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Rissoides Desmaresti INPN 1 La squille de Desmarest Rissoides desmaresti (Risso, 1816) Citation de cette fiche : Noël P., 2016. La squille de Desmarest Rissoides desmaresti (Risso, 1816). in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed.], 5 décembre 2016. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel, pp. 1-10, site web http://inpn.mnhn.fr Contact de l'auteur : Pierre Noël, SPN et DMPA, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Buffon (CP 48), 75005 Paris ; e-mail [email protected] Résumé La squille de Desmarest est de taille moyenne, elle peut atteindre 10 cm de long. Son corps est très allongé, aplati. L'œil est très mobile. La griffe de sa patte ravisseuse porte 5 dents, dent apicale comprise. Le telson a une carène médiane bien marquée ; il est très épineux. Les mâles sont beige moucheté, et les femelles ont le centre du corps rose lorsqu'elles sont en vitellogenèse. La femelle tient ses œufs devant la bouche pendant l'incubation. Il y a neuf stades larvaires ; les larves sont planctoniques. La squille vit dans un terrier ayant une forme en "U". C'est un prédateur de petite faune vagile. Cette squille se rencontre dans l'Atlantique européen et dans toute la Méditerranée. Elle fréquente les herbiers de phanérogames marines et divers sédiments sableux jusqu'à une centaine de mètres de profondeur. Figure 1. Vue dorsale d'un spécimen catalan ; 4 mars 1975, Figure 2. Carte de distribution en France -7m, herbier du Racou (66). Photo © Jean Lecomte. métropolitaine. © P. Noël INPN-MNHN 2016. Classification : Phylum Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 > Sub-phylum Crustacea Brünnich, 1772 > Super-classe Multicrustacea Regier, Shultz, Zwick, Hussey, Ball, Wetzer, Martin & Cunningham, 2010 > Classe Malacostraca Latreille, 1802 > Sous-classe Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892 > Super- ordre Hoplocarida Calman, 1904 > Ordre Stomatopoda Latreille, 1817 > Sous-ordre Unipeltata Latreille, 1825 > Super-famille Squilloidea Latreille, 1803 > Famille Squillidae Latreille, 1803 > Genre Rissoides Manning et Lewinsohn, 1982. Synonymes (Manning 1977 ; Manning & Lewinsohn 1982 ; Noms vernaculaires: GBIF 2016 ; INPN 2016 ; WoRMS 2016): La squille de Desmarest ; la galère (Centeilles & Squilla desmaresti Risso, 1816. Freixinos 1995 ; Vincent 2005) ; la mante de mer Meiosquilla desmaresti (Risso, 1816). (Lennier 1885). N° des bases de données Principaux noms étrangers. EOL : 2969580 ; GBIF ID : 4316692 ; INPN Cd_Nom : 383814 ; Anglais : mantis shrimp (Ramsay & Holt 2001). WoRMS AphiaID : 136135. Allemand : heuschreckenkrebs (Noël & Lamare 2016). Suédois : mantisräka (Noël & Lamare 2016). Néerlandais : Mantis garnaal (Noël & Lamare 2016). Portugais : O Camarão Louva-a-deus (Carrasco 2009). Japonais : shako (Noël & Lamare 2016). Description. Comme chez toutes les squilles, le corps est très allongé, aplati et les téguments sont peu calcifiés ; la carapace est peu développée, fusionnée en avant avec 3 segments thoraciques et laissant à découvert les 4 derniers segments ; la "queue" (4 derniers segments thoraciques libres + abdomen) est très développée et disproportionnée par rapport au reste du corps ("tête" et premiers segments thoraciques sous la carapace) ; la "queue" telson compris est ainsi environ 3 fois plus longue que la carapace. La plaque rostrale avec l'apex 2 arrondi est mobile, sub-cordiforme, sa longueur et sa largeur étant sub-égales ou un peu plus longue que large. La carapace est lisse, sans épines ou carènes sauf latéralement ; ses angles antero-latéraux sont arrondis. Le somite du 5e maxillipède possède de chaque côté une carène latérale ondulée n'apparaissant pas comme une saillie aiguë en vue dorsale. L'œil est grand, triangulaire, très mobile ; sa cornée est bilobée et allongée, disposée presque transversalement sur le pédoncule. Les écailles oculaires sont arrondies sur le côté. La marge antérieure du somite ophthalmique est inerme, arrondi ou avec un tubercule médian. Le sternites thoraciques libres n'ont pas de carène sub-médiane, une carène inerme intermédiaire est toutefois présente sur les 3 somites postérieurs. Le processus latéral du 5e somite thoracique est en forme de lobe arrondi, oblique par rapport au corps et aplati antéropostérieurement. Une épine ventrale pointue est présente de chaque côté. La carène ventrale du 8e somite thoracique est érigée, fine, et avec un apex arrondi. L'abdomen est sans carène submédiane sur les 5 somites antérieurs ; la carène abdominale porte les épines suivantes : 6 sub-médianes, 5-6 intermédiaires, 5-6 latérales, (4-) 5 marginales. La carène du 6e somite abdominal est proéminente chez le mâle adulte (64 mm de longueur totale). Le telson porte une carène longitudinale médiane à terminaison postérieure aiguë, étirée et 3 paires de dents marginales, les dents sub-médianes ayant leurs apex mobiles. Les carènes des dents marginales sont courtes, la surface dorsale du telson est sans carène supplémentaire à la carène médiane. Les denticules sont pointus et sont au nombre de 3-5, 10-12, 1 ; la surface ventrale du telson est sans carène post-anale. Le pédoncule antennulaire est plus court, égal ou plus long que la longueur de la carapace. Il n'y a pas de palpe mandibulaire. Quatre épipodites sont présents. Les 5 premières paires de pattes thoraciques sont uniramées et orientées vers l'avant ; elles sont différenciées en pattes ravisseuses armées d'épines et leur extrémité forme une pince. La 2e des cinq pattes-mâchoires est particulièrement développée en patte ravisseuse : son dactyle se rabat contre l'avant-dernier article comme la lame d'un couteau sur le manche. Ce dispositif est semblable à la patte antérieure d'une mante religieuse. Le dactyle de cette patte ravisseuse porte 5 fortes dents (la dent terminale comprise) ; le propode est plus court que la carapace et sa largeur maximale se situe en son milieu. La ride dorsale du carpe de la pince n'est pas divisée et se termine par un lobe obtus. Les 3 pattes suivantes sont locomotrices étroites et biramées. Les 5 premières paires de pattes abdominales (pléopodes) sont natatoires et ont des lobes larges ; chacune est unie à sa symétrique par de petits crochets (rétinacles) situés sur le bord de l'endopodite et porte une grande branchie sur l'exopodite. Le processus en crochet et le processus tubulaire de l'endopodite du 1er pléopode mâle sont sensiblement égaux. La 6e paire d'appendices abdominaux (= les uropodes) forme avec le telson un large éventail caudal très épineux. Le bord interne du processus du basipodite des uropodes est simplement ondulé. L'exopodite de l'uropode porte 5 à 7 épines mobiles sur la marge externe de son segment proximal ; sa prolongation basale est au plus crénelée ou tuberculée sur sa marge interne mais sans spinules fixes (Perrier 1929 ; Manning 1977). La couleur générale est relativement variée, beige ou brunâtre plus ou moins uniforme, avec des marbrures plus sombres sur le dessus et sur les côtés de l'abdomen. Une barre sombre transversale est présente au niveau du quart postérieur de la carapace. Le dactyle des pattes ravisseuses est blanc. Les pleurites abdominaux ont une marque blanche sur leur marge ventrale. Les soies sur l'exopodite des uropodes sont souvent rosées. La marge postérieure du telson est jaune. Les femelles en vitellogenèse ont l'intérieur du corps de couleur rose (Griffin & al. 2011). Il n'y a pas de taches foncées sur le telson (Roux 1830 ; Giesbrecht 1910 ; Monod 1925 ; Manning 1977 ; et d'après les photos couleur sur : INPN 2016 ; MaRLIN 2016 ; Nature22 2016). Les mâles de la squille de Desmarest font habituellement entre 27 et 75 mm et les femelles entre 26 et 85 mm (Giesbrecht 1910 ; Lewinsohn & Manning 1980 ; Biscoito 1985 ; Müller 1994). La longueur totale atteint 10 à 12 cm (Paulmier 1997 ; MarLIN 2003 ; EOL 2016 ; Holt 2016). Figure 3. Vue dorsale d'un spécimen (mâle?) normand. 25-05-2009 île Tatihou, estran (50) ; photo © Nicolas Lemarchand. 3 Figure 4. Vues dorsale et ventrale d'une femelle bretonne en vitellogenèse. 15-01-2007, Pointe de Minard En Plouézec (22). Photo © Michel Le Quément. Risques de confusion, espèces voisines, variations infra-spécifiques. Dans le genre Rissoides, il existe 5 espèces au niveau mondial (WoRMS 2016) : Rissoides africanus (Manning, 1974) en Atlantique africain tropical, Rissoides barnardi (Manning, 1975) en Afrique du sud, Rissoides calypso (Manning, 1974) en Atlantique central brésilien, Rissoides desmaresti (Risso, 1816) en Europe et Rissoides pallidus (Giesbrecht, 1910) en Méditerranée. Ces espèces sont très proches et difficiles à distinguer sans matériel comparatif car il existe une variabilité intraspécifique et géographique non négligeable (Manning 1977 ; Lewinsohn & Manning 1980). Plusieurs espèces européennes de stomatopodes sont sensées être présentes en France près des côtes. - La squille ocellée Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758) est de grande taille (jusqu'à 18 cm) et se reconnait d'emblée aux deux taches foncées présentes à la base du telson ; la griffe de sa patte ravisseuse porte 6 épines. Elle n'est présente en France qu'en Méditerranée où on la trouve sur des fonds vaseux ou sablo-vaseux. - La squille secrète Nannosquilloides occultus (Giesbrecht, 1910) est orange vif ou blanc crème. La griffe de sa patte ravisseuse porte 8 ou 9 dents. Le telson n'a pas de carène médiane et son bord postérieur est arrondi. C'est une espèce vasicole qui se rencontre en Méditerranée de -30 à -300 m. - Chez la squille pieuse Platysquilla eusebia (Risso, 1816), la griffe de la patte ravisseuse porte 12 à 15 dents ; elle mesure jusqu'à 7 cm de longueur totale. Son telson est sans carène médiane et
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