IDEAS INTO ACTION 10 YEARS OF GROUNDBREAKING RESEARCH UNIVERSITY 10 YEARS OF GROUND-BREAKING RESEARCH 3

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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PROFESSOR IAN GOLDIN INTRODUCTIONS 01 MAKING MORE POSSIBLE 28

INTRODUCTION - PROFESSOR IAN GOLDIN 01 PLANTS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY 29

VISION & AIMS 02 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION INSTITUTE 30

JAMES MARTIN: VISIONARY - 04 INSTITUTE FOR NEW ECONOMIC THINKING AT THE 32 The Oxford Martin School has THE RT HON THE LORD PATTEN OF BARNES CH OXFORD MARTIN SCHOOL achieved an immense amount

OPTIMISM AND URGENCY 05 IDEAS INTO ACTION 34 in its first ten years. We have

A LEGACY FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS - LORD REES OF LUDLOW 06 OXFORD MARTIN COMMISSION FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS 35 addressed many key global

THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY INSTITUTE 08 COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP 36 challenges and look forward to

OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON VACCINES 10 OXFORD MARTIN POLICY PAPERS 37 accomplishing much more.

OXFORD CENTRE FOR TROPICAL FORESTS 12 OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON SOLAR ENERGY 38 Infectious diseases for which there are Much has changed since I joined Our second decade has begun with PROVIDING HEALTHCARE FOR ALL WHO NEED IT - 14 OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON HUMAN RIGHTS 40 known cures still kill millions of people as founding Director. Then, as now, the introduction of thematic research PROFESSOR ROBYN NORTON FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS each year. Inequality is growing, and funding councils and other grant- competitions. The first, in 2015, nearly two billion people remain in makers have struggled to support focuses on management of the global GLOBAL CYBER SECURITY CAPACITY CENTRE 42 poverty. While our research continues interdisciplinary research. Our ability commons, with research projects NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 15 to focus on such issues, we are also to address intractable problems initiated on oceans, pandemics and looking at the spillovers of progress – comes from our capacity to assemble antibiotic resistance, and energy OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON BIO-INSPIRED 16 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 44 including climate change, degradation interdisciplinary teams. Their success systems. These add to our wide QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES of natural resources, antibiotic demonstrates what can be achieved research portfolio, a sample of which is GLOBAL COMMONS, COLLECTIVE 45 resistance and ageing societies. when top scholars are freed of outlined in this report. OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON MIND & MACHINE 18 RESPONSIBILITIES AND MARKET FAILURES disciplinary shackles. A sense of urgency drives us to address As we look forward to the coming OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON NANOTECHNOLOGY 20 RESEARCH PARTNERSHIPS 48 a wide range of concerns; the same The Oxford Martin School provides decade, we have no doubt that the urgency that inspired James Martin core funding but contributions from sense of urgency and optimism that to establish the Oxford Martin School. other funders have more than tripled imbues the Oxford Martin School will COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION 22 A PLATFORM FOR DEBATE AND ENGAGEMENT 50 As we witness the fruits of our early the resources available. This leverage, make an even more significant impact. investments, the breakthroughs in together with the quality of the research We hope you find our work of interest DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE - 22 research and their impact reinforce our and its impact in a range of government and look forward to engaging with you. JULIA MARTON-LEFÈVRE FINANCES 54 optimism regarding future prospects. and business circles, is testimony to the success of James Martin’s vision. Professor Ian Goldin is Director of the OXFORD STEM CELL INSTITUTE 24 Since 2005, we have aimed to sow the Oxford Martin School and Professor PEOPLE 55 seeds of change, acting as a ‘kickstarter’ A major achievement has been the of Globalisation and Development, RISING TO THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY - 26 for experimental and novel research. A establishment of a permanent home . PROFESSOR CHARLES GODFRAY decade on, many of these programmes for the Oxford Martin School in central have matured into independently funded Oxford. Our lecture theatre, seminar MATHS, MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE - 27 institutes, allowing us to focus on new rooms and other facilities have allowed PROFESSOR ANGELA MCLEAN collaborations, experimentation and us to welcome thousands of people new ideas. to events. 2 VISION AND AIMS VISION AND AIMS 3

VISION & AIMS The Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford is a world-leading centre of pioneering research that addresses global challenges.

We can make any 45 TEAMS 500 ACADEMICS 100 DISCIPLINES kind of We invest in research that cuts across Established in 2005 through the In the first ten years, we have funded disciplines to tackle a wide range of generosity and vision of Dr James 45 teams, bringing together over world we issues such as climate change, disease Martin (1933-2013), the Oxford Martin 500 academics from more than 100 and inequality. We support novel, high School provides academics with academic disciplines. The work our risk and multidisciplinary projects that the time, space and means to work researchers do is inspiring, lasting and want may not fit within conventional funding collaboratively and to engage more is making an impact on the world. channels. We do this because breaking effectively with policy makers, business boundaries can produce results people and the general public. This report is a celebration of the first James Martin that could dramatically improve the ten years of our work. While it cannot wellbeing of this and future generations. To qualify for our support, the research cover every breakthrough, we hope it (1933-2013) must be of the highest academic gives you a snapshot of how far we We seek to make an impact by taking calibre; tackle issues of a global scale; have come and of our future direction. new approaches to global problems, could not have been undertaken through scientific and intellectual without our support; and have a real discovery, by developing policy impact beyond academia. recommendations and working with a wide range of stakeholders to translate All research teams are based within the them into action. University of Oxford. 4 INTRODUCTION OPTIMISM AND URGENCY 5

James and Lillian Martin helped to create an institution of huge value to our academic community and to the world outside. We are proud of what the School is doing in the name of PEOPLEBILLION IS THE EXPECTED its original benefactors. GLOBAL POPULATION 10 BY 2050 JAMES MARTIN: VISIONARY THE RT HON THE LORD PATTEN OF BARNES CH ‘Visionary’ is the sort of word OPTIMISM AND we throw about rather randomly. It is not always deserved. URGENCY However, it really was a fair description That is exactly what has been We all look forward to the next decade of James Martin, one of the most happening for ten years of increasingly of the Oxford Martin School. It has James Martin founded the Oxford We undertake rigorous academic generous benefactors in the University successful work at the Oxford Martin made a great start. It has the potential to We have Martin School because he believed that research on a wide range of global of Oxford’s history. School. In addition to forging links do much more by making a significant this century, and specifically the next challenges. Our research covers the across the University, the School has impact at the intellectual crossroads the potential few decades, presents a crossroads for frontiers of medicine, the physical and I remember my first serious also understood that to achieve its aims of the world, discovering scientific humanity. The sheer scale and speed environmental sciences, social sciences conversation with Jim and his wife, it needs to connect with governments, breakthroughs, providing evidence- to improve of change means that we now have and humanities. In this section we Lillian, in my drawing room in London. business and policy makers. It has been based policy recommendations in the power to destroy possibilities for illustrate the diversity of our research, He set out what he wanted to achieve extraordinarily successful in increasing numerous fields, and actively engaging dramatically future generations. Equally, we have the with programmes that seek to solve with the creation of a new and very the impact of the University’s research. with policy makers both here in the UK potential to improve dramatically the problems from vaccines and global well-endowed school at Oxford. His aim and internationally. the wellbeing wellbeing of people across the planet. health, to tropical forests, and the risks was to push back the boundaries of I was proud to be involved personally of future technologies. scholarship to find practical solutions with the School as a member of the James and Lillian Martin helped to of people This combination of optimism and to some of the biggest challenges of Oxford Martin Commission for Future create an institution of huge value to urgency characterises the Oxford the 21st century. He was determined to Generations, the flagship policy our academic community and to the across the Martin School. support co-operative, groundbreaking initiative that brought together 19 world outside. We are proud of what work, which would encourage scholars world leaders. With the publication of the School is doing in the name of its planet The Oxford Martin School brings to leave their academic silos in order to its report in 2013, the School created original benefactors. together a vibrant community of promote the sort of lateral thinking at considerable momentum for change. scholars, drawn from across the which Jim himself excelled. Now for the Long Term has been Chris Patten (The Rt Hon the Lord Patten University of Oxford. downloaded well over a million times of Barnes CH) is Chancellor of the and its key recommendations are being University of Oxford and a member of followed up in numerous places. the Oxford Martin Commission for Future Generations. 6 OPTIMISM AND URGENCY OPTIMISM AND URGENCY 7

A LEGACY FOR FUTURE ‘SPACESHIP EARTH’ GENERATIONS IS HURTLING THE LORD REES OF LUDLOW OM Kt HonFREng FRS

James Martin was an enthusiast Likewise, we can predict huge on expertise across all disciplines. That THROUGH THE VOID. for science and technology. But advances in biotech, offering bright is what is needed if we are to assess he realised that technology had a prospects for medicine and agriculture which threats are credible versus which ‘dark side’ too, and that in the 21st but raising novel and challenging will stay science fiction, and to explore ITS PASSENGERS ARE century the stakes were higher ethical conundrums. how to enhance resilience against the than ever before. more credible. Society is more interconnected than ever Earth is 45 million centuries old. But before and consequently more vulnerable. We cannot be complacent that newly- ANXIOUS AND FRACTIOUS. this century is the first when one We depend on elaborate networks. Can emergent global risks are miniscule. It is species - ours - can determine the we be sure that these networks are an important maxim that the unfamiliar biosphere’s fate. Jim founded the resilient enough to rule out catastrophic is not the same as the improbable. But THEIR LIFE-SUPPORT Oxford Martin School to focus expertise disruptions cascading through the we must not let these anxieties put the on global challenges and thereby system - real-world analogues of the brakes on all innovation. enhance the chance of a bright future. 2008 financial crash? London would be instantly paralysed without electricity. There is a genuine tension here. Undiluted SYSTEM IS VULNERABLE A few forecasts about 2050 can be Supermarket shelves would soon be application of the ‘precautionary principle’ made with fair confidence. The world bare if supply chains were disrupted. has a manifest downside. If we take no will be more crowded and warmer. Our Social media can amplify panic and risks we may forgo disproportionate TO DISRUPTION AND collective ‘footprint’ will threaten our rumour at the speed of light. benefits. We need to develop guidelines finite planet’s ecology unless we can for responsible innovation, in the hope achieve more efficient use of energy ‘Spaceship Earth’ is hurtling through that the world stands the best chance of and land. But we can’t predict the path the void. Its passengers are anxious evolving, without catastrophic setbacks, BREAKDOWNS. of future technology, still less the speed and fractious. Their life-support system is towards the utopia that James Martin of its advances; today’s smartphones vulnerable to disruption and breakdowns. envisioned. His magnificent benefaction would have seemed like magic even therefore resonates far beyond Oxford - 20 years ago. So, in looking decades These concerns present huge indeed worldwide. ahead, we must keep our minds open to challenges to governance. But the innovations that may now seem science political focus in all nations is on the Martin Rees (The Lord Rees of Ludlow) is fiction. These will offer great hopes but local rather than the global, and on the a member of the Oxford Martin School’s also great fears. immediate rather than the long term. Advisory Council and the Oxford Martin There is too little horizon-scanning and Commission for Future Generations. By 2050, our society will surely have too little concern about the legacy we He is Astronomer Royal, and Emeritus been further transformed by computers may leave for future generations. Professor of Cosmology & Astrophysics and robotics. But will they be idiot and co-founder of the Centre for the savants or will they display near-human So little, indeed, that the Oxford Martin Study of Existential Risk at the capabilities? Should we be concerned School can have a benign worldwide . that they might ‘go rogue’? influence. It is superbly placed to draw 8 OPTIMISM AND URGENCY OPTIMISM AND URGENCY 9

The Institute’s research was the impetus for a $10 million programme on reducing risk funded by Elon Musk, £1 million of which has been awarded to the Future of Humanity Institute.

Director Nick Bostrom Professor of Philosophy

The team partnered with insurers Overview Progress Amlin to bring together experts in Challenge: A handful of emerging In addition to advancing the field ecology, complex systems, catastrophe technologies such as artificial of research into global risks and modelling, psychology, and economics intelligence (AI) and biotechnology existential threats, the team has made to better understand the potential could fundamentally transform significant contributions to awareness systemic risks of quantitative modelling. the human condition or create and debate on humanity’s future unprecedented risks to civilisation amongst the public, policy makers and They have developed a roadmap and biosphere alike. Humanity needs business leaders. for research into making artificial to prioritise emerging risks and intelligence safe and beneficial opportunities, determine the interaction The work of Professor Bostrom and for society. effects between emerging technologies, colleagues highlighting the potential and identify actionable interventions risks associated with ‘super intelligent’ Members of the team have helped to that could improve humanity’s potential. AI has garnered the support of high inform strategic policy discussions profile thinkers such as Professor internationally, including the US Ambition: To clarify the choices that Stephen Hawking and Bill Gates. President’s Council on Bioethics, US will shape humanity’s long-term future State Department, the World Bank, the by bringing excellent scholarship to The Institute’s research spurred the UK Cabinet Office, the UK Government bear on neglected big-picture questions creation of sister institutes, the Future Office for Science, the Finnish Foreign that are critically important for of Life Institute (at MIT) and the Ministry and the German Foreign A handful of emerging technologies humanity’s future. Cambridge Centre for the Study of Ministry, as well as several leading AI Existential Risk and was the impetus companies. such as artificial intelligence (AI) and Approach: Using the tools of for a $10 million programme on mathematics, philosophy and science, reducing risk funded by Elon Musk, £1 biotechnology could fundamentally this programme explores the risks million of which has been awarded to and opportunities that will arise from the Oxford Martin School institute. transform the human condition technological change, weighs ethical dilemmas, and evaluates global priorities. 10 OPTIMISM AND URGENCY OPTIMISM AND URGENCY 11

Co-Directors Adrian Hill Professor of Human Genetics

Susan Lea Oxford University Statutory Chair of Microbiology

Andrew Pollard 6 Professor of Paediatric Infection KEY TARGETS: and Immunity Christoph Tang Glaxo Professor of Cellular Pathology

HEPATITIS • PANDEMIC INFLUENZA • MALARIA TUBERCULOSIS • HIV/AIDS • MENINGITIS OXFORD MARTIN

PROGRAMME ON Overview Progress Potential Challenge: The WHO’s World Members of the Oxford Martin Set up by the programme, the Oxford Statistics Report for 2015 shows that Programme on Vaccines were part of Vaccine Centre will enable large-scale more than a quarter of infant deaths are the collaboration that developed a new testing and evaluation of new vaccines, from infectious diseases, and although vaccine to protect against meningitis as well as vital insights from the study adult deaths from infectious diseases B. In September 2015, the vaccine, of the development of immunity. VACCINES in the global population are decreasing, Bexsero, became part of the UK’s they still outrank non-communicable childhood immunisation scheme. World-leading work on population diseases in many poorer nations. The biology and structural biology will help threat of pandemics and mortality from Work to stabilise a key component researchers create vaccines that can deal endemic diseases will continue to pose in vaccines against meningococcal with the genetic diversity of pathogens. great challenges for vaccine research disease, enabling them to be stored and development in coming decades. for months rather than days, has been In the fight against tuberculosis, HIV, taken up by Novartis. malaria, hepatitis C and influenza, Ambition: To design and develop new the programme’s work on inducing vaccines against infectious diseases Clinical trials are underway into powerful immune responses will play an of global health importance, focusing vaccines designed to induce immunity important role in creating new vaccines on six key targets: hepatitis, pandemic against all types of influenza. to protect against difficult pathogens. influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/ AIDS and meningitis. Researchers have developed a new Creating a new framework to deal with attenuated respiratory virus that could the economic aspects of vaccine access Approach: The Oxford Martin be used as a carrier for vaccines against and use will strengthen the potential for Programme on Vaccines brings influenza, dengue and hepatitis C virus. innovative new vaccines to reach the together Oxford’s diverse range of people who need them most. vaccines research. The collaboration Novel, needle-free, vaccine delivery provides a spectrum of expertise routes have been developed by the team unparalleled elsewhere in academia and are now at patent application stage. and it enables researchers to move between groups, sharing valuable new perspectives and insights. 12 OPTIMISM AND URGENCY OPTIMISM AND URGENCY 13

Director Yadvinder Malhi Professor of Ecosystem Science

The team’s work has also fed into Overview management of temperate forest Challenge: Tropical forests house half landscapes, through INTEGRAL, of all the planet’s biodiversity, much an EU-wide project. They have been of which has yet to be observed or reviewing current knowledge on the described. To protect these resources, EU’s global footprint, assessing EU there is a need to improve governance policy responses, and considering within the forest sector. how this might inform participatory OXFORD CENTRE FOR CONTINENTS3 processes addressing land use in Ambition: To strengthen understanding the EU. of how state and non-state institutions and actors shape decisions about the In 2012, the Centre launched the Global conservation and use of forest resources Ecosystem Monitoring network (GEM), around the world. an international effort to understand and measure forest ecosystems and Approach: The Oxford Centre for how they will respond to climate TROPICAL Tropical Forests brings together change. The network now spans three Oxford’s vast intellectual capital and continents, with data being gathered expertise on practical issues, creating by more than 40 researchers across 10 a unique network of University projects. A busy online portal allows 40 departments and relevant NGOs, an international team to exchange RESEARCHERS consultancies and businesses. It is knowledge, results and best practice. FORESTS a platform for broader collaboration between Oxford institutions and the Centre researchers are part of an global forest community. international team that includes think tanks and NGOs, working to analyse the links between ecosystem services and Progress sustainable poverty reduction. A policy Since 2009, the forest governance framework is being developed that will team has worked with partners at help decision makers minimise negative the Universities of Queensland and impacts and help reduce poverty. 10 Copenhagen, and the UN Environment PROJECTS Programme’s World Conservation Monitoring Centre to create the Potential Global Database on Protected Area The Centre’s contribution to research Management Effectiveness - the only in this field is already helping to shape global database on protected area policy and management frameworks in management. This now holds data many areas of the world, and has the for over 9,000 protected areas and is potential to protect vital areas of forest. being used to track progress towards international conservation targets, and to measure the impact of protected area management interventions in conserving the world’s biodiversity. 14 OPTIMISM AND URGENCY NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 15

PROVIDING HEALTHCARE NOVEL AND FOR ALL WHO NEED IT PROFESSOR ROBYN NORTON EXPERIMENTAL

Most people in the world currently the number of non-physician healthcare RESEARCH do not have access to safe, effective workers using diagnostic and health Our role as an incubator has allowed Over the past ten years, we have and affordable healthcare. Without monitoring software, and by getting The Oxford Martin researchers the freedom to pursue provided early funding to many such major change, this situation is likely patients actively involved in their own innovative projects that would projects. These include the Oxford to get worse in both high-income care through self-management and School supports otherwise struggle to get off the Martin Programme on Bio-Inspired countries and emerging economies. monitoring in the home, a shift away experimental ground, but which could have a Quantum Technologies, the Oxford Globally, demand for health services from expensive hospital care will be dramatic impact both in their field Martin Programme on Mind and is predicted to rise, due to a range of possible for many chronic conditions. research that aims and in real world applications. Machine, and the Oxford Martin factors including population growth This will need to be supported by to result in major Programme on Nanotechnology. and increased longevity. Changes a more substantive investment in the burden of disease are driving in prevention activities and the breakthroughs. cost increases, with more people mobilisation of populations to take an requiring long-term care due to non- active role in their health. communicable and chronic diseases. KTHROU Middle class expectations of quality We cannot assume that governments REA GH of care are growing, especially in and national health services will lead B S We need to emerging economies. In short, systems the way; considerations of finance are under pressure. and politics too often dictate their shift towards priorities. So others must contribute to To avert a major crisis, we need the solution. The George Institute for providing more transformative change in the way Global Health was established, in large healthcare out healthcare is delivered. Such change part, to identify innovative solutions MIND AND will require a rigorous scientific for the delivery of healthcare, using MACHINE approach to finding and evaluating rigorous scientific approaches. Already of hospitals - solutions. We need to develop and established in Australia, in 2010 the in primary utilise low cost, but effective, drugs and Oxford Martin School provided seed BIO-INSPIRED devices. Affordable technologies, such funding for the Institute to establish a QUANTUM NANOTECHNOLOGY as mobile devices, will be vital. We multidisciplinary team in Oxford. care and in the must harness the new breed of social TECHNOLOGIES entrepreneurs to develop innovative, Since then, the Oxford team has community. “out of the box” and financially grown from two to 25 staff, and in sustainable approaches to healthcare. collaboration with George Institute offices in Australia, China and India, We need to shift towards providing has initiated groundbreaking research more healthcare out of hospitals - in both in the UK and abroad. primary care and in the community, closer to where people live. Much of Professor Robyn Norton is Co-Principal EXPERIMENTAL this will be achieved by realising the Director, The George Institute for RESEARCH potential of technology. By increasing Global Health 16 NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 17

“Jim Martin’s support was crucial in making this work possible. His long-term vision was that a quantum computer would have an immediate impact on many problems facing us in the 21st 5 century, such as modelling complex systems, be they weather patterns or drug developments. The Oxford Martin School funding of our DISCIPLINES programme has been instrumental in establishing new collaborations where we needed to pull together resources and expertise from physics, bio-physics, material science and computing.” OXFORD MARTIN 25 Professor Vlatko Vedral PROGRAMME ON ACADEMICS BIO-INSPIRED

Co-Directors Overview Progress QUANTUM Challenge: The energy demands of The team is working towards a detailed Dieter Jaksch large-scale computing are reaching description of certain processes taking Professor of Physics unsustainable levels; at the same time, place in organic systems, such as Vlatko Vedral today’s super computers cannot handle photosynthesis. This will inform the the modelling and data processing design principles of artificial systems TECHNOLOGIES Professor of Quantum that many scientists require. Quantum capable of maintaining long-lived Information Science technology could offer a new form of quantum coherence. computing to tackle both issues. They have successfully modelled the Ambition: To open up the possibility role that quantum coherence plays in of designing the building blocks of energy transfer in organic polymers, quantum computers by learning how with hopes of incorporating them in biological and organic structures future computer networks. process information, and by copying their design in artificial structures. Potential Approach: Oxford Martin School Quantum processors would allow funding has initiated a new way of for fast, energy-efficient computers. working in physics, bringing together 25 As well as the potential for saving academics from five disciplines to work energy, they will open up new kinds on this highly experimental challenge. of problems that today’s computers The approach is radically different to cannot begin to tackle. expensive traditional approaches such as ion trapping, superconducting qubits and quantum optics. 18 NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 19

Co-Directors A detailed understanding of Jonathan Flint Professor of Molecular Psychiatry the brain’s neural circuits is

Gero Miesenböck vital if we are to find new – Waynflete Professor of Physiology effective, affordable, and Scott Waddell Professor of Neurobiology safe – interventions.

OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON

Overview Progress Potential Challenge: Neurological and Scientists in the team have been A better understanding of the signalling MIND AND psychiatric disorders (such as recognised for the development of mechanisms impacting sleep, eating depression, dementia, epilepsy, optogenetics and many fundamental and drinking behaviours could make addiction and compulsion) are some discoveries concerning the neural it feasible to screen for potential drugs of the hardest to understand and control of behaviour. The team has with clinical application. Dopamine treat, and the costs and impact are recently: transmission is central to memory, MACHINE growing in an ageing population. A addictive, compulsive, and movement detailed understanding of the brain’s • Identified cellular and molecular disorders in humans, so there is long- neural circuits is vital if we are to find signalling mechanisms involved in term potential for new interventions new – effective, affordable, and safe – food seeking, drinking and sleep, for many of the most difficult interventions. uncovering the role of particular neurological conditions. dopamine-releasing neurons in the Ambition: To uncover how cognitive control of each of these behaviours. With extensive translation, development processes work at a mechanistic of neural-machine interfaces that link a level, in order to understand the • Progressed with understanding how functioning brain to prosthetic devices neuronal operations underpinning neural circuits keep track of waking and machines could be possible. our mental lives. time for the regulation of sleep.

Approach: The team brings together • Localised sites of neural plasticity in neurobiology, psychiatry, molecular the brain that are likely to represent genetics, theoretical and computational modifications during learning. neuroscience, and engineering to understand mechanisms of information • Begun to understand how a decision processing in the brain. Research is process unfolds over time as mainly performed in fruit flies, where information accumulates. physical events in nerve cells can be Events in nerve cells can be linked to higher linked to higher brain function more brain function more easily in fruit flies than easily than in other animals. in other animals. 20 NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 21

NEW TECHNIQUES KEEP

NANOSTRUCTURES STABLE Co-Directors

Nano-Bio Materials Dr Sonia Contera Associate Professor in FOR OVER AND UP TO Biological Physics

Nano Drug Delivery Systems, 2YRS 42˚C Nano Antibiotics, Nano Catalysts Dr Sonia Trigueros Academic in Biological Physics

to be mass-produced, to be used in Nanotechnology has the potential Drug Delivery fluids, freeze-dried and as powder, to transform biomaterials by tuning maintaining stability. The technique is their properties at the nanoscale to Systems currently in the patent process. unlock the body’s innate powers of Challenge: Most drugs are blunt organisation and self-repair, harnessing OXFORD MARTIN instruments; they affect healthy cells The group has managed to attach the regenerative capacity of tissue. as well as treating unhealthy ones. molecules to the DNA wrapper that In cancer, chemotherapy can destroy will recognise proteins on the cancer Ambition: To create nanomaterials PROGRAMME ON healthy cells, causing extreme side cell membrane, and has identified that mimic the physical attributes of effects, such as loss of immunity. how to make the DNA unwrap once living tissue, where cells can grow Working at the nanoscale could make the nanotube is inside the tumour cell, and develop in conditions as close as it possible to target specific proteins in releasing the drugs stored inside. possible to naturally occurring specific cells. living systems. Potential NANOTECH- Ambition: To develop a drug delivery Approach: This is a multidisciplinary system that allows for a new class This approach could eventually be collaboration of physicists, engineers, of nanoscale drugs; a scale so tiny made universal and able to be deployed chemists, nanotechnologists and that drugs target affected cells only, at the very early stages of tumour biomedicine researchers, with NOLOGY resulting in fewer side effects and more formation. Long term, this could allow collaborations with several universities effective, efficient treatment. for a pill to be taken by healthy people including Peking University and the at regular intervals as a preventative University of the Basque Country. Approach: Biologists, physicists treatment, working in tandem with the and chemists are working together immune system to intervene before to identify how potentially suitable cancerous cells form a tumour. Progress materials behave at the nano level and In collaboration with labs from all how they might be made stable in order Apart from drug delivery in cancerous over the world, the team is creating to be used for drug delivery. cells, these smart systems will also have materials based on nanocomposites universal applications in drug/protein of biopolymers with advanced delivery for stem cells, facilitating cell nanomaterials for regenerating muscle Progress therapy in regenerative medicine. and cartilage. The team is developing several nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes The team is also developing new that, once delivered into the body, Nano-Bio physical methods to assess their would allow drugs to reach unhealthy properties and control their responses. cells only and bypass healthy cells. Materials Challenge: Over the next decade Dr Trigueros has developed a technique we expect nanomaterials to make a Potential to keep nanostructures stable for more fundamental contribution to creating As well as tissue regeneration, these than two years and in temperatures up artificial tissue and eventually to materials could be used in drug to 42°C, by wrapping DNA around the regenerate tissue damaged by disease testing, minimising the use of structure. This allows nanostructures or trauma. animals and humans. 22 COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION 23

DEVELOPING COLLABORATION A SUSTAINABLE JULIA MARTON- AND INNOVATION FUTURE LEFÈVRE To find solutions to complex, rays of hope pierce this gloom. At the start of the Millennium, the Conservation has centuries-old , interconnected global issues, United Nations achieved something and it works. The recent toll of bird extinctions would have been 25% experts from different fields remarkable by adopting eight greater in the absence of conservation international development goals. action. Protected areas are expanding need to work together. worldwide, and they can prevent or 2015, the year that the Oxford Martin Conservation must play a much more reverse natural habitat destruction. The From the outset, the Oxford Martin School has promoted new ways of thinking School celebrates its first decade, central role. It has taken a long time for world’s zoos, aquaria, botanic gardens about the future, initiating and encouraging collaborative projects. is also the year by which these the world to recognise that biodiversity and gene banks provide insurance for Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is essential to the wellbeing of our species and genetic diversity. All the research teams in the School work across traditional disciplinary were to be achieved. planet and its inhabitants. In 2010, divisions to gain fresh perspectives and to develop new approaches to their the signatories to the United Nations The Oxford Martin School has research questions. Helped by our early support of such teams, the value of an While progress and success have been Convention on Biological Diversity initiated a range of programmes that interdisciplinary approach is now recognised by many more funding bodies and varied, the goals did pull into focus the agreed to reduce biodiversity loss by are playing a valuable role, including academic institutions. need for a global response to the most 2020 through specific targets for action. the Biodiversity Institute, the Centre pressing challenges facing the world’s In 2010, the UN General Assembly for Tropical Forests and its new The Oxford Stem Cell Institute, the Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of poorest and most vulnerable people, and on addressed the biodiversity crisis for the Sustainable Oceans Programme. Food, and the Institute for Emerging Infections are three examples of how the the need for environmental sustainability. first time. Oxford Martin School has created innovative research programmes using this While the world is still mostly collaborative approach. The Oxford Martin School has played This commitment to action must organised by disciplines and separate an important part in this global agenda. continue and be closely linked to organisations, and with state-based James Martin recognised that rigorous the targets and plans of the other environmental agreements, the issues academic research was needed to multilateral environmental agreements, themselves require the kind of global underpin policy and, critically, he saw all aimed to ensure that the life-support vision and co-operation that the Oxford a clear need for academic researchers system of our planet is maintained for Martin School encourages. to stop looking at issues in silos, this and future generations. separated from each other. He made Julia Marton-Lefèvre is a member of the this a founding principle of the School. We are not yet doing enough to prevent Oxford Martin School’s Advisory Board biodiversity loss. In its Red List of and the Oxford Martin Commission As UN member states look towards Threatened Species, the International for Future Generations. From January the results of 2015 discussions on how Union for Conservation of 2007 to January 2015 she was Director to finance development, the adoption documents the extinction risk of 76,199 General of IUCN, the International of a new set of ambitious Sustainable species and, by 2014, found that nearly Union for Conservation of Nature. She COMPLEX Development Goals, and agreement on a third of these - 22,413 - are threatened. continues to be active in a number of action to slow climate change, we must academic, NGO and corporate boards, PROBLEMS ensure that equal attention is paid to This biodiversity loss has grim and in 2016 will be a visiting fellow at the economic, environmental and social consequences for humanity, both Yale University. aspects of the wellbeing of humanity in direct economic terms and in and the planet that supports us. greenhouse gas emissions. However, 24 COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION 25

£400,000 INITIAL INVESTMENT HAS HELPED LEVERAGE OVER £60M

Stem cell Overview Progress Challenge: Stem cell biology and Seed funding has enabled researchers biology and regenerative medicine offer a novel way to obtain preliminary data from trials, OXFORD to model and understand intractable as a foundation for larger proposals regenerative human diseases, facilitate drug to external funders. From the Oxford discovery programmes, and provide Martin School’s initial investment of medicine offer the chance to intervene in the disease approximately £400,000 the Institute STEM CELL a novel way process, in order to effect a cure. has leveraged £60m. Ambition: To create a clear focal The Institute is playing a major role to model and point for the stem cell community in in the €50m StemBANCC project, Oxford, bringing together scientists launched under the EU Innovative understand who previously worked in isolation, Medicines Initiative, which uses INSTITUTE offering a smoother transition of induced pluripotent stem cells to intractable innovative ideas and discoveries from develop new treatments for complex the laboratory to the clinic. conditions like Alzheimer’s, autism human and schizophrenia. Approach: The Oxford Stem Cell diseases Institute comprises 43 laboratories Researchers at the Institute have distributed throughout 17 departments developed an innovative technique that of the University, and encompasses could help the body’s own immune cells groups from both pre-clinical and attack cancer. This technical advance clinical departments. In setting up the opens up the possibility of using stem Institute, the Oxford Martin School also cells derived from a patient’s skin as provided seed funding for speculative a source of key immune cells, which ideas that span traditional disciplines, can orchestrate an immune response thereby fostering the ‘blue skies’ against a tumour. thinking that fuels innovation. Co-Directors Researchers have been involved in major policy consultations, such Dr Paul Fairchild as the House of Lords’ Science University Lecturer in the and Technology Board Inquiry into Immunobiology of Stem Cells Regenerative Medicine, and the UK Government’s Strategy for UK Colin Goding Regenerative Medicine. Professor of Oncology 26 COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION 27

PROFESSOR CHARLES RISING TO THE GODFRAY MATHS, MEDICINE CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL AND INFECTIOUS PROFESSOR FOOD SECURITY ANGELA MCLEAN DISEASE In 2012, the programme’s success was The last few decades have seen recognised with further funding from dramatic progress in reducing global the School that broadened the number hunger and steady, if less spectacular, of senior scientists involved and also progress on malnutrition. But the same brought a sharp focus on the problem period has seen frightening increases of how best to treat the chronic viral in the numbers of people who are infections HIV and hepatitis C. The overweight and obese, with all the primary vision of a cross-disciplinary attendant health problems. effort harnessing mathematics and biomedicine remained in place. The world population will probably peak this century at around ten billion, The team’s successes have been many which means three billion more mouths and diverse and include: calculating to feed than in 2015. An increasing how fast HIV evolves to escape from number of these people will be wealthy There are many researchers in the Over the past decade, emerging host immunity; discovering that HIV enough to demand the rich and varied University working on different infectious diseases have rarely been is evolving to be less deadly; bringing diets that we currently enjoy in the aspects of food, from plant molecular long out of the news. a vaccine against hepatitis C to a developed world, and which require biologists trying to improve crop yields, successful phase I clinical trial. In every more resources to produce than to development economists, to health The world’s worst ever Ebola epidemic example, practical progress has been simple diets. specialists attempting to understand in West Africa and the Global Pandemic driven by deep scientific understanding the levers of diet change. Until recently of H1N1 influenza each dominated of the interplay between the infection This means that the global food system there was no forum to bring together our vision of infections for a time. and the host – particularly the host’s will experience a much greater demand these diverse approaches, nor one Meanwhile, the global HIV pandemic immune response. for food at exactly the same time as common portal to allow the outside grinds on, with an estimated 35 million the supply side will be stressed by world to see what is happening at makers, both in the UK people living with HIV infection by the With maths and medicine, from theory increased competition for land, water Oxford in this area of research. and internationally. end of 2013. to practice, the Institute for Emerging and energy, and increasing potential Infections and the programme on Chronic disruption from climate change. The Oxford Martin Programme on the The next fifty years will show whether The Institute for Emerging Infections Viral Infections have worked together to Future of Food seeks to fill this gap. Its humanity can feed itself sustainably was one of the first members of the enact James Martin’s vision of combining To understand the complexity of the activities link together more than eighty and equitably without destroying its Oxford Martin School. It was set up to and focusing the skills of people from food system and ensure that everyone senior researchers, and many more environmental life-support systems. bring together mathematical biologists many disciplines upon one of the most has access to a secure supply of healthy students and post-doctoral researchers. This is an exciting and sobering and physicians to work on the problem pressing problems of our times. and affordable food, an interdisciplinary challenge that will require the best of emerging infections. From its earliest approach to research is essential. It has funded three novel interdisciplinary research from across days, its focus was upon the question of Angela McLean is Professor of Global food security will require action interdisciplinary projects from teams the natural and social sciences. how fast can emerging viral infections Mathematical Biology, Co-Director of on agriculture and the food chain, on across the University’s academic adapt to their new human hosts. Such the Institute for Emerging Infections, public health and dietary advice, and divisions, and helps support the Charles Godfray is Hope Professor in adaptation is a vital step in the chain and Co-Director of the Oxford Martin on governance issues such as better Food Climate Research Network. It the Department of Zoology, and Director of events through which an infection of Programme on Collective Responsibility crafting of the rules of globalised trade has spearheaded the University’s of the Oxford Martin Programme on animals adapts to become a problem for Infectious Disease. in food. Action is needed on all fronts. engagement with food system policy the Future of Food. for humans. 28 MAKING MORE POSSIBLE MAKING MORE POSSIBLE 29

As pressure on land use increases across the globe, MAKING MORE better research is needed into what land we can safely use for cultivation, POSSIBLE how to improve crop yields and how to protect vital Oxford Martin School forested areas. investments are designed to encourage teams to leverage further funding INDEPENDENT from diverse sources. INSTITUTE PLANTS FOR The School’s investment in early centre on the study of Many of stage projects provides critical proof of the interface between concept support, allowing researchers international migration the projects that to refine and enhance their ideas. We and development. the School created provide an incubator and then support THE 21ST CENTURY teams in building sustainable funding The Plants for the 21st Century operate on a scale PROFESSOR LIAM DOLAN models. This approach has proved Institute now has 14 funders, that far exceeds highly successful; many of the projects growing well beyond the initial that the School created have become dependence on funding from the original Traditionally, researchers worked Oxford Martin funding supports two Our research is on rice but has potential independent research institutes and the School. establishment in academic silos that prevented particular areas of research. The first to provide valuable information for operate on a scale that far exceeds the us from seeing above and beyond is BRAHM, a database of ‘hotspots’ wheat and barley too. original establishment of the team. The early success of the Programme of the team. our own immediate projects to see that are rich in rare species, with local in Economic Modelling (created in the connections between crops, detail on hitherto uncultivated plants. It is not just the direct funding that has Among the many examples of 2010 from James Martin and Open conservation and forestry. And The database informs decisions on the made support from the Oxford Martin successful leverage of our initial Society Foundation funding), enabled yet, joining up those dots is vital if selection of areas for conservation or School so valuable. Its support has investment are the International the School to secure a larger award society is to use land in a way that for sustainable economic development, helped leverage contributions from 14 Migration Institute, the Plants for the in 2012 from the Institute of New will maximise crop outputs while at and is currently used extensively in other funders, giving the Institute a 21st Century Institute and the Institute Economic Thinking in New York. The the same time protecting ‘hotspots’ of Brazil, New Zealand and South Africa. sustainable future. for New Economic Thinking at the Institute for New Economic Thinking species diversity. Oxford Martin School. at the Oxford Martin School now has The second area funded by the School Liam Dolan is Sherardian Professor of six research programmes (including With support from the Oxford Martin looks at how to enhance efficiency Botany, Head of Plant Sciences, and The International Migration Institute Economic Modelling) and more than School, in 2010 we created the Plants to improve the uptake of nutrients. The Director of the Plants for the 21st was established in 2005 with 70 affiliated scholars. It receives for the 21st Century Institute. It put majority of fertiliser applied to fields is Century Institute. funding from the Oxford Martin support from INET New York, the Open EARLY a focus on applying our science wasted, with only 10-30% of phosphate School. Subsequently it has matured Society Foundation and over a dozen to generate scientific resources fertiliser taken up by crops; the rest into an independent research centre other philanthropic, government and PROJECT and information for policy makers, simply runs off or forms insoluble salts within the University, in a short corporate funders. conservation biologists, multinational in the soil. Research in this area is now period of time becoming the leading companies and farmers. at field trial stage. 30 MAKING MORE POSSIBLE MAKING MORE POSSIBLE 31

Co-Directors The causes of migration Oliver Bakewell Associate Professor in the and their consequences in Department of International Development origin societies are essential

Hein de Haas to understanding how [until 2015] Former Associate Professor future global economic, in Migration Studies and now Chair of Sociology, social, technological and University of Amsterdam environmental change will affect human mobility.

INTERNATIONAL IMI engages with a range of Overview Progress international organisations to deliver Challenge: The movement of people IMI’s unique and groundbreaking insights and resources on migration. has always played a central role in macro-level and survey databases These include the International Labour global processes of social, economic on migration flows and migration Organisation (ILO), the International MIGRATION and political change. As international policies allow for enhanced empirical Organization for Migration (IOM), the migration becomes more complex, it insights on the long-term drivers and World Bank, OECD, the European raises new intellectual and practical consequences of global migration. Commission and networks such as challenges for humanity. These databases represent the the European Migration Network, most comprehensive collection of and Metropolis. For example, it has INSTITUTE Ambition: To provide an international migration flow data to been an active participant in ongoing understanding of who is migrating, date and have resulted in collaborations debates on how the global Sustainable where to, why, and what impacts these with the World Bank and OECD Development Goals can best take movements have on both receiving (Organisation for Economic Co- account of mobility. countries and origin societies. operation and Development). IMI research has also generated important IMI has been instrumental in Approach: In 2005, funding from insights into the effectiveness of establishing the MSc Migration the Oxford Martin School helped to migration policies. Studies in Oxford, which is helping set up the International Migration to train the next generation of Institute, based at the Department IMI has developed a Migration Scenario migration scholars and practitioners of International Development. An Methodology, which has been adopted in its distinctive multidisciplinary interdisciplinary team, IMI investigates by governments, academic institutions and critical approach to the analysis the ways in which human mobility is and NGOs in Europe, North Africa, the of migration. Graduates of this changing. It sees migration as part Horn of Africa and the Pacific to explore programme are now working in many of broader global change, instead how future development processes will of these international organisations. of holding the traditional ‘receiving affect migration. country’ bias. IMI has become a world leader in the research and analysis of African migration, specialising in mobilty within the continent, where its expertise is sought by state officials and donors, as well as international organisations. 32 MAKING MORE POSSIBLE MAKING MORE POSSIBLE 33

Executive Director Economic Modelling: Employment, Equity & Growth: Eric Beinhocker Sir David Hendry Brian Nolan Programme Directors Professor of Economics Professor of Social Policy John Muellbauer Ethics & Economics: Complexity Economics: Professor of Economics J. Doyne Farmer David Vines Professor of Economics Professor of Mathematics Economics of Sustainability: Cameron Hepburn Curriculum Development: Professor of Environmental Economics Wendy Carlin Professor of Economics, UCL

behavioural shifts and institutional Overview innovations needed to transition to Challenge: In the wake of the 2008 a sustainable economy. global financial crisis, and with society facing challenges ranging from Led by Professor Wendy Carlin of growing economic inequality to the University College London and INET threat of climate change, we need new Oxford, the CORE project aims to INSTITUTE FOR insights into how the economy really update the undergraduate economics works and how it might be made to curriculum and how it is delivered, in work better. order to make economics both more relevant and more accessible. More NEW ECONOMIC Ambition: To work closely with policy than 20 leading economists from makers and leaders in business and around the world helped to create an civil society to bring new economic online textbook – The Economy – for ideas and thinking into debates and a new introductory economics course, THINKING practice in the public, private and In 2012 Professor Sir Tony Atkinson which launched in autumn term 2014. non-profit sectors. and Salvatore Morelli published The Chartbook of Inequality, a concise The Economic Modelling Programme, Approach: INET Oxford’s review of the broad forces behind the led by Professor Sir David Hendry, AT THE OXFORD multidisciplinary teams are applying long-term trend towards inequality. The aims to develop new methods of leading-edge tools from the social and data indicate that inequality is growing economic analysis and forecasting that physical sciences to problems including and that we should expect even higher can take account of abrupt changes financial system stability, economic levels unless the prevailing economic in economies. The team’s models are MARTIN SCHOOL growth, inequality, poverty reduction policies and structures change. The data receiving widespread interest and and environmental sustainability. are being used to inform thinking about as a result they have engaged with inequality worldwide. organisations including: the central With eight research areas and six banks of Argentina, Australia, Austria, programmes, the scope of INET Oxford Launched in 2014, the Employment, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, England, is far larger than we can report here. Equity and Growth programme, led by Greece, South Africa, Sweden, and INET Oxford’s own detailed report on Professor Brian Nolan, is investigating Switzerland; US Federal Reserve 2012-2014 is available online. why growth has failed to deliver for Board, European Central Bank, World ‘middle-income and below’ working Bank, IMF, Bank for International households, and which policy and Settlements, Statistics Norway and Progress institutional responses might produce a Statistics South Africa. Professor Doyne Farmer led better, fairer growth model. Project CRISIS, which developed agent-based models of the economy The Economics of Sustainability Potential to be used by central banks and Programme, led by Professor A more realistic and empirically-based governments to support policy Cameron Hepburn, is developing new understanding of the economy could development and analysis. INET ways to account for natural capital, have a broad and positive impact Oxford collaborated with 10 research measure wealth creation, stimulate on society by helping leaders in units across Europe and with policy green technology innovation, and government, business, and the social makers from central banks and assess climate and economic risk. sector make better decisions on a host intergovernmental institutions. The programme examines the of critical issues. 34 IDEAS INTO ACTION IDEAS INTO ACTION 35

IDEAS OXFORD MARTIN INTO ACTION COMMISSION FOR Underpinning all our research is the need to translate academic excellence into impact - from innovations FUTURE GENERATIONS in science, medicine and technology, through to

Now for the Long Term The Report of the policy recommendations and consultations. Oxford Martin Commission 1M 171 34 for Future Generations ACADEMIC 1M ONLINE VIEWS IN 171 COUNTRIES SHOWN AT 34 EVENTS 1 EXCELLENCE Tackling major global challenges requires SCIENCE a long-term perspective, yet politics and business operate on short-term horizons.

POLICY In response, in 2012 we established the Oxford Martin Commission for Future Generations. The Commission is a group of 19 international leaders from government, business, academia, media and civil society, working to address the growing short-term preoccupations of modern politics and business. The Commission is IMPACT MEDICINE chaired by Pascal Lamy, the former Director-General TECHNOLOGY of the World Trade Organization. Reporting in October 2013, the Oxford Martin Commission for Future Generations’ report, Now for the Long Term, proposed 15 practical recommendations aimed at creating a better world for future generations. It has been accessed online in 171 countries more than one million times, has been showcased at 34 events across the world, and it has been The Oxford Martin School faculty Our experts are engaged with numerous Over the next few pages, we give presented to and endorsed by a range of world leaders. has demonstrated a strong record in international agencies and activities, an overview of just a small sample informing approaches to significant advise multinational businesses and are of the impact our work has made, The Commission’s work did not stop with the report’s global policy issues. involved in policy formulation in many starting with the School’s own publication. The School continues to push forward countries worldwide. policy initiatives. recommendations from Now for the Long Term. 36 IDEAS INTO ACTION IDEAS INTO ACTION 37

Oxford Martin School GOVERNMENT academics work with international agencies, OXFORD MARTIN advise multinational INTER- OXFORD MULTI- NATIONAL NATIONAL AGENCIES MARTIN BUSINESSES businesses and are SCHOOL involved in policy POLICY PAPERS In 2014, we initiated a series of policy papers written formulation in many by Oxford Martin School researchers. These papers are countries. NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS designed to draw on Oxford Martin School research to synthesise a key policy issue and recommend specific actions to government, business and civil society.

COLLABORATION OxfOrd Martin POlicy PaPer OxfOrd Martin POlicy PaPer OxfOrd Martin POlicy PaPer AND PARTNERSHIP

Mind Machines Short-Lived A number of our teams are actively for our scholars with business and 2008, our researchers have delivered the regulation of cognitive Promise? enhancement the Science and Policy devices Robo-Wars of cumulative and involved in tackling climate change and political leaders, as well as with civil more than 60 presentations on global HannaH Maslen, Short-lived climate THoMas Douglas, the regulation of Roi CoHen KaDosH, robotic Weapons Pollutants neil levy Alex leveringhAus MYLES ALLEN anD Julian savulesCu their expertise has been called upon servants and others. Our activities go challenges to world leaders at the World gilles giAccA by the Intergovernmental Panel on beyond seminars and lectures, to more Economic Forum’s annual Davos and Climate Change, the UNFCCC and other systematic approaches supporting the China meetings. international organisations engaged in interaction between our academics and Mind Machines: The Regulation of Robo-Wars: The Regulation of Robotic Short-lived Promise? The Science combatting climate change. those outside the University. Cognitive Enhancement Devices looks Weapons urges governments to and Policy of Cumulative and Short- Restatements at the increasing popularity of cognitive recognise the increasing prominence of Lived Climate Pollutants clarifies the

Meanwhile, our emerging infections For example, our academics have It is vital that policy makers are able enhancement devices (CEDs) for non- robotic weapons in contemporary and difference between CO2 and short-lived group provided advice to the World advised international policy makers to access and understand complex medical purposes, such as gaming future forms of warfare, and proposes climate pollutants (SLCPs), such as Health Organization and our Institute such as the Strategic Futures Group of scientific evidence, particularly in and ‘brain-training’. Current European steps towards suitable regulation. methane, in the fight to tackle climate for New Economic Thinking has the US National Intelligence Council; controversial areas. legislation subjects these devices to change. The paper was issued in spring been working with central banks and the Strategy, Policy and Review nothing more than basic product safety The report’s authors, Dr Alex 2015 to help inform policy makers financial regulators in a number of Department of the International Oxford Martin School Restatements requirements, despite them directly Leveringhaus and Dr Gilles Giacca, working ahead of the UNFCCC COP21 countries to improve global financial Monetary Fund; and the South African review the natural science evidence modifying the electrical activity of the give a clear and concise overview of meeting in Paris. stability. In the United Kingdom, National Planning Commission. base underlying areas of current brain. Mind Machines proposes a the technological dimensions of these Oxford Martin School academics policy concern and controversy. regulatory model to help oversee this weapons, as well as their treatment The report’s author, Professor Myles regularly provide expert testimony to The World Economic Forum has Written in policy neutral terms and expanding industry. Its authors are under existing international legal and Allen, explains that reducing SLCP parliamentary hearings and advise the provided another avenue for the designed to be read by an informed currently pursuing the possibility of the ethical frameworks. It assesses the emissions is beneficial in the short to Prime Minister and cabinet members discussion and dissemination of our but not technically specialist audience, inclusion of CEDs in the EU Medical regulatory options currently under medium term but unless efforts to cut on strategic science and technology work. Our partnership with the World restatements are produced by a writing Devices Directive. As a result of this work, discussion, and recommends ways for CO2 emissions are introduced first or policy issues. Economic Forum covers a number team reflecting the breadth of opinion the lead author, Dr Hannah Maslen, has states, manufacturers and the military at the same time, SLCP reductions will of dimensions, including its Global on the topic in the science community been co-opted as a member of the Horizon to develop a suitable framework. The not help to limit peak warming. The Oxford Martin School aims to Risks Report, for which we regularly and involve wide consultation with Scanning Special Interest Group, part of authors and the School are working to have an impact beyond academia and host consultations with Oxford Martin interested stakeholders. the European Commission’s New and disseminate the policy paper and its we actively facilitate introductions School experts. In addition, since Emerging Technologies Working Group. findings to UN and Whitehall audiences. 38 IDEAS INTO ACTION IDEAS INTO ACTION 39

This approach could provide a low cost, highly efficient alternative to silicon £8M solar cells, which can be incorporated into windows.

SECURED IN MARCH 2015 TO ACCELERATE FULL- SCALE PRODUCTION AND DEPLOYMENT. OXFORD MARTIN

Co-Directors Overview of transparency for film, as PROGRAMME ON well as the correct temperature at which Alain Goriely Challenge: With increasing to heat and harden the film, and the Professor of Mathematical Modelling industrialisation and a growing optimum duration of heating. population, energy demands will Henry Snaith continue to grow. Faced with adverse Further research identified the key Professor in Physics climate change, the search for a viable mechanisms responsible for the source of renewable energy is ongoing. electronic properties of perovskites and Solar energy is one of the most promising helped identify new materials that are SOLAR sources. At present, the photovoltaic likely to make good semiconductors. market is dominated by solar cells made of . This team is The result was the creation of thin- looking at a more efficient and cost- film perovskite solar cells, which can effective solution. be printed directly onto solar cells or glass, and which improves voltage and ENERGY Ambition: To transform the profile efficiency of solar cells. of solar power and energy generation through the commercialisation of the In March 2015, the commercial spin- perovskite . off, Oxford , secured £8m to accelerate full-scale production Approach: In 2013, Professor Henry and deployment. Snaith’s group demonstrated that perovskite has remarkable photovoltaic properties. The components are cheap Potential and abundant, but perovskite proved This approach could provide a low a difficult material to work with. cost, highly efficient alternative to A new approach brought together silicon solar cells, which can be mathematical modelling and physical incorporated into windows. experiments to create perovskite photovoltaic cells. Once integrated into the glazing units of a building, the technology is capable of providing a significant percentage Progress of the building’s electrical energy The joint team found the optimum requirements directly from sunlight. thickness for exactly the right degree 40 IDEAS INTO ACTION IDEAS INTO ACTION 41

Co-Directors Dapo Akande Professor of Public International Law

Simon Caney Professor of Political Theory

Sandra Fredman Rhodes Professor of the Laws of the British Commonwealth and the United States

OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON Challenges such as poverty, environmental change and armed conflict require international HUMAN RIGHTS co-operation on an unprecedented scale. Professor Caney was a Contributing Overview Progress Author to Climate Change 2014: FOR FUTURE Challenge: Challenges such as Led by Professor Akande, the team has Mitigation of Climate Change. poverty, environmental change and worked closely with the United Nations This was the contribution of Working armed conflict require international Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, Group III to the Fifth Assessment co-operation on an unprecedented summary or arbitrary executions. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel GENERATIONS scale. Our actions on these issues will This includes a joint meeting and on Climate Change. affect the welfare of future generations research that informed the report on and those who do not have a voice. Yet Drones, Targeted Killings and the Professor Fredman has contributed there are serious questions regarding Right to Life, presented by the Special to two influential UN reports: the adequacy of existing frameworks to Rapporteur to the United Nations Discrimination against Women in face these challenges. General Assembly at its 68th session Economic and Social Life for the in October 2013. United Nations Working Group on Ambition: To advance a new human Discrimination against Women in Law rights framework built on ethical, legal The team is one of the partners for and Practice (a paper on ‘The Role of and political dimensions that will help a pioneering project by the Welsh Equality and Non-Discrimination Laws translate theory into policy. Government developing ways in in Women’s economic participation: which nations can embed a long-term formal and informal’); and Progress of Approach: Our unique collaboration perspective into political processes. This the World’s Women 2014 – Making of experts in law, politics and ethics has resulted in The Well-being of Future the Economy Work for Women for UN considers the ways in which ethical Generations Act, designed to ensure that Women (a paper on ‘Gender Equality dilemmas can be translated into real Welsh public bodies take into account and Human Rights’). legal and policy solutions, taking the long-term impact of their decisions. into account resources, demographic and geographic population change Researchers have been working with and facilitating dialogue between counterparts at Peking University to academics, governments, international establish a global dialogue on China’s institutions, charities and NGOs. role in global climate policy. 42 IDEAS INTO ACTION IDEAS INTO ACTION 43

BUILDING CYBER SKILLS INTO THE WORKFORCE AND LEADERSHIP

RESPONSIBLE EFFECTIVE LEGAL AND CYBER CULTURE REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS

CONTROLLING RISKS 5 CYBER POLICY AND DEFENCE DIMENSIONS MODEL

The mapping is being used to develop Overview Progress region-wide strategies for cybersecurity. Challenge: Cyberspace is a global The team has developed a GLOBAL CYBER resource that offers opportunities for cybersecurity maturity model based Working with the Commonwealth prosperity, and carries substantial risks on the five dimensions, which allows Telecommunications Organisation, to security and human rights. Countries individual countries to identify what the model is also underpinning a have vastly different levels of capacity capacity they already have to manage needs assessment of cyber capacity in SECURITY CAPACITY to manage cyberspace. cyberspace. The model helps nations support of strategy development in a to benchmark themselves, plan cyber number of Commonwealth countries, The scale and speed of capacity security strategies, and to set priorities starting with Uganda and Botswana. building therefore need to increase for capacity development. Working dramatically to ensure that growth and with key stakeholders, the Centre has A new and complementary model CENTRE innovation in cyberspace supports the successfully begun to apply the model is being developed by the Centre, wellbeing, human rights and prosperity across the international community. which looks at the harm that might be of all, and not just those organisations experienced as a result of cyber-attacks. and nations that are already ahead. The team is working with the World This will sit alongside the maturity Bank to apply the model with member model in a framework to help nations Ambition: To increase cyber capacity nations, in order to assess current assess investment and policy priorities. globally by providing a framework that capacity and to identify priorities for the enables countries to assess their existing future. So far the team has worked with and potential capacity; and to help the governments of Armenia, Bhutan, Potential identify investment and policy priorities Kosovo and Montenegro, and other By providing a framework that all to enhance safety and security in missions are in prospect. Cybersecurity nations can adopt, more regions in the cyberspace, while respecting values such assessments underpinned by the world will be better placed to harness as privacy and freedom of expression. Centre’s model are now being the opportunities that cyberspace offers, incorporated into the Bank’s initial while being better able to deal with Approach: The Centre combines planning phases for significant ICT risks and threats to cyber security. research with practical deployment of investments around the world. its model, in a framework that can be applied across the world. The research The Centre is working in partnership that underpins the model focuses on five with the Organization of American dimensions – cyber policy and defence; States, under the auspices of their responsible cyber culture; building collaboration with the Inter-American Director cyber skills into the workforce and Development Bank, to map existing leadership; effective legal and regulatory levels of cyber security capacity in Sadie Creese frameworks; and controlling risks. Latin America and the Caribbean. Professor of Cybersecurity 44 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 45

GLOBAL COMMONS, COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES AND MARKET FAILURES Under our theme for 2015, four programmes received funding to provide fresh insights into how to manage the global commons, the issues FUTURE surrounding collective responsibilities and DIRECTIONS possible responses to market failures. RESEARCH PRIORITIES From 2015, we are developing programmes under a new research theme each year. Working with the research programme Directors, Management Committee and Policy and Research Steering Group, we annually identify the most pressing research questions and actively seek new approaches to them. We expect to fund up to three new research projects each year, for up to five years each. INFECTIOUS INTEGRATING SUSTAINABLE CARBON DISEASE RENEWABLES OCEANS INVESTMENT 46 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 47

OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON COLLECTIVE OXFORD MARTIN RESPONSIBILITY FOR PROGRAMME ON INFECTIOUS DISEASE SUSTAINABLE OCEANS Co-Directors Infectious diseases are the biggest We require behavioural change. Co-Directors The largest ecosystem on earth, Experts from marine science, law and killer of children and young people. the global ocean, is on a path of computing will look to resolve legal Mark Harrison However, our ability to tackle them is The programme will examine the Alex Rogers serious decline, driven by collective barriers to progress in sustainable Director of the Wellcome Unit for the being undermined by drug resistance, ‘human factor’ in infectious diseases - Professor of mismanagement. The window of ocean management. History of Medicine and Professor of growing rates of vaccine refusal the role of behaviour, psychology, Conservation Biology opportunity to change course is the History of Medicine and disease transmission across a and ethics. It brings together history, shrinking as exploitation of marine globalised air transport system. paediatrics, philosophy, psychology Richard Bailey resources accelerates. Angela McLean and zoology, to focus on influenza, Associate Professor Professor of Mathematical Biology Policies to control infectious diseases malaria, antibiotic resistance and in Geochronology The programme aims to provide must take collective responsibility vaccine-preventable childhood policy and research tools for effective Julian Savulescu seriously. To do this, we need to pay infections. governance, based on sound science, Uehiro Professor in Practical Ethics attention to human choice and behaviour. and the ability to monitor and assess the impact of human activities. It aims to guide the exploitation of marine resources toward sustainable management.

OXFORD MARTIN OXFORD MARTIN SAFE PROGRAMME ON INTEGRATING CARBON INVESTMENT RENEWABLE ENERGY INITIATIVE Co-Directors Energy supply is responsible for 65% of This programme aims to deliver a Co-Directors There is overwhelming evidence that The Oxford Martin School, in greenhouse gas emissions, and transition framework for understanding technical, continued accumulation of carbon collaboration with Harvard and Nick Eyre to a low carbon energy system is critical market and policy requirements for Myles Allen dioxide in the atmosphere will eventually Columbia Universities, is consulting to mitigating climate change. Intermittent integrating renewables across a wide lead to dangerous changes in the with investment and fossil fuel Associate Professor in the Professor of renewable energy sources will play range of scales and contexts. climate. Stabilising global temperatures industry stakeholders, to devise a set Environmental Change Institute Geosystem Science a key role, mainly through a large requires net carbon dioxide emissions of actionable investment principles that and Jackson Senior Research contribution to electricity generation. The programme brings together an to be reduced to zero. Getting to net zero will provide a framework for constructive Fellow in Energy Cameron Hepburn interdisciplinary team of eight experts emissions will require dramatic changes engagement. This aims to allow both Professor of The technical approaches to on energy issues, from five University of in investments and in energy systems. investors and the industry to play their Malcolm McCulloch Environmental accommodating intermittency are Oxford departments, and has practical How should investors, the ultimate part in securing critical reductions in Associate Professor in Economics excess generation capacity, demand support from key industrial and owners of potentially stranded fossil fuel CO emissions. Engineering Science 2 flexibility, energy storage and grid government organisations. assets, respond? inter-connection. However, electricity markets currently provide insufficient Many large investors have divested from incentives for capacity, flexibility coal or are attempting to divest from all and innovation; therefore a rethink of fossil fuels. Others argue that divestment regulatory, market and institutional is not as effective as active engagement arrangements is required. with the fossil fuel industry. 48 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 49

In 2014, we forged a new long-term partnership with Citi. We publish joint reports that bring the work of the School to Citi’s global network, increasing the extent and diversity of people we reach, and fostering collaboration between Oxford Martin School academics and Citi’s research teams. Citi is supporting a new research programme on the impact of technology on employment and on society, which was launched at the beginning of 2015. THE OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON TECHNOLOGY AND EMPLOYMENT Co-Directors The programme will provide novel and relevant evidence on: Dr Carl Benedikt Frey Oxford Martin Citi Fellow • How technology is transforming companies and industries; Michael Osborne Associate Professor in • Why some places are better at Machine Learning adapting to this transformation; 47% RESEARCH This programme investigates the • Related implications for living implications of a rapidly changing standards, inequality and technological landscape for economies social mobility. and societies. Research already published by the PARTNERSHIPS The programme will provide an in- programme revealed that up to 47% OF US JOBS MIGHT BE depth understanding of how technology of US jobs are at risk of automation AT RISK OF AUTOMATION is transforming the economy, to help over the next two decades, including leaders create a successful transition up to 87% of jobs in Accommodation OVER THE NEXT TWO into new ways of working in the and Food Services, and up to 54% in DECADES 21st century. Finance and Insurance.

NEW VISITING PROGRAMME In late 2014, we established a new Visiting Fellows Programme. The ACADEMIA emphasis is on the impact of the visitor on our programmes’ research and it is therefore open to people from all kinds We work with a wide range of partners to of backgrounds, such as business and government, as well as academia. identify new research questions of global BUSINESS OXFORD CHANGE The flexibility is proving popular, significance, and to ensure that our thinking as it gives our research teams the opportunity to invite leading figures to reaches the widest possible audience. POLICY Oxford, to bring new perspectives and to act as a catalyst for change. 50 A PLATFORM FOR DEBATE AND ENGAGEMENT A PLATFORM FOR DEBATE AND ENGAGEMENT 51

A PLATFORM PROF. AMARTYA SEN ELON MUSK GARRY KASPAROV FOR DEBATE AND ENGAGEMENT An essential part of our mission is to engage with external audiences, to influence decision makers and also to meet the public demand for information on the big issues we address.

20,000 180 450 AL GORE BARONESS HELENA DAME ATTENDEES EVENTS VIDEOS KENNEDY

In ten years, we have welcomed over 20,000 attendees to more than 180 Oxford Martin School seminars, lectures, talks and panel discussions. Our speakers are leading thinkers from academia, politics, global governance 10 YEARS and NGOs. They include renowned figures such as the Nobel Prize winners Professors Amartya Sen, John Sulstan and Joseph Stiglitz; Elon Musk, Garry Kasparov, Al Gore, Baroness Helena Kennedy, Dame Sally Davies, George Soros, Thomas L. Friedman, Mohamed El-Erian, Martin Rees and many others. 52 A PLATFORM FOR DEBATE AND ENGAGEMENT A PLATFORM FOR DEBATE AND ENGAGEMENT 53

Since October 2013, the Oxford PARTNERSHIPS Martin School has occupied the renovated Old Indian Institute PROVIDE A VALUABLE building in the heart of Oxford. MEANS TO INCREASE Our permanent home is the hub of the School and provides our research teams – THE RANGE AND SCALE who are housed in offices and labs across Oxford – with shared resources and a OF OUR IMPACT. WE central locus for joint activity. Our lecture theatre, seminar rooms, COLLABORATE WITH meeting rooms and Illy Café are well- utilised by research teams as a venue for A WIDE RANGE OF team events, conferences and workshops. LOCAL, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL GROUPS

Partnerships provide a valuable Literary Festival, opening our doors to video of Elon Musk’s talk on the future means to increase the range and scale more than 4,000 people at 70 events in 10 of transport, for example, has been of our impact. We collaborate with days each spring. We also work closely watched by more than 30,000 people. a wide range of local, national and with student organisations such as the international groups, including the How Oxford International Relations Society, Our academics are regularly called To Academy, Intelligence Squared, 21CC and Altius, to ensure that students upon to provide expert opinion in NESTA, Policy Exchange, Virgin Unite, have access to Oxford Martin School media the world over, with upwards of Vodafone, the World Economic Forum, experts at conferences and debates. ten media citations a week contributing and World 50. to public understanding of complex For those who cannot attend our events, global issues. In Oxford, we are the Festival Ideas we have more than 450 videos online. Partner for The FT Weekend Oxford Over 300 are viewed each month. Our 54 FINANCES PEOPLE 55

PEOPLE FINANCES Management Committee The Management Committee has executive responsibility for managing the overall strategy of the School, including oversight of the School’s research funding and academic accountability of its research programmes. It comprises the Heads of each of The Oxford Martin School the four divisions of the University of Oxford, an additional representative from the Chair’s division, the Pro-Vice-Chancellor of has raised and invested £50m Research and the School’s Director. The current Chair is Professor Roger Goodman, Head of the Social Sciences Division. Advisory Council Pascal Lamy Laurence Tubiana Institute for Science and Ethics in research programmes Former Director-General, Founder, Institute of Sustainable (previously Programme on the The Advisory Council brings World Trade Organization Development and International Relations Ethics of Biosciences) (2005-2012) Professor Julian Savulescu (2005-2015), which has an international focus and Amory Lovins J. Craig Venter Co-founder, Chairman & Chief Chairman, J Craig Venter Institute Institute for Science, Innovation experience from a broad range Scientist, Rocky Mountain Institute Ernesto Zedillo and Society (2005-) helped researchers of sectors to the School’s Trevor Manuel Director, Yale Center for the Study of Dr Javier Lezaun research agenda and public Former Minister, Republic of Globalization; former President Professor Steve Rayner leverage a further engagement strategies. The South Africa of Mexico Institute for the Future of Computing (2010-2014) Council provides valuable Lillian Martin Oxford Martin School Programmes and Professor David de Roure £184m. advice and ongoing support Professor Bill Roscoe Julia Marton-Lefèvre Institutes to the School, especially Institute for the Future of the Mind Former Director-General, International Programmes, current or most recent through the annual meeting Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2005-2011) directors, and start and end dates Baroness Susan Greenfield in Oxford. Nandan Nilekani (where programmes have finished) of Former Chairman, Unique Identification Oxford Martin School funding. International Migration Institute (2005-) Current Advisory Council Authority of India; former CEO, Infosys 21st Century Ocean Institute Dr Oliver Bakewell members are: Joseph Nye (2008-2012) Professor Gideon Professor Hein de Haas (until 2015) Larry Brilliant Professor & former Dean, Harvard Henderson, Professor David Marshall Oxford Centre for Tropical Forests Founding President, Skoll Global Kennedy School Biodiversity Institute (2009-) (2008-) Threats Fund Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Dr Nathalie Seddon Professor Yadvinder Malhi Victor Chu Former Minister of Finance, Nigeria Climate Policy Group at the Oxford Geoengineering Chairman, First Eastern and Former Managing Director, Environment Change Institute Programme (2010-) Investment Group World Bank (2005-2008) Professor Myles Allen Vittorio Colao Peter Piot Professor Diana Liverman Professor Richard Darton Chief Executive, Vodafone Group Director, London School of Hygiene e-Horizons Institute (2005-2009) Professor Steve Rayner & Tropical Medicine; former Francis Finlay Professor William Dutton Professor Catherine Redgwell Executive Director, UNAIDS Chairman Emeritus, EastWest Professor Paul Jeffreys Professor Julian Savulescu Institute, New York Martin Rees Future of Humanity Institute Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law (Lord Rees of Ludlow) Orit Gadiesh (2005-2012) Professor Nick Bostrom and Armed Conflict (2008-2013) Former President of the Royal Society, Chairman, Bain & Co Professor Dapo Akande and Emeritus Fellow of Trinity George Institute for Global Health £50M (2010-) Dr David Rodin £184 Ian Goldin (ex-officio) College, University of Cambridge Professor Jennifer Welsh Director, Oxford Martin School Professor Stephen MacMahon, Amartya Sen Professor Robyn Norton (Principal Oxford Institute for Global Ben Goldsmith Nobel Laureate, and Professor, Directors), Professor Terry Dwyer Economic Development (2010-) Chief Executive Officer, Menhaden Harvard University (Executive Director), Professor Kazem Professor Sir Paul Collier Capital and Founding Partner, Mark Shuttleworth Rahimi (Deputy Director) Professor Anthony Venables WHEB Group MILLION IT entrepreneur and Founder of the Global Cyber Security Capacity Oxford Institute of Population Roger Goodman (ex-officio) Ubuntu Project Centre (2013-) Ageing (2005-) Head of Social Sciences Division, Sir Martin Sorrell Professor Sadie Creese Professor Sarah Harper University of Oxford, and Chair of A 268% LEVERAGE Chief Executive, WPP Institute for Carbon and Energy Professor George Leeson the Management Committee for the Oxford Martin School Nicholas Stern Reduction in Transport (2008- Oxford Martin Programme in (Lord Stern of Brentford) 2013) Professor David Banister, Nuclear and Energy Materials Zaha Hadid President, British Academy; IG Patel Professor Malcolm McCulloch (2010-) Dame, Founding Director, Professor of Economics and Government, Professor Chris Grovenor Zaha Hadid Architects Institute for Emerging Infections London School of Economics (including Clearing Chronic Viral Professor James Marrow Andrew Hamilton Joseph Stiglitz Infections Programme) (2005-) Oxford Martin Programme on Vice-Chancellor, University of Oxford, The School’s research is supported by a Nobel Laureate, and Professor, Professor Angela McLean, Dr John Bio-Inspired Quantum and Chair of the Advisory Council diverse range of organisations around the Columbia University Frater (from 2015), Professor Rodney Technologies (2012-) Reid Hoffman world, including governments, research HRH Prince Talal Bin Muhammad Phillips (until 2015) Professor Dieter Jaksch Executive Chairman and Co- Prince of Jordan Institute for New Economic Professor Vlatko Vedral councils, philanthropists, corporations and Founder, LinkedIn Sir Crispin Tickell Thinking at the Oxford Martin charitable foundations. Mo Ibrahim Former Ambassador to the School (2012-) Founder, Mo Ibrahim Foundation United Nations Eric Beinhocker 56 PEOPLE PEOPLE 57

Oxford Martin Programme on Plants for the 21st Century Dr Nick Beckstead Professor David Deutsch Dr Peter Healey Dr Jianguo Liu Dr Emmanuel Perisse Dr Devi Sridhar Collective Responsibility for Institute (2010-) Dr Rob Bellamy Dr Ian Devonshire Professor Andrew Hector Dr Peter Long Dr Sanne Peters Dr Shankar Srinivas Infectious Disease (2015-) Professor Liam Dolan Dr Clarissa Belloni Dr Daniel Dewey Dr Kees van der Heijden Professor Patricia Longstaff Dr Gillian Petrokofsky Dr Lisa Stampnitzky Professor Mark Harrison Dr Simon Benjamin Dr Catherine Dolan Dr Korneel Hens Dr Eduardo Lopez Tim Phillips Dr Phillip Staniczenko Programme for the Future Dr Vanessa Berenguer-Rico Dr Christina Dold Dr Fred Hersch Dr Ana Lopez Professor Roger Pielke Jr Professor Andrew Steane Professor Angela McLean of Cities (2009-) Dr Tamara Berthoud Dr Eleanor Dommett Dr Clare Heyward Professor Ray Loveridge Dr Yves Plancherel Dr Liz Stephens Professor Julian Savulescu Professor Michael Keith Dr Emanuela Bianchera Dr Jurgen Doornik Stephen Hickling Dr Milan Lovric Dr Eilon Poem-Kalogerakis Dr Marta Struminska-Kutra Oxford Martin Programme on Professor Steve Rayner Dr Naluwembe Binaisa Dr Erwin Dotzauer Dr Robin Hickman Dr Stuart Lynn Dr Andrew Pontzen Professor Genaro Sucarrat Dr Justin Bishop Dr Tom Douglas Professor Rafaela Hillerbrand Dr Marc Macias-Fauria Professor Phil Poole Professor Lee Sweetlove Complexity, Risk and Resilience Programme on Computational (2013-) Dr Jason Blackstock Dr Eric Drexler Dr Amy Hinterberger Professor John Mackay Dr Natalie Porter Professor Anders Rygh Swensen Cosmology (2010-) Dr Marko Blažeković Dr James Duffy Professor Andreas Hoff Professor Robert MacLaren Dr Maria Porter Professor Adam Swift Dr Felix Reed-Tsochas Professor Pedro Ferreira Dr Mick Blowfield Dr Joanna Dunkley Ariel Hoffman Mika Mahosenaho Dr Gail Preston Dr Francis Szele Oxford Martin Programme Professor Chris Lintott (until 2014) Dr Konstantin Blyus Brian Earp Dr Jaco Hoffman Professor Martin Maiden Felix Pretis Dr Daniel Tang Professor John Boardman Professor Timo Ehring Dr Craig Holmes Dr Eric Mandelbaum Professor Scott Prudham Dr Peter Taylor on Human Rights for Future Programme on Globalising Tidal Dr Olaf Bochmann Dr Esther Eidinow David Hope Ulf Mannervik Dr Ioannis Psorakis Professor Robert Taylor Generations (2013-) Power Generation (2010-2015) Professor Dapo Akande Dr Cherie Bond Dr Karin Eli Dr Marieke van Houte Shane Mansfield Dr David Pugh Dr Alex Teytelboym Professor Guy Houlsby Ayla Bonfiglio Dr Barzoo Eliassi Mr Kenneth Howse Professor Helen Mardon Ray Purdy Dr Chris Thachuk Professor Simon Caney Dr Richard Willden Dr David Bonilla Professor Neil Ericsson Dr Xin Huang Dr Mike Mariathasan Professor Oliver Pybus Stefan Thewissen Professor Sandra Fredman Programme on Modelling and Dr Line Bonneau Dr Alexandre Erler Dr Anna-Maria Hubert Professor Andrew Markham Dr Paolo Quattrone Dr Jeyan Thiyagalingam Professor Michael Bonsall Dr Evelyn Ersanilli Dr Wolf Huetteroth Dr Nils Markusson Dr Jayna Ragwhani Dr Alex Thomas Oxford Martin Programme on Predicting Climate Change (2010-2015) Professor Alistair Borthwick Dr Owain Evans Professor Nathan Hultman Dr Noortje Marres Dr Maheshi Ramasamy Professor Jeremy Thomas Integrating Renewable Energy Professor Tim Palmer (2015-) Dr David Boshier Dr Nadira Faber William Hunter Dr Andrew Martin Dr Rafael Ramirez Dr Michael Thompson Dr Heather Bouman Dr Andrew Farlow Dr Pam Hurley Dr Natalie G Martin Dr Samuel Randalls Dr Cecilia Tilli Professor Nick Eyre Programme on Solar Energy: Dr Emily Boyd Professor Doyne Farmer Dr Mildred Iro Professor Pablo Martinez de Anguita D’Huart Dr Jerome Ravetz Dr Claire Timlin Professor Malcolm McCulloch Organic Photovoltaics (2010-2015) Professor Alain Goriely Dr Max Boykoff Dr Chris Farmer Professor Molly Jahn Dr Hannah Maslen Professor Mike Rayner Sorana Toma Julien Brachet Dr Tristan Farrow Professor William James Dr Pallab Maulik Dr James Reade Dr Emma Tompkins Oxford Martin Programme on Professor Henry Snaith Mind and Machine (2010-) Professor Andrew Briggs Professor Rosario Fazio Professor Paul Jarvis Dr Sophocles Mavroeidis Dr Mario Recker Dr Laurence Toms Professor Jonathan Flint World Education Institute (2005-2008) Dr Ian Brown Dr Javier Fernandez-Macho Dr Hiranthi Jayaweera Dr Connie McDermott Professor Gesine Reinert Dr Martino Tran Professor Peter Bruce Dr Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh Dr Elizabeth Jeffers Dr Helen McDermott Dr Phil Renforth Professor Anne Trefethen Professor Gero Miesenböck Dr Tom Benson Professor Angus Hawkins Dr Erzsebet Bukodi Denis Filer Dr Vivek Jha Dr Linsey McGoey Dr Arturo Reyes-Sandoval Professor Niki Trigoni Professor Scott Waddell Dr Victor Burlakov Marie-Laurence Flahaux Dr Xianmin Jin Professor Steve McKeever Dr John Rhys Dr Johannes Truck Oxford Martin Programme on Lars Börjesson Dr Helen Fletcher Professor Marina Jirotka Dr Travers McLeod Dr Kenneth Richards Professor Petra Tschakert Nanotechnology (incorporating Dr Fabio Caccioli Dr Grace de la Flor Dr Helen Johnson Dr Hugh McNamara Dr Ross Richardson Professor Andrew Turberfield the Institute of Nanoscience for Academic researchers Professor Zameel Cader Dr Bennett Foddy Dr Louisa Johnson Professor Desmond McNeill Dr Matteo Richiardi Dr Lindsay Turnbull Joseph Caesar Professor Christopher Foot Dr Stephen Johnson Professor Helen McShane Professor Ros Rickaby Professor Stanley Ulijaszek Medicine) (2008-2013) In addition to directors, each Dr Igor Calzada Professor David Frame Professor Neil Johnson Dr Angèle Mendy Dr Rebecca Roache Professor David Upton Dr Sonia Contera institute or programme has principal Robert Camilleri Dr John Frater Professor Angus Johnston Richard Millar Professor J Timmons Roberts Dr Kees van der Heijden Dr Sonia Trigueros investigators, research fellows, Dr Adam Candy Dr Daniel Fricke Dominique Jolivet Professor Chris Mitchell Taylor Roberts Professor Renier van der Hoorn associate fellows and visiting fellows. Oxford Martin Programme on Dr Lee Carpenter Lorena Fricke Professor Jonathan Jones Professor Grayham Mizon Dr Christine Rollier-Weissenburger Marieke van Houte Listed here are past and current Resource Stewardship (2012-) Professor Andrew Carr Dr Jenny Fry Matthew Jordan Dr Amin Moghaddam Dr Carla Romeu-Dalmau Dr Marc Ventresca members, not all of whom have Dr Carolyn Carr Dr Helen Fryer Dr Guy Kahane Dr Hamid Mohseni Dr Rebecca Rose Professor Dr Steven Vertovec Professor Myles Allen received direct funding from the Dr Ernesto Carrella Dr Tim Furche Adam Kahane Professor Arthur Mol Dr Max Roser Professor Marco Verweiju Professor Jim Hall Oxford Martin School or funding Dr Annamaria Carusi Professor Prasanna Gai Dr Andreas Kappes Dr Eamonn Molloy Dr Dominic Roser Simona Vezzoli Professor Steve Rayner partners. Not listed here are the many Professor Alessandra Casarico Dr Alan Gamlen Dr Stephen Kell Dr Catherine Montgomery Dr Indrajit Roy Dr Maria Villares-Varela Professor Kathy Willis hundreds of doctoral students who Dr Jennifer Castle Professor Javier Garcia Martinez Dr Steve Kelly Nigel Moore Dr Christophe Royer Professor David Vines have been part of these programmes. Oxford Martin Programme on Professor Stephen Castles Dr Diego Garlaschelli Dr Ameneh Khatami Dr Kenny Moore Dr Keith Ruddle Dr Christopher Vogel Dr Chris Caswell Dr Tara Garnett Dr Reza Khorshidi Dr Salvatore Morelli Professor Angela Russell Professor Basie Von Solms Sustainable Oceans (2015-) None of this work would be possible Dr Ana Cehovin Dr Dustin Garrick Dr Timothy Killeen Palma Mosberger Professor John Ryan Dr Claire Waddington Dr Richard Bailey without the dedication of the support Dr Tracey Chantler Kate Gartlan Daniel Kim Dr Mahmoud Mostafavi Dr Anders Sandberg Professor Richard Wade-Martins Professor Alex Rogers and administrative staff who are a Ali Chaudhary Dr Alexandros Gasparatos Dr Chulmin Kim Dr Yasser Moullan Professor Mark Sansom Dr Jayne Wallace vital part of these programmes. Our Oxford Martin Programme on Dr Chinchi Chen Professor Marco Gercke Dr Lucy Kimbell Professor Vincent Müller Professor Daniel Sarewitz Dr David Wallom thanks go to all of them. Technology and Employment (2015-) Dr Liang Chen Dr Austin Gerig Dr Amit Kiran Dr Shona Murphy Professor M. Angela Sasse Professor Ian Walmsley Dr Tarek Cheniti Dr Gilles Giacca Dr Keith Kirby Dr Norman Myers Professor Quentin Sattentau Dr Ansgar Walther Dr Carl Benedikt Frey Dr Isabella Aboderin Dr Stephen Clarke Dr Ben Gidley Dr James Kirkpatrick Nana Nanitashvili Professor Simon Saunders Dr Pete Walton Professor Michael Osborne Professor Samson Abramsky Professor Kieran Clarke Professor Sarah Gilbert Dr Tomomi Kito Katharina Natter Dr Luis Saucedo-Mora Dr Peng Wang Oxford Martin Programme on the Dr Robert Ackland Professor Michael Clements Dr Michael Gilmont Oleg Kitov Professor Peter Newell Dr Pete Scarborough Dr Phil Ward Dr Michele Acuto Future of Food (2011-) Dr Gari Clifford Dr Cécile Girardin Professor Paul Klenerman Dr Daniel Neyland Professor Hans Schellnhuber Professor Suzanne Watt Dr Ioannis Agrafiotis Professor Charles Godfray Dr Elizabeth Clutterbuck Davide Girolami Stephen Klimczuk Dr Bent Nielsen Dr Christian Schilling Dr Rupert Way Dr Javier Agusti Dr Lauren Coad Professor Michael Goldsmith Professor Marko Kohtämaki Dr Takafumi Nishino Dr Tanya Schneider Dr Tim Webmoor Oxford Martin Programme on the Professor Colin Akerman Professor Bob Coecke Professor Doug Gollin Tim Kruger Dr Sandra Nogué Dr Robert Schreiber Dr Frank Wegmann Impacts of Future Technology Professor Jeffrey Almond Professor Robin Cohen Professor Derrick Gosselin Dr Agnieszka Kubal Professor Brian Nolan Professor Ralph Schroeder Henry Wen (2011-) Dr David Alonso Dr David Coles Professor Georg Gottlob Dr Ruben Kubiak Dr Joshua Nunn Dr Heike Schroeder Professor Geoffrey West Dr Wilfried Altzinger Professor Nick Bostrom Dr Claudio Consul Katja Grace Dr Sarabajaya Kumar Dr Roy Nyberg Dr Robert Scotland Professor Martin Westwell Dr Facundo Alvaredo Guinevere Cooper Professor Hilary Greaves Dr Jaakko Kuosmanen Professor John Ockendon Professor John Selsky Dr Philip de Whalley Oxford Martin Programme on Dr Karen Anderton Professor Paul Cornish Professor Peter Grindrod Professor Marta Kwiatkowska Dr Sean O’hEigeartaigh Professor Len Seymour Dr Beccy Wilebore Vaccines (2010-) Dr Arzhang Ardavan Dr Matt Cottingham Dr Phillip Grünewald Dr Ariane König Dr Chukwumerije Okereke Dr Nicholas Shackel Dr Angela Wilkinson Professor Adrian Hill Professor John Armour Dr Owen Cotton-Barratt Dr Omar Guerrero Jenny La Fontaine Dr Eric O’Neill Dr Maaz Shaikh Dr Daniel Wilson Professor Susan Lea Dr Wes Armour Dr Sally Cowley Professor Sunetra Gupta Dr Thomas Lacroix Jukka-Pekka Onnela Dr Serena Sharma Dr Hans Winther Dr Stuart Armstrong Professor Andrew Pollard Professor Molly Crockett Professor Sarah Gurr Dr Francois Lafond Professor Udo Oppermann Bill Sharpe Dr James Wolter Dr Janine Aron Professor Christoph Tang Dr Mark Crockett Dr Daniel Gutknecht Karoliina Lamaanen Dr Toby Ord Dr Jonathan Sharples Professor Matthew Wood Professor Ivan Arreguín-Toft Dr Deborah Cromer Professor Robert Hahn Dr Teresa Lambe Dr Dawn O’Reilly Dr Nicholas Shea John Wood Oxford Martin Safe Carbon Professor Sir Tony Atkinson Dr Sven Crone Dr Sophie Haines Dr Tonya Lander Dr Giorgio Orsi Dr Mark Sheehan Professor Mark Woodward Investment Initiative (2015-) Dr Colin Axon Professor ZhanFeng Cui Dr Amanda Hall Professor Jane Langdale Dr Vitaliy Oryshchenko Dr Joshua Shepherd Professor Steve Woolgar Professor Myles Allen Professor Robert Axtell Dr Mathias Czaika Professor Tony Hall Dr Seth Lazar Dr David Owald Dr Olivia Sheringham Dr David Wyllie Professor Tipu Aziz Professor Cameron Hepburn Professor Jan Czernuszka Dr Amy Halliday Professor Liora Lazarus Liz Padmore Carl Shulman Dr Michiko Yamasaki-Mann Dr Adam Babbs Dr Sarah Darby Dr Mainga Hamaluba Dr Elizabeth Leicht Dr Duncan Palmer Dr Brooke Simmons Dr Hyejin Youn Oxford Stem Cell Institute (2008-) Dr Maria Bada Dr Peter Darrah Dr Kate Hamblin Professor Maria Carmen Lemos Dr James Palmer Dr Hugo Slim Professor Peyton Young Dr Paul Fairchild Dr Paola Ballon-Fernandez Dr Gaurav Das Dr Roger Hammersland Dr Alexander Leveringhaus Dr Emanuela Paoletti Dr Brian Smith Dr Maja Založnik Professor Colin Goding Dr René Banares-Alcántara Dr Romola Davenport Dr Pak Hang Wong Dr Ben Levinstein Dr Timos Papadopoulos Dr Jason Smith Dr Laure Zanna Dr Idalina Baptista Professor Paul David Professor Nicholas Harberd Professor Neil Levy Dr Jiyoung Park Dr Jake Snaddon Professor Jimin Zhao Particle Therapy Cancer Research Professor Gunnar Bardsen Dr William Davies Dr Steve Harris Dr Matthew Liao Dr Moshe Parnas Andrew Snyder-Beattie Dr Feng Zhou Institute (2008-2012) Selim Barhli Dr Grace de la Flor Dr Stephen Harris Andrew Liddell Dr Christopher Parsons Dr Holger Sommerfeldt Dr Liqing Zhou Professor Ken Peach Dr Ellie Barnes Dr Nicola De Maio Dr Gabrielle Harrison Dr Wee Ho Lim Dr Marii Paskov Dr Ebru Soytemel Dr Martina Zimmermann Professor Bleddyn Jones Professor Simon Batterbury Dr Philip de Whalley Dr Will Hawthorne Dr Suewei Lin Dr Nim Pathy Dr Alex Spencer Dr Joseph Zuntz Dr Esther Becker Dr Matthijs Den-Besten Dr Clare Hayward Dr Andrew Lin Dr Chris Paton Dr Matt Spencer Dr Yelena Vertyagina Professor Björn-Ola Linnér Dr Tian Pei Dr Marco Springmann 58 IDEAS INTO ACTION

Oxford Martin School

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Editor: Carole Scott Writers: Carole Scott and Sally-Anne Stewart. Articles by: Ian Goldin, Chris Patten, Martin Rees, Robyn Norton, Julia Marton-Lefèvre, Charles Godfray, Angela McLean and Liam Dolan Design: One Design Print: Oxuniprint

Photo credits: P1 Ian Goldin by David Fisher • P4 Chris Patten by David Fisher • P7 Martin Rees by David Fisher • P8 Future of Humanity Institute by David Fisher • P10 Vaccines by Judie Waldmann P11 Vaccines by David Fisher • P12 Jaggat Rashidi/ Shutterstock.com • P17 Vlatko Vedral by David Fisher • P18 Fruit Flies by Greg Smolonski • P20 iStock/Koya79 • P22 Julia Marton- Lefèvre by David Fisher • P24 Jezper / Shutterstock.com • P26 Koosen / Shutterstock.com • P26 Charles Godfray by David Fisher • P27 RAJ CREATIONZS / Shutterstock.com P27 Angela McLean by Debbie Rowe/Royal Society • P29-31 Ralwel / Mimadeo / EpicStockMedia / Alexander Tihonov / Shutterstock.com • P35 Liam Dolan by David Fisher P36 gtfour / Shutterstock.com • P38 leungchopan / Shutterstock.com • P39 Institute for New Economic Thinking team by David Fisher • P44 solarseven / Shutterstock.com P46 Nathan Holland / Shutterstock.com • P47 Human Rights team by David Fisher • P51 Events photos by David Fisher and John Cairns