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Discovery of the Nickel Isotopes

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Discovery of the Nickel Isotopes Discovery of the Nickel Isotopes R. Robinson, M. Thoennessen∗ National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Abstract Thirty-one nickel isotopes have so far been observed; the discovery of these isotopes is discussed. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented. ∗Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected] (M. Thoennessen) Preprint submitted to Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables April 29, 2010 Contents 1. Introduction . 2 2. Discovery of 48−78Ni.................................................................................... 3 2.1. 48Ni............................................................................................. 3 2.2. 49Ni............................................................................................. 3 2.3. 50Ni............................................................................................. 3 2.4. 51;52Ni........................................................................................... 5 2.5. 53Ni............................................................................................. 5 2.6. 54Ni............................................................................................. 5 2.7. 55Ni............................................................................................. 5 2.8. 56Ni............................................................................................. 5 2.9. 57Ni............................................................................................. 6 2.10. 58Ni............................................................................................. 6 2.11. 59Ni............................................................................................. 6 2.12. 60Ni............................................................................................. 6 2.13. 61;62Ni........................................................................................... 6 2.14. 63Ni............................................................................................. 7 2.15. 64Ni............................................................................................. 7 2.16. 65Ni............................................................................................. 7 2.17. 66Ni............................................................................................. 7 2.18. 67Ni............................................................................................. 7 2.19. 68Ni............................................................................................. 8 2.20. 69Ni............................................................................................. 8 2.21. 70−74Ni.......................................................................................... 8 2.22. 75Ni............................................................................................. 8 2.23. 76−78Ni.......................................................................................... 9 3. Summary ............................................................................................. 9 References ............................................................................................ 9 Explanation of Tables . 12 Table 1. Discovery of Nickel Isotopes. See page 12 for Explanation of Tables . 13 1. Introduction The discovery of the nickel isotopes is discussed as part of the series of the discovery of isotopes which began with the cerium isotopes in 2009 [1]. The purpose of this series is to document and summarize the discovery of the isotopes. Guidelines for assigning credit for discovery are (1) clear identification, either through decay-curves and relationships to other known isotopes, particle or γ-ray spectra, or unique mass and Z-identification, and (2) publication of the 2 discovery in a refereed journal. The authors and year of the first publication, the laboratory where the isotopes were produced as well as the production and identification methods are discussed. When appropriate, references to conference proceedings, internal reports, and theses are included. When a discovery includes a half-life measurement the measured value is compared to the currently adopted value taken from the NUBASE evaluation [2] which is based on the ENSDF database [3]. 2. Discovery of 48−78Ni Thirty-one nickel isotopes from A = 48−78 have been discovered so far; these include 5 stable, 11 proton-rich and 15 neutron-rich isotopes. According to the HFB-14 model [4], 87Ni should be the last odd-even particle stable neutron-rich nucleus while the even-even particle stable neutron-rich nuclei should continue through 94Ni. At the proton dripline 47Ni could still be particle stable. Thus, about 14 isotopes have yet to be discovered corresponding to about 31% of all possible nickel isotopes. Figure 1 summarizes the year of first discovery for all nickel isotopes identified by the method of discovery. The range of isotopes predicted to exist is indicated on the right side of the figure. The radioactive nickel isotopes were produced using deep-inelastic reactions (DI), heavy-ion fusion-evaporation (FE), light-particle reactions (LP), neutron- induced fission (NF), charged-particle induced fission (CPF), neutron-capture reactions (NC), heavy-ion transfer (TR), and projectile fragmentation of fission (PF). The stable isotope was identified using mass spectroscopy (MS). Heavy ions are all nuclei with an atomic mass larger than A=4 [5]. In the following, the discovery of each nickel isotope is discussed in detail. 2.1. 48Ni In the paper \Discovery of Doubly Magic 48Ni", Blank et al. reported the discovery of 48Ni in 2000 [6]. A natural nickel target was bombarded by a 74.5 MeV/nucleon beam of 58Ni from the GANIL cyclotrons. 48Ni was separated and identified with the SISS/LISE3 facility. \Because of the efficiency of the MCP detector part of the statistics is lost in this spectrum. Nevertheless, two events of 48Ni are clearly observed... In this spectrum, we observe four counts which can be unambiguously attributed to 48Ni." 2.2. 49Ni 45 49 In the paper \First Observation of the Tz = −7/2 Nuclei Fe and Ni," Blank et al. reported the discovery of 49Ni in 1996 [7]. A 600 A·MeV 58Ni beam from the SIS synchrotron bombarded a beryllium target and isotopes were separated with the projectile-fragment separator FRS. 49Ni was identified by time-of-flight, ∆E, and Bρ analysis. \We observed ten events of 42Cr, three events of 45Fe, and five events of 49Ni. These three isotopes have been identified for the first time in the present experiment." 2.3. 50Ni The 1994 paper \Production cross sections and the particle stability of proton-rich nuclei from 58Ni fragmentation" reported the discovery of 50Ni by Blank et al. [8]. A 650 MeV/nucleon beam of 58Ni from the SIS synchrotron bombarded a beryllium target and 50Ni was separated and identified using the FRS separator. \For the yet-unobserved isotope 50Ni, 3 100 Fusion Evaporation Reactions (FE) Light Particle Reactions (LP) Mass Spectroscopy (MS) Neutron Fission (NF) 90 Neutron Capture (NC) Heavy-Ion Transfer Reactions (TR) Deep Inelastic (DI) Projectile Fission or Fragmentation (PF) Charged Particle Fission (CPF) 80 Undiscovered, predicted to be bound ) A ( r e b m u 70 N s s a M 60 50 40 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year Discovered Fig. 1: Nickel isotopes as a function of time when they were discovered. The different production methods are indicated. The solid black squares on the right hand side of the plot are isotopes predicted to be bound by the HFB-14 model. 4 we find three counts which fulfill the conditions we impose on the TOF, on the energy loss, and on the position at the final focus." 2.4. 51;52Ni The 1987 paper \Direct Observation of New Proton Rich Nuclei in the Region 23≤Z≤29 Using A 55A·MeV 58Ni Beam," reported the first observation of 51Ni and 52Ni by Pougheon et al. [9]. The fragmentation of a 55 A·MeV 58Ni beam at GANIL on nickel and aluminum targets were used to produce proton-rich isotopes which were separated with the LISE spectrometer. Energy loss, time of flight, and magnetic rigidity measurements were made. \Here, 52Ni 51 (Tz = −2) and Ni (Tz = −5/2) are identified with respectively 68 and 7 counts." 2.5. 53Ni 53 Vieira et al. reported the observation of excited states of Ni in 1976 in the paper \Extension of the Tz = −3/2 Beta-Delayed Proton Precursor Series to 57Zn" [10]. The Berkeley 88-in. cyclotron accelerated 16O beams to 60 and 65 MeV which then bombarded calcium targets and 53Ni was produced in the fusion-evaporation reaction 40Ca(16O,3n). Beta-delayed protons were measured with a semiconducting counter telescope. \The most reasonable source of the 1.94 MeV activity is βdelayed proton emission following the decay of 53Ni produced via the 40Ca(16O,3n) reaction." The measured half-life of 45(15) ms corresponds to the currently accepted value. 2.6. 54Ni In the paper \Mass measurements of the proton-rich nuclei 50Fe and 54Ni," Tribble et al. reported the discovery of 54Ni in 1977 [11]. Alpha particles accelerated to 110 MeV with the Texas A&M University 88-inch Cyclotron were used to produce the reaction 58Ni(4He,8He) and the ejectiles were observed at the focal plane of an Enge split-pole magnetic spectrograph. \The experiments provide the first observation and subsequent mass measurement of the proton-rich nuclei 50Fe and 54Ni." The measured β-decay
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