Annual Progress Report (For Strategic Research)

National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)

Annual Progress Report (for Strategic Research)

1. Reporting Year : 2013-14

2. Name of the Institute : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi 3. Name of the PI : Dr. P.U. Zacharia, PS & Head, DFD 4. Names of the Associates : Pl see Annexure I withresponsibilities assigned

5. Brief Technical Program implemented : Capture Fisheries (activity wise) To know the changes in distribution, catch and biological characteristics, especially spawning of ten major species of marine fish, shrimp and squid the data collected were co- related with time-series data on climatic and oceanographic parameters at centres of different latitudinal locations, namely, Veraval, Mumbai, Mangalore Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Paradip and Digha.

Assessed the vulnerability of coastal districts to climate change. Ocean acidification in different zones was studied and intervention to increase carbon sequestration by planting mangroves saplings was done.

Mariculture In order to find out the response, especially of spawning, the hatching success and larval survival of cultivable species and live feed organisms to different seawater temperature, experiments were conducted on 2 species of food fish. Impact of temperature and salinity on the Cobia embryonic development and larviculture was assessed. 1

Technology Demonstration Empowering the coastal fishermen to harness positive impact of climate change by capture based aquaculture,Technology of sea cage farming of high-value fishes cobia and pompano, low-cost cage construction and integration of cage farming with pokkali farming were demonstrated to fishermen and other stakeholders. - 6. Summary of work done (< 1 page) : Pl see Annexure II

7. Results in detail (give detailed account of : Pl see annexure III results obtained with data, tables, pictures etc.) 8. Results of significant value (highlight 1-2 : Pl see Annexure IV significant results in 2 paragraphs which can be highlighted at the national level)

9. Procurement of equipments : (Rs. in lakhs) Name of the Status of Estimated Cost / Actual cost Equipment procurement Budget allocated 1. 2. 3. Total

10. Status of works, if any : (Rs. in lakhs) Name of the Work Actual expenditure incurred 1. 2. Total

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11. HRD Programs conducted, if any : Pl see Annexure V

(Rs. in lakhs) Name of the Program No. of participants Expenditure incurred 1. 2. Total

12. Budget details :

Head 2013-14 Cumulative Release Exp. % Release Exp. % I. RC i. Operational Expenses 2,30,00,00 2,29,99,534 99.9 (Labour, skilled staff, 0 POL, Supplies etc.) Contractual Services etc. ii. TA 11,00,000 9,45,638 85.9 iii. HRD 3,00,000 15,407 5.1 II. NRC i. Equipment 5,00,000 4,97,815 99.5 ii. Furniture 0 0 iii. Information 0 0 Technology iv. Minor 0 0 works/Renovation v. Equiment costing less 0 0 than Rs. 5 lakhs III. Inst Charges 0 0 IV. Total 2,49,00,00 2,44,58,394 98.2 0

13. Publications/patents : Pl see Annexure VI

14. Success stories : Pl see Annexure VII .

15. Any other information :

Annexure I-List of associates with responsibilities

Theme/ Team Leader Team Members Centre responsibilities Group 1 Dr. SomyKuriakose Dr J.Jayasankar Kochi Development of Dr. Rekha J. Nair Kochi database Dr. Asha P. S Tuticorin Shri. Sreenath K R Veraval Group 2 Dr.A.P.Dineshbabu Dr.K.K.Vijayan Kochi Developing (IPCC) Dr. K. K. Joshi, scenarios and Dr. Rekha J. Nair, modeling Dr. T.M.Najmudeen Dr.Shoba J.Kizhakudan, Chennai Dr.SujithaThomas Mangalore Ms.Swatipriyanka Sen Veraval Dr .S. Ghosh Visakhapatnam Dr. Ramkumar Mumbai Group 3 Dr. V. Kripa Dr.Shyam S. Salim, Kochi Integrated District Dr.Prema, Level Adaptation Dr.P.S.Swathilakhsmi Mangalore and Mitigation Mr Mohammed Koya Veraval (IDLAM) Dr.B.Johnson Mandapam Mr. Renjith Tuticorin Mr. RajendraNaik Visakhapatnam Group 4 Dr. M. Sivadas Dr. K. Vinod Chennai Carbon Life Cycle Dr. Sujitha Thomas Mangalore Assessment in Ms. AnulekshmiChellappan Mumbai fisheries and Mr. Gyanranjan Dash Veraval maricuture Ms. Indira Devipala Chennai

Group 5 Dr. G.Gopakumar Dr. A.K. Abdul Nazar Mandapam Mariculture Dr. R. Jayakumar Dr. G. Tamilmani Dr. M. Sakthivel Shri. C. Kalidas Dr. P. Rameshkumar Dr. K. Madhu Kochi Dr. Rema Madhu Dr. Shoji Joseph Dr. K.K. Philipose Karwar Dr. Jayasree Loka Dr. T. Senthil Murugan

Group 6 Dr. K.K.Philipose Dr. G. Gopakumar, Mandapam Technology Dr.R.Jayakumar Demonstration Dr. Abdul Nazar, Shri. C.Kalidas Dr. G. Tamilmani, Visakhapatnam Dr. M. Sakthivel Karwar Dr.P.Ramesh Kumar, Dr. P. Johnson Dr. Jayashree Loka Dr. T. Senthil Murugan Dr. Imelda Joseph Kochi Dr. Shoji Joseph, Dr.Boby Ignatius Dr. Shinoj Subramaniam

Annexure II- Summary of work done (< 1 page)  Catch effort standardization was donefor all fishery resources in all states which will be a major input for modelling. The environmental parameters were correlated to biological data to assess the impact of temperature rise on biology of marine fishes.  With increase in SST, evidences are now available for : • Increase in dispersal and abundance of small pelagics (oil sardine and mackerel).

• Reduction in mean size in the fishery (mackerel, Nemipterus)

• Reduction in length at first maturity (mackerel, coastal prawns).

• Reduction in fecundity (coastal prawns).

• Change in spawning season (Nemipterus)

• Change in diet composition (oil sardine)  Threadfin breams showed very strong relation to bottom water temperature; the preferred temperature was seen to be 23.80C.  Catches of oil sardine show increasing trend over past 20 years and showed a positive correlation with SST along southwest coast. Mean size of oil sardine in the fishery has decreased from 155 mm in 2002 to 145 mm in 2012.  The level of awareness of fisherfolk to climate change is low which indicate that the fishers couldn‟t correlate environmental changes consequent to climate change to their livelihood. There is need to improve on the awareness of the fishers knowledge to climate change by involving them in the disaster preparedness and planning process.

 LCA analysis of mechanized and motorized vessels from Vishakhapatnam showed that C emitted per kg of fish was least for motorized boats (0.186) compared to mechanized (0.466).  Studies undertaken to assess theeffect of increase in temperature on larvae of Silver Pompano. The average increase of 2°C in water temperature resulted in reduced growth of about 10 to 33 per cent from 7 dph to 12 dph. The reduced growth rate coupled with change in pigmentation of larvae can be taken as the resilience response of the silver pompano larvae to combat the temperature stress

 In Kerala, field demonstrations were carried out in three new Pokkali farms Nedungad, Kumbalangi and Kadamakkudy for Pearl spot, Mullet, Pompano species. A new candidate fish Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) introduced for culture in low saline waters for first time in Kerala which is performing well in Pokkali fields.

Annexure III-Results in detail (give detailed account of results obtained with data, tables, pictures etc.)

1. Database development and modeling

Historical environmental data for the period 1960 – 2014 for the parameters SST, air temperature, specific humidity, relative humidity, scalar wind, vector wind, sea level pressure, chlorophyll, rainfall, particulate inorganic Carbon, upwelling index etc. was downloaded from various sources for southwest (Kochi & Mangalore), Southeast (Chennai) and Northeast (Visakhapatnam) coasts.

SL Parameters Source Period Annual/Monthl Comments No y /Daily 1 sea surface temperature ICOADS 1960-2014 Monthly All India 2 air temperature ICOADS 1960-2014 Monthly All India 3 specific humidity ICOADS 1960-2014 Monthly All India 4 relative humidity ICOADS 1960-2014 Monthly All India 5 scalar wind ICOADS 1960-2014 Monthly All India 6 vector wind eastward ICOADS 1960-2014 Monthly All India component 7 vector wind northward ICOADS 1960-2014 Monthly All India component 8 sea level pressure ICOADS 1960-2014 Monthly All India 9 total cloudiness ICOADS 1960-2014 Monthly All India 10 Chlorophyll SeaWiFS 1996-2012 Monthly All India 11 Ocean productivity Global ocean 2002-2013 Monthly All India productivity 12 Rainfall IMD Last 5 years Monthly district wise (all India) 13 Upwelling Index NOAA 1996-2013 Monthly all India

A. Impact of temperature in Capture fisheries

The environmental parameters collected have been correlation analysis among the resources, SST, Eastward wind, northward wind, WSC. The relationship among the climatic variables and species are depicted in the figure. This chart produces a scatterplot matrix with histogrammes, Kernel density overlays,significant asterisks (0.05[*],0.01[**],0.001[***]) and absolute correlations .

In the case of Oil sardine, Prawn has a highly significant correlation between both Eastward wind (U) and Scalar wind (W).While in the case of Mackerel much more influencial factor is SST than the wind components.

Fig. Correlation analysis of Environmental variables Vs Marine species

Off Kochi, threadfin breams showed very strong relation to bottom water temperature; the preferred temperature was seen to be 23.8 0C ; highest catch of the decade off Cochin was 6,453 tonnes when the bottom water temp was 22.8 deg C

Fig. Sea water temperature at 10m depth and catch of thread fin breams (1992 to 1995) Oil Sardine catch in southwest coast has been showing an increasing trend. The fited model, seasonal ARIMA, with 61% variance explained clearly shows that this trend is not going to buck in imminent quarters. By 2018 the catch is bound to hover around 170 thousand tonnes. The trend factor is quite prominent as indicated by the stationarity tests. Although total catch may not be a fool-proof indicator of abundance, comparing quarterly

9 cycles of adjacent epochs (time) indicate sustenance of exploitation with near constant efforts indicate enhancement in harvestable stock even in traditionally focussed grounds. The average annual catch of oil sardine during 2010-13 was 4,00,000 t. The predicted annual catch will stagnate at around 6,80,000 t in 2018

Fig. Seasonal ARIMA model for Catch forecasting for Oil Sardine along SW coast

In such a scenario of increase in catch of oil sardine  The best way to utilise the additional catch will be through value chain approach.

 Suggestions on governance mechanism to sustain production at the highest level after 2018 has to be evolved

Change in spawning season a. Nemipterus : Along the south west coast, published literature shows spawning season of Nemipterusrandalli to be October – March along South west coast; now a change in the spawning period to August – November seen during recent years.

10 b. Oil sardine: Real time data showed that spawning season of Sardine showed significant negative correlation with SST. These databases collected along the coast could be used for developing scenarios 2030 and 2050 for studying the effect of temperature on spawning of fishes.

Reduction in mean size in the fishery (mackerel, Nemipterus)

Along the Kerala coast, the mean length of Nemipterus japonicas was 179 mm when the SST was 28.720C; the mean length then decreased slowly to 132 mm in 2011 when SST increased to 28.840C

A negative Correlation was observed between sea surface temperature (SST) and mean length of mackerel (-0.7909262). Increasing Sea surface temperature and declining mean length of Mackerel in the southwest coast of India.

Fig. relation between rainy days and spawning of Nemipterus japonicus along SE coast

The number of rainy days during April-September (SW monsoon) declined from 57 in 1981-‟85 to 49 in 2011-‟13. The number of rainy days during October-March (NE monsoon) increased from 40 in 1981-‟85 to 49 in 2011-‟13. A positive correlation was noted between spawning activity of Nemipterusjaponicus with rainy days. Spawning activity has increased during NE monsoon when the no. of rainy days is increasing as well as the temperature is low.

Reduction in length at first maturity (mackerel, coastal prawns).

a. Changes recorded in size at maturity of coastal shrimps at Mangalore in 30 years

Studied the reproductive biology of Feeneropenaeus indicus, Metapenaeus dobsoni and M monocers to ascertain the spawning period of the species and its relation to environmental parameters. The reduction in the size at maturity was established among three important coastal shrimps of Karnataka over the those recorded 30 years back. The size at maturity (Lm) of M. dobsoni decreased from 80 mm (1981-1985) to 71 mm during the present study. The Lm of M. monoceros fell from 135.5 mm to 116 mm.

It is already established that the reduction in size at first maturity reduces egg production of individuals. In the case of Metapenaeus dobsoni, reduction of number of eggs reduction at size of maturity per individual is estimated as 14,505 (28% of loss of fecundity per individual) and in M. monoceros, reduction of number of eggs at size of maturity per individual is 58,143 (Percentage of loss per individual 41%). The egg loss happening due to observed reduction of the size at maturity of species of prawns has been estimated, which can be a good input in projection scenarios.

b. Reduction is size at first maturity of mackerel

Length at first maturity (Lm) of Mackerel on the west coast of India decreased from 22.4 cm in 1960 to 18.38 cm in 2012. The SST in 1960 was 28.21 which increased by 28.691 in 2012 Lm shows a strong negative correlation (-0.61) with temperature which indicates the spawning is taking place early in the life cycle.

Change in diet composition (oil sardine)

Gut content of oil sardine tabulated from published literature. Changes in the predominant plankton in the gut of oil sardine were noticed over the years 1948-2013. Fragilaria was noticed in the gut of sardines during Nov 2012–Feb 2013 after a long gap.

To sum up, with increase in SST, evidences are now available for : • Increase in dispersal and abundance of small pelagics (oil sardine and mackerel). • Reduction in mean size in the fishery (mackerel, Nemipterus) • Reduction in length at first maturity (mackerel, coastal prawns). • Reduction in fecundity (coastal prawns). • Change in spawning season (Nemipterus) • Change in diet composition (oil sardine)

Impact of extreme climatic events on coastal population and capture fisheries The impact was assessed for 2000-2013. 21 Cyclones hit regularly during the period and the most affected states are the states in he east coast if India

Table. Loss of life and value owing to Extreme Climatic Events estimated during 2000- 2013 No of Life Fishing days loss Catch loss Value lost Cyclones Lost (tonnes) (Rs) 21 9,805 167 171,347.24 19,854 crores

When compared to the initial period, the loss of life and property has considerably reduced during recent years by early forecast and warning and better disaster management system in place.However, there isstill scope for improving the warning and disaster warning systems. It is hoped that ITK and awareness building and effective networking will further reduce the losses.

B. Impact of temperature on mariculture and culturable species

In an anticipated scenario of global warming and cc, temp increase will become a severe threat to fish eggs and larvae in the wild. The climate resilience of eggs and larvae assessed by experimental studies useful for aquaculture for finding the optimum temperature range

13 required for obtaining maximum seed production. Candidate species studied were Cobia and Silver Pompano.

Experiments conducted were • Effect of temp on incubation, hatching, development and growth of larvae • Effect of temp on yolk-sac larvae in terms of yolk utilization and growth • Effect of temp on incubation, hatching development and growth of larvae • Impact of temperature n light intensity on growth and metamorphosis

a. Cobia

• The effect of temperature on incubation of Cobia eggs, hatching rate, development of larvae, survival and growth was investigated.

• Temperature plays a vital role in the yolk-sac utilization as well as growth of the larvae of cobia. At the end of 52 hours post hatch, the lowest yolk-sac volume and maximum length was recorded at a temperature range of 31 to 33°C.

b. Silver Pompano

• Studies on Silver Pompano were undertaken to study the increase in temperature on larvae; increase in temperature reduced the hatching rate, time taken for mouth and anal opening and metamorphosis. Survival rate proportionately declined with increase in temperature. A temperature range of 29-31°C may be advantageous in the larviculture of T. Blochiifor better survival as well as growth rate.

• The increase in temperature reduced the hatching rate, time taken for mouth and anal opening and metamorphosis. Survival rate proportionately declined with increase in temperature. A temperature range of 29-31°C may be advantageous in the larviculture of T. blochiifor better survival as well as growth rate.

The average increase of 2°C in water temperature resulted in reduced growth of about 10 to 33 per cent from 7 dph to 12 dph. The reduced growth rate coupled with change in pigmentation of larvae can be taken as the resilience response of the silver pompano larvae to combat the temperature stress.

2. Integrated District level adaptation and mitigation IDLAM

As part of the IDLAM assessed the perception of fishermen on causal factors of climate change and different effects of climate change to develop a bottom up approach in climate change mitigation and adaptations. For this vulnerability of coastal districts and its fishermen population to climate change was assessed from selected districts of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat in the west coast and Tamilnadu, AP in the east coast. 15

Table. Details of IDLAM survey areas in the four maritime states

Summary: Four maritime states, 34 villages in 6 district which have highest vulnerability indices; N-4721 households Sl. No State District Villages surveyed

1 Kerala Alapuzha Arthungal, Chethy, Thumboly South (971 housholds) 2 Karnataka Udupi Thenkayermal, Mattu, Kadekar, Udyavara, (750 housholds) Paduthonse, Maravanthe 3 Gujarat Junagadh Old light house, Bhidiya, Navabunder, Rajpara (1500 housholds) 4 Tamilnadu Cuddalore Pettodai, Reddiarpettai, Sothikuppam, (800 housholds) Thammnampettai , Sonankuppam, Pudukuppam, Chitiraipettai, Rasapettai, Thalanguda, Pillumedu Rameswaram Mandapam, Rameswaram, Valinokkam, (400 housholds) Natarajapuram (Dhanuskodi), Pamban, Nambuthalai Nagapattinam Seruthur, Tharangambadi, Arkattuthurai, (300 housholds) PoompuharNagore, Pattinachery.

 The level of awareness of fisherfolk to climate change is low which indicate that the fishers couldn‟t correlate environmental changes consequent to climate change to their livelihood. The fishers were prone to loss in fishing days and erratic monsoon.

 There is need to improve on the awareness of the fishers knowledge to climate change by involving them in the disaster preparedness and planning process. The alternative avocations available across the different fishing villages need to be strengthened in order to negate the different risks and uncertainties of climate change and in ensuring a climate change informed fishers in the future.

Table : Major factors which increase the vulnerability of fishers to climate change in the villages which were surveyed in the four states Factors which increase vulnerability of How vulnerability is increased fishers 1 Low level of awareness about climate change Makes fishers more vulnerable to CC impact 16

2 Low literacy rate (except Kerala) Unable to accept /adopt protective measure 3 Lack / inadequate level of sanitation and Fishers more vulnerable to spread of health care facilities epidemics consequent to flood or inundations / cyclones 4 Lack of protection shelters, wireless weather Exposes fishers to more vulnerable communication tools, poor/ bad roads situations 5 Distance between residential area and the High vulnerability to sea erosion; SL rise coastline very low (Gujarat varied from 330 m to 925 m; within 100m in Cuddalore (TN); 6 Unplanned developmental activities Has led to sea water intrusion during high (construction and destruction of habitats) tides since most villages are low lying areas (especially Udupi)

Table The major Climate Preparedness activities (CPAs) recommended as management advisories for increasing the preparedness of coastal villages to impacts of climate change Climate Preparedness Activity (CPA) Implementing authorities Fishers Local District village admin admin 1 Increase awareness among fishers on climate change and Ѵ Ѵ Ѵ related threats to the livelihood 2 Increase the adaptation and preparedness through proper Ѵ Ѵ scientific interactions and trainings 3 Strengthen alternative avocations available across the Ѵ Ѵ different fishing villages to negate the risks and uncertainties of CC 4 Develop location specific elevation levels for new Ѵ Ѵ settlement areas under the town planning acts after proper assessments to avoid damage to sea erosion. Rules to be strictly enforced 5 Develop local infrastructure (roads, health supports, Ѵ Ѵ protection shelters etc) for reduceing CC vulnerability 6 Train and involve fishers for disaster preparedness / Ѵ Ѵ Ѵ evacuation (There are programs like Jana JagrithiSamithi in Kerala) 7 Strictly regulate unplanned coastal activities which would Ѵ Ѵ affect tidal amplitudes in village canals/ riparian areas 8 Since fishermen are forced to move out to deeper areas, Ѵ Ѵ Ѵ protection aids must be made available even for traditional /artisanal fishers. 9 Strengthen seawalls and bioshields Ѵ Ѵ Ѵ (In Kerala there are programs like Theeravanam (coastal forestry)

Mitigation

 Mangrove planting in shallow extensive and semi-intensive shrimp ponds was demonstrated to increase C sequestration. Vetiver slips was planted at sandy soil of the sea shore of Alleppy district to prevent erosion due to sea level rise since mangroves could not be planted there.

Photo. Mangrove planting in shallow extensive and semi-intensive shrimp ponds

Photo.Vetiver slips was planted at sandy soil of the sea shore of Alleppy with one month growth

3. Carbon Life Cycle Assessment in fisheries

Carbon emission from of fishing activities pre-harvesting, harvesting, post harvesting was estimated from Mangalore, Mumbai, Veraval, Tuiticorin,Chennai and Vishakhapatnam. At Visakhapatnam emission from harvest accounts for …% of Carbon emission.

LCA analysis of mechanized and motorized vessels from Vishakhapatnam showed that C emitted per kg of fish was least for motorized boats (0.186) compared to mechanized (0.466).

Table. C and Co2 (kg) emission per kg of fish by different activities by mechanised and motorised sectors off Vishakapatnam

Mechanized catch Motorized catch Total catch C/kg CO2/kg C/kg fish CO2/kg C/kg fish CO2/kg fish fish fish fish Pre Harvest 0.002 0.006 Harvest 0.436 1.604 0.131 0.481 0.345 1.267 Post Harvest Dried Fish 0.002 0.007 0.001 0.004 0.002 0.006 Iced fish 0.009 0.032 0.009 0.032 0.009 0.032 Processed fish 0.013 0.048 0.043 0.157 0.022 0.081 Fresh fish 0.004 0.015 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.013 Total 0.466 1.712 0.186 0.685 0.382 1.404

4. Technology Demonstration

Technology Demonstration work was carried out at four centres (Two centres along the east coast and two centres along the west coast) viz., Karwar and KVK of CMFRI at Cochin along the west coast, Mandapam and Visakhapatnam centres along the east coast.

Technology demonstration programmes have been undertaken at Karwar and Kumta in Karnataka, Polem, Talpone in Goa and Ratnagiri in Maharastra by Karwar Research Centre under National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA). Under this programme, 9 training programmes on open sea cage farming, including demonstration of

19 cost effective cage designing and all weather mooring technology, efficient net exchange technology, and nursery rearing technology were conducted during the report period.

The centre also initiated cage farming by trained private entrepreneurs on a participatory mode. Two farmers who underwent training at the centre were selected for participatory farming at Karwar. 6000 numbers of cobia seed and 2000 numbers of Pampano seed procured from Mandapam Regional Centre were cultured in 6 m and 10 m diameter cages as participatory programme of the centre. In addition to this programme, the centre also helped the trained fishermen of Karnataka and Goa and Maharashtra to form self help groups and undertake the cage culture at Karwar and Kumta in Karnataka, Polem, Talpone in Goa and Ratnagiri in Maharastra Ten fishermen were made in to one group and each group were provided with 5 cages in Ratnagiri, 10 cages in Goa and 2 cages in Karnataka.

In Kerala, field demonstrations are being carried out in three new Pokkali farms Nedungad, Kumbalangi and Kadamakkudy for Pearl spot, Mullet, Pompano species. Fish seeds have been introduced in the cages during November. A new candidate fish Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) introduced for culture in low saline waters for first time in Kerala. The fish is performing well in Pokkali fields.

The demonstrated technology of cage culture of fin fish in Pokkali fields resulted additional net income of 0.80 lakhs/ha resulting a total net income of 1.3 lakhs/ha. The net income in case of paddy cultivation alone would be INR 0.15 lakhs/ha, whereas paddy and shrimp together give income of only 0.50 lakhs/ha.

Formulated pellet feed for Pearl spot, Etroplussuratensislarvae and juveniles developed under CADALMINTM brand in the trade name - Pearl Plus for feeding pearl spot during Pokkali integrated farming.

Annexure IV-Results of significant value (highlight 1-2 significant results in 2 paragraphs which can be highlighted at the national level)

 With increase in Sea Surface Temperature, evidences are now available in Indian waters for

• Increase in dispersal and abundance of small pelagics (oil sardine and mackerel).

• Reduction in mean size in the fishery (Indian mackerel, Nemipterus)

• Reduction in length at first maturity (Indian mackerel, coastal prawns).

• Reduction in fecundity (coastal prawns).

• Change in spawning season (Nemipterus spp)

• Change in diet composition (Indian oil sardine)

 Silver pompano Trachinotus blochii was found as a resilient species to climate change due to its tolerance s to temperature rise and light intensity.

 A new concept of Integration of fin fish culture with Paddy-Shrimp farming in Pokkali field doubled the income paddy farmers in Ernakulam district of Kerala

Annexure V- HRD programmes conducted (Trainings organized) Name of the programme Venue Dates Participants

Scientists / officials / Number farmers Open sea cage farming of Karwar Research 30.05.2013- Fishermen from Kerala 16 marine finfish and shellfish Centre of CMFRI 2.5.13 Cage farming of Marine Karwar Research 17.06.2013 - Fishermen from Goa 24 finfish and shellfish Centre of CMFRI 21.06.2013 Marine cage farming of Karwar Research 25.06.2013 - Officials and fishermen 19 finfish Centre of CMFRI 29.06.2013 Maharashtra Open sea cage culture of Karwar Research 08.07.2013 Fishermen from Goa 22 finfish Centre of CMFRI 12.07.2013 Open sea cage farming of Karwar Research 05.08.2013 - Officials and fishermen 15 marine finfish Centre of CMFRI 09.08.2013 Maharastra Open sea cage farming of Karwar Research 12.10.2013 Fishermen and Officials 10 marine finfish and shellfish Centre of CMFRI from Kerala Cage farming of Marine Karwar Research 25.2.2014- Fishermen and officials 22 finfish and shellfish Centre of CMFRI 28.2.2014 from Karnataka Sae cage farming of Veravakl RC of 09-02-2014 Fishermen from 10 lobsters CMFRI Modhava village, Gujarat Training on collection of MRC of CMFRI, 04-04-2013 fishermen from 6 10 secondary data Mangalore selected villages of Udupi district Training on assessment of MRC of CMFRI, 15-05-2013 6 selected villages of 10 Climate change Mangalore Udupi district Vulnerability for fishermen Awareness programme on Zoology Dept 30.07.2013 (College Students and 75 Climate change – Threats Morning Star teachers) and potential impacts on H.S. College, ecosystems Angamaly, Kerala Awareness workshop on KarmasadanPastr 08.10.2013 delegates representing 100 „Climate change and Man‟ al center various SHGs, Alappuzha Fishermen Societies and Welfare Organizations „Man and Climate change‟ KarmasadanPastr 08.10.2013 Students from schools 30 painting competition al center with different categories Alappuzha Training programme on ATIC of CMFRI 18-10-2013- Vocational higher 53 “Modern Approaches in kochi 01-11-2013 secondary students Aquaculture”(one theme on climate change)

Methodology training CMFRI Kochi 1.08.2013 to (Scholars/staff from 5 programme for 7.08.2013 Veraval RC and FEMD/ vulnerability assessment of SEETED, Kochi) coastal villages Farmer‟sawareness Ezhikkara, 10.04.2013 Pokkali farmers and 170 programme cum harvest Ernakulam. cage farmers mela of cage fin fish culture in Pokkali fields. Awareness programme on Kumbalanghi, 20.04.2013 Pokkali farmers and 5 integrating fin fish culture Ernakulam. cage fin fish farmers along with paddy and shrimp farming Awareness programme on Nedungad, 25.04.2013 Pokkali farmers and 5 integrating fin fish culture Ernakulam. cage farmers along with paddy and shrimp farming

Annexure VI- Publications/patents

A. Research papers,

 Kizhakudan, Shoba Joe, Raja, S., Gupta, K.S., Vivekanandan, E., Kizhakudan, Joe K., Sethi, S.N. and Geetha, R. 2014. Correlation between changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and fish catch along Tamil Nadu coast, India - an indication of impact of climate change on fisheries? Indian Journal of Fisheries. (Accepted for publication in Volume 61, 2014).  Guptha, K.S., Raja, S., Kizhakudan, Shoba Joe, Kizhakudan, Joe K. and Yousuf KSSM. Preliminary observations on dominance of crustacean larvae in the diet of little tunnyEuthynnusaffinis(Cantor, 1849) caught off Chennai and Cuddalore coasts. Indian Journal of Fisheries (Submitted 2013, Accepted for publication in Volume 61, 2014).  S. Ghosh, M. V. Hanumantha Rao, M. Satish Kumar, V. Uma Mahesh, Muktha, M. and P. U. Zacharia, 2013. Carbon Footprint of Marine Fisheries: Life Cycle Analysis from Visakhapatnam. Current Science (In Review)  Muktha Menon, S. Ghosh, M. Satish Kumar, M.V. Hanumantha Rao, V. Uma Mahesh and P U Zacharia, 2014. Do fishermen believe in climate change? A study from the east coast of India. Marine Policy (Communicated).

B. Books/reports/bulletins,

 A.P. Dineshbabu, Geetha Sasikumar, Prathibha Rohit, Sujitha Thomas, P.U. Zacharia, 2014. Hand book of suggested methodologies for studies in fishery biology of finfishes and shellfishes of Indian waters. Compiled for the biological studies under the project, National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA). C. Book chapters: Nil

D. Technical (popular) articles

 Gopakumar, G, A.K. Abdul Nazar, R. Jayakumar, G. Tamilmani, M. Sakthivel, Amir Kumar Samal, S. Sirajudeen and R. Thiagu and P. U. Zacharia, 2013. Resilience of

silver pompano Trachinotus blochii larvae to high temperature and light intensity. CMFRI Newsletter 139: October-December 2013, pp.3.  Geetha, R and Divipala, Indira and Vinod, K and Kizhakudan, Shoba Joe and Manivasagam, M and Zacharia, P U. 2013. Coastal vulnerability to climate change: A pilot study in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu. Marine Fisheries Information Service; Technical and Extension Series (217). pp. 42-45.  Kizhakudan, Shoba Joe, Raja, S. Gupta, K.S., Thiagu, R., Sethi, S.N., Kizhakudan, Joe K., Geetha, R., Vivekanandan, E. and Zacharia, P.U. 2013. Observations on spawning activity of green mussel Perna viridis in relation to surface water temperature in Pulicat Lake and Ennore backwaters. Marine Fisheries Information Service; Technical & Extension Series, 218: 29-31. E. Conference/ Seminar Presentations

 Shyam S Salim, V. Kripa, P.U. Zacharia and T.V. Ambrose, 2013. Coastal fisheries perception on climate change causes and effects: a PARS methodology approach. Presented and won best paper (Oral) award under technical session on Blue-Societal initiatives for a better tomorrow in fisheries in the International symposium on greening fisheries-towards green technologies in fisheries. SOFTI and CIFT, Cochin May-21-23. (won best paper award)

 Zacharia P.U., Rekha J. Nair, SomyKuriakose, J. Jaysankar, A.P. Dinesbabu, Sujitha Thomas, S.J. Kizhakudan, T.M. Najmudeen, AnulekshmiChellapapn and Mohamed Koya, K. Distributional shift of pelagics, Indian Oil sardine and Indian Mackerel towards northern Indian Ocean-a climate change induced scenario? Abstract no.T01OP14 International conference on ecosystem conservation, climate cage and sustainable development, 3-5 October 2013, Thiruananthapuram, pp.26-27 (won best paper award)

 Sandhya Sukumaran, Wilson Sebastian, Zacharia, P.U and Vijayan, K.K.. 2013. Genetic diversity of Indian oil sardine Sardinella longiceps in the Indian Ocean region inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase gene. Abstract No.TO4OP16 International conference on ecosystem conservation, climate cage and sustainable development, 3-5 October 2013, Thiruananthapuram,, 2103. p.191

 Shyam S Salim, Kripa, V. Zacharia P.U and Ambrose T.V., Climate change awareness, preparedness, adaptation and mitigation strategies: Fisher folks perception in coastal Kerala TO1OP09. International conference on ecosystem conservation, climate cage and sustainable development, 3-5 October 2013, Thiruananthapuram, 2103.pp.20-21.

 Vikas P. A., Shinoj Subramannian, John Bose, G. S. Rao and Zacharia P. U. 2014. Package for enhancing the income from Pokkali farming-A successful agribusiness model. Souvenir of International conference on Management of Agribusiness and Entrepreneurship development jointly organized by Technocrats Institute of Technology-MBA and Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, Jan. 6th - 7th.

 Zacharia P.U. 2014. Impact and adaptation options for Indian marine fisheries to Climate change In Book of abstracts - National Seminar on climate change and marine ecosystems (CCME 2014). Pp.4-6 Dept. of Marine Biology, Marine biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, CUSAT, Cochin, 20-21 Mar 2014.

F. Brochures

G. Zacharia P.U, Shyam S. Salim and Grinson George, 2013. Fishing Vessel Silver Pompano: A CMFRI-NICRA initiative. Brochure released on the occasion of the handover ceremony of the NICRA vessel F.V Silver Pompano to CMFRI by Goa Shipyard Ltd. 4 pp.

H. Vikas P.A., Zacharia P.U, Shinoj Subramaniam and A. Gopalakrishnan, 2013. “Pokkali punarujjevenathinuputhiyakrishireethi” (in Malayalam). Krishi Vignana Parambara 1/2013.

Annexure VII: Success stories

1. IDENTIFICATION OF NEW TOLERANT SPECIES TO TEMPERATURE: Resilience of silver pompano, Trachinotus blochii larvae to high temperature and light intensity

In an anticipated scenario of global warming and climate change, temperature increase will become a severe threat to fish eggs and larvae in the wild. The climate resilience of eggs and larvae assessed by experimental studies for finding the optimum temperature range required for obtaining maximum seed production. Candidate species studied were Cobia and Silver Pompano

The silver pompano Trachinotus blochii is one of the suitable candidate fish species for marine and brackish water aquaculture due to its fast growth rate, good meat quality and market demand. Realizing the potential of the species for farming, the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at its Mandapam Regional Centre has prioritized this species for captive breeding and seed production. The first success was obtained in 2011 and thereafter several seed production trials were conducted successfully. Currently farming is progressing at several areas along the Indian coast and a heavy demand for seeds was evinced from the prospective farmers and entrepreneurs.

Silver pompano is also known for growing well in low salinities and good adaptability to different farming environments. Hence, the species was chosen for investigating its resilience for various environmental parameters from the larval phase onwards. The larvae were subjected to two ranges of temperature and light intensity combinations in the larviculture tanks. One set of temperature and light intensity combination was 29.0 ± 0.2 °C and 2051 to 4620 lux (1st set) and in the other set the same were 31.0 ± 0.2 °C and 2212 to 7120 lux (2nd Set). All the protocols of larviculture were identically followed for both the sets.

The normal colour of pompano larvae from the 1st day post hatch (dph) is black. It was observed that in the 2nd set a conspicuous whitening of larvae due to loss of pigmentation took place on the 8th dph, whereas in the 1st set, the larval colouration continued to be black. The whitened larvae also showed normal movement and feeding behaviour. It is evident that the whitening of the larvae in response to high temperature and light intensity is an adaptation to withstand the unfavourable environmental parameters. The growth rate was also reduced during the stressed phase. It is evident that the larvae had resilience to overcome the adverse environmental conditions by reducing the growth rate and extending the metamorphosis period. The resilience to adverse environmental parameters in the larval stage itself is very much advantageous for selecting the species as a climate resilient one in the anticipated scenario of climate change. It is felt that silver pompano will prove to be a suitable species for marine and brackishwater aquaculture with its capacity to adapt in the changed climatic conditions forecasted due to global warming.

2. NEW TECHNOLOGY: Development of innovative low cost cages for promoting Open Sea Cage Culture along the Indian coast

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute being the pioneer to the initiate open sea cage culture in Indian waters has been striving hard to promote open sea cage culture at selected locations in all the Maritime states with the involvement of the fisherman community.Cage design and mooring technology has been undergoing refinement through the dedicated and committed efforts of the scientist of CMFRI. Efforts were continuously made to reduce the cost of the cage and mooring systems so as to make it affordable for the fisherman and also to help them to take it up as a lively hood alternative.

Fig-1. Design details of the low cost cage Fig-2. Technical details of the low cost cage

The present HDPE Cage alone costs about Rs.4,00,000/- Per Cage and together with the mooring systems and net, the cost increase to about Rs.5,50,000/- making it unaffordable to the fisherman. While interacting with the fisherman they expressed their desire to have cage costing less then Rs. 1,00,000/- and lasting at least for 5 years to make it sustainable and economical in the long run. It was with their interest in mind the Karwar Research Centre has looked for alternatives for HDPE cages for promoting Cage Culture in the coastal waters and developed this fifth generation cage.

3. NOVEL TECHNLOGY: Carbon dioxide flow regulator and recorder

(Prototype-1)

Ocean acidification is increasingly evident as a consequence of temperature rise in the oceans. An Ocean acidification lab has been set up in CMFRI to study the impact of pH on marine organisms especially shellfish and juveniles. A major bottle neck for the study is the absence of instruments which releases Co2 in minute quantities to water. Institute has developed a prototype of Carbon dioxide flow regulator and recorder. Input phase consist mainly of the input from the safety regulator cum analogue

pressure gauge of external CO2 cylinder and this in turn connected with the liquid separator. In the

processing phase, the input of CO2 gas is channelled to a precision regulator assembly with a needle valve and analogue pressure gauge which

accurately displays the input CO2 gas pressure. The

output phase consist of the controlled CO2 gas release unit with minute precision solenoid valve and external release probe with terminal weight controlled valve mechanism to hold the gas inside the system when it is lifted from the seawater. The whole unit is controlled by an electrical power supply with human interface device or HID.

4. NEW METHOD: Integration of fin fish culture with Paddy-Shrimp farming in Pokkali field doubled the income of Mr. Saigal, an young farmer in Ernakulam district of Kerala

The pokkali paddy is both saline and flood tolerant. It grows over the flood waters and do not get damaged in submerged conditions. Due to global warming and associated sea water rising, saline water intrusion into freshwater systems and associated damage to the paddy fields is becoming common in the coastal areas of the country. Pokkali is a suitable variety for such situations. This farming system is highly climate dependent as the sowing requires low salinity in the fields subsequent to onset of South west monsoon in Kerala. If the monsoon is delayed, the sowing also would be delayed. Similarly, if the monsoon showers are heavy, the sown seeds would be carried away by the flood waters causing loss to the farmers. Pokkali farming is under loss due to climate dependency, lack of suitable machinery, high labour cost, low productivity of rice, disease infection in shrimps. Out of the 20,000 ha pokkali fields spread over three districts, the farming is now restricted to less than 1,000 ha

A package was developed for pokkali fields by KVK (Ernakulam) of CMFRI with funding from National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) to increase the income from unit area by integrating high value finfish farming in cages towards sustainability of this farming system. Mr. Saigal (Anjil House , Ezhikara PO, Ph No:9809051168) a young farmer from Ezhikkara readily agreed for this new experiment in his Pokkali field. The KVK team trained him in Pond preparation, cat walk construction, cage construction, nursery rearing, fish transportation, feeding, cage maintenance, etc., in well advance to the implementation of the programme. Small cages were placed in the field using PVC material as floats, sinkers and top cover.

Nursery reared Mullet (Mugil cephalus) and Pearlspot (Etroplus Suratensis) were stocked in cages during 1st week of September. The initial stocking density of mullet was 250 nos. per cage and that of Pearl spot was 500 nos. per cage. The mullet attained average size of 400 gm with survival of 60 per cent and Pearlspot 180 gm with a survival of 90 per cent. 31

The fish harvest was celebrated as a festival by the local pokkali farmers where the Additional District Magistrate, Shri. Ramachandran inaugurated the programme. The fixed cost invested for the cage culture in Saigal’s 1 ha pokkali fields was INR 88,200/-. Since the assets can be used for 5 years, the fixed cost per year would be INR 17,640/-. The operational cost per year was INR 90,000/-. The gross income per year he got was INR 1,90,000/- and the profit per year was INR 83,000/-. Mr. Saigal’s was getting a profit of INR 15,000 from paddy crop alone and INR 50,000 only from combined paddy and shrimp cultivation from 1 ha field before KVK’s intervention.

As a token of appreciation, Director General ICAR facilitated Mr. Saigal on 12th May 2013 at Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI