Aegean Sea, 44, 50–51 Ahvenanrauma Strait, 105, 106–107, 262

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00376-7 - The Legal Regime of Straits: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions Hugo Caminos and Vincent P. Cogliati-bantz Index More information

INDEX

Aegean Sea, 44, 50–51 Aland˚ Islands, 18–19, 104 Ahvenanrauma Strait, 105, 106–107, Aland˚ Strait, 104–107. See also straits 262 innocent passage in, 105 Aids to Navigation Fund, 395, 396, 398 non-suspendable innocent passage, air navigation, 118–120 105 air traffic control, 314–315 Albania, 13, 26, 116, 124, 167 aircraft. See also Chicago Convention Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia on Civil Aviation (1944) (ALKI), 194–195 archipelagic sea lanes passage and anchoring, 207, 279 duties of, 298 Antigua and Barbuda, 467 breach of duties, 323–325 APMs. See associated protective civil aircraft, 22, 320, 323–325 measures (APMs) duties of applicable international regulations, duty relating to radio frequency, definition of, 254–257 314–316 Arabian Sea, 420 enforcement of, 295–296, 299, archipelagic sea lanes passage, 322–325 184–201, 470–472. See also safety of navigation, 316–322 transit passage enemy, belligerents and, 20–24 control over, 184–185 general compliance duties, 298–301 designation of air routes, 193 innocent passage and, 164–165 designation of sea lanes, 187–192, liability for damage, 292–294, 194 322–323 duties of ships/aircraft in transit, military, 82, 92–93, 164–165 298 Montreux Convention (1936), 82 Indonesia, 194–201 neutral, 24–29, 30 navigation and overflight in normal obligation during transit passage, mode, 186 158 normal passage routes, 187–188 overflight rights, 22, 118–120 overflight rights, 193 transit passage and, 153–159, routeing measures, 192–193 213–215 shape of sea lanes and air routes, UNCLOS III and, 120–122 190 Rules of the Air, 316–322 vs. straits, 185–186 sovereign immunity of, 322–323 archipelagic states, 49–50, 168. See also specific duties of, 313–325 coastal states; states bordering states bordering straits, 322 straits transit passage for, 211–217 existing agreements, 268–270

498

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00376-7 - The Legal Regime of Straits: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions Hugo Caminos and Vincent P. Cogliati-bantz Index More information

index 499

general rights granted to third states, assisted navigation, 131–135 268–271 associated protective measures limitations to enforcement (APMs), 204, 426–427, jurisdiction of, 280–297 437–438 limitations to prescriptive Australia jurisdiction of, 266–268 associated protective measures, negative effects on transit, 437–438 267–268 Great Barrier Reef, 346–347, 432 non-discrimination of cargo, Indonesian archipelagic sea lanes 266–267 and, 197 natural unity theory, 175 Indonesian archipelago and, 172 rights relating to submarine cables, pilotage rules, 346, 432, 433 270–271 prescriptive jurisdiction of, 350 sovereignty of, 229–230 Australian Reef Pilots Pty. Ltd, and special rights granted to Torres Strait, 438 immediately adjacent neighbouring states, 272–275 Bahamas, 185, 471 UNCLOS III and, 172, 176 Bahrain, 26 archipelagic waters, 168–181. See also Bahrain-Saudi Arabia Passage, 58 internal waters within straits Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, continental states and, 179–180 78–79 fees for service in, 371–376 Balintang Channel, 203 innocent passage in, 181–183 Baltic Sea, 18–19, 420 navigational rights in, 181–205 Barcelona Convention (1976), 110, regime of passage in, 168–176 423–424 straight baselines and, 177 Barcelona Statute, 130 territorial sea and, 176–177 Basilan Strait, 203 ARCOP. See Arctic Operational Bass Strait, 49, 342 Platform (ARCOP) Bawean incident, 200–201 Arctic Archipelago, 180 Beagle Channel, 65–66, 117 Arctic clause, 413 belligerents Arctic Cooperation Agreement, duties of, 13–15 143–144 relations with enemy vessels and Arctic Operational Platform (ARCOP), aircraft, 20–24 148 relations with neutral vessels and Arctic Route, 2 aircraft, 24–30 Arctic Shipping Pollution Preventions right to visit and search neutral Regulations, 413 vessels, 26 Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, states bordering straits as, 20–30 142 BELTREP, 98 areas to be avoided, 341–342 Belts (Denmark), 19 Argentina BIMCO, 397 duty to give due publicity, Black Sea, 59, 420 261–262 Black Sea Powers, 81 regulation of ships in transit, blockade, 23, 27–28 103 Bonifacio Strait, 2, 249, 438–440 Strait of Magellan, 98–103 Booby Island, 433, 434 treaty with Chile, 17–18, 98–99 Bosphorus Strait, 77–78

500 index

Boundary Treaty between Chile and article 3bis, 22 Argentina (1881), 98–99, 100, article 6, 319 261, 262 article 9, 232 Bramble Cay, 433, 434 civil/commercial flights, 193, 316 bridges, 331–341 dispute settlement, 448 Bosphorus, 335 innocent passage and, 164–165 Great Belt, 332–338, 354 overflight rights, 22, 121 IMO rules, 340 scheduled international services, Messina Strait, 340–341 119 Oresund, 339 Chile, 32, 58–59, 98–103, 173 Straits of Dover, 338–339 pilotage rules, 101 Bulgaria, 42, 121, 331 straight baselines, 65 on Bungo Strait, 60 traffic separation scheme, 103 burden-sharing, 382–390 treaty with Argentina, 17–18, collection of charges for, 384–390 98–99 international entity to manage fund, civil aircraft, 22. See also aircraft 389–390 breach of duties, 323–325 UK proposal for charging system, Rules of the Air and, 320 386 coastal states. See also archipelagic user-pays-principle, 388 states; states bordering straits voluntary approach in, 389 archipelagic sea lanes, 234–242 criminal/civil jurisdiction over Cabo Verde, 471 merchant ships, 167 cabotage, 117 duty not to hamper/impair right of Canada transit, 326–327 Arctic Archipelago and, 180 duty not to suspend transit passage, Arctic Cooperation Agreement, 231–234 143–144 duty to give due publicity, 260–263 Arctic Route claims, 2 general remedies for, 292–296 control of passage in Arctic Straits, innocent passage and, 165–167 135–149 interests in strait/archipelagic on internal waters within straits, waters, 354–355 58–59 international regulation of marine North Atlantic ice patrol service, 385 pollution and, 251–254 Northwest Passage and, 138–145 international responsibility of, straight baselines, 67–69 296–297 Canadian Arctic Waters Pollution limitations to prescriptive Prevention Act (1970), 413 jurisdiction of, 243–266 Ç anakkale Strait, 77 article 42(1)(a), 246–251 cargoes, nondiscrimination of, article 42(1)(b), 251–254 266–267 article 53, 251–254 Celtic Sea, 420 negative effects on transit, Cheju Strait, 48–49, 168 267–268 Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation loading/unloading of commodity, (1944). See also aircraft currency or person, 259–260 annex 16, 264 physical impediments to passage, article 15, 387 327–342 article 37, 317 prescriptive jurisdiction of, 243–245

index 501

restriction of fishing vessels and, article 25, 71, 74 257–259 historic straits and, 70 restriction of right of transit, internal waters within straits, 66 328–342 regime of innocent passage, 95, areas to be avoided, 341–342 162 bridges and other structures, cooperation by agreement, 376–379 331–341 Co-operation Forum, 395, 396–397 land reclamation, 328–330 Co-operation Mechanism, 396, 397 right of transit passage and, 218 co-operative schemes, 391–402 rights and duties of, 231–297 Copenhagen Treaty of 1857, 91, 94 routeing measures, 234–242 article 2 of, 95 sea lanes passage, 234–242 enforcement against foreign ships sovereignty of, 228–229 and, 96 termination of right of transit, innocent passage and, 95 327–328 Corfu Channel traffic separation scheme, qualification as strait, 113 234–242 regime of passage in, 47 COLREG, 305, 312 Corfu Channel case, 12–13, 26, 37, 55, commerce, 136–137 113, 115, 118, 124, 126, construction, equipment, design or 128–129, 136, 233, 365 manning (CEDM), 252 customary law continental states, archipelagic waters international conventions and, and, 179–180 452–460 continuous passage, 206–208 transit passage and, 452 Convention on the Continental Shelf opinion of writers, 460–462 (1958), 336 package deal negotiations, Convention on the High Seas (1958), 465–466 11 parties and non-parties to article 3, 155 UNCLOS, 467–469 Convention on the International practice and opinio juris, 462 Regulations for Preventing Cyprus, 87, 88–89 Collisions at Sea (COLREG), 237 Danish Straits, 89. See also straits Convention on the Law of the article 35(c) and, 96 Non-Navigable Uses of freedom of passage in, 96 International Watercourses, Great Belt bridge, 332–338 110 passage of foreign warships/military Convention on the Territorial Sea and aircraft, 92 Contiguous Zone (1958) right of transit passage in, 90–93 article 4, 64, 178 Route T, 97 article 5, 68 ship reporting system in, 98 article 5(2), 105 vessel traffic services in, 97 article 14(5), 258 Dardanelles Strait, 77 article 15(2), 365, 367 Decca Navigatory System, 386 article 16, 39 deep-draught vessels, 288 article 16(4), 12, 113, 126 Delimitation of Territorial Waters, article 17, 433 105 article 18, 364, 367 delinkage, 219–220, 281

502 index

Denmark article 233, 413–420 Copenhagen Treaty of 1857, 94 article 34 and, 42–45 Danish-American Treaty of 1826, 91 article 38(1) and, 51–52 enforcement against foreign ships, authority of coastal states in, 95–96 407–408 Great Belt bridge, 332–338 dispute settlement, 447 military aircraft of foreign power, 93 high seas freedoms and, 157–158 as neutral State, 31–32 marine protected areas and, Oresund bridge, 339 411–412 permission to fly or land within naval hostilities in, 20 territory, 92–93 right of transit passage, 38, 208, 210, tolls, 361 211 Treaty of Redemption of the Sound ‘similar’ convenience exception, Dues (1857), 19 42–45 developing coastal states, 37 existing rights, 275, 276–277 Dimitrii Laptev Strait, 70, 145–147 expeditious passage, 206–208 discharge, 252 dispute settlement, 445–451 Falkland Islands (Malvinas), 103 disputes over straits regime, Falsterbo Udde (Falsterbo Point), 19, 448–451 93 military activities, 449 Fiji, 38, 270 Montreux formula, 445 Finland overview, 445–448 Aland˚ Islands and, 18–19 distress, 207 duty to give due publicity, 262 distress frequency, 314–315 Great Belt bridge, 332–338, 354 Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of territorial sea of, 106 the Sea, 260 transit passage in Aland˚ Strait, Djuanda Declaration, 174 104–107 Dominican Republic, 472 First Geneva Conference, 3 Dover Straits, 235, 249, 338–339, 342, Fisheries case, 123, 127, 133–134, 171 430 fishing rights, 269, 272–275 Drogden Channel, 337 fishing vessels dumping, definition of, 253 Malaysian, 278 restriction to, 258 East Bridge, 337 flag states, 282, 322–323 East Timor, 183 denationalization of high seas and, Ecuador, 173, 179 158–159 EEZ. See exclusive economic zone environmental protection and, 352, (EEZ) 406 Egypt, 20, 26, 107–108, 339 international responsibility of, 290, e-Navigation, 399 295–296, 306, 323–325 enemy aircraft, 20–24 liability for damages, 265, 292–294, enemy vessels, 20–24 322–323 English Channel, 59, 342, 420 marine pollution regulation and, Estonia, 167 245, 254–255, 283 European Union, 407 rule of law and high seas, 154–155 exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 41, of ships, 265, 323–325 113–114 transit passage and, 219

index 503

foreign ships Great Belt VTS, 97, 249 duties of, 295–296 Greece, 13, 26, 44, 50–51, 87, 88–89, liability for damage, 292–294 214, 244 non-discrimination of, 266–267 Gulf of Aden, 420 foreign state, territorial sea of, 54 Gulf of Aqaba France, 179 freedom of navigation in, 107–108 Article 233 and, 290 overflight rights, 107–108 Strait of Bonifacio, 438–440 right of passage in, 55–57 Straits of Dover bridges and tunnels, Six-Day War and, 21 338–339 Gulf of Bothnia, 104 Franco-German war of 1870–71, Gulf of Finland, 43 31 freedom of navigation, 153–159 Hague Codification Conference (1930), in Gulf of Aqaba, 107–108 14, 28, 63, 71, 94, 123, 124, 170, in Magellan Strait, 98–99 363 in Straits of Malacca and Singapore, Hague Conventions, 23, 123 153 Hague Peace Conference (1907), 14 in Tiran Strait, 107–108 Hague Rules (1923) transit passage and, 153–159 article 34, 22 Fund Conventions, 87 wireless telegraphy, 21 Head Harbour Passage, 58 GAIRAS. See Generally accepted Hebrides, 64–65 international regulations, high seas, 113–114. See also territorial procedures and practices sea (GAIRAS) article 34 and, 42–45 Galapagos, 179 article 38(1) and, 51–52 garbage, definition of, 253 denationalization of, 158–159 General Provisions on Ships’ Routeing, exercise of freedoms by all states in, 88, 192, 204, 237–238, 246, 288, 157–158 331, 427 flag State’s rule of law and, 154–155 Generally accepted international internal waters within straits and, regulations, procedures and 59 practices (GAIRAS), right of transit passage, 41, 208, 210, 307–313 211 customary international law and, scope ratione materiae of, 155–157 312–313 ‘similar’ convenience exception, customary law and, 309–310 42–45 ratified treaties and, 312 historic bays, 60–61 rules and standards, 310–311 historic straits, 70–71 Georgia Strait, 63 article 35(c) and, 74–75 Germany, 290, 418 Hokkaido Island, 44 Gibraltar Strait, 33, 77, 137, 138, Hollanderdybet/Drogden, 92 339 Honshu Island, 44, 59–60 Great Barrier Reef Hormuz Strait, 21, 25, 33, 67, 467 designation as PSSA, 346, 432 Horsburgh Light Area, 288 extension of, 347 hostilities, outbreak of, 11–12 Great Belt, 89, 92 Hydrographers Passage, 433, 434 Great Belt case, 95, 96, 332–338 hydrographic survey ships, 303–304

504 index

ICAO. See International Civil Aviation Intergovernmental Maritime Organization (ICAO) Consultative Organization ILO. See International Labour (IMCO), 159 Organization (ILO) internal waters enclosed by straight IMO. See International Maritime baselines, 64–71 Organization (IMO) internal waters within straits, 58–63. IMO Trust Fund, 399, 400–401 See also archipelagic waters incidental activities, 300–301 article 35(a), 58–63 India, 179 general principles, 58–63 Indonesia, 153, 160–161. See also exception to, 64–71 archipelagic states high seas and, 59 archipelagic sea lanes, 194–201, historic bays, 60–61 472 juridical bays, 61–62 Article 233 and, 290 multi-state bays, 61–62 Bawean incident, 200–201 International Air Transit Service co-operative schemes, 391–402 Agreement, 120, 319 Djuanda Declaration, 174 International Chamber of Shipping, innocent passage in archipelagic 380 waters, 182, 183 International Civil Aviation passage in archipelagic waters, Organization (ICAO), 159 174 Air Navigation Bureau, 314 special rights granted to designation of air routes, 193 immediately adjacent flight and manoeuvre of aircraft over neighbouring states and, 273 straits, 264 Treaty of Jakarta, 276–277 Rapporteur to, 319 unification by archipelagic waters, regional air navigation plans, 176 314–316 vessel traffic services, 399 Regional Offices, 314 Indreleia, 133–134 regulatory powers of, 320–321 Inland Sea, 59–60 rule of the air, 317–318 innocent passage, 159–168. See also International Convention for the transit passage Prevention of Pollution for aircraft and, 164–165 Ships (MARPOL). See in archipelagic waters, 181–183 MARPOL Convention coastal State’s jurisdiction and, 164, International Convention for the Safety 167 of Life at Sea (SOLAS). See Copenhagen Treaty of 1857 and, 95 SOLAS Convention foreign warships and, 167–168 International Convention on Oil Montreaux Convention and, 88–89 Pollution Preparedness, non-suspendable, 46–58 Response and Co-operation, Strait of Magellan, 101 306 straits ending in territorial sea of international distress radio frequency, foreign state, 54–58 314 prohibited activities, 165 International Group of P&I Clubs, 380 regulatory competence of coastal International Labour Organization State, 165–167 (ILO), 306 submarines and, 165 International Maritime Court, 161, UNCLOS and, 162–164 296

index 505

International Maritime Organization safeguards in, 282–288 (IMO), 4 use of straits as additional aircraft regulation and, 320–321 requirement, 122–127 bridge construction and, 340 use of straits as scalar concept, compulsory pilotage and, 345, 348, 127–128 349 International Northern Sea Route designation of archipelagic sea lanes, Programme (INSROP), 148 191 International Ocean Space Institutions, e-Navigation, 399 161 future charging system and, 387 International Oil Pollution Claims general provisions on ships’ Fund, 380 routeing, 88, 192, 204, 237–238, International Tank Owners Pollution 246, 288, 331, 427 Federation, 380 generally accepted international International Tribunal for the Law of regulations, procedures and the Sea (ITLOS), 329–330, 352, practices, 307–313 445, 446–447 Indonesian archipelagic sea lanes International Union of Marine and, 198 Insurers, 380 Marine Environmental Protection INTERTANKO, 397 Committee, 346, 347, 350, 384, Iran, 21, 466 386, 423, 432, 434–436, 439 Iran-Iraq war, 1980–1988, 25, 26, Maritime Safety Committee, 83–89, 33 97, 192–193, 195–196, 238, 246, Iraq, 21, 467 248–250, 341, 350, 386–387, Irish Sea, 420 392, 417 islands particularly sensitive sea areas and, Aland˚ Islands, 18–19, 104 424–426 Booby Island, 433, 434 recommendatory power of, 353 Falkland Islands (Malvinas), 103 regime of innocent passage and, Hokkaido Island, 44 166 Honshu Island, 44, 59–60 reporting requirements, 353 island exception, 46–53 routeing system, 87–88, 240 Isle of Wright, 59 rules and recommendations, 85–87 Kyushu Island, 59–60 ship reporting system and, 98, Orkney islands, 50 246–249 right of transit passage and, 169 trafﬁc separation scheme, 238–239 Shikoku Island, 59–60 UNCLOS interpretation by, Tiran Island, 339 353–354 UNCLOS Part VIII (Regime of vessel trafﬁc services and, 87, 97, Islands), Article 121, 169 249–250, 375, 399 Zealand Island, 89 international navigation, 117–122 Israel, 54–56, 107–108, 452 air navigation as, 118–120 Istanbul Strait, 77–78 amount and type of use of straits in, Italy 135–149 Strait of Bonifacio, 438–440 future use of straits in, 128–131 Strait of Messina bridge, 340–341 legal functionality, 115–117 war with Turkey in 1912, 20 natural and assisted navigation, ITLOS. See International Tribunal for 131–135 the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

506 index

Japan compliance of ships with standards, archipelagic regime, 180 102–103 Article 233 and, 290 foreign warships in, 102 Cheju Strait and, 49, 168 free navigation for ships of all flags co-operative schemes, 393–394 in, 99–100 Indonesian archipelago and, 172 free navigation in, 99 internal waters within straits, 59–60 freedom of navigation in, 98–99 special rights granted to internal waters within, 65 immediately adjacent navigation regime in, 261 neighbouring states and, 274 non-suspendable innocent passage submarine cables, 270 in, 101 territorial sea, 44 overflight rights, 100–101 Japanese Malacca Strait Council, pilotage service in, 101 393 ship routes, 102 Japanese Shipowners Association, traffic separation scheme in, 103 397 Maire Strait, 261 Johor Strait, 328–329 Malacca Strait Council, 394, 397 Johor-Singapore Causeway, 330 Malacca Strait Patrol Standard Jordan, 56 Operating Procedure, 400–401 Juan de Fuca Strait, 63, 123 Malacca Straits. See Straits of Malacca juridical bays, 60–62 and Singapore jurisdiction, definition of, 227 Malay Peninsula, 275, 276–277 Jutland, 90 Malaysia, 275–280. See also Straits of Malacca and Singapore Kara Sea, 147 archipelagic doctrine and, 180 Karsky Sea, 146 Article 233 and, 288–291 Kii Channel, 59–60 civil and state aircraft, 279–280 Korea, 168 co-operative schemes, 391–402 Korea (Tsushima) Strait, 44 existing rights, 275, 276–277 Korean peninsula, 48–49 fishing vessels, 278 Kullen-Gilbjerghoven, 19, 93 merchant ships, 278 Kurk Strait, 58, 166 navigation rights, 278–279 Kyushu Island, 59–60 overflight rights, 278–280 right of access and communication, land reclamation, 328–330 279 law of war, 19–36, 232, 282 safeguards in straits used for Little Belt, 90, 334 international navigation, 284 Little Minch, 65 Singapore’s land reclamation and, Load Line Convention (1996), 312 328–330 London Declaration Concerning the on Straits of Malacca and Singapore, Laws of Naval Warfare (1909), 153 27 submarine cables and pipelines, London Dumping Convention, 264 277–278 Lotus case, 459 traditional fishing rights, 277 Lusitania Expresso (ship), 182–183 Treaty of Jakarta, 276–277 Malta, 161–162, 214, 293, 296, 299, Magellan Strait, 17–18, 98–103. See 346, 368–369 also straits Manhattan (tanker), 140, 142

index 507

man-made waterways, 111 military activities, 93, 197, 266, 322, Marine Electronic Highway (MEH) 449–450 project, 393 military aircraft. See also aircraft marine pollution Danish Straits and, 164–165 Arctic regulations, 413 foreign, 92–93 article 42(1)(b) and, 251–257 innocent passage and, 164–165 article 43 and, 371–390 Montreux Convention (1936), 82 article 211(6) and, 411–412 Minches, 65 article 234 and, 292, 413–420 mines (explosives), laying of, 23 Canada’s regulation of, 413 mobile offshore drilling units duties of ships and aircraft, 298, (MODUs), 333, 337 305–306 MODUs. See mobile offshore drilling exclusiveeconomiczoneand, units (MODUs) 411–412 Montreux Convention (1936), 16, ﬂag states and, 245, 254–255, 79–81, 385 283 article 24, 89 generally accepted international environmental protection, 82–83 regulations, procedures and innocent passage and, 88–89 practices, 307–313 passage of military aircraft and, 82 international regulation of, 251–254 safety of navigation, 82–83 jurisdiction of coastal State on, Morocco, 214, 302, 323, 331, 339, 466 251–254, 296 MPAs. See marine protected areas MARPOL Convention, 252–254, (MPAs) 306 multi-state bays, 61–62 particularly sensitive sea areas, 424–441 Nassia (ship), 82 Russia’s regulation of, 414 natural disasters, 327–328 marine protected areas (MPAs), natural navigation, 131–135 410–442 natural passages, 109–111 Article 211(6), 411–412 natural unity theory, 175 conventional instruments, 423–424 naval powers, 37 MARPOL 73/78, 420–423 navigable waterways, 132–133 particularly sensitive sea areas, navigation aids, 366 424–442 neighbouring states, 272–275 special areas, 420–423 Netherlands, 26, 54, 125 marine research ships, 303–304 neutral aircraft MARPOL Convention, 252–254, belligerents and, 24–30 306 right of transit in international GAIRAS and, 312 strait, 28–29 marine protected areas and, neutral vessels, 24–30 420–423 right to visit and search, 26 Mauritius, 270, 472 neutrals Mediterranean Sea, 420 duties of, 13–15 Menai Strait, 117 states bordering straits as, 28–29 Messina exception, 46 Nicaragua v. United States case, 454 Messina Strait, 32, 46, 53, 340–341 Nippon Foundation, 397 Middle East Navigation aids Service, non-innocent passage, prevention of, 397 218

508 index

non-suspendable innocent passage, Panama Canal, 139 46–58 Papua New Guinea, 183, 346–347 Strait of Magellan, 101 associated protective measures straits ending in territorial sea of (APMs), 437–438 foreign state, 54–58 Torres Strait and, 433 NORDREG. See Northern Canada Paris Convention Relating to the Vessel Traffic Zone Regulations Regulation of Aerial Navigation (NORDREG) (1919), 22, 118 North Atlantic ice patrol service, particularly sensitive sea area (PSSA), 385 424–442 North Minch, 65 associated protective measures, 204, North Sea, 420 426–427 North Sea Continental Shelf case, 312, Great Barrier Reef as, 346 455–458, 459, 462 impact on straits, 430–442 Northern Borneo, 275, 276–277 Pas de Calais, 249 Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Zone Passamauoddy Bay, 58 Regulations (NORDREG), 141, Pemba Channel, 47 417–418 Pentland Firth, 47 Northern Sea Route, 146 Peru, 173 North-West European Waters, 420 Philippines. See also archipelagic states Northeast Passage, 69, 148 archipelagic sea lanes, 171, 201–204, Northwest Passage (NWP), 138–145 472 Canadian policy on, 138–145 exclusive rights over waters, 173 transits in, 139–142 overflight rights on archipelagic sea US policy on, 138–145 lanes, 215 Northwind (ship), 140, 146 as particularly sensitive sea area, Norway, 31, 58, 87, 133–134 2 transit passage for ships and aircraft Oil Companies International Marine in, 212 Forum, 380 pilotage Oman, 33, 467 in Australia, 346, 432, 433 One Fathom Bank, 288 in Chile, 101 opinio juris, 454–455, 462 compulsory, 345–351 Oresund, 19, 93 IMO rules, 345, 348, 349 OSPAR Convention, 423–424 in Strait of Magellan, 101 Osumi Strait, 44 pipelines, 277–278 Outer Hebrides, 65 Poland, 72, 331 overflight rights, 118–120. See also Polar Sea (icebreaker), 142 aircraft Portugal, 54, 430 archipelagic sea lanes passage and, Private Group on Straits, 38, 214, 236, 193 243, 258, 259, 266, 299 Chicago Convention and, 22 private vessels, breach of duties, transit passage and, 153–159, 323–325 213–215 Project Co-ordination Committee, UNCLOS III and, 120–122 395, 396 PSSA. See particularly sensitive sea area pacta sunt servanda principle, 269 (PSSA) Panama, 348 publicity, 260–263

index 509

Pulau Tekong. See International ships in transit Tribunal for the Law of the Sea duties of, 298–325 (ITLOS) breach of duties, 323–325 scope of, 305 Qiongzhou Strait, 67 general compliance duties, 298–301 incidental activities, 300–301 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands requirements to be met by, 343–351 (1971), 423–424 sovereign immunity of, 322–323 rebus sic stantibus principle, 269 specific duties of, 301–313 Red Sea, 56, 385, 420 traffic separation scheme for, 83–85, Regional Air Navigation Plan, 314 103, 234–239, 242, 246, 288 research and survey activities, 303–304 vessel traffic services, 87, 97, Revolving Fund, 388, 394 249–250, 375, 399 routeing system, 234–242, 246 Shokal’skii Straits, 146 Rules of the Air, 193, 264, 316–322 Sibutu Strait, 203 civil aircraft and, 320 ‘similar convenience’ exception, 42–45 military aircraft, 316, 322 Singapore. See also Straits of Malacca non-scheduled flights and, 319–320 and Singapore specific duties of aircraft, 313, 315 archipelagic doctrine and, 180 Russia, 31, 87, 88–89 Article 233 and, 290 Arctic straits, 145–149 co-operative schemes, 391–402 marine pollution regulation, 414 land reclamation, 328–330 straight baselines, 69–70 Malaysia and, 328–330 Russo-Japanese war of 1904–05, 31 Singapore clause, 210–211 Singapore Statement, 395, 397 safety of navigation, 316 Singapore Strait. See Straits of Malacca Samsoe Belt, 92 and Singapore San Remo Manual, 22, 27 Six-Day War, 11, 56 article 23, 34 SOLAS Convention article 29, 35 Chapter V, 192, 305–306, 343, 349, article 33, 34 353 rules of laying of mines, 23 regulation V/10, 237, 342 Sannikov Strait, 70, 145–147 regulation V/10(7), 242 Saudi Arabia, 339 regulation V/10(9), 241–242 SCTW. See Standards of Training, regulation V/11(1), 251 Certification and Watchkeeping regulation V/11(10), 375 for Seafarers (STCW) regulation V/11(4), 251 Sea of Aland,˚ 104 regulation V/11(7), 247 Sea of Marmara, 77 regulation V/11(8), 248 Sea of the Hebrides, 65 regulation V/11(9), 248 Seabed Committee, 37, 72, 156, 159, Solent, 24, 59 161, 178, 259, 272, 298, 331, 346 Somalia, 26 Security Council, 104, 301 Sound (Denmark), 89 self-defence, 282 passage of foreign warships/military sewage, definition of, 253 aircraft, 92 ship reporting system (SRS), 98, ship reporting system in, 98 246–249 Treaty for the Redemption of the Shipbroker (ship), 82 Sound Dues (1857), 19

510 index

South Georgia, 103 safeguards, 282–288 South Korea, 48–49 United Nations Charter, 281–282 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, limitations to prescriptive 467, 469–470 jurisdiction of, 266–268 South Sandwich, 103 negative effects on transit, South Yemen, 466 267–268 Southern South African Waters, 420 non-discrimination of cargo, sovereignty, 227–230 266–267 of archipelagic states, 168, 176–177, physical impediments to passage, 227–230 327–342 of coastal states, 164–165, 228–229, requirements for transiting ships, 326–355 343–351 definition of, 227–228 restriction of right of transit, limitations to, 231–297 328–342 of states bordering straits, 223, areas to be avoided, 341–342 227–230, 326–355 bridges and other structures, territorial, 228, 301, 317, 365–366 331–341 Soya (La Perouse)´ Strait, 44 land reclamation, 328–330 Spain right of transit passage and, 466–467 liability for damages and, 294 sovereignty of, 326–355 marine environmental regulation, termination of right of transit, 244, 252 327–328 prohibition for all ships to conduct Statute on Freedom of Transit, 384 research/survey during transit Statute on the Regime of Navigable passage, 302 Waterways, 132–133 right of transit passage and, 466 Stevn Lighthouse, 19, 93 Rules of the Air amendment and, stopping, 207 321 straight baselines, 63–71 Strait of Gibraltar, 339 archipelagic waters and, 177 special areas, 420–423 straits SRS. See ship reporting system (SRS) definitions of, 1, 109–110 St. Vincent and the Grenadines, dispute settlement, 445–451 472 fees for service in, 371–376 Standards of Training, Certification historic, 70–71, 74–75 and Watchkeeping for Seafarers internal waters within, 58–63 (STCW), 306, 312 international navigation ending in State of registry, 282, 322–323 territorial sea of foreign state, Staten Island (ship), 140 54 states bordering straits. See also law of war for, 19–36 archipelagic states; coastal states legal geography, 112–115 duty not to hamper/impair right of narrowness of, 114 transit, 354–355 natural passages, 109–111 immune ships/aircraft and, 322 neutralization of, 17–18 limitations to enforcement non-suspendable innocent passage jurisdiction of, 280–297 in, 41, 46–58 archipelagic sea passage, 280–292 island exception, 46–53 exceptions, 281–292 not regulated/affected by UNCLOS right of transit passage, 280–292 Part III, 41

index 511

particularly sensitive sea areas and, rules on warships and merchant 430–442 vessels of belligerents, 31 potential utility, 138 rules on passage in Danish Straits, regulated by international agreement 90 compatible with UNCLOS, 107–108 Tanzania, 46 regulated by long-standing tax, 359–363 international conventions in territorial sea, 113–114. See also high force, 71–108 seas Aland˚ Strait, 104–107 archipelagic baselines, 169 Danish Straits, 89 archipelagic waters and, 176–177 Magellan Strait, 98–103 coastal State’s sovereignty over, 154 Turkish Straits, 77–89 fees for service in, 371–376 ‘similar convenience’ exception, historic straits and, 70 42–45 innocent passage in, 54–58, 95, strict utility, 138 162 used for international navigation, international navigation ending in, 115–149 54 amount and type of use, 135–149 right of transit passage, 209–210 future use, 128–131 territory, definition of, 317 legal functionality, 115–117 Thailand, 180 natural and assisted navigation, special rights granted to 131–135 immediately adjacent safeguards, 282–288 neighbouring states, 272–273 use, 122–128 Tierra del Fuego, 65 Straits of Malacca and Singapore Tiran Strait, 20, 55–57, 339 beneficiaries of transit passage in, freedom of navigation in, 107–108 380–381 overflight rights, 107–108 burden-sharing in, 2, 383 tolls, 359–363 co-operative schemes in, 391–402 Denmark, 361 pollution from oil tankers, 388 Turkey, 385 ship reporting system in, 249 Torres Pilots Pty. Ltd., 438 Singapore clause, 210 Torres Strait, 2, 3, 249, 346–347, 433 under-keel clearance requirements, traditional fishing rights, 272–275, 284, 288–291 277 submarine cables, 270–271, 277–278 traffic separation scheme (TSS), submarines, 19, 92 234–242 innocent passage, 165 article 42(1)(a) and, 246 normal mode of navigation, 299 in Chile, 103 right of transit passage, 215–217 General Provisions on Ships’ Suez Canal, 385 Routeing, 88, 192, 204, Surigao Strait, 203 237–238, 246, 288, 331, 427 Sweden International Maritime Ahvenanrauma Strait, 106–107 Organization, 238–239 military aircraft of foreign power, 93 in routeing system, 237–239 Oresund bridge, 339 in Singapore Strait, 288 rules on neutral and belligerent in Strait of Magellan, 103 aircraft, 32–33 in Turkish Straits, 83–86

512 index

transit passage, 5–6, 153–205, 206–224. UNCLOS III and, 37–108 See also innocent passage United Nations Charter and, applicability under UNCLOS 281–282 Part III, 41–108, 109–149 Treaty for the Redemption of the archipelagic sea lanes passage and, Sound Dues (1857), 19, 168–205, 470–472 332–333 areas to be avoided and, 341–342 Treaty of Jakarta, 277–278 continuous passage, 206–208 Treaty of Paris (1898), 173 customary law and, 452–472 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between opinion of writers, 460–462 Argentina and Chile (1984), 18, package deal negotiations, 65, 103 465–466 article 10 of, 99–100 parties and non-parties to Treaty of Versailles, 133 UNCLOS, 467–469 treaty regimes, 15–19 practice and opinio juris, 462 Argentina, 12–13 duties of coastal states during, Chile, 12–13 231–297 Denmark, 19 duties of ships and aircraft during, Finland, 18–19 298–325 Sweden, 18–19 expeditious passage, 206–208 Turkey, 16–17 freedom of navigation and, 153–159 Trilateral Technical Experts Group geographical scope, 208–211 (TTEG), 392–396, 400 innocent passage and, 159–168 Trinidad and Tobago, 472 internal waters within straits, 58–63 TSS. See traffic separation scheme international customs and (TSS) international conventions, Tsugaru Strait, 44 452–460 TTEG. See Trilateral Technical Experts island exception, 46–53 Group (TTEG) land reclamation and, 328–330 Tubbataha Reef, 203 loss of, 217–224 Turkey natural disasters and, 327–328 archipelagic regime, 180 non-suspendable innocent passage, belligerent power of, 16–17 46–58 Greek Declaration and, 50–51 overflight rights and, 153–159, Montreaux Convention and, 88–89 213–215 as neutral State in World War II, pre-World War II practice, 31 24–25 non-Party to UNCLOS, 452 recipients of, 211–217 tolls, 385 restriction of, 328–342 Turkish Straits, 77–89. See also straits scope ratione personae of, 263–266 Black Sea markets and, 78 for ships and aircraft, 211–217 Black Sea Powers and, 81 ‘similar convenience’ exception, as energy transport route, 78–79 42–45 fees for transit in, 385 Singapore clause, 210–211 IMO rules, 85–86 straits ending in territorial sea of Montreux Convention and, 79–81 foreign state, 54 non-Black Sea Powers and, 81–82 submarines, 215–217 regulation of maritime traffic in, termination of, 327–328 82–83

index 513

strategic importance of, 78–79 Article 24, 164, 167, 266, 340, 364, trafﬁc separation scheme in, 83–85, 367, 427 86 Article 25, 163, 183 vessel trafﬁc services in, 87–88 Article 26, 367, 371–373, 375 Article 30, 222 UNCLOS. See United Nations Article 33, 229 Convention on the Law of the Part III (Straits Used for Sea (UNCLOS) International Navigation), 6–8, under-keel clearance, 288–291, 392, 280, 352, 451, 474 399 Article 34, 38, 221, 223, 228, 229, UNESCO Convention Concerning the 245, 318, 327 Protection of the World Article 35, 7, 58–63, 65, 66, 71, Cultural and Natural Heritage, 72–77, 94, 96, 101, 104, 261, 423–424 333, 375, 385, 405 United Kingdom Article 36, 42–45, 64, 115, 208, archipelagic doctrine and, 172 412, 446 non-suspendable innocent passage Article 37, 39, 46, 62, 129, 185, and, 54 208, 211, 330 Straits of Dover bridges and tunnels, Article 38, 46–53, 101, 165, 167, 338–339 185, 186, 206, 211, 216, 217, United Nations Charter, 281–282 219, 221, 223, 231, 245, 303, article 2(3), 445 327, 330, 348 United Nations Conference on Article 39, 158, 165, 204, 216, 219, Sustainable Development, 220, 221, 222, 244, 254, 256, 409 258, 264, 265, 282, 283, 286, United Nations Convention on the Law 290, 295, 298–301, 302, 303, of the Sea (UNCLOS), 2, 4, 114, 304–306, 307–310, 313–314, 128, 405–409 316, 317–320, 327, 347, 348, Part I (Introduction), 309 421, 436, 437, 448 Part II (Territorial Sea and Article 40, 204, 219, 221, 295, Contiguous Zone) 301–304 Article 2, 176–177, 227, 228, Article 41, 191, 209, 219, 235–237, 276–277, 282 238, 239–241, 242, 285, 295, Article 3, 121, 277 304, 343, 347, 348, 350, 407, Article 7, 64, 68, 177 421 Article 8, 64, 65, 68 Article 42, 76, 204, 219, 231, 232, Article 9(1), 245 234, 243, 244, 246–255, 256, Article 10, 75 258, 259–260, 261, 263, 264, Article 14(3), 162 265, 266–267, 268, 285, 286, Article 15, 75 287, 288, 289, 290, 295, 304, Article 16, 127, 163, 231 322–323, 347–348, 350, 351, Article 17, 163, 167, 176–177, 212 407, 421, 434, 436, 437 Article 18(4), 127, 207 Article 43, 134, 359–370, 371–390, Article 19, 163, 165, 183, 218, 221, 391, 394 259, 300, 302 Article 44, 167, 219, 222, 230, 231, Article 21, 164, 218, 251, 259, 260 232, 233, 290, 367 Article 22, 160, 166–167, 182, 191, Article 45, 49, 52, 54–58, 59, 159, 235, 337, 343 216, 231, 340, 452

514 index

United Nations Convention (cont.) Article 211, 245, 308, 406, Part IV (Archipelagic States), 6–8, 411–412, 427–429, 430–431, 168, 281, 352, 451 437 Article 46, 169, 178, 179 Article 218, 254 Article 47, 169, 201, 268–276, 327, Article 232, 296 354, 471 Article 233, 219, 234, 264, Article 48, 177 282–291, 326, 347, 352, 414, Article 49, 168, 176–177, 223, 227, 429 228, 229, 268–271 Article 234, 147, 148, 219, Article 50, 181 291–292, 352, 413–420 Article 51, 268–271, 273, 274–275, Article 236, 265, 291–292, 278, 327, 354 415 Article 52, 169, 176–177, 181, Part XIII (Marine Scientiﬁc 183 Research), 304 Article 53, 120, 169, 176–177, 181, Part XV (Settlement of Disputes), 184, 185, 186, 187–190, 191, 377, 446, 447, 448 193, 197, 198, 199, 200, 204, Article 279, 445 208, 211, 219, 231, 232, 234, Article 281, 446, 448 287, 327, 354, 371–376 Article 282, 446, 448 Article 54, 49, 169, 186, 219, 231, Article 286, 447 246, 285, 298 Article 287, 445, 446 PartV(ExclusiveEconomicZone), Article 288(2), 446 332, 352 Article 290(5), 328 Article 55, 431 Article 293, 229 Article 56, 23, 155, 229 Article 297, 256, 257, 448, 451 Article 58, 121, 157, 271, 332 Article 298, 266, 321, 449, Article 59, 157 450–451 Article 60(7), 332 Part XVI (General Provisions), 296, Article 73, 352 301, 325, 331–332, 450 Part VI (Continental Shelf) Article 300, 331–332 Article 77, 229 Article 301, 301 Article 78(2), 332 Article 302, 450 Part VII (High Seas), 121, 157, 207, Article 304, 296, 325 216, 323, 325 Part XVII (Final Provisions), 73, 75, Article 87, 121, 157, 216 107, 148, 452 Article 94, 323, 325 Article 311, 73, 75, 107, 148 Article 98, 207 Article 317, 452 Part VIII (Regime of Islands), 169 Parties to, 452, 466 Article 121, 169 United Nations Division for Oceans Part IX (Enclosed or Semi-enclosed Affairs and the Law of the Sea Areas), 409 (DOALOS), 429 Part XI (The Area), 445, 447 United Nations Seabed Committee. See Part XII (Protection and Seabed Committee Preservation of the Marine United States Environment), 283, 287, 289 Arctic Cooperation Agreement, Article 192, 378, 406 143–144 Article 194, 347, 437 Article 233 and, 290 Article 197, 409 Bawean incident, 200–201

index 515

Danish-American Treaty of 1826, 91 VLCCs. See very large crude carriers Indonesian archipelagic sea lanes (VLCCs) and, 197, 200–201 VTS. See vessel traffic services (VTS) North Atlantic ice patrol service, 385 war, law of, 19–36, 232, 282 Northeast Passage, 69, 148 warships Northwest Passage and, 138–145 on Aland˚ Strait, 105–106 overflight rights and transit passage, in archipelagic sea lanes, 184–185 153, 213 belligerent, 13–15, 16–17, 31–32, 34 right of transit in territorial sea compliance duties of, 298–301 approaches to strait, 209–210 in Danish Straits, 91–93 transit passage, 466 flag state and, 265 use of force, 282 foreign, 160, 167–168 user states, 379–382 in Indonesian archipelagic sea lanes, user-pays-principle, 388 160–161, 182, 194–201 USSR neutral, 26 archipelagic doctrine and, 172 passage of, 91–93, 125 Northeast Passage, 69, 148 innocent, 160, 167, 168 overflight rights on transit passage transit, 211–217 and, 213 regulating, 13, 15 safeguards in straits used for specific duties in USSR, 302 international navigation, 283 in Strait of Magellan, 102 ships in transit, 305 in Tiran Strait, 20 on specific duties of warships, in Turkish Straits, 16–17 302 watercourse system, 110 on straits used for international waterways, 111 navigation, 72, 153 man-made, 111 transit passage, 466 navigable, 132–133 Statute on the Regime of Navigable Vanuatu, 472 Waterways, 132–133 very large crude carriers (VLCCs), 288, West European Waters, 430 391 wireless telegraphy, 21 vessel tracking, 393 World War I, right of transit passage vessel traffic services (VTS), 87, 97, during, 31–32 249–250, 375, 399 Vienna Convention on the Law of Yugoslavia, 171 Treaties, 11, 74, 220, 230, 318, 334, 405 Zanzibar (Unguja), 46 Vil’kitskii Strait, 145–147 Zanzibar Channel, 46