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The Cover-Up Is More Damaging Than the Sin: Sexual Scandals at the Cabinet and Sub-Cabinet Levels

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The Cover-Up Is More Damaging Than the Sin: Sexual Scandals at the Cabinet and Sub-Cabinet Levels Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 12-2006 The Cover-Up is More Damaging than the Sin: Sexual Scandals at the Cabinet and Sub-Cabinet Levels Craig Korpela Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Public Administration Commons, and the Public Affairs Commons Recommended Citation Korpela, Craig, "The Cover-Up is More Damaging than the Sin: Sexual Scandals at the Cabinet and Sub- Cabinet Levels" (2006). Dissertations. 961. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/961 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE COVER-UP IS MORE DAMAGING THAN THE SIN: SEXUAL SCANDALS AT THE CABINET AND SUB-CABINET LEVELS by Craig Korpela A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Public Affairs and Administration Dr. Matthew S. Mingus, Advisor Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3243160 Copyright 2006 by Korpela, Craig All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3243160 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Z eeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Craig Korpela 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This researcher sincerely appreciates the assistance that the following persons provided in various ways: Dr. Matthew Mingus, teacher, advisor, and chairman of the dissertation committee; Dr. Barbara Liggett, teacher and committee member; Dr. Wilson Warren, committee member; Dr. Peter Kobrak, teacher; Dr. Kathleen Reding, teacher; Baher, Cheryl, Dale, Mark, and Nancy, fellow W.M.U. Ph.D. students; Molly Reed, editor; Michele Behr, Marja Hendricks, and Elaine Hoeltzel, librarians; Clarissa Chavira, Janie Flores, and other members of the Texana Department of the San Antonio Public Library staff; Dorothy Bigford, Norma Curtis, John Homer, Susan Houston, Saleef Kaffajouffe, Cynthia Noyes, Myrna Pedelty, Don Tuski, Don Walker, John Wilterding, and other members of the Olivet College staff; ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments—Continued Patrick Gallinagh, Robert Kimball, and Joseph Klaits, historians; Michael Clancy, William Pritchard, Robert Clancy, informal advisors; Karl, Kurt, Lee, and Mike, my brothers; and Liola and Waino, my parents. I dedicate this research to my wife, Bridget, and daughters, Peggy and Kerry, who helped and inspired in many ways. Craig Korpela Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY......................................................... 1 Significance of Study ............................................ 3 Statement of Problem ............................................................................ 5 Research Questions ............................................................................... 6 II. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................... 10 Political Scandal ...................................................................................... 10 Institutional Competition ....................................................................... 18 Sex Scandal Literature ......................................................................... 20 Managing Sex Scandals .......................................................................... 25 Cultural Underpinnings ...................................................................... 28 Sexual Scandal Phases Literature .............................................. 30 Methodology ...................................................................................... 30 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER Phase 1: The Individual and the Alleged Behavior .................... 36 Phase 2: The Unfolding...: .............................................................. 68 Phase 3: Explanation and Investigation........................................ 73 Phase 4: Inter-Executive and Congressional Competition 78 Limitations of Study ........... ................ t........................................ 98 III. HENRY CISNEROS SEXUAL SCANDAL................................................ 100 Phase 1: The Individual and the Alleged Behavior .......................... 104 Phase 2: The Unfolding ........................................................................ 215 The Messenger................................................................................. 217 Phase 3: Explanation and Investigation ...................................... 236 IV. ANALYSIS.............................................. 245 V. CONCLUSION........................................ 259 APPENDICES A. Review of Sumner Welles Dismissal Literature ....................................... 266 B. Henry Cisneros Payment Data .................................... 272 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................... 277 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES 1. Cisneros Payment Data vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES 1. Cabinet Secretary or Under-Secretary Scandal Flow Chart: Phase 1 - The Alleged Behavior. ............................................................ 37 2. Cabinet Secretary or Under-Secretary Scandal Flow Chart: Phase 2 - The Unfolding .............................................................. 38 3. Cabinet Secretary or Under-Secretary Scandal Flow Chart: Phase 3 - The Explanation and Investigation .......................................... 39 4. Cabinet Secretary or Under-Secretary Scandal Flow Chart: Phase 4 - Inter-Executive and Congressional Competition .................. 40 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY In Anglo-American history from the Magna Carta to the Declaration of Independence, accountability in government stands as a rallying point for reformers. During the debate over the 1787 Constitution, Alexander Hamilton in Federalist #77 promoted the new constitution based on many safeguards, one being Senate approval of executive nominees. Democracy, Hamilton insisted, could be further safeguarded by senatorial oversight of Cabinet or sub-Cabinet removals. The first Congress responded decisively to the question regarding the executive power to remove a subordinate—it was vested solely in the president (McDonald, 1994). While the Senate never received the power to review dismissals, presidents have been cognizant of Congress' oversight powers when handling scandals.1 Concerned about holding a political appointee 1 Conflict between the executive and Congress arose during the post-Civil War period and resulted in the Tenure-of-Office Act of 1867, by which the Senate would control the dismissal of Cabinet officers. However, the pre-1867 status quo was re­ established with Congressional action in 1869 (Hinsdale, 1910) and the act was eventually repealed in 1887 (Morganston, 1929). 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. accountable, an executive must take into consideration many different factors including agency leadership, morale, and the nature of the scandal, lest the foibles of a Cabinet or sub-Cabinet official be brought into the political arena of the agency or nation. With the proposition of the president as moral exemplar, perhaps the most difficult scandal that a president
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