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1.5 Zeeman Doppler Imaging Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Multi-line diagnostics of magnetized stellar atmospheres Author(s): Sennhauser, Christian Publication Date: 2010 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006298517 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss ETH No. 19210 Multi-line diagnostics of magnetized stellar atmospheres Christian Sennhauser Diss ETH No. 19210 Multi-line diagnostics of magnetized stellar atmospheres Diss ETH No. 19210 Multi-line diagnostics of magnetized stellar atmospheres A dissertation submitted to ETH Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Sciences Presented by Christian Sennhauser Dipl. Phys. ETH born January 22, 1980 from Kirchberg, SG accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. M. R. Meyer, examiner Prof. Dr. S. V. Berdyugina, Prof. Dr. S. K. Solanki, Prof. Dr. A. O. Benz, co-examiners Zurich, 2010 — To my dear family — Abstract This thesis is devoted to the polarization spectra emerging from stellar photo- spheres, and the methods to recover the physical conditions under which they formed. Stars are the most prominent constituents of our universe. They convert nuclear binding energy into electromagnetic radiation, an energy source nec- essary to maintain thermodynamical order, which is equivalent to informa- tion, or life in the broadest sense. It is natural that they amazed humanity ever since, and that, driven by their relentless curiosity, people put unreasonable effort into the accumulation of knowledge about stars. Understanding our Sun as an only very nearby member of these nocturnal skyresidents, however, has justified the investigation of stellar activity phenomena in modern astronomy. Stellar magnetism is of particular importance, not only because it plays a growing role in stellar evolution models, from the formation phase to the ex- pulsion of planetary nebulae, but it is also believed to be the origin of energy released in flares, which in the case of the Sun can affect life on earth. Ac- cordingly, this thesis is partly concerned with the detection of stellar magnetic fields. Especially for late-type stars, magnetic activity is often observed to go along with other surface inhomogeneities, such as chemical abundance, tem- perature and density divergence. The complete physical properties of stellar photospheres are imprinted in the spectral lines. The limited amount of flux arriving at the earth, during a time interval short enough that the observable stellar disk can be assumed as unchanged, often results in insufficient photon x statistics. In order to account for this, the combination of multiple absorption lines shall unsheathe information about the photospheric region in which they form. First the concepts of line formation in magnetized stellar atmospheres will be introduced, with emphasis on the Zeeman effect. The importance of con- sidering the polarization state of light in the Stokes formalism when measur- ing magnetic fields will become apparent. With the aim to outperform exist- ing multi-line techniques, we develop in this thesis two methods, each based on an independent novel approach to disentangle blended line profiles. In a first attempt we account for the nonlinearity of blends in intensity spectra, de- parting from the the weak line approximation (WLA). Based on a heuristical formula, we derive an analytical function for line summation. The main achievement in the course of this thesis is the development of the Zeeman component decomposition (ZCD) and its numerical implementation. With the assumption of a common line-to-continuum opacity line profile, it is an inversion code for the simultaneous fitting of thousands of spectral lines for a given set of polarized spectra. ZCD sets a lower threshold for the detection of weak magnetic fields (< 1 G), at the same time increasing the reliability of intermediate fields, not being restricted to the weak field approximation. As an application of ZCD, we report the first detection of a weak magnetic field on the K giant Arcturus (αBoo) in Chapter 4. The reproduction and study of research objects in a laboratory is an impos- sibility in astrophysics. We fully depend on the observation of light, emitted by an unstoppable experiment, that has found its way onto the primary mirror of a telescope. The effort put in the development of observing instruments and their performance should cope with the advantages of modeling theories. The last part of this work is dedicated to the calibration and upgrade of an existing polarimeter using liquid-crystal variable retarders (LCVRs), which greatly reduces the systematic error, and enables fast-switching polarization modulation for a broad spectral region including many lines. The aim to increase the informative value of spectral line profiles by build- ing high-precision instruments and improving our analyzing techniques will allow us in the near future to apply ever more sophisticated diagnostic tools to stellar observations, which are currently only applicable for the Sun. Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit dem polarisierten Lichtspek- trum, das von Sternatmospharen¨ abgestrahlt wird, und Methoden die es er- lauben, die physikalischen Bedingungen bei der Enstehung dieses Lichts zu rekonstruieren. Sterne sind augenscheinlich die auffalligsten¨ Bestandteile unseres Univer- sums. Sie formen nukleare Bindungsenergie in elektromagnetische Strahlung um, eine notwendige Energiequelle um die thermodynamische Ordnung, die Information aufrechtzuerhalten, die wir Leben nennen. Verstandlicherweise¨ haben Sterne die Menschheit seit jeher verwundert. Getrieben von ihrer unban-¨ digen Neugier haben Menschen scheinbar unvernunftig¨ viel Aufwand be- trieben, ihr Wissen uber¨ die Sterne zu vergrossern.¨ Die Einsicht, dass unsere Sonne auch nur ein Reprasentant¨ jener nachtlichen¨ Himmelsbewohner ist, gibt der modernen Astronomie einen naheliegenden Grund die Mechanismen fur¨ Sternaktivitat¨ zu studieren. Dem Sternmagnetismus kommt dabei eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Er spielt nicht nur eine zunehmend entscheidende Rolle in Sternentstehungs- modellen, von der kollabierenden Molekulwolke¨ bis zum Ausstoss planetarer Nebel, sondern ist vermutlich die treibende Kraft bei Sonneneruptionen, die das Leben auf der Erde nicht bestimmen, aber beeinflussen konnen.¨ De- mentsprechend befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit dem Messen von Stern- magnetfeldern. Speziell auf kuhlen¨ Sternen mit einer effektiven Temper- atur . 5500 K geht magnetische Aktivitat¨ oft einher mit Inhomogenitaten¨ auf xii der Oberflache:¨ chemische Haufigkeit,¨ Temperatur- und Dichteunterschiede. Spektrallinien sind die Fingerabdrucke¨ von Sternatmospharen.¨ Sie erlauben prazise¨ Ruck-schl¨ usse¨ auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften. Die beschrankte¨ Anzahl Photonen, die auf der Erde warend¨ eines Zeitintervalls gemessen wer- den, in dem der Stern als unverandert¨ angenommen werden kann, verur- sacht jedoch Rau-schen im Profil der Spektrallinien. Das Kombinieren vieler solcher Linien soll helfen, die darin enthaltenen Informationen besser zu ent- schlusseln.¨ Im einfuhrenden¨ Kapitel werden die Konzepte zur Enstehung von spek- tralen Linienprofilen in magnetischen Sternatmospharen¨ erlautert,¨ wobei dem Zeeman Effekt eine entscheidende Rolle zukommt. Die Berucksichtigung¨ der Polarisationseigenschaften von Licht werden im sogenannten Stokes For- malismus verdeutlicht. Im weiteren Verlauf werden zwei Methoden zum Kombinieren mehrerer Spektrallinien mit dem Ziel entwickelt, bestehende Viel-Linien-Methoden zu ubertre¨ ffen. Der gegenseitigen Beeinflussung von Linienprofilen wird in zwei unterschiedlichen Herangehensweisen Rechnung getragen. In Kapitel 2 wird, ausgehend von einem heuristischen Ansatz, eine analytische Formel fur¨ das Aufeinanderlegen von beliebig starken Linien hergeleitet. Die Entwicklung und numerische Implementierung der Methode ‘Zeeman component decomposition’ (ZCD, Kapitel 3) steht im Zentrum dieser Dok- torarbeit. ZCD ist ein Inversionscode, der Tausende von Spektrallinien einer Messung unter der Annahme eines gleichbleibenden Profils der Linien-zu- Kontinuum Opazitat¨ rekonstruiert. Damit wird die Limite fur¨ detektierbare longitudinale Magnetfelder entscheidend heruntergesetzt (< 1 G), wahrend¨ auf der anderen Seite auch die Genauigkeit fur¨ starke Felder gesteigert wird. Die Anwendung von ZCD auf eine einzelne Messung des prominenten roten Riesen Arcturus (αBoo) lieferte die erste direkte Detektion eines Magnet- feldes auf diesem Stern, vorgestellt in Kapitel 4. Die Reproduktion und Messung von Studienobjekten im Labor ist in der Astronomie nicht moglich.¨ Wir sind vollstandig¨ abhangig¨ vom Licht, das aus- gesandt von einem fortlaufenden Experiment den Weg auf den Hauptspiegel eines unserer Teleskope gefunden hat. Es ist daher wichtig, die Entwick- lung von Messinstrumenten auf die Fortschritte von theoretischen Modellen abzustimmen. Der letzte Teil dieser Arbeit ist deshalb der Instrumentation gewidmet. Kapitel 5 beschreibt die Kalibration und Umsetzung eines auf Flussigkristallen¨ (LCVR) basierenden Polarimeters, wodurch eine hochfre- xiii quente Polarisationsmodulation und eine wesentliche Reduktion des system- atischen Fehlers erreicht wird. Das Ziel, hochprazise¨ Teleskope und Instrumente zu bauen, bestehende Modelle und Techniken zu verbessern und neu zu erfinden, um noch mehr Informationen aus polarisierten Spektrallinien herauszuschalen,¨ wird
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