NAT. CROAT. VOL. 20 No 2 375¿385 ZAGREB December 31, 2011
original scientific paper / izvorni znanstveni rad
COLIAS CAUCASICA BALCANICA REBEL, 1901 (PIERIDAE) IN CROATIA – THE MOST WESTERN DISTRIBUTION POINT
NIKOLA TVRTKOVI],IVA MIHOCI &MARTINA [A[I]
Croatian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (E-mail: [email protected])
Tvrtkovi}, N., Mihoci, I. & [a{i}, M.: Colias caucasica balcanica Rebel, 1901 (Pieridae) in Croatia – the most western distribution point. Nat. Croat., Vol. 20, No. 2., 375–385, 2011, Zagreb. The first data on the occurence of the species Colias caucasica balcanica in Croatia are presented. Findings of this species from Mt Dinara (Croatia) in 2010 and 2011 represent the westernmost dis- tribution point. Unlike in the south-eastern Balkans, where the distribution of C. caucasica balcanica is mainly subalpine, in the Dinaric Alps published altitudinal stratification is mostly restricted to the montane belt between altitudes from 1,000 to 1,600 m a.s.l. in grasslands and forest clearings of beech forests. During the investigations the flight period at localities on Mt Dinara was from mid-June till mid-July. A newly found member of the Croatian fauna, C. caucasica balcanica is listed as the 195th butterfly species. With some unpublished data from several museum collections, a re- view of historical data for the whole of the Dinaric Alps is presented. Key words: Butterflies, Pieridae, Balkan clouded yellow, Croatia, Dinaric Alps
Tvrtkovi}, N., Mihoci, I. & [a{i}, M.: Colias caucasica balcanica Rebel, 1901 (Pieridae) u Hrvat- skoj – najzapadnija to~ka rasprostranjenja. Nat. Croat., Vol. 20, No. 2., 375–385, 2011, Zagreb. Objavljuju se prvi podaci o nalazima danjeg leptira Colias caucasica balcanica u Hrvatskoj. Nalazi na planini Dinara godine 2010. i 2011. su najzapadnije to~ke u rasprostranjenju vrste. Za razliku od jugoisto~nog Balkana gdje je rasprostranjenost C. caucasica balcanica uglavnom u pretplaninskom pojasu, ve}ina dosad objavljenih nalaza iz Dinarida je ograni~ena na gorski pojas, odnosno na travnjake i {umske ~istine unutar pojasa bukovih {uma na nadmorskim visinama izme|u 1.000 i 1.600 m n/m. Tijekom istra`ivanja leptiri su na planini Dinari opa`ani od sredine lipnja do sredine srpnja. Ovim nalazom broj poznatih danjih leptira u Republici Hrvatskoj je pove}an na ukupno 195 vrsta. Prikazan je i pregled povijesnih podataka za ~itavo podru~je Dinarida uz neke jo{ neobjavlje- ne podatke iz muzejskih zbirki. Klju~ne rije~i: Lepidoptera, Pieridae, planinski po{tar, Hrvatska, Dinaridi
INTRODUCTION
Twelve species of the clouded yellow or sulphur butterflies of genus the Colias Fabricius, 1807 are known in Europe (TOLMAN &LEWINGTON, 2008). In Colias spe- cies characterized by an androconial patch (sex-brand) in males, only two species
Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova 1, Zagreb, Croatia 376 Tvrtkovi}, N. et al.: Colias caucasica balcanica Rebel, 1901 (Pieridae) in Croatia have a black submarginal band without crossed yellow veins and UV reflection patterns on both wings – the Western Palaearctic Danube clouded yellow, Colias myrmidone (Esper, 1781) and the Balkan clouded yellow, Colias caucasica Staudinger, 1871 (BRUNTON, 1998; TOLMAN &LEWINGTON, 2008). The Balkan endemic Colias caucasica balcanica Rebel, 1901 is restricted to the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Albania, to Macedo- nia (FYROM), Greece and Bulgaria (VARGA, 2003, VAN SWAAY et al., 2009, FRANETA &\URI], 2011). Populations from the Balkan mountains were recorded as C. myrmidone (APFEL- BECK, 1892; NICHOLL, 1899, 1902) until Hans Rebel’s description of C. myrmidone var. balcanica (REBEL, 1901). Several names have been used since: C. balcanica (HIGGINS & RILEY, 1983), C. caucasica (TOLMAN &LEWINGTON, 2001; LAFRANCHIS, 2004) and the cur- rently accepted Colias caucasica balcanica (WAGENER, 1990; GRIESHUBER &LAMAS, 2007). C. caucasica balcanica is considered to be of Least Concern (LC) in Europe, be- cause of scarce data (VAN SWAAY et al., 2011). Existing data regarding the distribu- tion of this species in the western Balkans is contradictory and the species has probably disappeared from several sites (cf. SIJARI] &MIHLJEVI], 1982; SIJARI] et al., 1984). On the other hand, collector L. [tefner collected, in one season, as many as 52 specimens at only one site – ^aju{a Hill, Bosnia and Herzegovina (National Mu- seum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Natural History Department collection). The goal of this paper is to reconstruct existing distributional and ecological data on C. caucasica balcanica in Dinaric Alps, and to present in detail the recently found westernmost distribution point in Europe.
MATERIAL AND METHODS Field data were gathered during investigations on Mt Dinara in 2010 and 2011. Two collected out of five observed butterflies are deposited as voucher specimens in the central butterfly collection of the Croatian Natural History Museum (inv no. 10809 and 10810). Systematics follows KARSHOLT &RAZOWSKI (1996) and GRIESHU- BER &LAMAS (2007). Photographs of sampling localities were taken using a Canon PowerShot SX120 IS and of the voucher specimen using a Canon EOS 5D. Altitudi- nal belts are named according to HORVAT (1962). Data of specimens of C. caucasica balcanica from the western Balkans deposited in the collections of several European museums (the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo – NMBH, the Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb – CNHM, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna – NMW, National Museum of Natural History, Sofia – NMNHS and Natural History Museum, London – NHML) were ex- amined, as well as published data (Tab. 1).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Short review of findings. The first finding of Colias caucasica balcanica in Croatia is a result of a systematic survey by a Croatian Natural History Museum team in last two years (2010, 2011) Nat. Croat. Vol. 20(2), 2011 377 & , 1982; et al ., 1995 ROMPHOUT ROMPHOUT , 1991 , 1991 -C -C , 1899 , 1977 , 1991 , 1991 , 1991 , 1991 , 1904 , 2008 ESSELBARTH ICHOLL TTMÜLLER TTMÜLLER OOSSENS OOSSENS EBEL ELO IJARI] IJARI] IJARI] IJARI] IJARI] O H R G S S S O authors obs. N S G authors obs. authors obs. NMBH NMBH CNHM Coll. Reference NMBH NMBH NMNH NMBH NHML NMBH NMBH NMBH NMBH NMBH NMBH NMBH NMBH NMBH NMBH CNHM NMBH S s and collections of several European museums Herbst NMBH L Lj. [tefner Lj. [tefner N.Tvrtkovi} N.Tvrtkovi} A. Winneguth A. Winneguth ? H. Rebel A. Winneguth M. de la B. Nicholl M. de la B. Nicholl Lj. [tefner Lj. [tefner R. Sijari} Lj. [tefner Lj. [tefner Lj. [tefner Lj. [tefner Lj. [tefner Lj. [tefner T. Ottmüller T. Ottmüller et O. Schmitz W. Siepe M. Bjeli} M. Bjeli} M. Bjeli} R. Sijari} b b * bb * bb b bb b bb b b bb b b bb bb bb 2 1 5 1 2 1 1 3 6 1 1 3 7 11 aa a a a aa aa aa a aa aa aa aa aa a a a a a *1 2 1 1 5 1 8 2 2 5 7 1 20 15 eggs in Dinaric Alps from published source 16.07.2010 11.07.2011 Sampling date Sex Collector ?22.06.1898 30.06.1898 05.07.1898 06.07.1898 30.06.1898 end of 07.1898 Leonhardt NHML 27.07.197718.07.1981* 1 10.07.1982 18.07.1982 12.07.1981 18.07.1981 26.06.1982 27.06.1982 10.07.1982 11.07.1982 < 1982 7/8.07.1988 21/22.07.1990 ? 1994 22.06.2011 1 23.06.2011 1 11.06.201127.07.1975* 1 1 Colias caucasica balcanica Data overview of Sinjal, Mt Dinara, CRO Sinjal, Mt Dinara, CRO Locality Kori~na pass or Mt (Livno-Glamo~)Bosnia« (= on »Koricha, the label), B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Ivan, B&H 1891 1 Dugodol, Mt [ator, B&H Gornji Malovan, Cincar Mt near Kupres, B&HJaram, Mt Cincar, B&H 12.07.1981 ^aju{a Hill, Mt Cincar near Kupres, B&H Mt Sto`er, W of Kupres, B&H Bugojno (near Kupres – OttmüllerBugojno pers. (near comm.) Kupres – Ottmüller pers. comm.) »bei Kupres« Duler, Mt Dinara, CRO Jarebi~njak, Mt Dinara, CRO Brezovac, Mt Dinara, CRO Me|ugorje, Mt [ator, B&H Tab. 1 . 378 Tvrtkovi}, N. et al.: Colias caucasica balcanica Rebel, 1901 (Pieridae) in Croatia , 1998 , 1998 , 1977, 1991); WINGTON EWINGTON , 1907a, b , 1907b , 1909 , 1909 , 1912 , 1922 , 1906 , 1991 IJARI] &L &Le , 1899 , 1902 , 1902 , 2011 , 1991 , 1991 , 1991 , 1991 , 1991 , 1991 , 1904 , 1922 , 1904 , 1904 , 1904 , 2008 ICHOLL ICHOLL ICHOLL TTMÜLLER EBEL EBEL EBEL EBEL EBEL IEGLER OLMAN OLMAN ELO PRÖNGERTS CHAWERDA IJARI] IJARI] IJARI] IJARI] IJARI] IJARI] CHAWERDA CHAWERDA CHAWERDA CHAWERDA CHAWERDA L R R S S S S S S S S S S O R S S S R T T N NMW R NMW NMW NHML NMBH NMW NMBH NMBH NMBH NMBH NMBH NHML NMNH NMBH NMW NMNH NMW NMW NMW et al . et al . M. de la B. Nicholl NHML N M. de la B. Nicholl NHML N V. Hawelka L. Schreitter H. Rebel H. Rebel Spröngerts K. Schawerda Wagner B. Mihljevi} H. Rebel B. Mihljevi} B. Mihljevi} B. Mihljevi} B. Mihljevi} B. Mihljevi} ? ? M. de la B. Nicholl H. Rebel ? H. Rebel H. Rebel H. Rebel K. Schawerda K. Schima T. Ottmüller et O.Schmitz b b b bb b 1 1 1 2 ( b ) 1 a a a a 1 1 1 1 eggs et larvae eggs 25.07.1901 > 1922 ? 1902 19.07.1903 1898 1906 1906, 1907 08.07.1907 14.07.1913 21.07.1914 27.07.1913 11.08.1913 09.07.1975 13. 07.1975 04.07.1977 ? ? 11.07.1898 22.07.1899 ? 9/20.07.1900 19.07.1900 x.07.1907 x.07.1908 < 1912 24.07.1990 Continued. Brda, Mt Durmitor, MNE Vodice bei Lipnik, B&H. Kalinovik bei Treskavica Mt, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Mt Trebevi}, Sarajevo, B&H Botani~ka ba{ta, Mt Trebevi}, B&H Botani~ka ba{ta, Mt Trebevi}, B&H Botani~ka ba{ta, Mt Trebevi}, B&H Botani~ka ba{ta, Mt Trebevi}, B&H Botani~ka ba{ta, Mt Trebevi}, B&H Ljubi{nja Mt (= »Ljubisna«), MNE Mt Bjela{nica, Herzegovina, B&H 2008 larvae V. Sterba Z above Tara pass, bei Me{trovac (=Mt Obzir Sinjajevina Hill), (= MNE »Sinjavina«), MNE 20.07.1901 Mt Baba (= Vu~ija bara), Gacko,Vu~ija bara B&H B&H Gacko (probably Vu~ija bara), B&H Vu~ija bara, Gacko, B&H Vu~ija bara B&H Hochtale (= Vu~ija bara), B&H Vu~ija bara, Gacko, B&H Vu~ija bara, Gacko, B&H Vu~ija bara, Gacko, B&H Gacko (Mt Baba, B&H *– data for R. Sijari}'s and Lj. [tefner's findings in Sijari}'s butterfly collection deposited in the NMBH do not correspond to his published finding s(S Tab. 1. Nat. Croat. Vol. 20(2), 2011 379 in an area of the highest Croatian mountain, Dinara. The first author collected one male on July 16th 2010 in a small karst dolina (small valley) at 1,785 m a.s.l. north- west from the mountain peak Sinjal (UTM: XJ18, 1,831 m a.s.l.) on Mt Dinara (Fig. 1a). This finding was reconfirmed on July 11th 2011. An additional male was col- lected at the edge of Brezovac karst polje (1,050 m a.s.l.; Fig. 1b, Fig. 2) and two ad- ditional males were observed (det. N. Tvrtkovi}) in the localities Duler (1,200 m a.s.l.) and Jarebi~njak (1,100 m a.s.l.), all three in 2011, UTM: XJ08. Females and the host plant were not found during these surveys. All localities are situated on western part of the mountain ridge, 20 km westward from Mt [ator in Bosnia and Herze- govina, and this is the most western distribution point. Together with C. caucasica a rich butterfly fauna was found, including Lycaena candens (Herrich-Schäffer, [1844]), Coenonympha rhodopensis (Elwes, 1900) and several Erebia species: E. aethiops (Esper, 1777), E. medusa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), E. melas (Herbst, 1796), E. oeme (Esper, 1805), E. ottomana Herrich-Schäffer, 1847 and E. triaria (Prunner, 1798). A newly found member of the Croatian fauna, C. caucasica balcanica is listed as the 195th butterfly species. The oldest published record on the presence of Colias caucasica balcanica in the western Balkans was from APFELBECK (1892) under the name C. myrmidone for Mt Seme~ (= »Sjeme~«, »[eme~«) in SW Bosnia. It was followed by NICHOLL (1899) in the karst Dinaric Alps too for Mt Trebevi} near Sarajevo, and on Mt Baba (= Vu~ije bare in Rebel’s and Schawerda’s later papers) in Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzego- vina) and later for Montenegro above the Tara pass and in the Brda (= northern foothills of Mt Durmitor) (NICHOLL, 1902). In the description of Colias myrmidone var. balcanica Rebel, 1901 no type specimen was designated (Hesselbarth et al. 1995) and syntypes originate from Mt Trebevi} and Vu~ije bare between Mt Baba and Mt Bjela{nica both in Bosnia and Herzegovina (all deposited in NHML, NMNH and NMW) (ABADJIEV, 2002). REBEL (1904) added two more localities for Bosnia and Herzegovina: data of Victor Apfelbeck from isolated Mt Romanja (Mt Romanija) NE of Sarajevo and of Leo Schreitter Ritter von Schwarzenfeld – Kalinovik in the Dinaric Alps. SCHAWERDA (1922) published one more locality in the Dinaric Alps: Vodice near Lipnik after specimens from Vinzenz Hawellka. In the beginning of the 20th century several authors published additional find- ings on Mt Trebevi} and Vu~ije bare on the northern slopes of Mt Baba near Gacko (SPRÖNGERTS, 1906; REBEL, 1907, 1913, 1922; SCHAWERDA, 1907a, 1907b, 1909, 1912). OTTMÜLLER (1991) reconfirmed the finding of the species on Mt Baba and ZIEGLER (2011) published V. Sterba’s finding on Mt Bjela{nica close to Vu~ije bare. LELO (2008) rediscovered the finding from 1891 for Mt Ivan (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in the collection of NMBH. Newer data are mostly restricted to the Dinaric Alps of western Bosnia: Me|ugorje on Mt [ator (SIJARI], 1977), Mt Sto`er near Kupres (GOOSSENS-CROMPHOUT &GOOSSENS-CROMPHOUT, 1982; OTTMÜLLER, 1991; HESSEL- BARTH et al., 1995), and two localities on Mt Cincar: the first was above Gornji Malovan and second was Jaram (SIJARI], 1991). The last published data from the western Balkans are from an isolated karst area in western Serbia, Mt Veliki Mu~anj and Mt Javor (FRANETA &\URI], 2011). The existence of a population on Mt Trebe- vi} was confirmed by Boro Mihljevi} in 1977 (SIJARI], 1991). Additional data from Bosnia and Herzegovina are found in the NMBH and NMHL collections. In the NMBH the locality of the specimen with »Han Semec – 380 Tvrtkovi}, N. et al.: Colias caucasica balcanica Rebel, 1901 (Pieridae) in Croatia
Fig. 1. Habitats of Colias caucasica balcanica at the locality NW Sinjal (1,785 m a.s.l.) (a) and Brezovac karst field (1,050 m a.s.l.) (b), both Mt Dinara, Croatia. Photo by N. Tvrtkovi}
Bosn. Apflb.« on the label is Han Seme~ near Mt Seme~ – an old finding of V. APFELBECK (1892), and unpublished data from Dinaric Alps are – Dugodol on Mt [ator (from 1977 in coll. Sijari}) and ^aju{a hill – NE foothills of Mt Cincar (from 1981/1982 in coll. [tefner). In the NMHL collection there is a specimen with »Ko- richa, Bosnia – Leonhardt« on the label; this locality is probably Kori~na pass (1,080 m a.s.l.) or Mt Kori~na (1,172 m a.s.l.) between Livno and Glamo~. In addition, there are also unexplained old data of specimens morphologically similar to »caucasica« from the southern border of the Dinaric Alps: the female of »Colias myrmidone« collected by Herzog in August 1908 in the lowland part of Montenegro (Rjeka /= Rijeka Crnojevi}a op. auct./) deposited in the NMW collec- tion (REBEL, 1913), and the observed C. myrmidone-like specimen of Slovenian lepi- dopterologist J. Hafner in September 1938 near Knin, on the foothills of Mt Dinara (Dalmatia, Croatia) (HAFNER, 1994). Both observing dates are in the flight period of the second generation of the Danube clouded yellow, but distant from distribution area of this species and close to the southern distribution border of the Balkan clouded yellow. Nat. Croat. Vol. 20(2), 2011 381
Fig. 2. Colias caucasica balcanica – male from Brezovac, Mt Dinara, Croatia, caught on June 12th 2011. Photo by M. [a{i}.
Fig. 3. Geographical distribution of Colias caucasica balcanica in Dinaric Alps with isolated localities in eastern Bosnia and western Serbia. Localities from Dinaric Alps are presented numerically: 1–Mt Dinara: Brezovac, Jarebi~njak and Duler; 2–Mt Dinara: Sinjal; 3–Mt [ator: Me|ugorje, Dugodol; 4–Kori~na hill; 5–Mt Cincar: Jaram; 6–Mt Cincar: Gornji Malovan, ^aju{a hill; 7–Mt Sto`er near Kupres; 8–Mt Ivan; 9–Mt Trebevi}; 10–Kalinovnik; 11–Mt Bjela{nica; 12–Mt Baba: Vu~ije bare; 13–Vodice near Lipnik; 14–Obzir hill above Tara pass, Mt Durmitor: Brda; 15–Mt Ljubi{nja; 16–Mt Sinjajevina. Isolated localities from eastern Bosnia and Serbia are presented alphabetically: A–Mt Romanija; B–Mt Seme~; C–Mt Mu~anj, D– Mt Javor, E– Mt Kopaonik 382 Tvrtkovi}, N. et al.: Colias caucasica balcanica Rebel, 1901 (Pieridae) in Croatia
Geographical and altitudinal distribution. The finding of C. caucasica balcanica at 1,785 m a.s.l. on Mt Dinara is at the high- est altitude so far published for the Dinaric Alps. All other findings (Tab. 1) are within the montane belt from 1,000 to 1,600 m a.s.l. (NICHOLL, 1899, 1902; REBEL 1904; SPRÖNGERTS, 1906; SCHAWERDA, 1907b; SIJARI], 1977, 1991, own data), proba- bly because of lack of systematic investigations at higher altitudes. Populations from isolated karst areas northern and eastern of Dinaric Alps (E Bosnia: Mt Roma- nija, Mt Seme~, W Serbia: Mt V. Mu~anj and Mt Javor) probably belong to the Dinaric Alps metapopulation (Mt Dinara, Mt [ator, Kori~na pass, Mt Cincar, Mt Sto`er near Kupres, Mt Ivan, Mt Trebevi}, Kalinovik, Vu~ije bare – northern slopes of Mt Baba, Mt Bjela{nica, Vodice near Lipnik, Tara gorge – Obzor hill N of Tara river pass, Mt Ljubi{nja, Mt Durmitor and Mt Sinjajevina) (Fig. 3).
Habitats, larval foodplant, eggs and caterpillar. Most our findings from Mt Dinara are linked to montane grasslands in the vicin- ity of beech forests or in beech forest clearings (Brezovac, Jarebi~njak and Duler), with only one finding in a small doline (Sinjal: Fig. 1a) inside the dwarf pine (Pinus mugo) subalpine belt. Habitats in the subalpine altitudinal belt are known so far only in Bulgaria (ABADIJEV, 1994), Greece (TOLMAN &LEWINGTON, 1998) and Serbia (JAK[I], 2003). In the Dinaric Alps notes of habitats are scarce for C. caucasica balcani- ca. NICHOLL (1902) found this butterfly in flight in dolinas and in hollows in the dry limestone plateau on Mt Durmitor and above Tara pass, on Mt Baba (Herzegovina) in hayfields (NICHOLL, 1898), on Mt Trebevi} in alpine grasslands (SPRÖNGERTS, 1906), and on Mt [ator in grasslands below beech forests (SIJARI], 1977). In the eastern and southern Balkans including the isolated northern Mt Kopao- nik in Serbia (LAFRANCHIS, 2004; ABADJIEV et al., 2007; TOLMAN &LEWINGTON, 2008; JAK[I], 2008) C. caucasica balcanica inhabits habitats on an acidophilic soils (over granite and other igneous rocks). Conversely, populations from Bosnia and Herze- govina, Montenegro, western Serbia and two Macedonian (FYROM) mountains (Mt Placenska, Mt Baba /= Mt Pelister /) are attached to limestone karst (NICHOLL, 1902; REBEL, 1904; SIJARI], 1997; TOLMAN &LEWINGTON, 2008; FRANETA &\URI], 2011). SCHAWERDA (1912) first identified the host plant of Colias caucasica balcanica in Vu~ije bare locality on Mt Baba by observing egg-laying and some larval stages on Cytisus capitatus Scop. /syn. of Chamaecytisus supinus (L.) Link /. OTTMÜLLER (1991) ob- served eggs on Ch. hirsutus (L.) Link. in two habitats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and TOLMAN &LEWINGTON (2008) mention this plant as larval food plant in Greece too, but without noted localities. For Bulgaria, ABADJIEV (1994) published Ch. ab- sinthioides Janka /= eriocarpus (Boiss) Rothm./ as a host plant on acidophilic soils. So far, Ch. absinthioides has not been found in the western Balkans (HEYWOOD & FRODIN, 1968; DOMAC, 1989; LOVA[EN-EBERHARDT, 1997). SCHAWERDA (1912) observed eggs and caterpillar colour. Green-white eggs are laid singly on the upper side of the leaf, but in time the eggs change colour, to red. He noted green caterpillars with soft hairs only. In September the caterpillar set along the central leaf vein to spend the winter. OTTMÜLLER (1991) described the col- our of all larval stages from two localities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: the first Nat. Croat. Vol. 20(2), 2011 383 instar larva (L1) is dirty-yellowish in colour with brown-black head, but after first feeding becomes green. The third instar green larvae (L3) have white lateral lines, and fifth instar larvae (L5), in every segment, have one yellow spot in the white lat- eral line.
Flight period
According to TOLMAN &LEWINGTON (2008) the Balkan clouded yellow is univol- tine, active from mid June to mid August, according to altitude. Our data on flight period for Mt Dinara (Croatia) are from June 11th to July 16th only. Older findings from other parts of the Dinaric Alps were from June 22th to July 27th, with the ex- ception of August 11th. The first females were found on June 26th.
Comments on taxonomical status
C. c. caucasica and C. balcanica are allopatric, but morphologically similar (WAGENER, 1990; ABADJIEV, 1994). Adults of mountain Colias caucasica balcanica and lowland C. myrmidone differ in size as C. caucasica balcanica is larger and deeper reddish or- ange-yellow coloured in the wings of males (REBEL, 1901, 1904). Male genitalia dif- fer only in size (REBEL, 1907). C. myrmidone and C. caucasica balcanica probably have the same coloration of caterpillars (SCHAWERDA, 1912; OTTMÜLLER, 1991; SAUER, 1992). Preliminary genetic investigations (BRUNTON, 1998) on C. myrmidone from Ro- mania and C. caucasica balcanica from Macedonia resulted in the discovery of one of the smallest divergences in all investigated European clouded yellow butterflies. Present taxonomic relations inside C. caucasica, and between C. caucasica and C. myrmidone as well, are not clear and must be reinvestigated in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was funded by the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sports in the form of grant to project 183-1193080-0831. We would like to thank Maja Bjeli} for field assistance, Dejan Kulijer for data on specimens from the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Stoyan Beshkov from the National Museum of Natural History, Sofia and Blanca Huertas from the Natural History Museum, London, Milivoj Mari} and Petar [imi} from Knin city for field survey support, and Dragan Bukovec from CNHM for drawing the distribution map. Received October 7, 2011
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