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University of Alberta The EfFects of Residential Destination on the Education and Rychological Status of AIDS ûrphans H. M. Nelly Kodero O A dissertation submitied to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Educational Psychology Edmonton, Aiberta Sprîng, 20 National Li'brary Bibliothèque nationale u*I ofCanada du Canada A uisitions and Acquisitions et ~8cgra~hicSetvices senrices bibliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non excItsive licence allowing the excbive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationaie du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reprochrire, preter, distriiuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fiIm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substanîid extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantie1s may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. The children are both our near and distant future. It is by them and through them that we feel linked to the immortaiity of the hurnan race. Elie Wiesel, 1989 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to two special people, Dr. David Baine and Mr. Edward McCue. Dr. David Baine, professor emeritus of the University of Alberta. offered me some financial assistance and accommodation during my stay in Edmonton. Mr. Edward McCue of Housing and Food Services at the University of Alberta. made my long surnrner holidays short by offering me a job. Because of Edward, I left the University of Alberta, not only as a Doctor of Philosophy but also as a maintenance expert. Thank you Edward for treating me with dignity and respect like your own child. Abstract This casual-comparative study investigated the effects of residential destination on the education and psychological well-being of AIDS orphans in Kisumu, Kenya. 450 orphans aged between 6 and 15 years living in orphanages, guardians' homes, and extended families were compared on these variables. The study examined the plausible causes of the differences observed arnong the orphans and the process of adoption of orphans. The Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scaie (RCMAS; Reynolds & Richmond, 1978), Biographical FO~'Caregiver Questionnaire, and the Quality of Caregiver-Orphan Relationship Scale (QCORS) were used in data collection. This study reports the construction and validation of the QCORS. The results showed that the educational and psychological needs of the orphans were best met by orphanages, followed by guardians' homes and were least met by extended families. The plausible causes of the differences investigated did not fully explain the differences observed among the three groups of orphans. The attitude of caregivers towards orphans and peer support were identified as two factors that could have affected the psychological well-king of orphans. The findings also indicated that AIDS patients did not make placement and custody arrangements for their children before dying, and that the caregivers did not consider the HIV status of the orphans before adoption. Moreover, the results of this study indicated that caregiven who were shuggling to raise hundreds of orphans existing in Kisumu received no support whatsoever from the Kenyan govemment. The findings of this study challenged the cornmon belief in Afrïca that the extended families will be there to meet the needs of the orphans when a disaster strîkes. The reality as reflected in this study is that extended families can no longer adequately care for the orphans. The govemment should help the caregivers to meet the basic needs of the orphans and shouid offer these chüdren free education. Peer support is perhaps the best way to help AIDS orphans overcome their current and future psychological problems. Finally, there is need to consider the HIV status of these children during adoption because research shows that there is some risk, though low, of child-to-child HIV transmission. Acknowledgments I have made several decisions in my life; three of them have so far tumed out to be wisest: choosing Dr. Robert Frender as my academic adviser and dissertation supe~sor,manying my wife, Josephine; and leaming to play squash. Dr. Robert Frender pided me throughout my graduate studies at the University of Alberta. Bob believed in me from the start and never flinched. He stood by me even when my dissertation appeared to be heading nowhere. 1 have no shred of doubt in my mind about his high quality of supervision and his extraordinary cornmitment to academic excellence. My dear wife, Josephine kept my domestic affairs running when 1 was thousands of kilometers away in Edmonton and had no time to write letten. She numired out lovely children alone, 1 will never make any daim about their success in life. Finally, playing squash drove stress out of my mind and kept me joyful even when I had nothing to be happy about. 1 wish to thank in a special way members of my supervisory cornmittee, Dr. Robert Short and Dr. Linda McDondd who constructively advised me on this dissertation. 1 am indebted to the orphans and their caregivea who participated in this study. It is their responses to my research questions that became the grit and gnst of this dissertation and gave this piece of work a voice of its own. 1 am also indebted to my two research assistants, Mr. Hezekia Okello and Mr. Shabianus Onyango who braved the scotching Sun of Kisumu to track down the subjects. Lastiy, 1 must also thank in a special way Moi University for granting me study leave with pay, the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta for offenng me teaching and research assistantship, and Alberta International at the University of Alberta for meeting my research expenses. Without your financial assistance this work would not have been accomplished. TABLE OF CONTENTS CaAPTER PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 The Purpose of the Study ...................... ........... 5 Theoretical Framework of the Study ................... 6 Rationale of the Study ..................................... 7 Geographic Location of the Research............ ........ 9 Organization of the Dissertation .......................... 9 II . LITERATURE REViEW ................................ Nature of HIV and AIDS ........................... ,... Brief History of AIDS in the World ..................... Status of AIDS in Africa ...................o.............. Transmission of HIV in Africa .................. Rapid spread of HiV in Africa .......... Curbing the Spread of HN in Kenya ........... Children Orphaned by AIDS in Kisumu ................ HIV Status of AIDS-Orphaned Children ....... Adoption of AIDS-Orphaned Children .......... Social Organization of the Luo in Kisumu .............. Patnlineal Social Organization of the Luo ...... Lineage units of the Luo social organization . Household as a unit of the Luo social .. otganization .............................. Residential Destinations of AIDS Orphans in Kisumu .. Extended Families for AIDS-Orphaned Children . CHAPTER PAGE Guardians' Homes for AIDS-Orphaned Children . 39 Orphanages for AIDS-Orphaned Children ...... 40 Needs of AIDS-Orphaned Children ...................... 42 Education of AIDS-Orphaned Children......... 43 Psychological Status of AIDS Orphans ........ 45 Anxiety of AIDS-orphaned children ... 46 Relationship between AIDS orphans and caregivers ....................... ..... 53 Summary of the Literature Reviewed .................... 55 Overview of the Research Objectives .................... 56 Research Questions ....................................... 57 III . METHODS AND RESULTS FOR STUDY 1.... 59 Construction of the Quality of Caregiver-Orphan Relationship Scale ........................................ 59 Population and Sample ................................. 63 Sample for Study 1 ........................... 65 Procedure for Study 1...................................... 65 Determination of Construct Validity of QCORS ........ 66 Overview of Factor Analysis .................... 67 Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis . 68 Principal component analysis and common factor analysis ............................ 70 Factor retention criteria .................. 72 Factor rotation methods ................. 73 PAGE Factor loadings ........................... 76 Factor Analysis of This Study's Data ........... 78 Results of factor analysis.............*.. 82 The 13 pure items and the QCORS factors. 92 Final version of QCORS ................ 94 Determination of the Reliability of QCORS ............. 96 IV . METHODS FOR STUDY 2 ............................ Design of the Study ....................................... Sample for Study 2 ........................................ Instrumentation ............................................. Qudity of Caregiver-Orphan Relationship Scale (QCORS)................................... Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) ................................. Validity of RCMAS ...................... Reliability of RCMAS ................. .. Biographical Form ................................ Caregiver Questionnaire .........................
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