of London, Indonesia

Rifo Hardian Zoological Society of London, Indonesia 72

Renny Kurnia Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor MAMMALS Rudiyanto Zoological Society of London, Indonesia

Sri Suci Utami Atmoko Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta

Surya Purnama Zoological Society of London, Indonesia

Sugeng Wahyudi Zoological Society of London, Indonesia

Syahrial Anhar Zoological Society of London, Indonesia

Wilson Novarino FMIPA Biologi Universitas Andalas, Padang

ANNEX 2 73 Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Aves Ardeidae Ardeola idae Madagascar Héron crabier EN - 0 0 Burundi; Comoros; Congo, The Democratic Republic of It nests in trees and bushes in or near to marshes, lakes or ponds (del Hoyo et al. 1992; Pond-heron blanc the; Kenya; Madagascar; Malawi; Mayotte; Mozambique; Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Réunion; Rwanda; Seychelles; Tanzania, United Republic of; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. Vagrant: Angola; Somalia; Yemen Aves Gruidae Balearica regulorum Grey Crowned- Grue royale EN - 0 0 Angola; Botswana; Burundi; Congo, The Democratic The species inhabits wetlands such as marshes, pans and dams with tall emergent crane Republic of the; Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Namibia; vegetation (Hockey et al. 2005), riverbanks (Meine and Archibald 1996), open riverine Rwanda; South Africa; Swaziland; Tanzania, United woodland, shallowly flooded plains (Urban et al. 1986) and temporary pools (del Hoyo et Republic of; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. Vagrant: Lesotho al. 1996) with adjacent grasslands, open savannas, croplands (del Hoyo et al. 1996) (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Meine and Archibald 1996), pastures, fallow fields and irrigated areas (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Aves Sylviidae Bradypterus graueri Grauer's Fauvette de EN - 0 0 Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Rwanda; It is found in a wide variety of montane marshes, usually dominated by grass or sedge Swamp-warbler Grauer Uganda (Chapin 1953, Vande Weghe 1983, Dowsett-Lemaire 1990, Mwambu 1999). Aves Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus prigoginei Itombwe Engoulevent de EN - 1 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is possible that the species is restricted to transitional (between lowland and Nightjar Prigogine montane) forest in which the type was found at 1,280 m (Louette 1990, Prigogine 1974). Aves Pycnonotidae Chlorocichla prigoginei Prigogine's Bulbul de EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the The species occurs in forest patches, thickets and gallery forest along the upper courses Greenbul Prigogine of rivers at intermediate elevations (1,300-1,800 m), where it inhabits the dense understorey. Aves Sylviidae Eremomela turneri Turner's Erémomèle de EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Kenya It is found in lowland and mid-altitude forest, mostly in the canopy of large trees Eremomela Turner (Prigogine 1958, Kosgey 1998) but also along streams, at forest edges and in mature trees remaining in cleared areas (Prigogine 1958). Aves Phasianidae Francolinus camerunensis Mount Francolin du Mont EN - 1 0 Cameroon It inhabits dense undergrowth in primary forest and clearings between 850-2,100 m. Cameroon Cameroun Francolin Aves Phasianidae Francolinus nahani Nahan's Francolin de EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Uganda It is found in lowland primary forest, preferring riverine or swampy areas (Dranzoa et al. Francolin Nahan 1999; McGowan 1994). Aves Accipitridae Gyps africanus White-backed Gyps africain, EN - 0 0 Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Primarily a lowland species of open wooded savanna, particularly areas of Acacia. Vulture Vautoir africain Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. Vagrant: Liberia Aves Accipitridae Gyps rueppellii Rueppell's Vautour de EN - 0 0 Algeria; Benin; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Central It frequents open areas of Acacia woodland, grassland and montane regions, and it is Vulture Rüppell African Republic; Chad; Côte d'Ivoire; Djibouti; Eritrea; gregarious, congregating at carrion, soaring together in flocks and breeding mainly in Ethiopia; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; colonies on cliff faces and escarpments at a broad range of elevations. Mali; Mauritania; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Somalia; South Sudan; Spain; Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Uganda. Vagrant: Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Egypt; Portugal; Sierra Leone; Zambia. Present: Saudi Arabia Aves Timaliidae Kupeornis gilberti White-throated Timalie à gorge EN - 0 0 Cameroon; Nigeria It appears to be dependent on primary montane forest with high rainfall, but has also Mountain- blanche been seen in mature secondary growth, including 10 m tall, scrubby but mossy Maesa babbler forest on the southern slopes of Mt Manenguba (Dowsett-Lemaire and Dowsett 1999c), Aves Ploceidae Malimbus ballmanni Gola Malimbe Malimbe de Gola EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone It is found in lowland primary forest, lightly logged high forest and very old secondary forest between 4-20 m (H. Rainey in litt. 2007), where it forages for insects (Gatter and Gardner 1993). Aves Accipitridae Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded Vulture Percnoptère brun EN - 0 0 Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; The species is often associated with human settlements, but is also found in open Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo, The grassland, forest edge, wooded savanna, desert and along coasts (Ferguson-Lees and Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Djibouti; Christie 2001). Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Liberia; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. Vagrant: Morocco

Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Aves Accipitridae Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vautour EN - 0 0 Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Angola; Armenia; Typically nests on ledges or in caves on cliffs(Sarà and Di Vittorio 2003), crags and rocky Vulture percnoptère Azerbaijan; Benin; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; outcrops, but occasionally also in large trees, buildings (mainly in India), electricity Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Central African pylons (Naoroji 2006) and exceptionally on the ground (Gangoso and Palacios 2005). Republic; Chad; China; Côte d'Ivoire; Croatia; Cyprus; Djibouti; Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; France; Gambia; Georgia; Ghana; Gibraltar; Greece; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon; Libya; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mali; Malta; Mauritania; Moldova; Montenegro; Morocco; Namibia; Nepal; Niger; Nigeria; Oman; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia; Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan; Spain; Spain; Sudan; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; United States; Uzbekistan; Western Sahara; Yemen; Zimbabwe. Vagrant: Austria; Bangladesh; Belgium; Botswana; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Hungary; Lesotho; Mongolia; Mozambique; Myanmar; Norway; Poland; Qatar; Russian Federation; Slovakia; Slovenia; Sri Lanka; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom Aves Tytonidae Phodilus prigoginei Congo Bay-owl Phodile de EN II 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the The record in 1951 was at 2,430 m, in a grass clearing. Prigogine Aves Pycnonotidae Phyllastrephus leucolepis Liberian Bulbul ictérin CR - 0 0 Liberia This is a rainforest species found in the transition zone between evergreen and semi- Greenbul tacheté deciduous forest, where it joins mixed-species flocks and forages on branches near trunks 4-8 m above ground. Aves Platysteiridae Platysteira laticincta Banded Wattle- - EN - 1 0 Cameroon It is found in montane forest, dominated by species such as Podocarpus, Schefflera and eye Prunus, where it inhabits thick forest understorey and seems to favour streams or dry stream courses (McKay 1994, McKay and Coulthard 1996). Aves Ploceidae Ploceus aureonucha Golden-naped Tisserin à nuque EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the. Present: Uganda It is found in the canopy of lowland rainforest, with most records coming from dense Weaver d'or primary forest, though it has been recorded from forest edge and old secondary growth with many tall trees remaining. Aves Ploceidae Ploceus batesi Bates's Weaver Tisserin de Bates EN - 0 0 Cameroon It occurs in lowland rainforest, although all recent records come from secondary forest and forest edge, particularly degraded forest around villages (R. Fotso in litt. 1999, F. Dowsett-Lemaire in litt. 1999, 2000). Aves Musophagidae Tauraco bannermani Bannerman's Touraco de EN II 1 0 Cameroon It is an arboreal frugivore of montane forest (McKay 1994). Turaco Bannerman Aves Malaconotidae Telophorus kupeensis Mount Kupe Gladiateur du EN - 0 0 Cameroon It is found in primary forest and, on Mt Kupe, has only been observed in areas where the Bush-shrike Mont Kupé understorey is relatively open. Aves Turdidae Zoothera guttata Spotted Grive terrestre de EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Kenya; Malawi; It occurs in deep shade in a variety of forest types with deep leaf-litter, from dry Ground-thrush Fischer Mozambique; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Tanzania, Cynometra thicket in Arabuko-Sokoke at sea-level (non-breeding birds) to moist United Republic of evergreen forest at 1,200-1,700 m in Malawi (Dowsett-Lemaire and Dowsett 1988). Reptilia Gekkonidae Cnemaspis occidentalis Western Gecko - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone This gecko is confined to high relief, rocky areas of dense humid forest (Trape et al. 2012). It occurs on cliffs, in caves, and among scree, where it is found during the day on rocks and tree trunks (Trape et al. 2012). Reptilia Dermochelydae Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Tortue Luth CR - 0 0 The Leatherback turtle has a worldwide distribution Nest on sandy beaches. The juveniles may remain in tropical waters warmer than 26°C, except Israel near the coast, until they exceed 100 cm in curved carapace length. When adults, they are pelagic and live in open ocean, sometimes in temperatures below 10°C. Reptilia Scincidae Leptosiaphos pauliani Five-toed Skink - EN - 1 0 Cameroon This species is found in dense humid grasslands and montane forest patches.

Amphibia Hyperoliidae Afrixalus lacteus - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives in montane forest (including secondary forest and forest edges), and raffia palm swamps, and is often associated with streams in which it breeds (which is unusual for a species in this genus). Amphibia Hyperoliidae Alexteroon jynx - - CR - 0 0 Cameroon It is associated with narrow streams in forests, over which there is a continuous canopy.

Amphibia Bufonidae Amietophrynus djohongensis - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives in gallery forests in a landscape of montane grassland and wooded savannah, and has been found breeding in streams. Amphibia Bufonidae Amietophrynus villiersi - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives along fast-flowing streams in montane grassland, sometimes with forest strips, and hides in holes during the day. It breeds in slow-flowing streams bordered with trees. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Amphibia Hyperoliidae Arlequinus krebsi - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It has been found in dense forest where the eggs are placed above small pools with stagnant or slowly flowing water, and the larvae develop in these pools. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis krokosua Krokosua - EN - 0 0 Ghana The larger Krokosua Hills area is part of the northwest subtype of moist semi-deciduous Squeaking Frog forest, but the slopes where this species is found are moist uphill evergreen forest, with a thick leaf litter on a granitic outcrop (R. Ernst pers. comm. July 2010). Amphibia Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis perreti Perret's - EN - 1 0 Cameroon Perret's Squeaker Frog is a species of montane forest, where it is active during the day in Squeaker Frog moist leaf litter (Blackburn et al. 2009). Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus fallax - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives and breeds in and near rivers and slow-flowing streams in lowland and hilly closed-canopy forest. Males call from among dead leaves on the banks close to water. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus laurenti - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives and breeds in and near slow-flowing rivers and streams in lowland and hilly forest in regions of high rainfall. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus nganhanus - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is found along watercourses in a few narrow gallery forests, and in seepage areas in nearby grassland. Tadpoles, almost certainly of this species, have been found in rock pools in streams. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus perreti - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives in or near flowing water in lower montane and submontane forest, often in very steep, precipitous areas close to torrents. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus ranoides - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives in grassy marshes, around lakes, and along streams and watercourses in montane forest, montane shrubland, and montane grassland. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus schioetzi - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives in and near flowing water in lowland forest, and can survive in tall, secondary forest. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa alsco - - CR - 0 0 Cameroon, Nigeria It lives in montane gallery forest, and is associated with streams, in which it presumably breeds by larval development. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa melanogaster - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives in submontane and montane areas in forest and in dense secondary growth. Males call from shady situations along streams. It is a stream-breeding species. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa oreas - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon It lives in montane forest, often in bamboo forest, and in degraded habitats with trees.

Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa pulchra - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon, Nigeria It lives in submontane and montane forest along fast-flowing streams and also at high elevations along forest edges. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa schioetzi - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon, Nigeria It lives in and around relict patches of montane forest, which are now fragmented, and also in secondary vegetation in which no trees remain. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa trifasciata - - CR - 0 0 Cameroon It has been found in and around a small stream running through dense secondary bush and montane forest; it has not been recorded from primary forest, although it might well occur there. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa venusta - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives in submontane forests near fast-flowing streams in hilly country with high rainfall. Amphibia Conrauidae Conraua derooi Togo Slippery - CR - 0 1 Ghana, Togo It is a forest-dependent species living in or near fast-flowing water. Frog Amphibia Conrauidae Conraua goliath Giant Slippery - EN - 0 0 Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea It lives in or near fast-flowing rivers and streams in rainforest, preferring warmer, slower Frog rivers than Conraua robusta, though faster rivers than C. crassipes. It can survive in secondary habitats close to rivers, as well as in forest, but not in very heavily degraded areas (farm bush). Amphibia Bufonidae Didynamipus sjostedti Four-digit toad - EN - 0 0 Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria It lives on forest edges and in clearings in moist forest from the lowlands to the submontane zone. Amphibia Ranidae Hylarana asperrima - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon, Nigeria This is a forest species known from hilly country in the foothills of the Cameroonian mountains, and it does not survive in degraded habitats. Amphibia Ranidae Hylarana occidentalis - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia It inhabits lowland forest, and is known only from undisturbed primary forest.

Amphibia Hyperoliidae Hyperolius bobirensis Bobiri Reed - EN - 0 0 Ghana It is confined to lowland forest, where it is associated with temporary, stagnant pools in Frog which it breeds. Amphibia Hyperoliidae Hyperolius dintelmanni - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon All specimens have been found on the outer margins of patches of primary forest.

Amphibia Hyperoliidae Hyperolius leleupi - - EN - 0 0 DRC It is a species of high-altitude bamboo forests.

Amphibia Hyperoliidae Hyperolius leucotaenius - - EN - 0 0 DRC It is a species of transition forests, and its adaptability to altered habitats is not known.

Amphibia Hyperoliidae Hyperolius torrentis Ukami Reed - EN - 1 0 Ghana, Togo It is a forest species that is restricted to an area where forest is severely degraded Frog (though it does not occur in degraded habitats outside forest). Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo axillaris - - CR - 0 0 Cameroon The species lives in bamboo forest and, in the rainy season, grazed montane grasslands n where it hides under rocks in seepage areas. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo erythrogaster - - CR - 0 0 Cameroon It is found in submontane and lower montane forest, around springs and streams, living n in holes, humus, gravel, root masses and dense undergrowth. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo mertensi Mertens' Egg - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives in dense undergrowth in montane and lower montane forest, and in the dense n Frog herbage of Raffia Palm beds along streams. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo ornatus - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon This is not a true montane species, but occurs at low and medium altitudes in hilly areas, n usually near mountains, in areas of high rainfall. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo perreti - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon This is mainly a species of the montane zone, but it also occurs in smaller numbers in the n submontane zone down to 1,200m asl. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo stevarti - - EN - 0 0 Equatorial Guinea, Gabon It has been found only in primary forest under rocks along streams in deep, narrow n valleys. Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo wildi - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives in montane forest, often close to small streams. n Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptopelis karissimbensis - - EN - 0 0 DRC, Rwanda, Uganda It is known from montane meadows in steep forest on volcanic soils, and also from highland savannahs and heathland. Amphibia Bufonidae Nimbaphrynoid liberiensis - - CR I 0 0 Liberia It is apparently a species of forest and forest edge close to savannah. es Amphibia Petropedetidae Petropedetes palmipes - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon It lives in rocky areas in lowland forest, usually near flowing water, and cannot survive significant modification of its forest habitat. Amphibia Petropedetidae Petropedetes perreti - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It is found in submontane forest, including secondary growth, where it characteristically sits on rocks in the middle of fast-flowing streams, or on vegetation near the streams. Amphibia Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachu annulatus Ringed River - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia All specimens have been found in primary forest close to inselbergs in leaf-litter. s Frog Amphibia Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachu chukuchuku Spiny Puddle - CR - 0 0 Cameroon This species occurs in highland grasslands near the summit of Mount Oku. s Frog Amphibia Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachu ghanensis - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana It is usually found on the floor of swampy primary rainforest, but it has also been found s at the edge of small temporary pools in bamboo forest and close to forest edge. Amphibia Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachu intermedius - - CR - 0 0 Ghana This species is known to occur in swampy areas within primary rainforests (Rödel et al. s 2009). Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria bambutensis - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It is found on flat rocks in fast-flowing streams at high elevations, typically in montane forest patches. Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria iboundji - - CR - 0 0 Gabon This species is known only from among rocks at the edge of a plunge pool at the base of a large waterfall in lowland forest. Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria mertensiana - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It is associated with rocks in streams and waterfalls in forest and degraded secondary habitats at the lower limit of the submontane zone, although it has also been found in leaf-litter away from water. Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria preussi - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon t is associated with rocky streams and waterfalls in submontane forest and degraded secondary habitats. Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria submontana - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon On Mount Kupe, this species was found in a transition zone between good quality secondary forest and undisturbed primary forest. Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria tandyi - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon It lives on the verges of fast-flowing streams in submontane forest and degraded secondary habitats, where several individuals may cluster together on rocks in the splash zone. Amphibia Bufonidae Wolterstorffina chirioi - - CR - 0 0 Cameroon It lives in Afro-Alpine vegetation and grassland at the summit of Mount Oku.

Amphibia Bufonidae Wolterstorffina mirei - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon This is a species of montane grassland that retreats to areas near streams and small watercourses in bamboo forest in the dry season. Amphibia Pipidae Xenopus itombwensis Itombwe Massif - CR - 0 0 DRC This species was observed in standing water associated with mineral extraction in a Clawed Frog region that was surrounded by mature forest and mixed use agricultural areas (Evans et al. 2008). Amphibia Pipidae Xenopus longipes Lake Oku - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is entirely water-dependent, quite inept on land, and is the main aquatic Clawed Frog vertebrate in the lake, filling the ecological niche of a fish. Insecta Calopterygidae Umma mesumbei - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon The species occupies clear forest streams in pristine forest.

Insecta Calopterygidae Sapho puella - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon; Nigeria Rainforest streams.

Insecta Libellulidae Neodythemis takamandensis - - CR - 0 0 Cameroon Known from rainforest but the water type is unknown. Probably occurs in streams.

Insecta Megapodagrionidae Nesolestes nigeriensis - - CR - 0 0 Cameroon; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Rainforest, probably in streams. Nigeria Insecta Platycnemididae Mesocnemis tisi Liberian - EN - 0 0 Liberia Rainforest rivers, preferring shaded sections unlike the sympatric M. singularis, which Riverjack perches in the sun. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Insecta Protoneuridae Chlorocnemis sp. nov. A - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon; Nigeria Small streams in montane rainforest.

Crustacea Potamonautidae Globonautes macropus Tree Hole Crab - EN - 0 1 Guinea; Liberia The tree hole crab inhabits water-filled holes in trees in closed canopy rainforest in the Upper Guinea forest of West Africa. Crustacea Potamonautidae Liberonautes grandbassa Grandbassa - CR - 1 1 Liberia Found in a small stream (Weeni Creek) in the rainforests of central Liberia. River Crab Crustacea Potamonautidae Liberonautes lugbe Lugbe River - CR - 1 1 Liberia The specimens were captured in rainforest in Liberia by hand when the crabs were Crab walking on land close to a stream. Crustacea Potamonautidae Liberonautes nanoides Dwarf River - EN - 1 1 Liberia Populations of L. nanoides are found only in the rocky parts of the fast-flowing waters of Crab the St. Paul river, which during the rainy season was up to 100 m wide and 1-3 m deep at the collecting station. Crustacea Potamonautidae Liberonautes rubigimanus Lobster Claw - EN - 0 1 Guinea; Liberia Liberonautes rubigimanus is found in fast-flowing mountain streams in Liberia (Mount Crab Gibi) and Guinea (Mount Nimba), and at lower elevations in forest streams in Grand Gedah County, Liberia. Crustacea Potamonautidae Louisea balssi - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon Unknown.

Crustacea Potamonautidae Louisea edeaensis - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon Unknown.

Crustacea Alpheidae Potamalpheops haugi - - EN - 0 0 Gabon; Nigeria In Nigeria, the species is known to inhabit pure freshwater in larger rivers, where it lives between roots of fallen trees and other submerged vegetation. Crustacea Potamonautidae Potamonautes gonocristatus - - EN - 1 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Uganda This is a lake-living species.

Crustacea Potamonautidae Potamonautes idjiwiensis - - EN - 1 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Unknown.

Gastropoda Paludomidae Bathanalia howesi - - EN - 1 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Tanzania, United This species is documented to thrive from approx. 45 meters - 200 meters. Republic of; Zambia Gastropoda Viviparidae Bellamya contracta - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is found in streams.

Gastropoda Viviparidae Bellamya crawshayi - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia It is known from Lake Mweru, and sand and mud substrate.

Gastropoda Viviparidae Bellamya liberiana - - CR - 0 1 Liberia B. liberiana has been recorded on rocks in St. Paul's River, otherwise unknown.

Gastropoda Viviparidae Bellamya mweruensis - - CR - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia It is found in Lake Mweru. Juveniles live buried in sediment.

Gastropoda Viviparidae Bellamya pagodiformis - - CR - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia It is found in Lake Mweru. Juveniles live buried in sediment.

Gastropoda Planorbidae Biomphalaria tchadiensis - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon; Chad; Nigeria This species probably acts as a host for Schistosomiasis.

Gastropoda Planorbidae Bulinus camerunensis - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon This species is known only from crater lakes, occurring down to 1 m depth (Brown 1994).

Gastropoda Paludomidae Cleopatra mweruensis - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia The species occurs throughout the lake; it is not restricted to the margins of the lake.

Gastropoda Paludomidae Cleopatra pilula - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species has been collected from open water rivers and standing waters.

Gastropoda Bithyniidae Funduella incisa - - EN - 0 1 Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is only known from small streams and headwaters within the Congo basin (Mandahl- Barth 1982, Brown 1994), with records from upper and lower tributaries, but not the main river. Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella candida - - CR - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Uganda No information available.

Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella depressa - - CR - 1 1 Cameroon This species can be found in rivers and lakes.

Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella matadina - - CR - 0 1 Possibly extinct: Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Only found within a water reservoir.

Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella neothaumaefor - - CR - 0 0 Cameroon; Chad This is a shore living species. mis Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella spiralis - - EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Likely to be found in water margins within aquatic vegetation.

Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella tchadiensis - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon; Chad This species is found in plant and debris material in Lake Chad and Lake Léré. Also in rivers. Gastropoda Paludomidae Hirthia littorina - - EN - 0 1 Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; It is confined to rocky substrates at moderate depths, 5-20 m. Tanzania, United Republic of; Zambia Gastropoda Hydrobiidae Hydrobia plena - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is found among rocks in swiftly flowing water at the Zaire rivers.

Gastropoda Hydrobiidae Hydrobia rheophila - - CR - 1 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is found among stones in swift current requiring highly oxygenated waters.

Gastropoda Hydrobiidae Hydrobia schoutedeni - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers, living on rocks with well oxygenated waters. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Gastropoda Ampullariidae Lanistes neritoides - - CR - 1 1 Congo It is apparently adapted for a life at or above the surface of rapidly flowing water.

Gastropoda Bithyniidae Liminitesta sulcata - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is apparently adapted to living on stones in rapidly flowing water (Brown 1994).

Gastropoda Thiaridae Melanoides agglutinans - - CR - 0 1 Possibly extinct: Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is found in crevices among rocks in swiftly flowing water.

Gastropoda Thiaridae Melanoides kinshassaensis - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers. It perhaps uses asexual reproduction (clonal lineages).

Gastropoda Thiaridae Melanoides wagenia - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species is recorded from tributary streams near Kisangani.

Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma angulata - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon It is found in streams.

Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma kadeii - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species occurs in rivers, on large stones in shaded areas with hard bottom.

Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma nyongensis - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon This species inhabits rivers. It is usually these species are found on hard bottoms.

Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma ponthiervillensis - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers.

Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma trochiformis - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon This species inhabits rivers. These snails need tree cover for suitable habitat.

Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma wansoni - - CR - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is found in swiftly flowing water (rapids).

Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma zenkeri - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon It is found in shaded rivers with hard bottoms with clear waters and gallery forest.

Gastropoda Paludomidae Pseudocleopatr bennikei - - EN - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Potentially this species can adapt to a range of water flows, from faster flowing waters a to slow rivers. Gastropoda Paludomidae Pseudocleopatr dartevellei - - CR - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers. a Gastropoda Assimneidae Pseudogibbula cara - - CR - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the No specific data on the ecology, but habitat is likely to be river.

Gastropoda Assimneidae Pseudogibbula duponti - - CR - 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers. Brown (1992) reported it from rocks at the edge of rapids, so species likes well oxygenated water. Gastropoda Planorbidae Segmentorbis excavatus - - CR - 1 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It inhabits rivers.

Gastropoda Assimneidae Septariellina congolensis - - CR - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers.

Gastropoda Assimneidae Valvatorbis mauritii - - CR - 0 1 Possibly extinct: Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers.

Actinopterygii Alestidae Alestopetersius nigropterus - - EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This is a pelagic species.

Actinopterygii Amphilidae Amphilius caudosignatus - - EN - 0 1 Gabon No information available.

Actinopterygii Amphilidae Amphilius korupi - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon Amphilius korupi occurs in small streams, shallow water among leaf litter.

Actinopterygii Amphilidae Amphilius lamani - - EN - 1 0 Cameroon; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of Amphilius lamani is a demersal species. the; Gabon Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion franzwerneri Goby Killi - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion franzwerneri is a benthopelagic, non-migratory; species.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion fulgens - - EN - 0 1 Gabon Aphyosemion (Diapteron) fulgens occurs in small, mostly swampy brooks in the rainforest (Wildekamp et al. 1986). Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion lugens - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion (Chromaphyosemion) lugens inhabits small forest streams.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion passaroi - - EN - 0 1 Gabon Aphyosemion passaroi is only known from small creeks.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion poliaki - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion (Chromaphyosemion) poliaki is found in small mountain brooks, usually among overhanging vegetation. Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion alpha - - EN - 0 1 Gabon A. alpha occurs in clear creeks under forest cover, usually over a sandy soil, in the coastal plain. Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion amoenum Red-finned Killi - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion amoenum is found in rainforest brooks along coastal plains.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion bamilekorum Bamileke Killi - EN - 1 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion bamilekorum This species is occurs in the border region of fast flowing brooks on the savannah highlands (Wildekamp et al. 1986). Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion bualanum - - EN - 1 0 Cameroon; Central African Republic; Nigeria This is a killfish that grows to a maximum length of 5 cm.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion tirbaki - - EN - 1 0 Gabon Aphyosemion tirbaki is found in brooks and small streams in rainforest.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion volcanum - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion (Chromaphyosemion) volcanum inhabits the swampy parts of brooks and small streams in the rain forest, mainly on volcanic soils (Wildekamp et al. 1986). Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion jeanpoli Jeanpol's Killi - EN - 0 0 Guinea; Liberia It is benthopelagic; non-migratory; pH range: 6.5 - 7.2.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus aliciae - - EN - 1 0 Guinea; Liberia This is a pelagic species fish.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus bawkuensis - - EN - 0 0 Burkina Faso; Ghana; Nigeria This is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus boboi - - CR - 1 0 Liberia This is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus bourdariei - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon Barbus bourdariei is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus carcharhinoides - - CR - 1 0 Liberia This is a pelagic species; Maximum size 8.1 cm SL

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus huguenyi - - EN - 0 0 Guinea; Liberia This is a benthopelagic fish.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus lauzannei - - EN - 0 0 Guinea; Liberia This is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus liberiensis carps - EN - 0 0 Liberia; Sierra Leone This is a benthopelagic species, potamodromous.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus melanotaenia - - CR - 0 0 Liberia This is a benthopelagic fish.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus nigroluteus - - EN - 0 1 Congo Barbus nigroluteus is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus stauchi - - EN - 0 0 Congo Barbus stauchi is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus subinensis - - EN - 1 0 Ghana This is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus thysi - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea This is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Benitochromis riomuniensis - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea This species is demersal.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Benitochromis conjunctus - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon This is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Benitochromis finleyi - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon This is a benthopelagic species with a pH range from 4.8 to 7.0 and a dH range from 1 to 7. Actinopterygii Cichlidae Benitochromis nigrodorsalis - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Benitochromis nigrodorsalis is a benthopelagic, non-migratory species with a pH range from 6.0 to 7.0 and a dH range from 3 to 10. Actinopterygii Cichlidae Benitochromis ufermanni - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelagic.

Actinopterygii Alestidae Brycinus bartoni - - EN - 1 0 Gabon This species is pelagic.

Actinopterygii Alestidae Brycinus jacksonii Victoria Robber - EN - 0 0 Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Found in shallow inshore areas of lakes and quiet parts of rivers. Tanzania, United Republic of; Uganda Actinopterygii Cichlidae Chromidotilapia linkei - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon No information available.

Actinopterygii Claroteidae Chrysichthys teugelsi - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Liberia This is a demersal fish of 15.0 cm SL maximum size.

Actinopterygii Claroteidae Chrysichthys walkeri - - EN - 0 0 Ghana This species occurs in brackish waters to the upper parts of rivers where there is pure freshwater. Actinopterygii Clariidae Clarias maclareni - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon Clarias maclareni is a demersal species.

Actinopterygii Epinephelidae Epinephelus itajara Atlantic Goliath Mérou Géant CR - 0 0 Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas; Found from inshore to about 100 m in reef, mangrove, seagrass, and estuarine habitats Grouper Barbados; Belize; Benin; Brazil; Cameroon; Cayman (Sadovy and Eklund 1999). Islands; Colombia; Congo; Costa Rica; Côte d'Ivoire; Cuba; Curaçao; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Equatorial Guinea; French Guiana; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Liberia; Mauritania; Mexico; Montserrat; Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao); Nicaragua; Nigeria; Panama; Puerto Rico; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Suriname; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; United States (Florida); United States Minor Outlying Islands; Venezuela; Virgin Islands, British; Virgin Islands, U.S. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Actinopterygii Epinephelidae Epinephelus marginatus Dusky Grouper Merou Brun EN - 0 0 Albania; Algeria; Angola (Angola); Benin; Brazil; E. marginatus inhabits rocky reefs from 8–300 m. Cameroon; Cape Verde; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Croatia; Cyprus; Egypt; Equatorial Guinea; France; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Gibraltar; Greece (East Aegean Is., Kriti); Guinea; Guinea- Bissau; Israel; Italy (Sardegna, Sicilia); Lebanon; Liberia; Libya; Malta; Mauritania; Monaco; Montenegro; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria; Portugal (Azores, Madeira); Senegal; Sierra Leone; Slovenia; South Africa; Spain (Baleares, Canary Is.); Syrian Arab Republic; Togo; Tunisia; Turkey; United Kingdom; Western Sahara Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Epiplatys coccinatus - - CR - 1 0 Liberia This species occurs in small brooks. It is not a seasonal killifish.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Epiplatys roloffi - - EN - 0 0 Guinea; Liberia This species occurs in brooks, swamps and small streams.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Epiplatys ruhkopfi - - CR - 0 0 Liberia This is a non seasonal killifish that occurs in small brooks.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Fundulopanchax amieti Amiet's Lyretail - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Fundulopanchax (Paraphyosemion) amieti occurs in the swampy parts of brooks in the rainforest (Wildekamp et al. 1986). Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Fundulopanchax cinnamomeus Cinnamon Killi - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Fundulopanchax (Paraphyosemion) cinnamomeus is a benthopelagic, non-migratory species. Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Fundulopanchax fallax Kribi killi - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Fundulopanchax (Fundulopanchax) fallax is found in swamps and swampy parts of brooks in the humid coastal rainforest (Wildekamp et al. 1986). Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Fundulopanchax marmoratus Marbled killifish - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Fundulopanchax (Pauciradius) marmoratus is found in swamps and the swampy parts of brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest (Wildekamp et al. 1986). Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Fundulopanchax rubrolabialis - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Fundulopanchax (Paludopanchax) rubrolabialis is found in temporary pools, raffia swamps and swampy parts of slow-flowing brooks in the humid coastal rainforest (Wildekamp et al. 1986). Actinopterygii Cichlidae Gobiocichla ethelwynnae - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Gobiocichla ethylwynnae occurs near river banks, primarily in small caves and cracks in stones, in flowing water with high turbulence and water speed. Actinopterygii Cichlidae Gobiocichla ethelwynnae - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Gobiocichla ethylwynnae occurs near river banks, primarily in small caves and cracks in stones, in flowing water with high turbulence and water speed. Actinopterygii Cichlidae Hemichromis cerasogaster - - EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Schilbeidae Irvineia voltae Butterfish - EN - 0 0 Ghana No available data.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Konia dikume Dikume - CR - 0 1 Cameroon Trewavas et al. (1972) noted that Konia dikume spends much of its time at depths of 20 m or more. Actinopterygii Cichlidae Konia eisentrauti Konye - CR - 0 1 Cameroon Konia eisentrauti It feeds on algae, small insects and fish eggs (Lamboj 2004).

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Labeo alluaudi - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Liberia No information available.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Labeo curriei - - CR - 0 0 Liberia This is a benthopelagic fish.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Labeobarbus mbami - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Labeobarbus species have spawning migrations.

Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Labeobarbus mungoensis - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon Labeobarbus species have spawning migrations.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Lamprologus tumbanus - - EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Latidae Lates angustifrons Tanganyika - EN - 0 0 Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Adults inhabit the bentho-pelagic and littoral zones of the lake whereas juveniles are Lates Tanzania, United Republic of; Zambia only found in the littoral zone, marginal macrophyte beds and river deltas. Piscivorous. Actinopterygii Latidae Lates macrophthalmus Albert Lates - EN - 1 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Uganda Said to be confined to waters deeper than 60 feet deep.

Actinopterygii Latidae Lates microlepis Forktail Lates - EN - 0 1 Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Adults strictly pelagic. Juveniles found in lake's littoral zone among marginal macrophyte Tanzania, United Republic of; Zambia beds and river deltas. Piscivorous. Actinopterygii Cichlidae Limbochromis robertsi - - EN - 0 0 Ghana This is a demersal species. Maximum TL was recorded at 10.0 cm.

Actinopterygii Malapteruridae Malapterurus murrayi - - EN - 0 0 Ghana Largest specimen observed is 204 mm SL.

Actinopterygii Mormyridae Mormyrus subundulatus - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana This is a demersal species. Electrobiology - weakly discharging.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Myaka myaka Myaka Myaka - CR - 0 1 Cameroon Myaka myaka prefers open water regions at greater depths, but ventures into the more shallow areas of the lake to spawn. Actinopterygii Distichodontidae Nannocharax altus - - EN - 0 1 Congo This is a pelagic species. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Actinopterygii Clupeidae Nannothrissa stewarti Mai-ndombe - EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Nannothrissa stewarti is a pelagic, lacustrine species that is found in acid waters (pH 4). dwarf sprat Actinopterygii Cichlidae Nanochromis transvestitus - - EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Nanochromis transvestitus is a demersal species.

Actinopterygii Distichodontidae Neolebias kerguennae - - EN - 0 1 Gabon Neolebias kerguennae is a pelagic species.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Nothobranchius polli - - EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia Nothobranchius polli is a benthopelagic, non-migratory species that occurs in temporary pools, swamps, ditches in floodplains etc. (Wildekamp et al. 1986). Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Nothobranchius rosenstocki - - EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia Nothobranchius rosenstocki is a pelagic species.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Nothobranchius symoensi - - EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia N. symoensi is a benthopelagic, non-migratory species that occurs in temporary pools and river drainages (Wildekamp et al. 1986). Actinopterygii Cichlidae Oreochromis lepidurus - - EN - 0 0 Angola (Angola); Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Oreochromis lepidurus is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Sparidae Pagrus pagrus Common Pagre Commun EN - 0 0 Albania; Algeria; Argentina; Aruba; Belize; Brazil; Cape - Seabream Verde; Colombia; Costa Rica; Croatia; Curaçao; Cyprus; Egypt; France; French Guiana; Gabon; Gibraltar; Greece; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Israel; Italy; Lebanon; Libya; Malta; Mexico; Monaco; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao); Nicaragua; Panama; Portugal (Madeira); Sao Tomé and Principe; Senegal; Slovenia; Spain (Canary Is.); Suriname; Syrian Arab Republic; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; United Kingdom; United States; Uruguay; Venezuela Actinopterygii Amphilidae Paramphilius firestonei - - EN - 1 1 Liberia This is a demersal fish of 6.1 cm SL maximum size

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Parananochromi axelrodi - - EN - 0 1 Gabon Parananochromis axelrodi is collected in small forest creeks and streams (Lamboj and s Stiassny 2003). It is a benthopelagic species. Actinopterygii Cichlidae Parananochromi ornatus - - EN - 0 1 Gabon This species is demersal. s Actinopterygii Claroteidae Parauchenoglani longiceps - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon No information available. s Actinopterygii Poeciliidae Plataplochilus chalcopyrus Flame lampeye - EN - 0 1 Equatorial Guinea; Gabon Plataplochilus chalcopyrus is found in forest brooks, usually in schools in faster flowing sections over sandy substrates. It is a benthopelagic species. Actinopterygii Poeciliidae Plataplochilus terveri Terver's - EN - 0 1 Gabon Plataplochilus terveri is usually found in small rivers and brooks (Wildekamp et al. 1986). lampeye Actinopterygii Poeciliidae Poropanchax myersi Hummingbird - EN - 0 0 Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Poropanchax myersi is a benthopelagic, non-migratory species. lampeye Actinopterygii Cichlidae Pungu maclareni Pungu - CR - 1 1 Cameroon P. maclareni is a demersal fish that inhabits the shallow water of the lake shore, (less than 4 m deep). Actinopterygii Cichlidae Sarotherodon caroli Fissi - CR - 0 1 Cameroon The young of Sarotherodon caroli are more carnivorous than the adults; the latter feed predominantly on phytoplankton (Trewavas 1983). This species is demersal. Actinopterygii Cichlidae Sarotherodon linnellii Blackbelly - CR - 0 1 Cameroon Sarotherodon linnellii occasionally forms schools; is mainly diurnal. Tilapia Actinopterygii Cichlidae Sarotherodon lohbergeri Keppi, Leka - CR - 0 1 Cameroon Sarotherodon lohbergeri usually forms schools at the surface. Keppe Actinopterygii Cichlidae Sarotherodon steinbachi Kululu - CR - 0 1 Cameroon Sarotherodon steinbachi occurs in schools at the surface.

Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Scriptaphyosemi brueningi Bruening's killi - EN - 0 1 Liberia; Sierra Leone This is a benthopelagic species. on Actinopterygii Cichlidae Stomatepia mariae Alkali Cichlid - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelagic. It is an omnivorous species (Axelrod 1991).

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Stomatepia mongo Mongo - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This is a benthopelgic species.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Stomatepia pindu Pindu - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This is a demersal species.

Actinopterygii Mormyridae Stomatorhinus ivindoensis - - EN - 0 1 Gabon Stomatorhinus ivindoensis is known from the Ivindo River margins or from small forest streams flowing into the Ivindo River in root tangles. It is a demersal species. Actinopterygii Mochokidae Synodontis dorsomaculatus - - EN - 1 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Synodontis dorsomaculatus is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Mochokidae Synodontis pardalis - - EN - 0 0 Cameroon Synodontis pardalis is a benthopelagic species. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Teleogramma brichardi - - CR - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Teleogramma brichardi is a demersal species with a maximum recorded TL of 11.0 cm (Snoecks and De Boeck 1991). Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia bakossiorum - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelagic.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia bemini - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelagic.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia bythobates - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelagic.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia coffea - - CR - 1 0 Liberia This is a demersal fish.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia deckerti - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is demersal.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia flava - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon T. flava is a benthopelagic species.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia gutturosa - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia imbriferna - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia kottae - - EN - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia snyderae - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia spongotroktis - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia thysi - - CR - 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.

Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tylochromis microdon - - EN - 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Tylochromis microdon is a benthopelagic species which is restricted in its distribution to the lake proper and absent from the surrounding swamps and inundated forest (Stiassny 1989). Polypodiopsida Pteridaceae Actiniopteris kornasii - - EN - 1 1 - This plant is strictly endemic to copper-rich soil (i.e., it is an absolute metallophyte).

Liliopsida Burmanniaceae Afrothismia pachyantha - - CR - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland evergreen forest; ca. 700 m alt.

Liliopsida Burmanniaceae Afrothismia winkleri - - CR - 0 0 Nigeria Occurs in lowland evergreen forest; 0–700 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Droseraceae Aldrovanda vesiculosa Common - EN - 0 0 Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, This species is a perennial, free-floating, rootless aquatic herbaceous plant, with a Aldrovanda Queensland, Western Australia); Botswana; Bulgaria; simple or sparsely branched stem possessing successive whorls of bristled, prey-catching Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; Lithuania; Poland; leaves. Romania; Serbia (Serbia, Serbia); South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)). Regionally extinct: Austria; Bangladesh; Belarus; Burundi; Cameroon; Chad; China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol); Croatia; Czech Republic; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Ghana; India (Manipur, West Bengal); Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan (Honshu); Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Malawi; Montenegro; Mozambique; Rwanda; Slovakia; Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Timor-Leste; Togo; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Uganda; Uzbekistan; Zambia Magnoliopsida Melastomataceae Amphiblemma amoenum - - EN - 0 0 - Lowland to submontane forest, sometimes on rocks near streams; 850 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Angraecum sanfordii - - EN - 0 0 - An epiphyte occuring in submontane and montane forest; 800–2,000 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Anthonotha leptorrhachis - - CR - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon This distinctive tree occurs in lowland coastal evergreen forest, particularly near rivers.

Liliopsida Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton bogneri - - EN - 0 1 - Aponogeton bogneri is an annual aquatic plant, living in deep and fast rivers in sunny areas. Magnoliopsida Myrsinaceae Ardisia etindensis - - CR - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Collections have been made from lowland/submontane forest at circa. 600 m altitude.

Magnoliopsida Myrsinaceae Ardisia koupensis - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs at mid-altitude to submontane closed canopy forest understorey, occasionally secondary forest; 650–1,250 m alt. Magnoliopsida Myrsinaceae Ardisia oligantha - - CR - 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon The habitat of the species is unrecorded, but is probably montane or submontane forest.

Magnoliopsida Myrsinaceae Ardisia schlechteri - - CR - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon The habitat of the species is presumably lowland evergreen forest, near sea-level.

Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Aubregrinia taiensis - - CR - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire A large tree found scattered in moist semi-deciduous forest.

Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Autranella congolensis - - CR - 0 0 Cameroon; Congo; Gabon; Nigeria Rainforest. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Magnoliopsida Begoniaceae Begonia pelargoniiflora - - CR - 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) Found in forest, 1,000–1,500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Lauraceae Beilschmiedia preussii - - CR - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Terrestrial

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Belonophora ongensis - - CR - 0 1 - Occurs in lowland evergreen forest, 200–500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Bikinia breynei - - EN - 0 0 - B. breynei is a tree 15-45 m high which grows in forest around lakes, in the Western Congolian forest-savanna mosaic ecoregion (Olson et al. 2001), in association with Gilletiodendron (Wieringa 1999). Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Boutiquea platypetala - - EN - 0 1 - Terrestrial

Magnoliopsida Acanthaceae Brachystephanu kupeensis - - CR - 0 0 - Occurs in submontane forest and secondary regrowth forest, 900–1,100 m alt. s Magnoliopsida Scytopetalaceae Brazzeia longipedicellata - - EN - 0 0 Uganda Terrestrial

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum filiforme - - CR - 0 0 Nigeria This is a species of lowland evergreen forest, where it occurs as an epiphyte.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum kupense - - CR - 0 0 - Phorophyte: Mangifera indica (cultivated) at 830 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum modicum - - EN - 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon An epiphytic species from montane forest (900-1,200 m).

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum pandanetorum - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland or submontane forest; ca. 200–950 m alt.

Liliopsida Cyperaceae Bulbostylis fusiformis - - CR - 1 1 - This plant is strictly endemic to copper-rich soil (i.e., it is an absolute metallophyte).

Magnoliopsida Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea acuminata - - EN - 0 0 - Found in lowland to mid-altitude rainforest, particularly along watercourses, including periodically flooded forest; 450–1,000 m alt. Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Chassalia laikomensis - - CR - 0 0 Nigeria Grows in the understorey of montane evergreen forest at 1,650–2,000(-2,400) m alt.

Liliopsida Anthericaceae Chlorophytum petrophilum - - CR - 0 0 - Terrestrial

Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum azaguieanum - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire This species is strictly confined to wet evergreen forest where it is an understorey tree.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Coffea bakossii - - EN - 0 0 - Found in evergreen lowland to submontane forest at 700–900 m.

Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola boxiana - - EN - 0 1 - Confined to upland evergreen forest.

Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola cecidiifolia - - CR - 0 1 - A much-branched shrub of lowland evergreen rainforest; 0-100 m altitude.

Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola lourougnonis - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Moist semi-deciduous forest.

Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola metallica - - CR - 0 0 - A branched shrub of lowland evergreen rainforest, at an elevational range of 50–700 m.

Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola nigerica - - CR - 0 0 Nigeria Terrestrial

Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola praeacuta - - CR - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland evergreen forest, 0–400 m alt.

Liliopsida Commelinaceae Commelina mwatayamvoan - - CR - 0 0 - This plant is strictly endemic to copper-rich soil (i.e., it is an absolute metallophyte). a Liliopsida Commelinaceae Commelina zigzag - - EN - 0 0 - This plant is strictly endemic to copper-rich soil (i.e., it is an absolute metallophyte).

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Crotalaria mentiens - - EN - 0 0 - The main habitats of this species are probably grassland areas and forest edges at about 1,000-2,200 m altitude. Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Crotalaria oxyphylloides - - EN - 0 0 - Crotalaria oxyphylloides is a perennial erect herb up to 80 cm high which grows in Brachystegia microphylla and Manguesia forest, on rocky hill. Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Crotonogyne impedita - - CR - 0 0 - Found in the understorey of semi-deciduous and evergreen forest; to 400 m alt

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Crudia bibundina - - CR - 0 1 - A lowland or possibly submontane species found in evergreen forest.

Liliopsida Cyperaceae Cyperus microcristatus - - CR - 0 0 - This species most closely resembles the sympatric C. densicaespitosus Mattf. and Kük., differing in the more perennial habit, and the smaller spikelets and glumes which are more prominently winged. Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Dactyladenia cinerea - - CR - 0 0 - Lowland rainforest

Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Dactyladenia hirsuta - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Wet evergreen forest.

Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Dactyladenia johnstonei - - CR - 0 0 - Found in forested valley slopes, 950–1,600 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Dactyladenia mannii - - CR - 0 0 Equatorial Guinea Terrestrial Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Dalbergia oligophylla - - EN - 0 0 - Found insubmontane and montane forest edge; (900–)1,500–2,000 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Dalbergia setifera - - EN - 0 1 - Rocky dry forest.

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Dialium excelsum - - EN - 0 0 Uganda Terrestrial

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Diaphananthe bueae - - EN - 0 1 - The species occurs in submontane forest as an epiphyte.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Dicraeanthus zehnderi - - CR - 0 1 - Annual aquatic herb, submerged in fast water of rapids and torrents, fixed by a thalllus on rocks or any hard object. Magnoliopsida Campanulaceae Dielsantha galeopsoides - - EN - 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko); Nigeria Occurs in lowland evergreen forest, 650–1,000 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Ebenaceae Diospyros crassiflora Ebony - EN - 0 0 Central African Republic; Nigeria Lowland rainforest.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Disperis kamerunensis - - EN - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon A terrestrial species occurring in montane and submontane forest, at 1,100-1,800 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Disperis nitida - - EN - 0 0 - Grows on lower branches or leaning trunks of trees, rarely terrestrial, in densely canopied areas of montane forests at 1,800–2,800 m alt. Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Dombeya ledermannii - - CR - 0 0 Nigeria It has been recorded from woodland areas at 1,220-1,980 m altitude.

Magnoliopsida Moraceae Dorstenia astyanactis - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Grows as a hemi-epiphyte, usually growing in evergreen submontane forest on tree trunks or branches; 600–1,000 m alt. Magnoliopsida Droseraceae Drosera insolita - - CR - 0 0 - The ecology of this helophyte in unknown. Only known from the type collected in 1911 in humus-rich soil in savanna. Magnoliopsida Droseraceae Drosera katangensis - - CR - 0 0 - This perennial helophyte is found in seasonal wetlands, it was found in a grassy swamp in 1912. Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Drypetes magnistipula - - EN - 0 0 - Found in lowland evergreen forest; 800–1,000 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Drypetes tessmanniana - - CR - 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Terrestrial

Liliopsida Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon stipantepalum - - EN - 1 0 - Probably perennial herb, growing at the margins of small pools and flooded depressions in grassland, on iron-rich ground; 1,250 m above sea level. Magnoliopsida Myrtaceae Eugenia gilgii - - CR - 0 0 Nigeria This species is known from lower montane forest areas, often at edges of the forest (1,500-2,000 m altitude). Magnoliopsida Myrtaceae Eugenia kameruniana - - CR - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Probably grew in lowland evergreen rainforestat c. 200 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Eulophia fernandeziana - - EN - 0 0 - This species is a pseudobulb geophyte which occurs in forests and has been found growing on sandy soil. Liliopsida Commelinaceae Floscopa mannii - - EN - 0 0 Nigeria Occurs in lowland swamp forest; ca. 700 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Gastrodia africana - - CR - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Unknown, but presumably lowland forest.

Magnoliopsida Lentibulariaceae Genlisea angolensis - - EN - 0 1 Angola (Angola) Wet meadows, usually in shady stagnating waters.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Genyorchis micropetala - - EN - 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) Occurs in forested areas at ca. 1,330–1,800 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Genyorchis platybulbon - - CR - 0 0 - An epihyte in lowland evergreen forest.

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Gossweileroden balsamiferum - - EN - 0 0 Angola (Angola); Cameroon; Congo; Congo, The It grows in mature little-disturbed lowland rainforest. dron Democratic Republic of the; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Nigeria Liliopsida Orchidaceae Habenaria batesii - - EN - 0 0 - A terrestrial herb of dense lowland and submontane forest; ca. 200–900 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Habenaria maitlandii - - CR - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Grows in rocky grassland at 1,860 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Connaraceae Hemandradenia chevalieri - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Occurring in wet evergreen forest.

Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Hexalobus salicifolius - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Swampy areas within remaining forest patches (Côte d'Ivoire).

Magnoliopsida Flacourtiaceae Homalium hypolasium - - EN - 0 0 Equatorial Guinea Found in lowland and submontane evergreen forest, to 1,100 m alt

Magnoliopsida Hoplestigmataceae Hoplestigma pierreanum - - CR - 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon The species occurs in lowland evergreen coastal forest at or near sea-level.

Magnoliopsida Apocynaceae Hunteria ghanensis - - EN - 0 1 - It is confined to extreme dry forest.

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Hymenostegia gracilipes - - EN - 0 1 - Wet evergreen forest. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Liliopsida Cyperaceae Hypolytrum pseudomapanioi - - EN - 1 0 - Occurs in montane forest undergrowth; 1,470–1,500 m alt. des Liliopsida Cyperaceae Hypolytrum subcompositus - - CR - 1 0 - Occurs in montane forest undergrowth; 1,500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Balsaminaceae Impatiens frithii - - EN - 0 0 - First described in 2002 (Cheek and Csiba 2002), the slender, hairpin-shaped flowers of this epiphytic species are flame-red. Magnoliopsida Balsaminaceae Impatiens letouzeyi - - EN - 0 0 - This robust, epiphytic herb has the largest flowers of all Cameroonian, and perhaps African, Impatiens. Magnoliopsida Acanthaceae Justicia leucoxiphos - - EN - 0 1 - Occurs in closed canopy forest understorey, rarely secondary forest, 900–1,500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Keetia bakossii - - CR - 0 0 - Found in submontane evergreen forest; 1,400–1,500 m alt.

Liliopsida Asphodelaceae Kniphofia reflexa - - EN - 0 0 - It has been recorded from swamps or stream edges at 1,750-2,900 m altitude.

Magnoliopsida Vochysiaceae Korupodendron songweanum - - EN - 0 0 - A tree that has been recorded on the rocky lower slopes of Mt. Juahan in lowland evergreen forest. Liliopsida Triuridaceae Kupea martinetugei - - CR - 0 0 - This herb occurs in lowland to submontane evergreen forest; 720 m.

Magnoliopsida Sapindaceae Lecaniodiscus punctatus - - EN - 0 0 - It is usually found near stream banks in moist semi-deciduous forest.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella annithomae - - EN - 0 0 - Annual aquatic herb, submerged, fixed on rocks in fast water of waterfalls and rapids.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella batangensis - - CR - 0 0 - Small annual aquatic herb, submerged, fixed on rocks in the fast water of a waterfall.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella bosii - - EN - 0 1 - Annual aquatic herb submerged or not in fast water of waterfalls, fixed by a thallus on rocks or any other hard object. Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella keayi - - CR - 0 1 - Rocks at water-level in small streams; steep granite cliff-face under dripping water, on basalt boulders in clear, turbulent running water in full sunlight. Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella letouzeyi - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs on vertical rock faces in waterfalls in submontane forest; 750–1,350 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella linearifolia - - EN - 0 1 - Small aquatic herb, submerged or not in waterfall's water, fixed with thallus on rocks.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella onanae - - EN - 0 1 - Aquatic herb, annual, submerged growing on rocks in river beds or on rocks at the uphill of waterfalls. Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella pusilla - - EN - 0 1 - Small aquatic herb, annual, growing on rocks in waterfalls.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella sanagaensis - - CR - 0 1 - Small aquatic herb, annual, submerged or not, growing on rocks in waterfalls.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella thalloidea - - EN - 0 1 - Small aquatic herb, annual, growing on rocks in waterfalls.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella variabilis - - EN - 1 1 - Small aquatic herb, annual, living on rocks in waterfalls.

Magnoliopsida Umbelliferae Lefebvrea camerunensis - - EN - 0 0 - This species has been recorded from rocky montane grassland areas at 2,300-2,800 m altitude. Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Leiothylax quangensis - - EN - 0 1 Angola (Angola) Submerged freshwater plant, living attached to rocks' surface or any hard materials in rapids. Liliopsida Orchidaceae Liparis goodyeroides - - CR - 0 0 Nigeria Terrestrial in evergreen forest usually of foothills.

Magnoliopsida Meliaceae Lovoa swynnertonii Brown - EN - 0 0 Kenya; Mozambique; Tanzania, United Republic of; This timber species occurs sparsely in small patches of remaining wet evergreen forest. Mahogany Uganda; Zimbabwe Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Macropodiella pellucida - - EN - 1 1 - Flat aquatic herb, submerged, annual, oblate on rocks in flooded rivers.

Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Magnistipula conrauana - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in submontane forest, 1,000–1,500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Magnistipula cuneatifolia - - CR - 0 0 - Terrestrial

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Manniella cypripedioides - - EN - 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) A terrestrial herb along streams in primary submontane forest; 950–1,350 m alt.

Liliopsida Marantaceae Marantochloa mildbraedii - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland forest; 200–600 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Asclepiadaceae Marsdenia exellii - - EN - 1 0 Guinea; Malawi; Sao Tomé and Principe (Sâo Tomé); In coastal Guinea Marsdenia exellii is restricted to the edge of forest, on thin soils over Tanzania, United Republic of solid granite rock. Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Microberlinia bisulcata - - CR - 1 0 - This valuable timber species occurs in lowland rainforest areas, usually on sandy soils in flat areas. The species has ectomycorrhizal properties. Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Millettia laurentii - - EN - 0 0 Equatorial Guinea A species of central African semi-deciduous, sometimes swampy, forest. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Mitrostigma barteri - - EN - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) Found in undisturbed lowland evergreen forest; 0–450 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Monocyclanthus vignei - - EN - 0 0 - It occurs, but rarely, in wet evergreen forest.

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Monopetalanth hedinii - - CR - 0 0 - Terrestrial us Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Neolemonniera clitandrifolia - - EN - 0 0 Nigeria; Sierra Leone Terrestrial

Magnoliopsida Asclepiadaceae Neoschumannia kamerunensis - - CR - 0 0 Central African Republic; Côte d'Ivoire Occurs in lowland to submontane forest, withstanding and perhaps benefiting from some disturbance (sea-level to 1,000 m altitude). Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Newtonia camerunensis - - CR - 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Recorded from montane forest with Albizia gummifera, Carapa grandiflora, Syzygium staudtii, and Prunus africana (1,600-1,800 m altitude). Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Ormocarpum klainei - - CR - 0 0 - The species has been collected from lowland forest at circa. 450 m altitude.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Ossiculum aurantiacum - - CR - 0 0 - An epiphyte in lowland evergreen rainforest; 200 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Oxyanthus okuensis - - CR - 0 0 - Found in the understorey of montane evergreen forest (1,800-2,200 m altitude).

Liliopsida Burmanniaceae Oxygyne triandra - - CR - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Terrestrial

Magnoliopsida Aristolochiaceae Pararistolochia preussii - - CR - 0 0 - Specimens were collected from disturbed lowland forest areas.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Pavetta brachycalyx - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland and submontane forest; 300–1,500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Pavetta kupensis - - CR - 0 0 - Found in montane forest; ca. 2000 m alt. (But one collection was made at ca. 400 m alt.).

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Pavetta muiriana - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland and submontane forest; 400–1,780 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Pavetta rubentifolia - - CR - 0 0 - Occurs in submontane forest; 800–1,600 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Piperaceae Peperomia kamerunana - - EN - 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) An epiphytic species found in submontane and montane forest at an altitude of 1,400– 2,300 m. Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Pericopsis elata African Teak, - EN - 1 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Nigeria It is a gregarious species, restricted to the drier parts of semi-deciduous forests. Afrormosia Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus caesiifolius - - CR - 0 0 - Occurs in undisturbed submontane forest at 1,000–1,275 m.

Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus nyale - - CR - 0 0 - Found in submontane forest at 1,000 m.

Magnoliopsida Sapindaceae Placodiscus attenuatus - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Moist evergreen or riverine forest.

Magnoliopsida Sapindaceae Placodiscus caudatus - - EN - 0 0 Central African Republic Occurs in lowland evergreen forest; ca. 300 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Sapindaceae Placodiscus pseudostipularis - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Sierra Leone Like P. attenuatus, this species occurs in remnants of coastal forest.

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Plagiosiphon longitubus - - CR - 0 0 - Terrestrial

Magnoliopsida Labiatae Plectranthus dissitiflorus - - CR - 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon The species was collected from submontane forest at 940 m altitude.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Polystachya cooperi - - EN - 0 0 Nigeria Occurs in submontane and montane forest and woodland; 1,400–1,700 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Polystachya farinosa - - EN - 0 0 Sao Tomé and Principe (Sâo Tomé) An epiphyte of dense montane forest; 1,450–1,650 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Polystachya geniculata - - EN - 0 0 - An epilith on seasonally wet rocks, or terrestrial in marshy grassland; 200–1,850 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Polystachya kupensis - - CR - 0 0 - An epiphyte in submontane forest, growing on Coffea sp.; 1,050 m alt.

Liliopsida Orchidaceae Polystachya victoriae - - CR - 0 0 - An epiphytic species growing in lowland evergreen forest.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psychotria bimbiensis - - CR - 0 1 - Large shrub or small tree of disturbed evergreen forest on old volcanic soils.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psychotria densinervia - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland evergreen forest; up to 1,000 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psychotria minimicalyx - - CR - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland evergreen forest; ca. 300 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psychotria moliwensis - - CR - 0 1 - A shrub of evergreen forest on old volcanic soils.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psychotria moseskemei - - CR - 0 0 Nigeria A shrub or small tree that can be found in the understorey of lower montane evergreen forest at 1,700-2,060 m alt. Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psydrax bridsoniana - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland to submontane evergreen forest; 800–1,100 m alt. Restricted Protected Endemic Range CITES IUCN Genus Species English Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat

Name Name Name

Magnoliopsida Combretaceae Pteleopsis habeensis - - EN - 0 0 Mali; Nigeria In Yankari it grows on rocky hills, in dense stands. In Bui it is found in dry forests.

Magnoliopsida Icacinaceae Pyrenacantha cordicula - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea An understorey climber in dense humid forest or secondary forest; ca. 750 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Violaceae Rinorea fausteana - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in dense submontane evergreen forest; 1,100–1,500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Lythraceae Rotala robynsiana - - CR - 0 1 - It is found on rocky river borders.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Rothmannia ebamutensis - - EN - 0 0 - occurs in submontane forest; 1,100–1,500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Sabicea xanthotricha - - EN - 0 0 Nigeria Occurs in lowland and submontane evergreen forest; 0–1,400 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Celastraceae Salacia fimbrisepala - - CR - 0 0 - Was said to be found in a "flowing stream", presumably in submontane forest at an altitude of 1,000 m. Liliopsida Marantaceae Sarcophrynium villosum - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in submontane forest; 1,000–1,500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Saxicolella marginalis - - CR - 0 0 Nigeria It has been recorded on exposed basalt boulders below a high waterfall (c.30 m) at 1,400 m altitude above sea level. Liliopsida Cyperaceae Scleria afroreflexa - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in montane grassland and grassland patches in submontane forest; 1,450–1,550 m alt. Magnoliopsida Acanthaceae Sclerochiton preussii - - EN - 0 0 Nigeria An understorey shrub of closed canopy submontane and montane forest, 1,100–1,400 m alt. Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Sericanthe toupetou - - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Wet evergreen forest.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Stelechantha arcuata - - CR - 0 0 - This blue-flowered cauliflorous treelet or shrub grows in the understorey of lowland evergreen, primary and secondary forest; 200–950 m altitude. Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Synsepalum brenanii - - CR - 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Terrestrial

Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Talbotiella gentii - - CR - 0 1 - This evergreen tree occurs in tiny stands in rocky areas of dry forest.

Magnoliopsida Ochnaceae Testulea gabonensis - - EN - 0 1 Equatorial Guinea Izombé is a timber species occurring in areas of primary forest and transitional formations. Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Thecacoris annobonae - - EN - 0 1 Equatorial Guinea (Annobón) Found in lowland evergreen forest; to 400 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Tieghemella africana - - EN - 0 0 Sierra Leone Lowland rainforest.

Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Tieghemella heckelii Cherry - EN - 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Nigeria; Sierra Leone An important timber species found mainly in wet evergreen rainforest. Mahogany Magnoliopsida Menispermaceae Tiliacora lehmbachii - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland and submontane forest; 0–1,000 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Tricalysia lejolyana - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in evergreen lowland rain forest, 200–300 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Menispermaceae Triclisia lanceolata - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in lowland and submontane forest; 0–1,500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Menispermaceae Triclisia macrophylla - - CR - 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko); Sierra Leone Occurs in lowland and submontane forest; 0–1,500 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Uvariopsis submontana - - EN - 0 0 - Occurs in submontane evergreen forest, 840–1,200 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Uvariopsis vanderystii - - EN - 0 0 - Found in lowland and submontane evergreen forest.

Magnoliopsida Rutaceae Vepris heterophylla - - EN - 0 0 Mali A small tree of montane dry forest.

Magnoliopsida Verbenaceae Vitex lehmbachii - - EN - 0 0 - Found in mid-elevation evergreen forest; 150–1,330 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Verbenaceae Vitex yaundensis - - CR - 0 0 - Found in low- to mid-elevation evergreen forest; 150–800 m alt.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Winklerella dichotoma - - CR - 0 1 - Small annual aquatic herb, submerged or not, growing on the rocks in waterfalls and rapids. Liliopsida Xyridaceae Xyris exigua - - CR - 0 0 - This species is found in seasonal streams. It is an hemicryptophyte.

Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Zehnderia microgyna - - CR - 0 0 - Submerged freshwater plant, attached on rock surface or hard objects in rapids.