Level of Seed Infection of Cultivated Sorghum with Fungi from Genus Fusarium

Зборник Матице српске за природне науке / Jour. Nat. Sci, Matica Srpska Novi Sad, № 124, 85—90, 2013

UDC 633.17:581.48]:582.28 DOI: 10.2298/ZMSPN1324085B

Karolina S. Bodoči1, Ferenc F. Bagi1, Janoš J. Berenji2, Vera B. Stojšin1, Dragana B. Budakov1, Livia T. Nađ1

1 Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Environmental and Plant Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia 2 Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia

LEVEL OF SEED INFECTION OF CULTIVATED SORGHUM WITH FUNGI FROM GENUS FUSARIUM

ABSTRACT: During the year of 2011, the level of fungi infection with the genus Fusarium was examined in seven genotypes of grain sorghum (Gold F1, A 28, B 28, Alba F1, A 73, B 73, Re 236) grown in six localities: Srbobran, Futog and four localities nearby Bački Petrovac (Bački Petrovac 1, 2, 3 and 4). The rate of seed infection with fungus Fusarium in the investigated period ranged from 0 to 8.5%. The infection did not occur in the genotype B73 (Bački Petrovac 1), while a low rate of infection of 0-3% was detected in the genotype B 28 (Srbobran). Medium rate of infection was recorded for the genotype A 28 (Srbobran) and A 28 (Futog) with 4.25% and for Gold F1 (Bački Petrovac 2) with 5.5%. High rate of infection was recorded for the genotype A 73 (Futog), A 73 (Bački Petrovac 2) (6.25%), Alba F1 (Bački Petrovac 2) (8%) and Re 236 (Futog) (8.5%). One isolate from each F. solani, F. graminearum, F. subglutinans and F. verticilliodes was selected for the pathogenicity investigation. Thirty plants were inoculated from each genotype of grain sorghum (varieties Alba F1 and Gold F1) and broomcorn (var. Re- form and Prima). The spraying inoculation with the suspension of mycelium and conidia was performed when sorghum was at the end of blooming on June 19, 2012. The intensity of the infection on the sorghum panicles was reached in the phenophase of milky-wax maturity on July 8, 2012 and the scale of S h a r m a et al., (2010) was used. The symptoms of the artificial inoculation appeared only in the broomcorn. Among all isolates, the isolate of the species F. graminearum manifested the highest pathogenicity on the variety Reform with average score of 4.43 and on variety Prima with 4.17. KEY WORDS: broomcorn, Fusarium, grain sorghum, disease intensity score

INTRODUCTION

Sorghum (Sorghum spp.) is one of the oldest crops and by the area, it is fourth after rice, wheat and corn (K a z a n a s and F i e l d s, 1981). Based on the surfaces where broomcorn is grown, Serbia is one of the leading manufac- turer in Europe and in the world. Over the last few years, this industrial crop has been cultivated mainly in the north and south of Vojvodina (B e r e n j i, 1990).

85 Grain sorghum is cultivated because of the seed which is very rich in proteins and starch. It is extremely energetic feed with more digestible proteins than corn seed. In underdeveloped countries of Africa, Asia and Central America, grain sorghum is used as a staple food (D o g g e t t, 1988). However, in developed countries, there are no food products made from sorghum. The aim of this work was to establish the composition of fungi on sorghum seed, the intensity of seed infection with fungi and to establish the pathogenicity of 7 sorghum genotypes in conditions of artificial infection with fungi Fusarium graminearum, F. solani, F. verticlliodes and F. subglutinans.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

For this research, 11 samples of sorghum were used: Gold zavod 2011; Alba majka Planta 2011; Gold majka Planta 2011; Alba zavod 2011; Alba majka DDP 2011; Alba B. Petrovac 2 Milinka; Alba and Gold oprašivač Planta 2011; Gold oprašivač Srbobran 2011; Alba B. Petrovac 1 Miroslav; Alba održivač DDP 2011 and Gold majka Srbobran 2011. These seeds belong to 7 different genotypes that were obtained from 6 localities: 1) Zavod= Experimental field of the Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops in Bački Petrovac, 2) Planta= Agri- cultural Organization Planta from Futog, 3) Srbobran= Experimental field of the Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops in Srbobran, 4) DDP= Agricultural Organization “Petrovec“ from Bački Petrovac, 5) Srbobran, 6) Futog. Twnety-five seeds were randomly chosen from every sample in 4 repli- cations. The method of wet filter paper (P i t t and H o c k i n g, 1985) was used to establish the mycobiota of the seeds. The sorghum seeds were incu- bated on wet filter paper for 6 days at the temperature of 25°C, and from the infected seeds, the fungi from genus Fusarium were subcultured on a Carnation Leaf-piece Agar-CLA. After the monosporic isolation of the selected isolates, they were identified on the basis of morphological and breeding characteris- tics using the determinator of L e s l i e and S u m m e r e l l (2006), N e l s o n et al. (1983) and L e v i ć (2008). One isolate from each F. solani, F. graminearum, F. subglutinans and F. verticilliodes was selected for the pathogenicity investigation. Artificial inoculation was performed on the sample plots of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Bački Petrovac on the sorghum genotypes Reform and Prima (broomcorn) and Alba and Gold (grain sorghum). Thirty plants were inoculated with every sorghum genotype. The spraying inoculation with the suspension of mycelium and conidia was performed when sorghum was at the end of blooming on June 19, 2012. The intensity of the infection on the sorghum panicles was reached in the phenophase of milky- wax maturity on July 8, 2012 and the scale of S h a r m a et al. (2010) was used: 1= no symptoms, 2=1-5%; 3=6-10%; 4=11-20%; 5=21-30%; 6=31-40%; 7=41- 50%; 8=51-75%; 9=76-100%. After inoculation, every plant was covered with nylon and paper bag and these were taken off after 24 hours. Standard statistical methods were applied.

86 RESULTS

The seed inoculation with fungi ranged from 0- 8.5%. The infection did not occur in the genotype B73 (Bački Petrovac 1), low rate of infection (0-3%) was recorded for the genotype B28 (Srbobran), medium level of infection (4.25%) was recorded for the genotype A28 (Srbobran) and A28 (Futog) and Gold F1 (Bački Petrovac 2) (5.5%). High rate of infection was recorded for A73 (Futog), A73 (Bački Petrovac 2) (6.25%), Alba F1 (Bački Petrovac 2) (8%) and Re 236 (Futog) (8.5%). The percentage of determinated species from genus Fusarium can be seen in Figure 1. The dominant species was F. graminearum. Among the investigated isolates, F.graminearum manifested the highest pathogenicity with average score of 4.43 in the sorghum genotype Reform and 4.17 in Prima. Average score in the plants, which belonged to the genotype Reform inoculated with fungus F. solani, was 2.4; in case of F. subglutinans it was 2.3; and in case of F. verticilliodes it was 2.36. In the variety Prima, these scores were 3.53 (F. solani); 2.34 (F. subglutinans) and 2.4 (F. verticilliodes).

DISCUSSION

In this research, it was found that the highest seed pathogenicity with fungus from genus Fusarium was in the genotype Re 236 (Futog) and there was no statistical significance in comparison to the other genotypes. According to L e s l i e et al. (2005), the highest pathogenicity on the sorghum was manifested by F. thapsinum in comparison to the other species that were included in the experiment. Although F. verticilliodes is primarly a maize pathogen, it can also be found in sorghum (L e s l i e et al., 1992), but it was less present than F. thapsinum (J a r d i n e and L e s l i e, 1992; M a n s u e t u s et al., 1997). Agroecological conditions in Serbia are favorable for wide range of path- ogens and toxigenic species from genus Fusarium. The total number of species was 63, out of which 35 varieties (var.) and 19 specialised forms (f.sp.) of basic species, particularly of F. oxysporum (4 var. and 12 f. sp.) and F. solani (7 var. and 3 f. sp.) were identified (L e v i ć et al., 2009). In Serbia, these species have been isolated from over 100 plant species and, from economical aspect, they are the most common causal agents of fusariosis of corn and wheat (L e v i ć, 2008). Fusarium species produce several toxins, out of which the most important are trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, moniliformin and others. The toxins often inhibit host protein production and act in defense against other fungi (N i s h i u c h i et al., 2006). Actually, transgenic plants bearing the trichothecene pump from of the Fusarium protects barley against Fusari- um (M a n o h a r a n et al., 2006).

87 Similar to maize, sorghum is susceptible to various Fusarium spp. My- cotoxins such as aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol or fumonisins may thus occur. However, fungal attacks on sorghum are less fre- quent than on maize since sorghum grows in warmer and drier climates in comparison to maize. Moreover, when Fusarium occurs in sorghum it pro- duces much less fumonisin than in maize (V i s c o n t i et al., 1994). Fusarium species have been and still are the most important in crop production. The basis of selection was to establish the level of seed infection and it was also important for taking some measures to prevent contamination of forage food.

Chart 1. – Percentage of Fusarium fungus presence in sorghum seeds

88 REFERENCES

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89 СТЕПЕН ЗАРАЗЕ СЕМЕНА ГАЈЕНОГ СИРКА ГЉИВАМА ИЗ РОДА FUSARIUM Каролина С. Бодочи1, Ференц Ф. Баги1, Јанош Ј. Берењи2, Вера Б. Стојшин 1, Драгана Б. Будаков1, Ливиа Т. Нађ1 1 Пољопривредни факултет, Департман за заштиту биља и животне средине, Трг Доситеја Обрадовића 8, 21000 Нови Сад, Србија 2 Институт за ратарство и повртарство, Максима Горког 30, 21000 Нови Сад, Србија Резиме Током 2011. године испитан је степен заразе гљивама из рода Fusarium 7 генотипова сирка за зрно (Gold F1, A 28, B 28, Alba F1, A 73, B 73, Re 236) из шест локалитета: Србобран, Футог, и четири локалитета у близини Бачког Петровца (Бачки Петровац 1, 2, 3 и 4). Семе сирка је инкубирано на влажном филтер папиру током 6 дана на 25°C, а након тога је са заражених зрна извршено пресејавање гљива из рода Fusarium на подлогу од листа каранфила – CLA. Након моноспорне изолације одабраних изолата, а на основу морфолошких и одгајивачких карактеристика изолата извр- шена је детерминација на нивоу врсте коришћењем детерминатора Leslie and S u m m e r e l l (2006) и монографије Левић (2008). Зараза семена сирка гљивама из рода Fusarium се у испитиваној години кретала од 0 до 8,5%. Зараза није ни утврђена код генотипа B73 (Бачки Петровац 1), док је низак степен заразе од 0-3% утврђен код генотипа B 28 (Србобран). Средњи ниво заразе је утврђен код генотипа А 28 (Србобран), А 28 (Футог) од 4,25% и Голд F1 (Бачки Петровац 2) од 5,5%, а висок код узорака А 73 (Футог), А 73 (Бачки Петровац 2) (6,25%), Алба F1 (Бачки Петровац 2) (8%) и Re 236 (Футог) (8,5%). У циљу испитивања патогености на метлици сирка за зрно и сирка метлаша одабран је по је један изолат гљива F. solani, F. graminearum, F. subglutinans и F. verticilliodes. Са сваким изолатом инокулисано је по 30 биљака сирка метлаша, сорте Реформ и Прима, као и сирка за зрно сорте Алба F1 и Голд F1. Инокулација је извршена прскањем суспензијом конидија и мицелије у фенофази прецветава ња метлица 19. јуна 2012. године. Оцена је извршена у фенофази млечно-воштане зрелости зрна 8. јула. За оцену интензитета обољења коришћена је скала према S h a r m a et al., 2010. Симптоми обољења на вештачки инокулисаним биљкама су се испољили само на сортама сирка метлаша, али не и на сирку зрнашу. Међу испи тиваним изолатима највећу патогеност је испољио изолат врсте F. graminearum са просеком оцена 4,43 на сорти Реформ и 4,17 на сорти Прима. КЉУЧНЕ РЕЧИ: fusarium, сирак за зрно, сирак метлаш, оцена интензитета

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Min- istry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Project III 46005) Genetical divergence, technological quality and storage of cereals and pseudocereals from organic production, project ‘’New products of organic cereals and pseudocereals“ and for Hungary-Serbia IPA Cross-border Co-operation Programme, Improvement of safety of corn-based feedstuffs through using more resistant hybrids and management of corn processing, Project ID HUSRB/1002/1.2.2/062, acronym ToxFreeFeed.