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Facultad De Ciencias Experimentales UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Trabajo Fin de Grado Estudio de la familia Araneidae (Aracnida) en la península ibérica Alumno: Serrano Cruz, Javier Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Junio, 2021 1 Junio, 2021 UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN Trabajo Fin de Grado Estudio de la familia Araneidae (Aracnida) en la península ibérica Alumno: Serrano Cruz, Javier Jaén, junio, 2021 2 ÍNDICE 1. RESUMEN…………………………………………………………………………… 5 1.1 Abstract …………………………………………………………………………. 5 2. INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………………. 5 2.1 Taxonomía y diversidad……………………………………………………… 5 2.2 Distribución…………………………………………………………………….. 7 2.3 Morfología y fisiología………………………………………………………… 8 2.4 Reproducción y ciclo biológico……………………………………………. 10 2.5 Hábitat y ecología…………………………………………………………….. 12 3. OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………………… 13 4. METODOLOGÍA Y TRATAMIENTO DE LA BIBLIOGRAFÍA…………………14 5. RESULTADOS………………………………………………………………………15 6. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA ARANEIDAE……….. 17 6.1 Género Aculepeira…………………………………………………………….17 6.1.1 Aculepeira ceropegia……………………………………………………. 17 6.2 Género Agalenatea…………………………………………………………… 19 6.2.1 Agalenatea redii…………………………………………………………. 19 6.3 Género Araneus………………………………………………………………. 21 6.3.1 Araneus angulatus………………………………………………………. 21 6.3.2 Araneus diadematus……………………………………………………. 22 6.3.3 Araneus pallidus…………………………………………………………. 24 6.4 Género Araniella……………………………………………………………… 25 6.4.1 Araniella cucurbitina…………………………………………………….. 26 6.5 Género Argiope………………………………………………………………. 27 6.5.1 Argiope bruennichi……………………………………………………….. 27 6.5.2 Argiope lobata……………………………………………………………. 29 6.6 Género Cyclosa………………………………………………………………. 30 6.6.1 Cyclosa algerica………………………………………………………….. 31 6.6.2 Cyclosa conica…………………………………………………………… 32 6.7 Género Gibbaranea………………………………………………………….. 33 6.7.1 Gibbaranea bituberculata ………………………………………………. 34 6.8 Género Hypsosinga………………………………………………………….. 35 6.8.1 Hypsosinga albovittata…………………………………………………... 36 3 6.9 Género Larinioides…………………………………………………………… 37 6.9.1 Larinioides sclopetarius…………………………………………………. 37 6.10 Género Mangora…………………………………………………………….. 39 6.10.1 Mangora acalypha……………………………………………………… 39 6.11 Género Neoscona…………………………………………………………… 40 6.11.1 Neoscona adianta………………………………………………………. 41 7. DISCUSIÓN………………………………………………………………………… 43 8. CONCLUSIÓN……………………………………………………………………… 44 9. AGRADECIMIENTOS…………………………………………………………….. 44 10. REFERENCIAS………………………………………………………………….. 44 11. ANEXO I. SINONIMIAS DE LAS ESPECIES DESCRITAS ………………… 50 4 1. RESUMEN En este trabajo se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica de la familia de los araneidos (subfilo Chelicerata, clase Arachnida, orden Araneae, familia Araneidae) que se han citado en toda la península ibérica y las islas Baleares. Tras la revisión de más de 70 referencias, hemos puesto de manifiesto citas para 62 especies englobadas en 22 géneros. En este trabajo nos hemos centrado en las 15 especies más relevantes, condensando y resumiendo información de cada una de ellas. El género más citado es el Areneus con 11 especies tanto en territorio español como portugués. La especie que en más provincias ha sido citada es Mangora acalypha, con 57 provincias (41 españolas y 16 portuguesas). Le siguen las especies Argiope bruennichi y Araniella cucurbitina, encontrándose también en gran parte del territorio ibérico. Palabras clave: Araneidae, arañas, ecología, distribución. 1.1 Abstract In this work, we have conducted a bibliographic review of the orb-weaver spiders (Chelicerata subphylum, Arachnida class, Aranea order, Araneidae family) that have been cited throughout the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearics. It has been found 62 species included in 22 genera. Out of all of them, the 15 most relevant species have been cited below by searching in more than 70 articles and references. The most cited genus is the Araneus with 11 species both in Spanish and Portuguese territory. The species that has been cited in more provinces is the Mangora acalypha, with 57 provinces (41 Spanish and 16 Portuguese). It is followed by the species Argiope bruennichi and Araniella cucurbitina, also found in much of the Iberian territory. Key words: Araneidae, spiders, ecology, distribution. 2. INTRODUCCIÓN 2.1 Taxonomía y diversidad Las arañas son un grupo de arácnidos encuadrados en el orden Araneae Clerk, 1757, y supera en número de especias al resto de arácnidos (clase Arachnida) en el que se incluyen además, entre otros, los escorpiones y los ácaros. Actualmente se conocen 116 familias y más de 4.000 géneros de arañas, habiendo sido descritas más 5 de 41.000 especies diferentes, siendo uno de los grupos animales de más amplia distribución en el planeta (Martínez-Pérez & Baz, 2010; World Spider Catalog, 2018). Las arañas eran abundantes en el Carbonífero hace más de 300 millones de años, datando su origen entre los periodos Silúrico y Devónico, y mostrando una distribución más amplia entre Paleozoico y Mesozoico (Hubert, 1979; Coddington & Levi, 1991). A nivel taxonómico, las arañas se encuentran dentro del filo Arthropoda, subfilo Chelicerata, clase Arachnida y orden Araneae. Este orden se divide en dos subórdenes. El suborden Mesothelae, formado exclusivamente por la familia Liphiistidae y el suborden Opisthothelae. A su vez, el suborden Opisthothelae está dividido en dos infraórdenes: el infraorden Mygalomorphae, que destaca porque los quelíceros de sus especies se cruzan entre sí, y el infraorden Araneomorphae que tiene los quelíceros paralelos (Coddington & Levi, 1991; Martínez-Pérez & Baz, 2010; Melic et al., 2015). Las arañas de la familia Araneidae Clerk, 1757, se sitúan a nivel taxonómico dentro del suborden Araneomorphae. Esta familia está entre los grupos de arañas más estudiados a nivel mundial y se conocen principalmente por sus telas orbiculares. Es tal su nivel de importancia que su nombre es el basónimo tanto del género Araneus Clerk, 1757, como del orden Araneae (Scharff, 1997). Además, esta importancia se ve reflejada también en la cantidad de investigaciones publicadas sobre ella con más de 900 artículos desde el comienzo del siglo XX (Coddington et al., 1991). Esta importancia también se debe al hecho de que las arañas son un factor de equilibrio en el medio, ya que son grandes contribuyentes al control natural de plagas (Chiri, 1989). A nivel económico, cada vez hay más estudios que se dedican a conocer y analizar las proteínas de la seda de las arañas, debido a su gran resistencia y elasticidad (Ubick et al., 2005). Esta familia es una de las más grandes con aproximadamente 2600 especies descritas englobadas en cerca de 160 géneros alrededor del mundo (Platnick, 1989). 6 2.2 Distribución Las arañas están distribuidas por todo el mundo y han conquistado prácticamente todos los medios, incluyendo altas montañas y desiertos (Foelix, 2011). Son carnívoras, por lo que se les puede encontrar en prácticamente cualquier lugar donde halla posibles presas como en el follaje de las plantas, en el suelo, hojarasca, basura, grietas en las rocas o incluso en el interior de casas (Chiri, 1989). El cómo las arañas han podido conquistar todos estos medios se debe a muchos factores. Hay arañas que han llegado a islas remotas gracias a la habilidad de muchas arañas a flotar en el aire con sus propios hilos (gossamer threads), en una acción llamada ballooning. Se posan muy ligeramente sobre sus patas encarando el viento, alzan su abdomen y crean un hilo, el cual llevará a la araña por el viento hacia otro lugar (Foelix, 2011). En la península ibérica tenemos 1493 especies del orden Araneae, de las cuales 282 son especies endémicas, y 378 géneros. Dentro de la familia Araneidae encontramos 22 géneros en la península e islas Baleares y 14 en las islas Canarias (Melic et al., 2015; Branco et al. 2019). La familia Araneidae es una de las más exitosamente se han extendido, distribuyéndose por todo el planeta y son relativamente fáciles de detectar debido a su tamaño, coloración y sus redes orbiculares (Jiménez-Valverde & Lobo, 2007). Debido a su gran distribución se dan muchos casos de endemismos. En la península ibérica encontramos una tasa de endemismo de 0,346, relativamente pequeña en comparación a otras familias. La mayoría de estos endemismos se encuentran en la zona sur de la península debido a las altas temperaturas y baja disponibilidad de agua, lo que fuerza adaptaciones específicas (Malumbres-Olarte et al., 2020). Tabla 2.1. Resumen del número de familias, géneros y especies encontradas en la Península Ibérica. Datos tomados de Branco et al., 2019. 7 2.3 Morfología y fisiología 2.3.1 Morfología del orden Araneae La mayor parte de las arañas son pequeñas, entre 2-10mm. Hay excepciones como las tarántulas que pueden alcanzar los 90mm (Flórez et al., 2015). El cuerpo de las arañas se encuentra dividido en dos regiones, el prosoma o cefalotórax y el opistosoma o abdomen. En el prosoma encontramos normalmente ocho ojos simples, un par de quelíceros, un par de enditas coxales, cuatro patas y un par de pedipalpos que se usan en la cópula (Beccaloni, 2009). El opistosoma está unido al cefalotórax por una membrana llamada pedicelo y encontramos los órganos hiladores o espineretas en el extremo posterior (Chiri, 1989; Foelix, 2011). La zona dorsal del prosoma se denomina escudo prosómico. En la zona anterior encontramos los ojos, que normalmente se disponen en dos líneas y según su posición se denominan ojos laterales anteriores (ALE), ojos medios anteriores (AME), ojos posteriores laterales (PLE) y ojos posteriores medios (PME). La posición de los ojos es muy
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