PRB. 303 (N) 1,000

CENSUS OF INDIA 1961

VOLUME V-PART VI-NO. 14

GUJARAT

VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH

14. ABHAPUR

DISTRICT : SABARKANTHA MAHAL: VIJAYNAGAR

R. K. TRIVEDI· Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat

PRICE Rs. 3.60 or 8 Sh. 5 d. or $ U.S. 1.30 UJ > ell ~ ~~'~ e_ ...

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CENTRAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Census of India, 1961 Volume V -Gujarat is being published in the foUowmg parts: :I< I-A(i) General Report :I< I-A(ii)a " :I< I-A(ii)b " :I< I-A(iii) General Report-Economic Trends and Projections :I< I-B Report on Vital Statistics and Fertility Survey *' I-C Subsidiary Tables :I< II-A General Population Tables :I< II-BCl) General Economic Tables (Tables B-1 to B-IV-C) :I< II-B(2) General Economic Tables (Tables B-V to B-IX) :I< II-C Cultural and Migration Tables :l

I\< IX Atlas Volume '" IX(A) Atlas Volume (Abridged) :I< X-A (i) Special Report on Ahmedabad City i< X-B Special Tables on Cities and Block Directory :I< X-C Special Migrant Tables for Ahmedabad City STATE GOVERNMENT PuBLICATIONS "" 1 7 District Census Handbooks in English "" 1 7 District Census Handbooks in Gujarati • Published •• Village Survey Monographs for thirteen villages, Pachhatardi, Magdalla, Bhirandiara, Bamanbore. Tavadil Isanpur, Ghadvi, Chichod, Sutrapada, Jambur, Ambav, Nana Sanja and Velavadar published t Monographs on Agate Industry of Cambay, Wood Carving of Gujarat, Patara Making at Bhavnagar, Ivory Wor of Mahuva, Padlock Making at Sarva, Scale Making of Savarkundla, Perfumery at Palanpur, Crochet Work c Jamnagar, Sujani Weaving of Broach, Soap Making at Kapadvanj, Mashru Weaving of Patan, Glass Wor at Kapadvanj, Jad Industry of Surat, Transparent Lacquer Work of Sankheda, Traditional Silver Omament: Brass and Copperwares at Sihor, Snuff Making at Sihor and Penknives, Nutcrackers and Scissors of Kutch an J amnagar published

PRINTED BY SlJANTlLAL H. SHAH AT NAVAJIVAN PRESS, AHMBDABAD-14

PUBLlSHl!D BY TH1I JlANAOBR OF PUBUOATlONS DBLHI-1969 FIELD INVESTIGATION 1. M. S. SHAH Statistical Assistant, Block Development Office, Vijaynagar, SABARKANTHA

2. P. A. PARIKH Statistical Assistant, Block Development Office, Bhiloda, SABARKANTHA

SUPERVISION OF SURVEY J. V. DESAI District Statistical Officer, AHMEDABAD

PHOTOGRAPHS K. D. VAISHNAV Photographer

MAPS AND CHARTS I. F. DAVE Draftsman

LAY OUT AND PRINTING M. P. JACOB Head Proof-reader

TABULATION KUM. P. C. GANDHI Computor

FIRST DRAFT K. P. YAJNIK Deputy Superintendent oj Census Operations (SPECIAL STUDIES SECTION)

EDITOR R. K. TRIVEDI Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat, AHMEDABAD

CONTENTS (Figures in brackets denote page numbers) PAGEl

FOREWORD ix-xi PREFACE xii

CIIAPTER I-THE VILLAGE

I.l Introduction and Basis of Selection (I); 1.2 Location (I); I.3 History (I); I.4 Physical Aspects and Climate (2); I. S Flora and Fauna (2); I.6 Size and Number of Hou&eholds (3); I. 7 Settlement Pattern (3); 1.8 Communications (3): 1.9 Public Institutions and Amenities (4); 1.10 Ancient Monuments (S); (a) Saraneshwar Mahadev (S); (b) Lakhena Temples (6) 1- 6

CIIAPTER II-THE PEOPLE A-Ethnic Composition (7); ILl Castes and Tribes (7); B-Material Culture (9); II.2 HOUling (9); II.3 Appearance and Dres~ (10); II.4 Ornaments (10); II.S Household Articles (10); II.6 Food (ll); 11.7 Daily Routine, Habits, etc. (11); II.8 Crimes (11); H.9 Language (12); C-Social Customs (12); II.!O Birth Ceremonies (12); 11.11 Marriage Customs (12); 11.12 Marriage Area and Miscellaneous Facts (13); II.13 Marriage Expenses (q); II.14 Marriage Ceremonies (13); ILlS Death (IS) 7-1S CHAPTER III-ECONOMY A-Economic Activity (16); 111.1 General (16); III.2 Workers (16); III.3 Age Distribution (16); III.4 Industrial Categories (17); III.5 Non-workers (18); 111.6 Activities of Non-workers (18); B-Occupational Pattern (19); III.7 Types of Occupations (19); I11.8 Occupational Combination (19); 111.9 Occupational Mobility (19); C-Agriculture (20); IIUO Land Utilisation (20); IIUI Tenure and Assessment (21); 111.12 Revenue Settlement (21); 111.13 Size of Holdings (22); III.l4 Crop Pattern (22); I1I.l5 Irrigation (23); 111.16 Agricultural Implements (23); 111.17 Agricultural Practices (24); HI.l8 Reciprocal Aid and Advice (24); 111.19 Agricultural Production (2S); 111.20 Agricultural Expenditure (2S); III.21 Agricultural Credit and Investment (2S); D-Livestock (26); III.22 Number and Value of Livestock (26); 111.23 Live­ stock Products (28); III.24 Expenditure on Livestock (28); E-Forestry (28); III.25 Occupations (281; 111.26 Employment and Earnings as Forest Labourers (29); F-Other Occupations (29); III.27 Commerce (29); 111.28 Household Industry (30); G-Economic Condition (30); III.29 Income (30); 111.30 Sources of Income (30); I1I.31 Income by Types of Occupations (31); III.32 Income from Different Occupations (31); IIL33 Expenditure (32); 111.34 Budget (33); 1I1.3S Indebtedness (33); IIL36 Financial Assets (3S); I1L37 Summary (36) 16-36 CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE A-Demographic Data (37); IV.I Population (37); IV.2 Age Structure (37); IV.3 Sex Ratio (38); IV.4 Marital Status (38); B-Vital Statistics and Health (40); IV.S Births and Deaths (40); IV.6 Fertility (40); IV.7 Health (40); IV.8 Family Planning (41); C-Literacy and Education (41); IV.9 Literacy (41); D­ Settlement of Households and Family Structure (43); IV.1O Settlement History of Households (43); IV.II Size of Households (43); IV.l2 Family Structure (44); IV.13 Inheritance of Property (44); E-Religion and Festivals (44); IV.14 Religious Beliefs (44); IV.IS Festivals (4S); (a) Divali (45); (b) Uttarayan (45); (cl Amali Agiarash (46); (d) Holi (46); (e) Balev (46); (f) Randhan Chhath and Shitla Satam (46); (g) Navratri (47); IV.16 Fairs (47); IV']7 Folk-dances (48); F-Village Organisation (48); IV.18 Caste Panchayat (48); IV.19 Panchayat (48); IV.20 Cooperative Society (49); IV.21 Community Development (49); IV.22 General Awareness (49); IV.23 Untouchability (SO) 37-S0 CIIAPTER V -CONCLUSION Conclusion SI

APPENDICES I Tables S5-70 II Flora 71-72 III Folk-songs 73-78 IV An Abstract of Income and Expenditure of the Atarsumba Gro\lp Multipurpose Cooperative Society from 1-7-1960 to 30-6-1961 79 GLOSSARY 81-83 INDEX 84-85 v LIST OF STATEMENTS IN TEXT

STATEMENT No. Trru PAGE

I Religions and ethnic groups 7 II Building material 9 [II Households according to number of rooms used 9 IV Crimes, 1958 to 1961 11 V Workers by age groups 16 VI Workers by industrial categories 17 VII Non-workers by age groups 18 VIII Activities of non-workers, 1961 Census 18 IX Households by types of occupations 19 X Occupational pattern 19 XI Change in occupations 20 XII Land utilisation 20 XIII Pattern of land-holdings, 1960 22 XIV Crop pattern, 1960-61 22 XV Agricultural implements 23 XVI Agricultural production 25 XVII Cost of inputs of agriculture 25 XVIII Credit for agriculture and investment 26 XIX Livestock 26 XX Livestock and their value, 1960 27 XXI Livestock products 28 XXII Forest produce 29 XXIII Forest labour, employment and earnings 29 XXIV Distribution of households according to income ranges 30 XXV Income from different sources 30 XXVI Annual income by types of occupations 31 XXVII Income from different occupations 32 XXVIII Expenditure pattern 32 XXIX Indebtedness by cause and source 33 XXX Indebtedness by income groups 34 XXXI Financial assets . 35 XXXII Average income, expenditure, indebtedness and assets 36 XXXlII Variation in population 37 XXXIV Population by age groups, 1951-61 37 XXXV Population by age and sex, 1960 38 XXXVI Marital status . 39 XXXVII Births and deaths 40 XXXVIII Births to still married women 40 XXXIX Number of children according to mother's age at birth 41 XL Literates by sex and age 42 XLI Settlement history of households 43 XLII Size of households 43 XLIII Castewise distribution of households according to nature of family 44

vi LIST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX I

TABU No. TITLE PAGES

I Rainfall at Vijaynagar 55 II Maximum and minimum temperature at Vijaynagar 55 III Income and expenditure of group panchayat, 1961-62 56 IV Land utilisation 56 V Distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 56 VI Expenses incurred at the last marriage 57 VII Number and nature of establishments engaged in commercial activities 57 VIII Gross and net income from various economic activities 57 IX Households by occupation, income and number of members 58 X Expenditure pattern 58 XI Expenditure pattern according to items of expenditure 59 XII Annual expenditure by occupation and income range 59-60 XIII Fairs and festivals commonly visited by the villagers 61 XIV Particulars about the cooperative societies serving the village 62 XV Size of household according to caste, 1960 63 XVI Nature of inte~est in land and size of land-holdings 63 XVII Land-holdings by caste 64 XVIII Changes in occupational pattern 64 XIX Housel:iolds showing preference for their sons' occupation 64 XX Draught cattle and ploughs according to the caste, 1960 65 XXI Indebtedness by caste 65 XXII Indebtedness by occupation 65 XXIII Assets 66 XXIV Types of assets per household and per capita 66 XXV Expenditure pattern of households by caste 66-67 XXVI Expenditure per household and per capita by caste 67 XXVII Budget position by caste 67 XXVIII Debts and assets by caste 68 XXIX Debts and assets by occupation 68 XXX Income, expenditure, indebtedness and assets 68 XXXI Income, expenditure, indebtedness and assets per household and per capita 69 XXXII Income, expenditure, indebtedness and assets by caste 69 XXXIII Income, expenditure, indebtedness and assets per household and per capita by caste 70 XXXIV Literacy by caste 70

vii ILL USTRA TIONS

TITLE

1 Village site map Frontispiece 2 A general view of the hilly terrain where Abhapur is situated Facing page :I 6 3 Front view of the temple of Saraneshwar Mahadev " 4 Side view of the Saraneshwar temple Between pages 6-7 5 Artistic stone carvings-Geometrical, floral, human figures and birds-are beautifully carved (Polo temples) 6-7 " 6-7 6 Artistic stone carving in Polo temples " " 6-7 7 Perforated stone carvings in Polo temples " " 8 An average house of a Dungri Garasia Facing page 8 9 A medium type house with a porch in front Between pages 8-9 10 The house of a Chamar 8-9 11 Receptacles for storing food-grains made of knitted bamboo strips plastered with mud Facing page 10 12 Interior of a Rhi! house Between pages 10-11 1O-11 13 Silver Ornaments " 10-11 14 Ornaments made of grass " " 10-11 15 Bhil belles in their usual attire " " 10-11 16 Back from the market " " 10-11 17 Tribal women " " 18 Workers by sex and occupation (chart) Page 17 20 19 Land utilisation (chart) " 23 20 Crop pattern (chart) " 21 (i) Bullock-cart stacked with hay Facing page 23 23 (ii) Agricultural Implements " .. 26 22 At the field " " 23 Livestock (chart) Page 27 24 Feeding the calf Facing page 27 25 Per capita income and expenditure by caste (chart) Page 32 34 26 Indebtedness by source and cause (chart) " 35 27 Households according to income ranges (chart) " 36 28 Income, expenditure and assets (chart) " 38 29 Population by age groups (chart) " 39 30 Age and marital status (chart) " 31 Literacy by ages (chart) " 42 32 Terra-cotta horse with a rider Facing page 44 45 33 Relaxation-The pleasure of smoking pipe " "

viii FOREWORD

Apart from laying the foundations of was happening and how fast to those villages demography in this subcontinent, a hundred years which had fewer reasons to choose change and of the Indian Census has also produced 'elaborate more to remain lodged in the past as to discover and scholarly accounts of the variegated how the more 'normal' types of villages were phenomena of Indian life-sometimes with no changing. They were to be primarily type statistics attached, but usually with just enough studies which, by virtue of their number and statistics to give empirical underpinning to their distribution, would also give the reader a 'fee]' conclusions'. In a country, largely illiterate, where of what was going on and some kind of a map statistical or numerical comprehension of even of the coun try. such a simple thing as age was liable to be A brief account of the tests of selection will inaccurate, an understanding of the social help to explain. A minimum of thirty-five structure was essential. It was more necessary to villages was to be chosen with great care to attain a broad understanding of what was represent adequately geographical, occupational happening around oneself than to wrap oneself and even ethnic diversity. Of this minimum of up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathematical thirty-five, the distribution was to be <"S follows: manipulation'. This explains why the Indian (a) At least eight villages were to be so Census came to be interested in 'many by-paths' selected that each of them would and 'nearly every branch of scholarship, from contain one dominant community anthropology and sociology to geography and with one predominating occupation, religion'. e.g., fishermen, forest workers, jhum In the last few decades the Census has ~cultivators, potters, weavers, salt­ increasingly turned its efforts to the presentation maker.s, quarry worker5, etc. A village of village statistics. This suits the temper of the should have a minimum population times as well as our political and economic of 400, the optimum being between structure. For even as we have a great deal of 500 and 700. centralization on the one hand and decentrali­ (b) At least seven villages wcre to be of zation on the other, my colleagues thought it numerically prominent Scheduled would be a welcome continuation of the Census Tribes of the State. Each village could tradition to try to invest the dry bones of represent a particular tribe. The village statistics with flesh-and-blood accounts of minimum population should be 400, the social structure and social change. It was accord­ optimum being between 500 and 700. ingly decided to select a few villages in every (c) The third group of villages should State for special study, where personal observa­ each be of fair size, of an old and tion would be brought to bear on the interpreta­ settled character and contain varie­ tion of statistics to find out how much of a village gated occupations and be, if possible, was static and yet changing and how fast the multi-ethnic in cOmpOsItIOn. By fair winds of change were blowing and from where. size was meant a population of 500- Randomness of selection was, therefore, 700 persons or more. The village eschewed. There was no intention to build up a should mainly depend on agriculture picture for the whole State in quantitative terms and be sufficiently away from the on the basis of villages selected statistically at major sources of modern communica­ random. The selection was avowedly purposive: tion such as the district administrative the object being as much to find out what headquarters and business centres. It should be roughly a day's journey at sensing changes in attitude and behaviour from the above places. The villages in such fields as marriage, inheritance, movable were to be selected with an eye to and immovable property, industry, indebtedness, variation in terms of size, proximity education, community life and collective activity, to city and other means of modern social disabilities forums of appeal over disputes communication, nearness to hills, village leadership, and organisation of c~lturai jungles and major rivers. Thus there life. It was now plainly the intention to was to be a regional distribution provide adequate statistical support to empirical throughout the State of this category 'feel', to approach qualitative change through of villages. If, however, a particular statistical quantities. It had been difficult to district contained significant ecological give thought to the importance of 'just enough variations within its area, more than statistics to give empirical underpinning to one village in the district might be conclusion', at a time when my colleagues were selected to study the special adjust­ straining themselves to the utmost for the success of the main Census operations, but once men ts to them. the census count itselfwas left behind-in March, It is a unique feature of these village 1961, a series of three regional seminars in surveys that they rapidly outgrew their original Trivandrum (May 1961), Darjeeling and Srinagar terms of reference, as my colleagues warmed up to their work. This proved for them an absorbing (June 1961) restored their attention to this voyage of discovery and their infectious field and the importance of tracing social change through a number of well-devised statistical enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge the inquiry's tables was once again rocognised. This itself scope again and again. It was just as well presupposed a fresh survey of villages already cautiously to feel one's way about at first and then done; but it was worth the trouble in view of the venture further afield, and although it accounts possibilities that a close analysis of statistics to some extent for a certain unevenness in the offered, and also because the 'consanguinity' quality and coverage of the monographs, it schedule remained to be canvassed. By November served to compensate the purely honorary and 1961, however, more was expected of these surveys extra-mural rigours of the task. For, the Survey, than ever before. There was dissatisfaction on along with its many ancillaries like the survey the one hand with too many general statements of fairs and festivals, of small and rural industry and a growing desire on the other to draw and others, was an 'extra', over and above the conclusions from statistics, to regard social and crushing load of the 1961 Census. economic data as interreJ.ated processes, and It might be of interest to recount briefly the finally to examine the social and economic pro­ stages by which the Survey enlarged its scope. cesses set in motion through land reforms and At the fint Census Conference in September other laws, legislative and administrative measures 1959 the Survey set itself the task of what might technologIcal- and cultural changes. Finally, a' be called a record in situ of material traits , like study camp was org.:mised in the last week of settlement patterns of the village; house types; December 1961 when the whole field was carefully diet; dress; ornaments and footwear; furniture gone through over again and a programme and storing vessels; common means of trans­ worked out closely knitting the various aims of port of goods and passengers; domestication of the Survey together. The Social Studies Section animals and birds; markets attended; worship of of the Census Commission rendered assistance to deities, festivals and fairs. There were to be State Superintendents by way of scrutiny and recordings, of course, of cultural and social traits technical comment on the frame of Survey and and occupational mobility. This was followed presentation of results. up in March 1960 by two specimen schedules, one for each household, the other for the village This gradual unfolding of the aims of the as a whole, which, apart from spelling out the Survey prevented my colleagues from adopting mode of inquiry suggested in the September 1959 as many villages as they had originally intended conference, introduced groups of questions aimed te. But I believe that what may have been x lost in quantity has been more than made up Census its title to 'the most fruitful single source for in quality. This is, perhaps, for the first of information about the country'. Apart from time that such a Survey has been conducted in other features, it will perhaps be conceded that the any country, and that purely as a labour oflove. Survey has set up a new Census standard in pictorial It has succeeded in attaining what it set out to and graphic documentation. The schedules finally achieve; to construct a map of village India's adopted for this monograph have been printed in social structure. One hopes that the volumes of Appendices I and II to the Monograph on village this Survey will help to retain for the Indian Pachhatardi, mahal Bhanvad, district Jamnagar.

NEW DELHI, ASOK MITRA, July 30, 1964. Registrar General, India.

xi PREFACE

The Village Survey Monograph on Abhapur is the fourteenth in the series of Socio-economic Survey of selected villages. Abhapur is a small village of only 42 households in Vijaynagar mahal of Sabarkantha district. It studies the Socio-economic condition of Bhils, a Scheduled Tribe inhabiting the forest region of Sabarkantha. The purpose of the survey and the stages by which it progressed have been elucidated by the Registrar General, India, in his Foreword. The Village and Household Schedules which were canvassed respectively for the village as a whole and for each individual household along with the special questionnaire canvassed for the forest area have been printed in the Village Survey Monograph on Pachhatardi, district Jamnagar~' the first in this series. The services of those who have participated in the various stages of this survey have been duly aCknowledged at the commencement of this monograph. Before I conclude, I must also express my thanks to Dr. Roy Burman, Officer on Special Duty, in charge of Special Studies Section in the Office of the Registrar General, India, for going through this monogragh before sending it to the pre~s.

R. K. TRIVEDI, AHMEDABAD, Superintendent of Census Operations, May 9, 1969. Gujarat. CHAPTER I THE VILLAGE

away from Vijaynagar, the mahal hehdqual tels. 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIS OF SELECTION It is bounded by the jungle on the east and TUE LAND BOUNDARY of Gujarat on the eastern south, while Dholivav village adjoins it in the side describes a semi-circular arch touching west and Bandhna and Matali in the IJorth. Rajasthan in the north, Madhya Pradesh in the The border of village Ghantia of Rajasthan middle and Maharashtra in the south. The regions touches its boundary in the north-west. flanking this line are studded with hill ranges 1.3 HISTORY and forests, which plese,nting a strong contrast to the alluvial plains on its west, have formed The origin of Abhapur seems to have been the natural frontiers of Gujarat for ages past. lost in antiquity and no one is able to state As with the land, so with the people. In how or when the village was origiI!ally settled. contrast with the plains, the inhabitants of these However, it appears that these border regions border regions are mostly aboriginals or tribal had impoltant settlements in the hOaJY past. people, classified as Scheduled Tribes, chief among Ruins of ancient buildings and temples, with whom are Bhils. Stretching from Aravalli hills beautiful architecture and sculpture have been in the north, through the wild border regions of discovered near Abhapur and it is believed that a Sabarkantha, Panchmahah, Baroda and down to prosperous town was once located on this site. Surat district and the Dangs, they lead a pri­ Similar ruins of a Buddhist stupa and vihara have mitive life. There have been many Bhil kingdoms recently been unearthed at Shamlaji near the in the past, and the Bhils have played an impor­ Rajasthan border in the adjoiniDg Bhiloda taluka tant though not a very publicised part in the to the south of Vijaynagar mahal. This would history of Gujarat. Simple and ignorant as the luggest that these reg~ons flanking important Bhils have always been, their physical might and highways were located on trade routes leading dextelity with the bow and alIOW made the to Rajputalla, cen tral and north ern India. hordes of Bhils a force to be reckoned with in III medieval times Abhapur was included in ancient and medieval Gujarat. the State of Polo or Pol, later on called the The area in which Abhapur is situated is, Vijaynagar State. Its rubs were Rathod Rajputs as can be expected, without a direct rail link, Whose forefathers had replaced earlier Bhil chiefs alld has only about 15 per cent of the land in the region. They had the designation of 'Rao' under cultivation. Abhapur has, therefore, been like those of Idar, and were descendants of selected for the study of the tlibal economy in Jaychand Rathod of Kannauj. Jaychand's son the fOlest region of Sabarkantha. This report Shivji established the Rathod dynasty in Marwar. embodies the results of the Socio-economic Survey His second lion Soningji, who was ruling at carried out between 7th November, 1960 and Sametri, killed Samalio Sondh, the Bhil chief 28th December, 1960, and further investigations of Idar, and became tRe first Rao of Idar in carded out repeatedly till 1963. 1257 A.D. After a lUle of about 400 years in the dynasty, Idar was wrested from Rae Jagan­ 1.2 LOCATION nath' by Prince Murad, son of Shah Jahan, Ensconced in the northern sector of the border and the Rao had to retreat to Polo. His son region, Abhapur is situated next-door to Rajas­ Punja, however, regained Idar in 1658 A.D., than, with the inter-State boundary only a mile and this time the lUle lasted for about sixty and a half away from the main settlement. yeal s with an interruption for five years. In Situated on the river Harnav, it is eight miles 1720 A.D., Rao Chandrasinhji, popularly called K-1 CHAPTER I-THE VILLAGE

Rao Chando, lost Idar, and in turn, won Polo given in Table II in Appendix I show that by assassinating at Sarsao the Padhiar Prince the minimum temperature of 4.4° C. was registered who was ruling there. Later on, Hamirsiohji, who in January 1958 and 1960 and in February 1957 acceded to the throne in 1864 A.D. shifted the and 1960, and the highest temperatures were capital to Ghodasar as Polo was found to be an 47.8°0. in April 1958 and 46.1°C. in May unhealthy place. Polo is now a deserted village, 1960. a couple of miles away from Abhapur. About the Though there have been since 1901, three renaming of the capital, there is a legend that one famines (1911-12, 1948-49 and 1951-52) in of the rulers in the dynasty had no son and it some parts of the district and two years of was prophesied that if he conquered Ghodasar scarcity (1927-28 and 1947-48), Vijaynagar he would have a son. The forecast came true mahal and Abhapur do not seem to have and the ruler, who was much pleased, changed been much troubled by natural calami­ the name of the place into Vijaynagar. After ties. After consideration of tho conditions of the advent of the British, Vijaynagar was inclu­ the past decade, Sabarkantha district is consi­ ded in the Mahikantha Agency as a second dered to be an area not liable generally to class State with 74 villages and a total area of scarcity conditions. The villagers reported that 135 sq. miles. From 1st April, 1933 to 15th during the last decade they have suffered but December, 1943 it was under the Resident for once from insufficient rains and once by' the States of Western India and theleafter excess. under the Resident for Rajputana who exercised his jurisdiction through the Political Agent in I.5 FLORA AND FAUNA Mewar and the Southelll Rajputana States, The forests in the area are rich in a number Udaipur. After Independence, Vijaynagar merged of useful species of trees. Besides inferior types into the Indian Union and was included in the of sag or teak (Teetona grandis) • the chief among newly formed Sabarkantha district of Bombay the forest trees include : State. 1 Khakharo-Erythrina suberosa or Butea jrondosa, I.4 PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND CLIMATE 2 Kothi-Feronia elephantum, Situated among picturesque surroundings of 3 Jambudi-Eugenia jambolana, hills and forests, Abhapur has also the perennial 4 Limbado-Azadirachta indica. river Harnav running by, and an extensive area covered by forests. The village itself is The Sabarkantha forests also have trees situated on a plain, which renders possible which have medicinal uses like harda or Termi­ regular cultivation in its medium black soil. nalia enebula, ambala or Phyllanthus embliea, etc. The hilly region in which Abhapur is Bamboos and brulihwood also abound in the situated gets up to 100 cm. (40 inches) of rain jungles. Other useful trees found mostly in annually as seen from Table I in Appendix I. fields and villages are : The monsoon starts from mid-June and conti­ I Mahuda-Madhuka indica, nues up to mid-September, with sometimes a 2 Ambo or mango-]I.;[angiJera indicfl, few showers to carry it into October. However, 3 Rayan-Manilkana hexandra, the rain is not evenly distributed over the 4 Vad or baniyan-Fieus indica, period, which makes for uncertainties in agri­ 5 Asopallav-Polyalthia longifolia. cultural operations. The extremes of temperature registered at Vijaynagar are among the . Mahuda is one of the most important tree. highest and the lowest ill the district; for Adivasis. It not only yields their favourite December to February are the coldest months liquor on which they med to get drunk quite when the temperature drops below 10° C. Summer often, but also provides flowers eaten as vege­ lasts from April to June when mercury rising table besides strong timber and oil. above 400 C. The details of temperature re­ Among the common wild animals the chief gistered during each month from 1956 to 1960 are as follows : A general vzew of the hilly terrain where Abhapur is situated

FACING PAGE 2 FLORA AND FAUNA 3

1 Rinchh (bear) 11 Chinkara (Indian I.7 SETTLEMENT PATTERN 2 Dipdo (panther) gazelle) 3 Varu (wolf) 12 Sahudi(porcupine) Far from being huddled together, houses are 4 Dukkar(wild 13 Chitta (leopard) scattered all over the area of the village, each bear) 14 Bhekar (four-horned house' nestling in the field of the master. There 5 Taras (hyena) antelope) is no village site, no street and no locality. 6 Shial (jackal) 15 Panini biladi, (otter) Homes are like farmhouses, in confirmity with 7 Lonkdi (fox) 16 Nilgai (blue bnll) the common residential pattern in many forest 8 Sambar (stag) ) 7 Magar (alligator) villages ~f the area. The only road in the village 9 Chital (spotted 18 Vandro (monkey) is the one from Idar to Vijaynagar passing deer) 19 Jangli bilado, (wild cat) through the village from west to east, running 10 Kaliar (antelope) 20 Saslo (hare, rabbit) parallel to the river Harnav to its north. The nerve-c~ntre of the village is on this road with As a result of ruthless eradication of plant the bus stand, Talati's office, flour-mill, and life and wild animals little fauna is now left in retail shop situated on it. On the outskirts of the forest. Merciless shooting of wild animals the village the ancien t temple of Saraneshwar was done in the past by the rulers of former Mahadev also abuts on this road. princely States. However, some panthers, rabbits and bears, etc., have withstood the ravages of 1.8 COMMUNICATIONS the past regime and have been saved from Since there are no streets or good roads, the extinction due to strict protection afforded internal means of communications within the lately. village is by foot-tracks. This is troublesome, Among domestic animals, there are cows, because even for a small thing one may have bullocks and buffaloes. A few people keep to walk a long distance to contact fellow­ goats and horses. Poultry is also reared by villagers. However, like forest dwellers anywhere, many. the villagers employ drums to convey some essential coded messages, e.g., asking all people 1.6 SIZE AND NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS to assemble at a particular place, informing Abhapur is a small village having a popula­ them about the visit of an outsider, and so on. tion of 221 50\olls-112 males and 109 females­ Every household has its own drum which is according to the present survey. It occupies an also its principal musical instrument used as an area of3,025 acres and 23 gunthasor4.73 sq. miles, accompaniment to folk-dances, songs, etc. thus registering a density of about 47 persons Contacts with the outside world are main­ per sq. mile. This is rather low, even in com­ tained only by the road joining the village with parison with the district and mahal averages Vijaynagar on one side and Dholivav on the for rural areas which stand at 315 and 187 other. A regular State Transport bus service respectively, the latter being the lowest among operates on this road. It replaced a private all the talukas and mahals of the district. The bus service joining Abhapur with the mahal situation of the village far into the interior and its headquarters four years ago. Starting from Idar J settlement pattern are responsible for this result. it goes to Vijaynagar, and beyond to Rajasthan. On comparison with the figures of a decade ago, Villagers still remember how they thronged to the density has shown a marked increase since see and wonder at the first motor-car that 1951 when the correspon ding density figures passed by the village. There is also another were 265 for the district, 146 for Vijaynagar kutcha road from Abhapur across the bOlder, mahal and 29 persons per sq. mile for Abhapur but without any regular transport service plying village. on it. Both these are only fair weather roads, The population of Abhapur is distributed and cannot be used during the monsoon. among 42 households living in 43 houses. The During that season the only way to make con­ average household thus consists of 5.26 members, tacts with the outside world is to go on foot. The and is lower than the average of 5 .... 8 in 1951. Adivasis do not find it difficult to do so, as they OHAPTER I-THE VILLAGE are accustomed to cover long distances on -foot. new pattern of administration did not involve They do not even maintain animals like a any large-scale adjustment as far as day-to-day horse or a mule, the upkeep of which would administrative matters likely to affect the villagers not be diffic' tlt in a terrian a bounding in were concerned, because Vijaynagar, the capital forests, and which would be very useful indeed. of the State, eight miles away, now became the Important highways and railway links are mahal headquarters. The higher sanctum of nowheJ e near Abhapur. A National Highway authority, however, moved away to Himatnagar, touches Himatnagar 42 miles away, and the 42 miles in the south-west, where the subdivi­ nearer State Highway at Idar is also 24 miles sional and district headquarters were established. from the village. The nearest railway station is The mahal revenue office and the police station Kadiadra,20 miles away, on the Ahmedabad­ are located at Vijaynagar. Hospital facilities are Khed Brahma metre gauge section of the Western available at Idar, the nearest urban centre at Railwat. Apparently however, the villagers a distance of 24 miles. A Primary Health Centre have no use of the railway, because none has, is, however, situated at Vijaynagar and a till the date of the swvey, travelled on 2- mobile dispensary van of the Malaria Control train. This is probably because their social Unit visits Abhapur from Vijaynagar every contacts are all within the neighbouring forest Tuesday. There is a veterinary hospital at areas. Himatnagar. A primary school is within easy The post office servin g the vilb ge is at approach at the near-by village of Dholivav Atarsumba, four miles off, from where the only two miles off, but the',nearest high school postman walks down on his daily round. The for secondary education is eighteen miles away, nearest telegraph office is again very far, at at Kadiadra. There is no college for higher Idar. education within the radius of 60 miles as the nearest one at Talod, 64 miles away, is as yet, 1.9 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND AMENITIES well beyond the mental horizon of the denizens Abhapur has no chora nor- does it have a of Abhapur. Panchayat Ghar, as it is one of the villages The nearest market for the main products included in the Androkha Group Panchayat of the village is at Vijaynagar, but the cattle with its headquarters at Androkha. Abhapur is marketing centre is farther away at a distance included in Stage II Block of Vijaynagar which of 18 miles at Adivadi in Rajasthan. A coopera­ was started on 1st April, 1957 and was conver­ tive credit society is, however, functioning at ted into Stage II from 1st April, 1962. No a short distance of four miles at Atarsumba. public building has, howc:ver, been constructed Abhapur has a couple of shrines currently in Abhapur so far. The village is the head­ worshipped and also some ancient temples in quarters of the Talati. Thrre is also a hereditary ruins which have been recently discovered. Police Patel. A caste Panchayat manages the Satimatani Deri, or the shrine of Sati Goddess, affairs of Dungri Garasias, the major section of is on the Idar-Abhapur-Vijaynagar road. There the people of Abhapur. It wields fairly effective is also a place of worship for the Harijans with authority. an idol probably brought from ancient ruins The main source of water for the people of near-by. The ancient Shiva and Jain temp~s Abhapur is the Mamrechi Dam built across river described below are monuments of great arci{i. Harnav just near the village during the regime tectural beauty. There is no mosque in the of the former princely State. There are also one village. well for irrigation, and another a public well There is no system of weekly bazaar in or for drinking purposes. around Abhapur. But for the day-to-day needs Formerly in the jurisdiction of Vijaynagar of the villagers there is one shop of a Vohra State, Abhapur was, on the advent of Indepen­ merchant employing three persons. He is not dence and merger of Indian States, included in only a retailer who sells goods on a credit to the Vijaynagar mahal of the newly constituted the village people, but also a whole-saler pur­ Sabarkantha district. The change-over to the chasing their products and transporting them ANCIENT MONUMENTS 5 for further sale to outside places. There is also Dhavalgadh near Chitod in Rajasthan, his a flour-mill in the village. Except a tailor and queen Premabai, returning from her father at one Chamar in the village, the services of other J aisalmer found a big treasure in the forest traditional artisans like carpenter, blacksmith, about nine miles from Udaipur. At that time, etc., can be had at Atarsumba, four miles away. Swami Sachchidanand who was returning from There is no barber at Abhapur, nor do the a pilgrimage to Haridwar happened to come people want one, because they help one another there and told the queen that the treasure was for their tonsorial dressings. There is no in fact an offering to the gods and its use for washerman. private purposes would bring disaster. The r.1O ANCIENT MONUMENTS queen, however, said that the appropriation of such a treasure would not harm the king who (a) Saraneshwar Mahadev works for the people. On the 11 th day after The ancient temple of Saraneshwar Mahadev the queen took away the treasure, king Man­ situated on the outskirts of the village to the singh suddenly died. Remembering the prophecy north-east is said to have been constructed of the Swami, the repentent queen traced him before HOD A.D. The sitt: has recently been out and asked for his advice. He predicted cleared by the State Archaeological Department that a holy shivalinga would be found at the which is taking steps to preserve it as a protected place where her son Pratapsingh would marry, monument, and the former District Local Board and the treasure should be utilised in building h,,:s constructed a dharmashala or a rest-house a fine temple over it. After some time the by its side. Though now in ruins the remains swyamvar of princess Premabai of Polo which give evidence of the excellent temple architec­ was then called Brahmapur was arranged by ture developed in Gujarat in or about the the ruler Harisinghji Jaysingh. The princess lIth century. A stone wall which enclosed selected Pratapsingh as her husband. At the the temple and its large compound is now in time of their marriage Swami Sacb chidanalldji a completely dilapidated condition. Entering begged that the land round about the shivalinga the gateway one sees a square platform just in should be donated for a temple and construc­ front of the temple which might have once ted the temple with the treasure found by been an altar. The outcr court of the temple, queen Premabai. or the sabhamandap is completely destroyed. All The priest also relates stories of several that remains is the plinth and lome pillars. Rajput princes who took refuge at the temple The inner sanctum which is in a better condi­ in times of distress or carried out somc repairs tion, enshrines the .shivalinga, irregular in shape. there. In the left wall, there is a hole which must In 1156 A.D. the Rao of Idar carried out have been used as a passage for water for some work in the temple as recorded in an abhi.shek over the linga. This innermost chamber inscription on the inner shrine of the temple. is on a lower level than the temple, and the Once king Viramdev of Idar, attacked and hole is about 3-4 feet above the outer ground defeated by the Muslim prince of Ahmedabad, level. The dome over this portion is in a stayed here for six months with his queens and dilapidated coudition and in the front a brick cavalry 1,800 strong. When his supplies were wall seems to have been recen tly put up on exhausted, they had to fast for two days. On the first floor, presumably to provide shelter to the third day Viramdev worshipped Mahadev the pujari. There is a pradakshina marg round and was about to offer his head to the shivalinga the inner chamber, and on the outside there in self-immolation called kamal puja. The god, are beautiful carvings and sculptures arranged however, stopped him saying that the necessary in layers according to the classical style. help would arrive on the next day. Viramdev According to the pujari, the construction of who received supplies from Udaipur on the this was started on Ashvin Sud 15, V. S. 1135 following day then went to Bhiloda and killed and completed on Chaitra Sud 9, V. S. 1140 or the prince. This tale is said to have been 1084 A.D. When Mansingh was ruling over narrated in Rasa Mala by A. K. Forbes. 6 OHAPTER J-THB VILLAGE

Rao Bhan of Idar performed some religious columns. This court is about 30 ft. square and ceremonies at this temple in 1554 A.D. as leads to a raised platform on either side of recorded in an inscription on a pillar in the which there is a ,rectangular room. In one of temple. In V. S. 1656 Rao Jagannath of Idar the doors on each side, stands a carved stone who was defeated by Prince Murad took panel resembling a wooden door, which can refuge and died here. In V. S. 1808 Gambhir­ neither be moved nor opened. singhji who attacked Polo broke the fort of the Further across another doorway is the inner temple and stayed there for some time. mandap on either side of which is a balcony The temple was first destroyed by AlafKhan, with screens right up to the ceiling and raised the brother of Alauddin Khilji in V.S. 1297 pedestals on three sides for idols. Beyond the at the time of his invasion of Patan. Later inner court and passing between two tall and on the shrine also suffered damage during the slender pillars reaching up to the ceiling, one battle between Maharana Pratapsinghji and comes to the door of the innermost vestibule. Akbar. Its deterioration continued further There is no trace of any idol here save the for want of repairs and renovations as there pedestal almost buried in the debris, which was no one to care for it. indicates that it must be a huge idol. The temple is not al rich in sculpture as (b) Lakhena Temples that of Saraneshwar in Abhapur, which is four About a mile to the north-east of Abhapur centuries older. However, it is larger, and its and in the interior of the forest across the beautifully executed screens, swan panels, and river Hamav are situated the remains of the other carvings render the temple magnificent in ancient shrines of Polo called Lakhena temples. its simple splendour. The temple has been un. The main temple is a Digambar Jain Temple, cared for centuries, and a tree has made huge believed to date back to 1500 A.D. according cleavages in the domes and spiral tower. to the Archaeological Departmen t of Gujarat Behind and a little beyond, are the ruins of State which has recently cleared the site. It is another small temple, while by the side of the a large structure, approximately 150 ft. by main temple are a couple of underground apart. 70 ft., built of stone which has in many places ments, lying exposed without a ceiling. According turned completely black owing to exposure to one venion, they may be the approach to and rain. The first outer mandap is approached a step-well, but there are no signs of a well or by a series of steps after entering the main gate. depression on the farther end, and these may Of the dome, nothing now remains except the well be store-rooms as they are plain with no arch supporting it, which rests on massive carvings. Frollt view of Ihe lempLe oj SaraJ/eshwar .Hahadev "-, ,~. ,,~

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BETWEEN PAGES 6-7 Artistic stoll e cannngs 111 Polo temples

BETWEEN PAGES 6-7 Pelforated stOllt ran'mgs m Polg temples

BETWEEN PAGES 6-7 CHAPTER 11 THE PEOPLE

the ideal studen t, and GUM Raja the compa­ A-Ethnic Composition nion of Rama on the first lap of his journey II.I CASTES AND TRIBES on exile are 1iraditionally believed to have been HINDUISM and Islam are the two religions Bhils. It was the garb of Bhils that Shiva followed in Abhapur. Hindus predominate, and chose to impress Arjun and Parvati to tempt among them again, Bhils preponderate. In fact, Shiva. Bhils are well-known to Sanskrit literature the other caste found among Hindus is Chamar. as Kirata, G'lJha, Nishada, etc. Nearer in time Thus there are no caste Hindus in the village, and place, the protectors of Vanraj Chavda of the two group' inhabiting the village belong to Gujarat and the valiant warriors of Rana Pratap the Scheduled Tribe of Bhi! and the Scheduled were Bhils. Caste of Chamar. Only one section of Bhils, viz., Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra Dungri Garasia, is found in the village. Among and Gujarat have Bhils in large numbers, and Muslims there is one household each of Vohra, the tribe is one of the 'biggest and more well. Makrani and Pathan. The following statement known tribes of India. Various theories are shows the distribution of population among advanced about their origin. Some believe that different ethnic groups. they are Anaryas or original inhabitants of India, pushed to the jungles by the invading STATEMENT I Aryans. Others believe that they were perhaps Religions aDd ethnic groups the first batches of the Aryans pressed out of the plains by succeeding Aryan immigrants. Percentage Percentage The name Bhil is traced by some to the No. of to total to total Religion/caste/ house­ house­ popula­ Dravidian word billee, meaning a bow, the sub-caste, etc. holds holds Population tion characteristic and favourite weapon of Bhils. 2 3 4- 5 According to Sanskrit scholars it is derived Hindu 39 92.86 211 96.83 from the root bhil meaning to cut. Bhil Two things are, however, certain. There (Dungri Garuia) 38 90.48 209 94.57 have' been many Bhil kingdoms in the region Chamar 1 2.38 5 2.26 of their present habitation, and when opportuni. Muslim 3 7.14 7 3.17 ties came their way, they also made inroads in Vohra 1 2.38 3 1.36 Makrani 1 2.38 1 0.45 the neighbouring plains, capturing and holding Pathan 1 2.38 3 1.36 parts of them. Thus, expanding and receding, Total 42 100.00 III 100.00 they went on till, in the long run, their power dwindled in proportion to the rise of Rajput Bhils, notified as a Scheduled Tribe, are a power and establishment of orderly and stable martial people living in forest areas, who were administrations. once feared and hated by the people of the plains, Another important factor is their mixing as Enthoven1 so aptly points out. But, at the with peoples of other ethnic groups, mainly same time, the two have known each other from Rajputs. Not only wal Rajput blood mixed with time immemorial through contacts or conflicts. Bhils to a large extent, but the latter imitated Even the ancient religious literature has many the Rajputs in many respects, the most notable noble and heroic Bhi! characters. Valmiki, the being the adoption of their names and family great sage, Shabari, the great devotee, Eklavya, names. No doubl these types of biological and

1. ENTHOVEN R. E., Till Trib,s and elUtes of Bomb.." Vol. I, p. 152, 1920 7 OllAl'TER U-THE plOI'LI social influences varied in their intensity from among various gotras, i.e., clal:s or septs, those area to area, but in many-places the combined found in Abhapur being as under : impact was so powerful that new ethnic groups SI. No. of SI. No. of which emerged refused to be known as Bhils, No. Surname households No. Surname households and took offence if the connection was hin ted 1 Babda 3 9 Nanama 7 at. They either called themselves Rajputs or 2 Damor 4 10 Parmar 5 assumed new clan names that resembled Rajput 3 Bhagora 4 II Kotwal 2 names. This type of assimilation by imitation 4 Padwala 2 12 Asoda 1 of another culture, consciously or unconsciously 5 Tavid 3 13 Asari 1 i Rot 14 Khokharia 1 considered superior is, indeed, not uncommon, 7 Bara 15 Kharadi 2 but it stops short of complete merging of the 8 Katara Total 38 inferior race into the superior, and the 'advan­ ced'. Bhils still retain the basic pattern of life These names are not exclusively theirs. Not common to Bhils. The result is that they have only are many of them found among other lifted themselves above other sections of the Bhils, but some, like Parmar, are also found tribe whom they eye with an air of superiority, among Rajputs, and have been adopted by though they have not quite reached the high many other caste Hindus and untouchables, pedestal which they covet. A new class thus perhaps as a result of similar imitation as in springs up. the case of Bhils. The Bhils of Abhapur belon g to this class, There is only one Harijan family in the and go by the name of Dungri Garasias, literally village. Going by the surname of Kharodi, it meaning jagirdars or inamdars of the hilly tracts. belongs to Chamar caste, and pursues agricul­ In this name again, the word garasia establishes ture, its, traditional occupation of leather tanning an affinity with Rajputs who comprise the bulk being relegated to a subsidiary status. of Garasia communities in Gujarat, and the Muslims generally have no caste as such word dungri, while seemingly pointing only to though they are to no small extent by the their. hilly habitate, distinguishes them from caste system giving rise to numerous divisions Raj puts. Nevertheless they never admit of and subdivisions. Their family names found in being Bhils, pure and simple. Abhapur broadly indicate their sects and places A lofty name, however, does not help except of origin. Vohras are Shias, their ancestors in nursing pride about their social superiority, being Hindus, sometimes even Brahmins, con­ and does not change the environments. As will verted to Islam. By tradition, Vohras are be seen by and by, their social life, level of merchants, mostly retailers and petty shop­ living, field of enlightenment, remain as primi­ keepers, but none-the-Iess prosperous, on account tive, low and restricted as that of other sections of their inheren t business acumen and thrifty of the BhiIs. habits. Though Dungri Garasias are Bhils in origin Pathans and Makran is are Sunnis and they have no social relations with Bhils in originate respectively from Peshawar side and other districts, viz., Panchmahals, Broach, etc. Makran in Baluchistan. Pathans mostly work Dungri Garasias are found in the neighbouring as watchmen in big industrial establishments talukas ofBhiloda and Khed Brahma. A special or estates in big cities. They also peddle medici­ multi-purpose Block has been flUlctioning in nal herbs, woollen articles, or other products the adjoining taluka of Khed Brahma since of their native land. The money-lending 1956 and some socio-economic surveys have business comes easy to them as they can realise been carried out and extension work undertaken the dema:p,ds by coercion. As they charge in that taluka. It is, however, significant that oppressive rates of interest, the term 'patnan; the Dungri Garasias of Vijaynagar mahal are interest' has become a common synonym of considered to have advanced more towards a exhorbitant rates of interest. But when these settled agricultural life than other Bhils. traditional occupations cannot be pursued, they The Dungri Garasias are again subdivided take up petty services or business. We thus find ...~

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BETWEEN PAGES 8·9 HOUSING 9 that in Abhapur the Makrani household has STATEMENT m taken up tailoring and the Pathan runs a flour­ Households according to number of mill, both of them at the same time also rooms used pursuing agriculture. No. of B-Material Culture house- Percent- No. of Percent- No. of rooms holds age persons age II.2 HOUSING 2 3 4: 5 There is no fixed village site. The houses 82.35 are scattered all over the area of the village. One room 36 85.72 182 Two rooms 4 9.52 25 11.31 Each family has its house in the middle or a Three rooms corner of its field. The poverty of the people Four rooms 2 4.76 14 6.34 is reflected in their kutcha hutments which are Total 42 100.00 221 100.00 built mostly of bamboo chips, plastered with clay and dung and thatched with khakhara or All the households except 6 live in single Butea frondosa leaves, and covered by country room tenements, comprising a majority of 85.72 tiles or thatched roof as shown below. per cent of the families and accounting for 82.35 per cent of the population. Out of the STATEMENT II remaining six, four families ~ave 2 rooms each and only two households in the vil1age-one of Building material a Garasia and the other of a Vohra-boast of larger houses with four rooms. No. of Material households Percentage Houses are built by the Adivasis themselves with the cooperation of neighbours with 2 :3 materials locally available. The entrance gene­ A-Wall Material 42 100.00 rally faces east or west. There is usually a small Mud 6 14.29 covered verandah in front through which one 2 Stones, bricks and mud 3 7.14 enters the main room which is usually about 12 feet by 8 feet. In a corner of this room is 3 Wood and mud 3 7.14 the hearth with a kabli or kablo of bamboo for 4: Bamboo and mud 16 38.10 storing grain. One half of the room on the other 5 Bamboo, wood and mud 10 23.81 side is often kept for tethering cattle over 6 Bamboo, leaves, grass and wood 4 9.52 which there is a loft for keeping grass and B-Roof Material 42 100.00 sundry household articles. There is not a single house in the village with an upper storey. Country tiles 37 88.09 Though houses are widely scattered, the single 2 Thatch 5 11.91 room dwelling is dark, dingy, ill-ven tila ted and low-roofed. Only 6 households enjoy good Bamboo which is locally available is thus accessibility of sunlight, while that for 25 house­ the predominant material used in houses. It is holds is moderate and for 11 poor. The present used either singly or in various combinations condition of the dwellings of only 4 families is with other articles by 30 or 71.43 per cent of good, and that for 10 others is moderate, while the households. Mud is used by an equal the remaining 28 forming a majority of 66.67 number in walls. Only 3 households have their per cent have their houses in a poor state. The dwellings built of stones or bricks and mud. village headman, the panchayat member and Roofs are mostly covered with flat country tiles the Vohra shopkeeper whose economic condi­ which account for an overwhelming percentage tion is comparatively better possess the better (88.09) of the households as against only 11.91 type of houses. Only 6 households-4 Garasia per cent having thatched roofs. and 1 each of Pathan and Vohra-have a sepa­ People live mostly in single room tenements rate room for kitchen. Only 2 Garasia and 1 as seen from the following data. each of Pathan and Vohra families have a K-2 10 CHAPTER II-THE PEOPLE window for ventilation. Other facilities like a gold also. Ornaments made of a special variety separate room for storage, a cupboard and of grass are also worn III Sabarkantha drainage for the flow of dirty water are enjoyed district. Women put on kanful or eardrops by only one Vohra family. There are no bath­ and vali or earring in the loab of the ear rooms or latrines. The house generally has a and oganiJa on the upper portion of the ear. courtyard enclosed by a fence of bamboos and Kanto or nose-pin and vali or nose-ring are a chappar or shed in the front on which hay sometimes made of gold. Doro or string, sankli and other articles are kept. Though cattle are or chain and thick hansadi or necklace adorn sometimes tethered in the yard, they have to the neck. The balaiya or bracelets, put on three be kept inside the house at night for safety to five at a time on each hand, are made of and protection. cocoanut shells and plated with silver. Rings On an examination of the tenurial status it and hathful are also worn on the hands. Silver is found that only one family lives in a rented kalla or chhada are ornaments of the legs. Other house, the annual r~nt being Rs. 60. The ornaments include bor, pinjania, lavingia, bangles, remaining households own their dwellings. The jhanjhar, kanthla, chudo, chandli, dandi and gajra. value of the house varies considerably from a Men do not normally put on ornaments but bare Rs. 50 for a simple hut to about Rs. 3,000 on ceremonial or festive occasions they wear for a better type of house. A house built with silver kada on the arms and buttons with chains bricks, stones, etc., may cost up to Rs. 5,000. in the shirt besides rings, vali, lavingia and latkania. The young generation does not use II.3 ApPEARANCE AND DRESS any ornaments, but girls are sometimes bedecked Garasias are generally dark complexioned with hansadi, doro, hathful, chhada, etc. Ornaments with medium stature, strong and capable of have a special value and their use signifies bearing considerable physical strain. high social status. While only 7 families are The people dress themselves in coarse and reported having no ornaments at all, ornaments rough mill-made cloth. The dress of the men­ for males are possessed only by 7 households. folk consists of a dhoti and a shirt. The head In all 35 households possess ornaments and is either kept bare or a piece of cloth is trinkets valued at Rs. 6,205. wrapped around it. They also generally put on 11.5 HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES indigenous shoes or chappals. Women put on a sadlo which is about 4~ yards in length, and Houses are mostly unfurnished except for choli, kabjo or kapdu as blouse. The skirt called the charpai or cot which is in universal use. It chanio or ghaghro has in most cases circumference generally has matting of bamboo chips instead extending up to 20 yards. The smaller skirt, of nevar or kathi string. It is a handy piece of only three yards in circumference, is called furniture useful both for sitting, relaxing and fentiyu. Red is the most favourite colour among sleeping. As for other articles, 3 households have women. On festive occasions new clothes of the chairs, I has a bench and a stool each, 2 use same type are put on. Girls are attired in tables, 12 carpets, 5 shelves and 28 mirrors. frocks and boys in shirts. They have no need Only one household in the village has a wall­ of a nether garment. Boys put on either a clock. These articles have been in use for over dhoti or shorts and shirt while girls put on a five years. Other housebold goods used by the fentiyu and a kabjo with odhanu of 2 yards villagers are chimnis or ordinary lamps owned draped over the head. by 26 families, lanterns by 19, torchlights by 6, stove by 1, bicycles by 2 and sewing machines II.4 ORNAMENTS acquired for the first time during the past five Adivasi women are very fond of ornaments years by 2. Not a single household uses mos· which are mostly made of silver and sometimes quito curtains. 37 families use washing soap. of base metal. The poor people put on orna. Maize and pulses are stored in earthen jars, ments of kathir or a cheap alloy, while the and wheat and paddy in cylindrical jars well-ta.do at times have an ornament or two of prepared by knitting bamboo strips plastered Receptacles for storillg food-grains made of knitted bamboo strips plastered with Illud

FACI:";'G PAGE 10 Interior oj a Bhil house

.Wi'W~ PAGES 10-11 ."

BETWEEN PAGES 10·1 i 1

3

Ornaments made oj grass J. Latkania; 2. Kanthi and 3. POllchiyUIl

BETWEEN P.-\GES 10-11 Bhil belles ill their usual attire

BETWEEN PAGES 10-11 '" Back fr~m th~ m~rket

:BETWEEN PAGES 10-i 1 Tribal Women

BETWEEN PAGES 10-11 :rOOD 11 with mud. A mixture of charcoal ashes and Eating and smoking of tobacco is very cow urine is mixed with grains to preserve them common. Chalam or clay pipe finds favour with from insects. Adivasis as an important means of social inter­ course. It is never smoked alone but in company II.6 FOOD of four or five pprsons, each of whom takes a The staple food of the villagers is maize, few puffs and passes it on to the next, while supplemen ted by barley, samo or Panicum iru .. gossiping about matters of common interest. mentoceum and other coarse grains. Rice and 11.7 DAILY ROUTINE, HABITS, ETC. wheat are consumed only on festive occasions. Loaves of maize are eaten with chatni or chillies. The struggle for existen ce in a forest-cum­ Sometimes bhadku or gruel is prepared by agricultural economy can only imply days boiling maize flour in water which is taken packed with hard labour. While the fields are with butter-milk. Mahuda or Madhuka indica just outside the doorsteps, the inferior soil condi­ flowers are a favourite item of food. They are tions do demand considerable toil. In the cooked in to khichadi or hotchpotch or eaten agricultural season the whole da~ is spent on un cooked. They are believed to be essen tial for the field with a break for meal at noon. In body-building, health and strength. All the other seasons, collection of forest produce neces­ families except two are non-vegetarians who sitates visits to the jungle. Females also work take mutton, fowl and fish when available. They with men in the fields and helP- them in all the occasionally hunt with bows and arrows for food. major operations. They also take out the cattle Generally two meals are taken in a day. for grazing. Only nine out of 42 families take three meals Living in a border region, they have a very daily. The morning meal is taken at 10 or close affinity with the people of Rajasthan across 11 o'clock. Those taking three meals take the border. Vijaynagar, the mahal headquarters maize bread with chatni, sometimes with tea, has many social and trade relations with the at 7 a.m., followed by the noon meal mainly neighbouring Rajasthan territory. Similarly of bread. The evening meal at 7-30 or 8 p.m. villagers of Abhapur have close contacts with consists of bread and khichadu along with butter­ near-by villages of Rajasthan. milk. 11.8 CRIMES Only 18 families reported that liquor was prohibited in their households/while no drinks The people are generally law-abiding. The were forbidden in the remaining 24 households. only feuds which are known to them arise from The people are aware that drinking is prohibi­ the desertion by or abduction of their women. ted by law, and yet many of them do not They are ignorant and have a simple way of abstain from intoxicants. When they cannot life with few wants. drink in the village, they cross the Rajasthan The details of offences registered, cases sent boundary which is only a mile away and satisfy to the Court and convicted during 1958 to 1961 their thirst as there is no prohibition there. are shown below.

STATEMENT IV Crimes, 1958 to 1961

Offences registered Cases sent to the Court Convicted Minor Serious Prohi- Minor Serious Prohi­ Minor Serious Prohi­ Year offences offences bition offences offences bition offences offences bition 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1958 1959 3 3 2 1960 1 1961 2 ,. 12 aHAPTER II-THE pEOPLE

Three offence!! under the Prohibition Act II.9 LANGUAGE were registered during 1959. All were sent to the Court, and 2 were convicted. Two persons The Bhil Garasias speak a mixture of langua­ who were convicted belonged to Scheduled Tribe. ges which draws abundantly from Gujarati as One offence under the Prohibition Act was well as Marvadi and Bhili dialects. There is registered in 1960 and 2 minor offences were no separate script for their language. Some registered in 1961. examples of words used by them are .given below.

Gujarati Garasia Meaning

!fill'Nl (Kayanthi) ~ (Kinva) From where ~T (Avya) ~'('q!fT (Ajya) Came ~ (Ketla) ~T (Katra) How many fIIIT (Gaya) fit~T (Gijya) Went ~ (Badhun) ~ (Hettu) All UI~ ij (Joiae chhe) ~l (Juje he) Is wanted emf (Kayan) ~ (Kane) Where Sentences Gujarati: 'I'~:iI CfiqNl ~,,)·m 1 (Bahen kayanthi avo chho) Garasia: fiiicrr ~ tU iI'~ 1 (Kinva ajya ho bai) Meaning: Sister, where do you come from?

C-Social eus toms IJ.ll MARRIAGE CUSTOMS II.IO BIRTH CEREMONIES Child marriages are not customary among Women do not observe menses at all. No these Adivasis. Love marriages are fairly pre-natal ceremonies are performed nor are any common. Boys and girls coming in contact with inhibitions imposed on the expectant mother. each other at fairs or festivals, select their life­ She is also not given any special treatment. The partners and plight their troth. If their parents first delivery generally takes place at the object to the match, they conspire to elope on parental home, while the subsequent ones at the next convenient occasion which usually her husband's place. An experienced woman takes place at the time of a fair. of the village usually from her own caste works Widow remarriage is freely allowed and the as a midwife. At the time of the first delivery widow is not restricted in the choice of a she is given ten seers of maize besides Re. I if husband. Levirate is optional. Similarly the a boy is born and 50 paise if it is a girl. For maintenance of the children by the first marriage subsequent deliveries she is paid only the is provided for as may be agreed upon by all amounts men tioned in cash. Elderly women of the parties concerned. They may go with their the family and the neighbourhood assist at mother to her new home, or stay behind, when the delivery and, if necessary, the help of a their other relatives look after them. doctor is also taken. The birth of a boy and Polygamy has been customarily allowed, but a girl are looked upon with equal joy. No the number of wives married at a time is limi­ religious ceremony is performed at the time ted to three. Polyandry is prohibited. of the birth. Post-natal ceremonies like chhatthi Marriage by elopement is not objected to. are also not performed. On the fifth day after A man and a woman 80 desiring may run away birth, the midwife gives a name to the child, by previous arrangemen t from a fair which but she is not given any gift'on the occasion. provides a convenient meeting place. Even After the first delivery, the mother's father gives married persons avail of such opportunities if a silver ornament for the baby and a pair of they want to desert their spouse and contract clothes for the mother. another marriage. If a boy and a girl married MARllJAGE CUSToMS 13

in this fashion are caught later on, the bride­ in the village. Out of a total of 52 marriages groom has to pay Rs. 80 by way of dapu to the recorded, only one was contracted within the caste panch to get the marriage regularised. same village, 27 were in other villages of the Divorce and separation are also not uncommon. same taluka, 2 in other taluka but within Sabar­ A wife suspected of infidelity is disowned by her kantha district, and 8 outside the State of husband. Normally in deciding upon a match Gujarat. The particulars for the remaining 14 the view of the boy and girl concerned finally were not recorded. Only one polygamous prevails. The parents no doubt make the first marriage' was noticed among Garasias, which was tentative choice and decide upon the match. contracted more than 21 years ago. One male Thereafter the boy visits the girl's house and and one female were divorced more than a they are freely allowed to meet each other and decade ago. One widower remarried also during give their approval to the match. The formal that period. The average age at marriage proposal comes first from the father of the boy during the past SO years ranges from 17 to 20 and the betrothal i. arranged through other for boys and 14 to 16 for girls, while prior to relatives. There is generally little difference that instances of both boys and girls marrying between the ages of the boy and the girl who at 12 have been noted. The age at marriage are married at the age of about fifteen years. among Chamars was 15 for male!; and 12 for The points for consideration in selecting a match females. But among Muslims it was considerably are' ,the status, property and financial condition higher-23 and 19 respectively. No consangui­ of the family, material assets like land, cattle neous marriage has been reported among house­ and house, and the physiqu(l of the person holds surveyed. concerned in addition to the appearance of the II.13 MARRIAGE EXPENSES girl. The kul or sept is a strictly exogamous unit for the Garasias who never marry within During the survey, data were collected about their own kul. Thus a Kharadi will never marry expenses incurred on the last marriage celebrated another Kharadi and a Nanama will not marry in the family. Out of 16 such marriages reported, another Nanama. 6 were of the head of the household himself, Practically all the families in the village 6 of sons, 3 of daughters and one of a brother. prefer marriages within their endogamous castes, Table VI in Appendix I gives details of expen­ while five of them do not object to marriage ses which aggregated to Rs. 4,447 giving an relations with higher castes. Hindu families do average of Rs. 277.94 per marriage. The largest not favour marriage within the same village expenditure was incurred after ornaments which which is an exogamous unit for them. They, accounted for Rs. 1,130 or 25.41 per cent, i.e., however, prefer such relations with near-by more than one-fourth of the total expenses. An villages and avoid distant places. Not a single amoun t of Rs. 832 or 18.71 per cen twas spen t family is prepared to depart from the conven­ on clothes, and Rs. 689 or 15.49 per cent tional form of marriage and no instance of an by way of cash paymen t. The remaining unconventional marriage has been reported from amount of Rs. 1,796 or 40.39 per cent was the village. Only one Garasia household is spent after miscellaneous items inclusive of caste aware of changes that have been enacted in the dinner:. It is customary among the Hindus to law regarding Hindu marriages and six Garasia pay bride's price up to Rs. 100 while Muslims and one Chamar families know about the legal give it in kind according to capacity. ban on bigamy. Expenses incurred after the marriage of a daughter come to about Rs. 200, while that for II.12 MARRIAGE AREA AND MISCELLANEOUS a son is 'higher, ~s the bridegroom has to pay FACTS Rs, 80 as bride's price and give kalla to the bride. In a survey to determine consanguini ty in II.I4 MARRIAGE CEREMONIES marriages which was conducted subsequent to the present socio-economic survey, data were When the girl's side accepts the proposal obtained on certain aspects of marriage customs made by the bey's father, the fNmal engagement 14 CHAPTER II-THE PEOPLE is announced. At this time the boy's father are given all the required provisions including gives the parents of the girl Rs. 21. Gur is bidis, tobacco, etc., by the bride's parents. distributed among all those present. After The marriage ceremony is generally perfor­ engagement, the boy and the girl freely meet med in the morning. The bride and bridegroom, each other. who have to observe a fast on the day, are The date of the marriage is fixed about carried to the marriage booth by their mother's fifteen days in advance by mutual consultation brothers. The bridegroom is welcomed by the by both the parties without any formalities. A mother of the bride with a ceremony called member of the family conveys the invitation ponkhvun with kumkum and rice. The bride is to marriage to relatives by visiting their houses. brought to the marriage booth after the bride­ The preparations for the marriage include the groom is seated therein. She is dressed in silk purchase of clothes and ornaments and provi. chundadi, choU, mod or chaplet, and silk or cotton sion of necessary food-grains, flour, etc., for glzaghro. The bride and the bridegroom are dinner. The house is freshly mud-plastered and seated facing each other, when all the relatives whitewashed, if possible. Simple decorative of both the sides remain present near the pictures are drawn on the walls and festoons of marriage booth. Women who sit near the paper or mango leaves are tied. marriage booth continuously sing marriage songs. The anvar or the pest man remains with the About eight to ten daY' before the marriage, bridegroom, attending to his neeas. The bride­ pithi or turmeric paste is applied to the bride groom observes silence at the time of the and the bridegroom at night in the presence of marriage and the bride veils her face. No relatives. From this time onwards women Brahmin is required to officiate at the marriage relatives of the family assemble and sing marriage ceremony which is conducted by a member of songs and perform folk-dances. Their songs the same caste in their own dialect. A white contain criticism or abuse of the other party. piece of cloth is kept between the boy and the The marriage party of the bridegroom comp­ girl whose right hands are joined and wrapped rises 70 to 80 persons. The bridegroom is bedec­ in cloth in the Izastamelap ceremony. The couple ked in expensive clothes such as a long coat thereafter take the seven ceremonial rounds of of silk and brocade, a safron sqfa or turban, the fire in the clzori, the bride following the dlzoti, and shoes. A mod or chaplet is placed over groom. At this time, one end of a white cloth the safa on which a crest is attached. He wears is tied to the sword of the bridegroom, the golden Iavingia or small eardrops in the ears bride holding the other end. No other ceremony and ties a cummerbund. He applies kqjal or is performed, and the marriage is deemed comp­ lamp-soot to his eyes and carries a sword and lete at the conclusioR of the final round. There­ a cocoanut in his hands. after the bride and the bridegroom sit side by At the bride's place on the day previous to side. The parents of the bride give her utensils, the marriage a booth is erected by planting cattle, etc., in kanyadan while other relatives four pillars, one of gugal wood or Balsamoden­ give her gifts of clothes. A curious playful dron muleul and the rest of dlzaman or Grewia custom related to the marriage provides consi­ asiatica. It is covered by tying five bamboos at derable mirth. The bridegroom is made to sit the top, while an arch is made on one side by on a cot turned upside down. The cot is then joining two bamboos. No religious ceremony lifted up and the bridegroom is tossed high up or worship of any deities is performed. leveral times, of course with sufficient care to The bridegroom's party is welcomed by the see that he is not injured. This is called moriJu relatives of the bride including women who ramadavu or nachavavu. carry kumkum, a lamp, some rice and curd in a The marriage party of the bridegroom is dish. The reception is marked by the beating hosted only for a day and feasted with shira, of drums. The party is then taken to rest in a rice and pulse or udid or gram or khichado and field near the girl's house, preferably in the laPsi, which costs about Rs. 50. The bridegroom's shade of a mahud4 or Madhuka indica tree. They party returns home the ne~t morning. The bride DUTH 15 has to veil her face before the father, mother, absence the brother or sonte other near relative elder brothe~, uncle and other elderly relatives first lights the fire, followed by the relatives. of the bridegroom. For the purpose of interment a pit of 6' x 4' Many a time, it so happens that the Bhils and 6' deep is dug on a hill-side and the dead live together as husband and wife without cele­ body is laid into it with the head in the north brating the marriage which is actually cele bra­ or in the seated posture in the cross-legged ted later, say, after 30 to 40 years in the fashion. The clothes in which the body is presence of their children and grand children. draped are given away to a Bhangi. The members of the funeral party collect the ful or 11.15 DEATH pieces of bones and ashes and keep them in a new The persons who is about to die is laid on earthen pot. Subsequently they consign them the ground which has been freshly mud-plastered. to the pool called Nagdhara in the river Meshvo If his financial condition is good, some alms at Shamlaji at the time of the Kartiki Punam are given at his hands. If he is sufficiently fair. Shamlaji is a welknown Vaishnava shrine conscious, he may express to his relatives his in the near-by taluka of Bhiloda and Nagdhara wish about the devolution of his property. The in the river is considered particularly sacred people of the village are called together after for immersion of ashes of the dead. Obsequious <4ath and the dead body ,is taken out on a ceremony like shraddha, saravavu, etc., are per­ bier. The disposal of the dead body is mostly formed as among other Hindus. For the peace by cremation, but a few persons who follow of the departed soul the Brahmin who officiates Kabir Panth or similar other sects bury the at these ceremonies is given a dinner and alms. dead. Children below three are also buried, the No ceremonies are performed after children. A rule being that a person who takes foodgrains dinner is usually given on the death of an in diet should be cremated. elderly person to the relatives who might have The dead body is bathed and dressed in come for mourning. The dinner following the new clothes. It is then placed on the bier with death of a Bhil does not take place within the which it is tied with a string. The funeral first 13 days as is the case with other Hindus. party takes with it the required wood, dung­ But the usual custom is that the Bhils of a cakes, a burning dung-cake, ghee, and lIhichadi. particular clan have a common dinner at some Women do not join the funeral procession but distant date when all the members of the clan wait at the house weeping and wailing till who have to give such a dinner on the death the funeral party returns. If the deceased is of some member of the family con tribute their survived by a widow her bangles are broken. share and join a mass dinner. The house in The relatives of the deceased take seven which a death had taken place is freshly mud­ rounds of the funeral pyre on which the body plastered to remove impurity. If there are any is laid with ,the head in the north. After some suspicions about the spirit of the dead, the ghee is poured on the body, the son or in his house-site is changed. CHAPTER III ECONOMY

A-Economic Activity 43.24 per cent of female's registered at this socio­ economic enquiry. This is because the Census III.! GENERAL which followed a couple of months after the AGRICULTURE is the main occupation of the present survey, examined in greater detail the village, while livestock rearing, forest labour and economic activity of each individual, and, by agricultural labour are followed as secondary definition, classified as workers all those persons occupations. It is significant to note that the who had even one hour's regular work in the tribals though they live in the midst of forests, season in any economic activity. Thus, many have taken up settled agriculture which is more females engaged in household work, not classified remunerative than forestry, hunting, etc., which as workers in the present survey, were considered have now recorded in the background because as such, if they helped in household agriculture. of their comparatively poor returns. 111.3 AGE DISTR.IBUTION I1I.2 WORKERS The persons of working ages 15-59 will Classifying the population into two broad denote the working force in the village. The economic groups of workers and non-workers, difference between those actually enumerated 50.23 per cent of the total population are found as workers and the total number of persons .in to be workers. Male workers number 63 and the working age group will bring out the extent account for 56.25 per cent as against 48 or of idle man-power. A comparative statement 44.04 per cen t of females. The sizeable female showing age structure of population and workers participation is indicative of appreciable contri­ among them is given below. bution females make to the family income. The proportion of workers in the village population STATEMENT V is in excess of that in the district and the Workers by age groups mahal but the female participation rate is lower than that of the mahal but much higher than Population Workers Age that of the district as a whole. group Persons Males Females Persons Male. Females Persons Males Females 2 :3 4 5 6 7 Village 50.23 56.25 44.04 0-14 98 48 50 2 1 Mahal 49.98 49.91 50.04 15-34 72 38 34 64· 36 28 District 46.65 54.54 38.41 35-59 47 25 22 43 25 18 60+ 4- 1 3 2 1 1 The 1961 Census recorded the population of Total 121 112 109 111 63 48 the village at 229 and that of workers at 134 as against the total population of 221 and 111 Out of 119 persons in the working age group workers by this survey in 1960. The percentage 15-59, those who are economically active num­ of workers according to the Census inquiry is ber 107 or 89.92 per cent of the total, indicat­ 58.52 of the population as against 50.23 per cent ing the idle man-power to the significant extent as revealed by the present survey. The partici­ of 10 per cent. As against 57.01 per cent of pation rate of workers ofboth the sexes as revealed workers among males in this age bracket, the by the former is on par, i.e., 50.75 per cent for female participation ratio is only 42.99 per cent. males and 49.25 per cent for females as against As a result, the working population in this age uneven rates of 56.76 per cent for males and group comprises 57 per cent of males and only 16 tNDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES 11

43 per cent of females, a feature which has male in the latter group has not given up been commented upon earlier. It is gratifying working. tha t all bu t two of the males falling in these ages IlIA INDUSTRIAL CATEgORIES are economically active. A further break-up shows that all the males between 35 and 59 are The distribution of workers in broad indus­ workers and it is only in the lower bracket of trial categories of workers according to the 15-34 that there are 2 non-workers in an aggre­ various. economic activities pursued by them gate of 38 males. There are only two workers in shows that a large majority of workers is a population of 98 persons below 15 years of engaged in primary activities like agriculture, age and an equal number in the older age livestock, forestry, etc., the contribution of other group of 60 years and above which claims activities like manufacture, construction, trans­ only four persons in the village. The only port, etc., being negligible.

STATEMENT VI Workers by industrial categories

Workers Percentages Categories Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 ! 4 5 6 7 I As cultivators 86 45 41 77.48 71.43 85.42 II As agricultural labourers 0.90 1.59 III In livestock, forestry, fishing, etc. 19 12 7 17.12 19.04- 14.58 IV At household industry 0.90 1.59 V In manufacturing otber tban household industry VI In construction VII In trade and commerce 4 .. 3.60 6.35 VIII In transport, storage and communications IX In other services

Total 111 63 48 100.00 100.00 100.00

WORKERS BY SEX AND OCCUPATION PROPORTION OF WORKERS AND NON - WORI(ERS ABHAPUR MAHA!. • VI.JAYNAGAR DISTRI' T

AGRICU\.TURAL L.ABOUR HOUSEHOl.O WORkERS INDUSTRY

TRADE AND COMMERCE

LlVESTOCI(

A.GRICVI. TURE

SO 45 40 35 30 25 20 '5 '0 S 0 o 10 '5 20 25 30 35 40 45 SO 55 60 6S MALES fEMALES

K-3 18 c1tAPTER llI-ECONOMY

Cultivation predominates the village economy Male non-workers are found only in the two with 86 persons or 77.48 per cent of total wor­ age groups 0-14 and 15-34. Eighty per cent of kers engaged in it. This industrial activity the female non-workers are children and girls claims 85.42 per cen t offemale and 71.43 per below 15 while 20 per cent fall in the remain­ cent of male workers. Nexl in importance are ing higher age groups, in successively smaller livestock, forestry and fishing which together numbers for each. employ 19.04 per ceat of the male and 14.58 Distribution of non-workers by tribes and per cen t of the female workers. I t is striking communities shows that Muslim households of that these are the only two categories employing Pathan, Makrani and Vohra do not have any women, the remaining three, viz., agricultural person returned as non-worker during this labourers, household industry and trade and survey. Only Garasia and Chamar communities commerce being exclusively practised by men­ have non-workers, the former numbering 107 folk. Trade and commerce accounts for 4 wor­ mostly in the younger age group 0-14 (94) and kers, constituting 3.60 per cent of the total the latter having two children and one very old and 6.35 per cent of male workers. The only woman in the age group 60+. household industry carried on is tailoring. III.6 ACTIVITIES OF NON-WORKERS The foregoing data also reveal that all except one of the agriculturists work on land owned or It is interesting to examine the results of a held by themselves, there being only one agri­ special enquiry about the various' activities of cultural labourer working on land held by non-workers conducted by the 1961 Census others. The minute proportion of labourers which reported 95 non-workers as against 110 having no interest in land they till is a signifi­ in this survey. The following l statement gives cant feature of the agricultural pattern of the age distribution of non-workers by types of acti­ village. vities returned at the 1961 Census.

III.5 NON-WORKERS STATEMENT vm

Economically inactive persons or those not Activities of non-workers, 1961 Census gainfl,l~ly employed tot.al 110. In other words, Dependants, 49.77 per cent of the aggregate population are infants, child­ ren not attend- non-workers as against III or 50.23 per cent of Total Full-time ing school, work~rs. The village community is thus found non-workers students, etc. etc. to be equally .divided in to two broad economic Age group P M F P M J! P M F groups of workers and non-workers. As is to be 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 expected, female non-workers (61) outnumber 0-14 88 .5 43 11 11 77 34 43 males (49).1'he following statement examines the 15-34 2 I 1 1 1 1 age distribution of the non-working population. 35-59 2 2 2 2 60+ 3 1 2 3 1 2 STATEMENT Vll Total 95 47 48 12 12 83 35 48 Non-workers by age groups Of the 8 types of activities into which the 1961 Census had classified non-workers, only two Population Non-workers Age are found in Abhapur. Students numbering 12 group Persons Male. Females Persons Males Females comprise 12.63 per cent of total non-workers 2 3 4- 5 6 7 and 5.43 per cen t of the aggregate population 0-14- 98 48 50 96 47 49 of the village. Their small proportion and the total absence of full-time students among females 15-34 72 38 34 8 2 6 bring out the backwardnesl of the village in 35-59 47 25 22 4 4 respect of. literacy and education. Not only is the percentage of literacy poor in Abhapur as 60+ 4 3 2 2 will be seen later, bUl the people also are not Total 2Z1 112 109 110 49 61 yet alive to the need of educating their children, OCCUPATIONAL PA1TERN 19

girls in particular. All the remaining non-workers against 2.67 in the primary and only 1 in the numbering 83 and constituting 87.37 per cent secondary sectors. are dependants who fall mainly in the groups of 111.8 OCCUPATIONAL COMBINATION infants and children below 15 and old people beyond 60 years of age. Three females in the Agriculture is the mainstay of the people working ages 15-59 are also returned in this and is generally followed as a principal occu­ category. Other six types of non-workers, namely, pation. persons engaged in household duties, retired Distributing the households according to the persons, beggars and vagrants, inmates of penal, occupation from which they derive the largest mental and charitable institutions, persons income, we find the following occupational seeking employment for the first time and those pattern. thrown out of employment are not found in the village. The fact that no person has been STATEMENT X reported under household duties shows that Occupational pattern women who perform the usual household chores als? lend a helping ha nd in the family occupa­ No. of No. of Occupation households Occupation households tiOl) of agriculture, livestock rearing, etc., and are, therefore, classified as wo~kers. 2 2 Agriculture 26 Tailoring I B-Occapational Pattern Livestock 4 Business 1 111.7 TYPES OF OCCUPATIONS Coal-making 5 Miscellaneous Forest labour 3 labour 1 Of the three broad types of occupations, viz., Service in forest Total 41 (1) primary concerning land, (2) secondary relat­ ing to processing, manufacturing or transforming Thus a large majority of 26 or 61.90 per basic materials from one state into another and cent of the households pursue agriculture as their (3) tertiary or !ervices and others not included main occupation. Next in the order of importance in the above two categories, those found practi­ is forestry which claims 5households engaged in sed at Abhapur for the moat part fall in the coal-making, :3 in forest labour and 1 in service first category. For almost all the households, in forestry, aggregating to 9 or 21.43 per cent 40 out of 42, are in the primary sector. of the total. One household each pursues tailoring, business and miscellaneous labour. STATEMENT IX Agriculture, the principal occupation of a Households by types of occupations majority of the households, is generally supple­ mented by some subsidiary activity as can be Average No. of seen from Table VIII in Appendix I. Only two persons households follow agriculture as a single occupa­ Percentage Total No. gainfully Type of Total No. to total of persons employed tion, while others combine it with livestock (2), occupa- of house- No. of gainfully per forest labour (8), business (1), etc. Several house­ tion holds households employed household holds combine more than two of these occupa­ 2 3 4 5 tions to earn their livelihood as the yield from Primary 40 90.48 107 2.67 land is poor owing to the inferior quality of Secondary 1 4.76 I 1.00 soil in forest areas. For instance, 16 households Tertiary I 4.76 3 3.00 comprising 109 persons practise livestock raising Total 41 100.00 111 2.64 and forest labour in addition to agriculture. The primary sector has the highest number 1II.9 OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY of gainfully employed persons-I07 out of 111. The average of gainfully employed persons per The absence of change from traditional household is, however, the highest in the tertiary oecupa tions brings out the immo bility of the occupations wherein 3 persons are gainfully occupational pattern. The shift from traditional employed on an average per household, as occupations all revealed from the following 20 CHAPTER III-ECONOMY statemen t is markedly small as only 3 householders favoured service instead of their traditional were found to have changed their fathers' occupation of farming~ while one showed prefer­ occupations. enCe for business instead offarming, and tailor­ ing and one technical line to his Own occupation STATEMENT XI of business.

Change in occupations C-Agriculture LAND UTILISATION No. of households changing Households showing prefer- IiI.10 father's occupation ence for son's occupation According to the cadastral survey recently Own Other Un- carried out, the total area of the village is Father', Pre!ent occupa- occupa- speci- 3,025 acres and 23 gunthas. The break-up of occupation occupation tion tion fled this area according to the village records, prin­ 2 3 4- 5 ted in Table IV in Appendix I, gives the Farming Service 19 Agriculture 11 Service 10 details about the use and occupation of lands. Service Agricul- 1 Techni- Only a small fraction of the total area is avail­ ture & cal line tailoring able for cultivation, the rest is un cultivable 1 Service Agricul- 1 Busi- land covered by forests, streams, etc. The ture & ness following statement slimmarises the-nata accord- flour-mill ing to the use of land. '

One of the three who gave it up was of the STATEMENT XII opinion that service which was the paternal Land utilisation occupation did not suit him for want of sufficient education. The reasons why the Area remaining households changed the paternal Items (in A.G.) Percentage occupation were not specified. As for the future 2 3 generation, as many as 19 preferred their sons Total geographical area 3,025-23 100.00 to take up their own occupations while 13 voted 1 Forest 1,919-19 63.44- for other occupations. Of the rest, five house­ 2 Barren and uncultivable 639-1 I 21.13 3 Land put to non-agricul- holds had no son, while five did not give any tural use 22-24- 0.75 specific reply. Eleven householders who wished .. Culturable waste 266-29 8.81 their sons to switch over to other occupations 5 Net area sown 177-20 5.87

A~HAPUR

MAHAL: VIJA't'NAGM DISTR ICT : SAIlAAKANTHA CULTIVATED· 5·rl7·/. CU~TAUS%BLE~ --~ 8'81'/. LAND PUT TO NON - -; AGRICULTURAL USE 0·75'/.

BARREN AND_ FOI:EST UN CUL TlVAB I.E 63 44 '/. 21'131.

1960-61 l.AND UTILISATION TENURE AlfD ASSESSMENT 21

Prior to the revenue survey, the area of the 'Vera' levied on the estimation of standing village according to the village records was crops (kaltar). 991 acres and 17 gunthas of which the area The following extract from the 1961 District sOWn waS 151 acres and 17 gunthas and the Census Handbook of Sabarkantha district, des­ remaining 840 acres were under forests. These cribes the steps taken by the Government for figures have now been revised as above. Almost the settlement of areas previously under princely two-thirds of the area is covered by forests which States. . cover 1,919 acres and 19 gunthas or 63.44 per "In the Merged State Areas, where cent of the total area. 21.13 per cent of land the land revenue settlement is considered are uncultivable and 0.75 per cent put to scien tific, in order to bring the land non-agricultural uses, having 14.66 per cent reven ue assessmen t on par with those only of the total area for, cultivation. The obtaining in the pre-merger talukas of the non-agricultural uses include roads and paths district, Govern men t framed Land Revenue (12 A. 6 G.), temples (2 A. 2~ G.) and canals Rule 19-N for fixing the land revenue (7 A. 34 G.). Out of 444 acres and 9 gunthas assessment in areas which are not settled of arable land, only 177 acres and 20 gunthas or not scientifically settled on terms similar or ~9.86 per cent are actually occupied by to the Bombay Revenue Code, Section 52. cultivators, and 60.14 pet centl are unoccupied According to Land Revenue Rule 19-N, or cultura ble waste. Thus only 5.87 per cent of the the villages in the various settlement groups total area of the land is under t;J:le plough. were generally compared with those in the pre-merger talukas in respect of permanent 111.11 TENURE AND AsSESSMENT and semi-permanent factors of physical All the land held by occupants is under the configuration, climate and rainfall, markets, ordinary tenure with rights to inheritance and communications , and star.dard of hus- transfer of land by way of sale, mortgage, etc. bandry, and comparable Union Areas, or As there is no land under inam or under any the areas forming part of the pre-Indepen­ of the alienated tenures, the recent enactments dence districts of Bombay Province, were for the- abolition of alienated tenures has not fixed for them. The standard rates of the affected the village. Under the tenancy legisla­ scientifically settled areas were then com­ tion making the tiller the occupant of the land pared with the standard rates of compar­ held by him, 19 acres of land held by the Pathan able Union Areas and remission was granted household have passed on to its tenants who to the extent of the excess of the former now enjoy occupancy rights. There are thus no over the latter. Under the Land Revenue middlemen between the occupant and the Rule 19-0 groups of the villages of the Government. merged areas were formed on considera­ The annual land revenue assessment fixed on tion of their homogeneity in respect of the arable land is Rs. 264.51 or Re. 0.60 per permanent and semi-permanent factors acre on an average. The occup

village site scale and the actual area of maize and inferior cereals like kuri and banI;. the Survey number or its subdivision". Udid and black til are also sown by some. Wheat. gram, barley and sarsav are rabi crops. lII.13 SIZE OF HOLDINGS Cash crops like tobacco and oil seeds are cons­ The land held by cultivators of other villages picuous by their absence. Consequently culti­ in Abhapur is only 44 acres and 34 gunthal vatiOn is not so much for marketing as for while no household from this village holds land subsistence. Paddy, wheat and gram are generally at any other village. The pattern of land-hold­ raised by irrigation. The irrigated area is about ings in the village as revealed by the present one-third of the total. The following statement survey is shown in the following statement gives details of each crop raised in the village. which furnishes data only for the land-holders staying in Abhapur. STATEMENT XlV STATEMENT XUI Crop pattern, 1960-61 Pattern of land-holdings, 1960 Percent- Area Area Total age to Acre No. of Area Acre No. of Area Name of irrigated unirrigated area total g~oups households held group. households held the crop (inA. G.) (in A. G.) (in A. G.) area 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 5

0-0.99 5 3-26 5... 9.99 4 22-17 A.-Khan! 86-OS 86-0S 48.96

1-1.99 12 16-16 10-14.99 Paddy 42-19 42-19 24.17

2-2.99 9 20-16 15-24.99 24-00 2 Maize 38-26 38-26 21.92

3-3.99 6 20-07 25 and over .. 3 Kuri & Band (mixed) 5-00 5-00 2.87 4-4.99 2 9-12 Total 39 116-14 B-Rabi S7-04 32-06 89-10 SUM Only one household possesses more than 15 acre~ of land. The Pathan household having 1 Wheat 40-00 8-00 48-00 27.49 24 acres of land accounts for 20.63 per cent of 2 Gram 7-04 20-00 27-04 15.49 the total area held by the villagers. About 50 3 Barley 10-00 4-06 14-06 8.06 per cent of land is held by 69.23 per cent of total holders in the size group of 1 to 3.99 Total cropped acres. The average size of .la.nd-holding per area 57-04 118-11 175-15 180.00 household is very small and uneconomic as it Of the total area of 175 acres and works out to 3 aCres only. Apart from inheri­ 15 gunthal al shown by the village records, tance, there have not been many lossel or gains more than 50 per cent or 89 acres and in land held by households by way of sale, 10 gunthas are claimed by rabi crops as against transfer, etc. During the past decade, only one 49 per cent by kharif, the former being family has purchased 4 acres of land, and 16 sown both in irrigated as well as unirrigated households reported having acquired land on land. The highest acreage is claimed by wheat eksali basis or yearly leases. Besides the one which is sown in more than one-foUl th of the household which lost 19 acres under the tenancy total cropped area. The next important crop is law to its tenants only one family lost 1 acre paddy which occupies 24.17 per cent of cropp~d and 17 gunthas of land. area, while maize (21.92 per cent) and gram (15.49 per cent) are other important crops III.l4 CROP PATTERN sown. Barley claims only 8 per cent of the area Only two crops are raised-kharifin monsoon sown while cultivation of inferior cereals like and rabi in winter. Kharij crop includes paddy, kuri and banli is insignificant. Bullock-cart stacked with hay

I!

I f , I ~ I I I,I I ·\ i J I. 3 2 4 Agricultural Implements· 1. Samar; 2. Karab (harrow) ; 3. Hal (plough) and 4. Dhunsari (yoke)

FACING PAGE 23 OROP pA'i'TERN 23

ABHAPUR MAMAL VIJAYNAGAR OlSTRICT: SABARK ANTHA 2·67 'f.

WHEAT 27 ·49 .,. MAIZE 21·92·,.

GAAM PADDY IS ·49 '1. 24·17 '1. BAJRI 13 3 1955_56 • 9'L 1960-61 8·06 '/.

IRRIGATED IRRIGATED 40·6,.,. 32·56·,. UNIARIGATED UNIRRIGATED 59·13·/. 6,.44·,.

1955-56 CROP PAT TERN 1960-61

STATEMENT ;XV 111.15 IRRIGATION AgriC1lltural implements As stated earlier, a small dam is built Items 1951 1956 1960 across the river Harnav from which irrigation is 1 2 3 .. carried out by meanS of a canal. Durin g 1951, an Ploughs (wooden) 28 32 42 area of 57 acres and 1 guntha ofland was irri­ Carts 2 1 gated, which formed 37.76 per cent of the gross A few households possess other essential cropped area. The area irrigated remaked more implements like samar, patiyu, ranpdi, karbadiyu, or less steady during the decade, being 57 acres simado and karab. Wooden implements are pre­ and 4 gunthas in 1959 and 61 acres and 1 guntha pared mostly by the farmers themselves without in the subsequent year, showing a very small the help of carpenters. The wooden plough rise. While the river supplied most of the costs Rs. 8. For well-irrigation, only one house­ water for irrigation, a small beginning is made hold has a kos or water-bag. There is a persis­ by well-irrigation in 4 acres since 1960. tent rise in the number of ploughs from 28 in 1951 to 32 in 1956 and 42 in 1960. Each of 111.16 AGRIOULTURAL IMPLEMENTS the icultivating households has a plough and Ploughs and carts are the major agricultural a Garasia has two. The average of cultivated implements in the village. Carts have traditional area per plough works out to about 2 acre. wooden wheels. Improved parts like rubber-tyred and 30 gunthas. It is relevant to mark here wheels have not yet found their way to the tha t 35 households in the village own a total village. Ploughs are wooden, and no iron or of 77 bullocks, or more than a pair on an other improved ploughs are used. The following average. The area cultivated per pair of bullocks statement gives figures of agricultural imple. thus works out to 3 acres and I guntha. In other ments during the years 1951, 1956 and 1960. words, the number of ploughs and bullocks seems 24 CHAPTER In-EOONO,,\'

to be more than adequate m relation to the harvesting. No fertilizer or chemical manure is land under the plough. uRed to increase the yield, but sometimes cow­ The reason for the very small number of dung is used as manure. carts is that the houses are situated in the fields Vari or black rice is also sown by broad. and most of the products are consumed locally casting seeds at the rate of 1 to 1i B. mds. and surplus if any, given to the local trader per acre. No chemical fertilizer is used. The and not carried to the market for sale. As a crop is ready after 120 d~ys. Reaping is done result, transport of produce over long distances by hands with the sickle. Good plants are is not required. earmarked for seed which is stored after thresh­ ing operations. 111.17 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES Wheat Agriculture is followed on traditional lines and operations like ploughing, weeding, sowing, For getting increased yield the tribals have harvesting, etc., are done by manual labour taken to the use of three improved varieties of with the help of bullocks as draft power. Kharif seeds, namely, Kenfad, Nefad and Pusapat. Prior crops are sown in July and harvested in Octo­ to sowing, land is intensively cultivated and the ber-November, while wheat is sown in October. seed is sown at the rate {)f 1 to Ii B. mds. per November and reaped in March. Cotton i. acre. The seed is broadcast keeping a distan ce sown in July and is ready for harvesting from of one furrow between two "rows. For getting January to March. Formerly farmers used better results sometimes cow-dung is used as a to broadcast seeds but seed drills are used fertilizer. After sowing, the crop requires watering nowadays. Preparatory' ploughing is done after four to five times. This variety ripens after Akhatrij or Vaishakb Sud 3 (May), and sowing 120 days when plants of good strain are cut is done after the first rain. Details of farming and separated for seeds. If sufficient water is practices of some of the important crops available, the yield per acre of land comes to such as paddy, wheat, barley and gram are lO B. mds. Another variety of seeds which is sown given below. without irrigation is called vqjiya which are also raised in the field cultivated four times and sown Paddy at the rate of I to It B. mds. per acre. Three varieties of paddy are grown in this Barley village, (1) kamod, (2) sathi dangar and (3) vari The crop requires three ploughings and (black rice). Agricultural operations involved in ample manure of cow-dung which is put at the the first variety are that seedlings are first raised rate of four cart-loads per acre. The require­ by sowing about ten seers of seeds per acre of men t of seed is I to 1i B. mds. per aCre. Sowing land and after a month transplanted to other is done by broadcasting method. Seed is stored plots of land specially reserved for it. Prior to from good plants reserved for this purpose. transplanting seedlings, land is prepared by ploughing it five times. This type of paddy is Gram ready for harvesting after 120 days, during Local variety of gram is obtained from the which period weeding operations are carried out field cultivated twice or thrice and manured twice or thrice. Average yield of paddy per with cow-dung. Seed is used at the rate of two acre is 5 to 6 B. mds., while 8 B. mds. would be to three maunds per acre. They are sown by the considered good. broa~cast method in alternate furrows. Sathi dangar, another variety of paddy is sawn by broadcasting seeds in the field which has 111.18 RECIPROCAL Am AND ADVICE been intensively tilled four times after the first Since all the cultivating households possess rains. About 1 to Ii B. mds. of seeds are ploughs, occasions for borrowing implements required per acre. The crop ripens after ninety from neighbours are rare. However, at the time days and has to be weeded twice prior to of sowing and harvesting operations, they take AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 25

help from their fellow villagers, and do not spend are gram (37.93 per cent) and kuri (50 per cent). on casual labour. The cultivators receive Cotton being a cash crop is sold in the market advice from Agricultural Extension Services to the extent of 70 per cent. But looking to the through Gramsevaks and agricultural officers small quantity produced (10-20 B. mds.) its about the use of better strains of seeds and ferti­ contribution to the family income is insignificant. lizers. Referring to statistics, 12 households out 111.20 AGRICULTURAL EXPENDITURE of 39 cultivated ones approach Gramsevaks for learning improved method of cultivation and The following statement gives details of agri­ the use of manure and implements. Of them, cultural expenditure incurred during the year, 9 acted upon the advice given and seven house­ 1960. holds reported resultant benefit in the form of better crops. STATEMENT XVD 111.19 AOJllCULTURAL PRODUCTION Cost or inputs or agriculture The details of agricultural production, portion Expenditure in Percentage utilised for home consumption and that left ClISh Kind Total to total surplus for sale is given in the following statement. Items of inputa (in Rs.) (in Rs.) (in R •. ) expenditure 234 5 STATEMENT XVI Seeds 352 418 770 38.99 Agricultural P:L'OduCtioD Manures 326 326 ' 16.51 Farm implements 64 64 3.24 (in B. mds.) Water charges. 164 164 8.30 Total Chemical fertilizers 25 25 1.26 quantity Total Cost of labour Annual Received consumed by quantity quantity from the producing available (casual) . Crops produced others households for sale Cost of labour (permanent) . 520 520 26.33 2 3 4 5 Land revenue 91 91 4.61 Wheat 201-00 6-00 181-00 26-00 Others 15 15 0.76 Jowar 5-00 5-00 Total 1,231 744 1,975 100.00 Udid 6-00 6-00 Kuri 3-00 3-00 3-00 3-00 Maize 251-35 16-00 257-35 10-00 Total inputs in the fields amounted to Paddy 107-00 1-00 87-00 21-00 Rs. 1,975 out of which an amount of Rs. 1,231 Gram 118-25 45-00 73-25 is spent in cash and Rs. 744in kind. The expen­ Barley 30-10 30-10 diture spent in kind claims about 38 per cent Cotton 10-20 3-20 7-00 of the total inputs. Seeds and pennanent labour In terms of quantity produced maize tops the appropriate about 65 per cent as against only list with 251-35 B. mds. followed by wheat 17 per cent on manures. Water charges accounted (201), gram (1 I8-25) and paddy (107). Barley, for only 8 per cent while land revenue constituted kuri and udid are prod uced in very small q uan ti­ only 5 per cent of the total cost. Expenditure ties. Most of the gram is sold in the market, but on farm implements, chemical fertilizers and other jowar, udid and barley are consumed locally with­ miscellaneous items comes to about 5 per cent. out leaving any surplus for sale. Paddy, wheat, The cost of inputs shows that the expenditure maize and cotton are also sold but in very small is mainly incurred on three items, namely, seeds, proportions as only 19.44 per cent of paddy, permanent labour and manure. 12.56 per cent of wheat and 3.73 per cent of 111.21 AGRICULTURAL CREDIT AND INVESTMENT maize find their way to the market. Consumption of maize, wheat and paddy which is 96.27 per Finance required for carrying on agricultural cent, 87.44 per cent, 80.56 per cent respectively operations during the year was mostly met from form the major items of cereals consumed loans advanced by the cooperative society as locally. Other foodgrains for home consumption seen from the following statement. K-4 26 CHAPTER ID-ECONOMY

STATEMENT XVID

Credit for agriculture and investment Investment Agricultural credit If by borrowed Investment Investment money If by own during No. of Amount Rate of during the resources the last house- borrowed interest previous Amount amount 10 years Purpose of borrowing holda (in &s.) Source (per cent) year (in &s.) Source (in RI.) (in Rs.)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Purchase of land Farm house 3,850 Construction of well 1,000 Irrigation equipments . Implements 60 Cooperative 7 41 41 15O society Bullocks 150 Unspecified 530 530 2,420 Fencing/bunding/levelling/ I any other Seeds 5 216 Cooperative 7 .' society Current farm expenses 10O Cooperative 7 society Total 8 526 571 571 7,420

Only 8 households borrowed money to the along with figures of other animals for the decade extent of Rs. 526 which were spent on buying 1951 to 1961. Poultry and livestock have a close seeds, bullocks, agricultural implements, etc. The bearing on the economic life of the people as credit was available from the cooperative society they are raised for the purposes of supplemen ting at 7 per cent interest. Investment in agriculture their income and for home consumption. was made on two items only, namely, bullocks and implements which accounted for Rs. 571 STATEMENT XIX from all sources. Total investment during the last 10 years comes to Rs. 7,420, the largest Livestock amount of Rs. 3,850 or 51.89 per cent went after Livestock 1951-52 1955-56 1960-61 construction of farm houses which are also used 2 3 4 as dwellings. The next item which appropriated Total 282 211 285 a considerable sum of money was bullocks and Bullocks over 3 years construction of a well which in turn accounted breeding 4 I 1O for Rs. 2,420 and Rs. 1,000 respectively. Agri­ , Bulloch over 3 years (others) 40 73 66 cultural implements appropriated only Rs. 150 Cows over 3 years in milk 26 16 8 during this period. Cows over 3 years (others) 34 56 41 Young stock (cows) 31 35 41 D-Livestock He-buffaloe. over 3 year. She-buffaloes over 3 years 1II.22 NUMBER AND VALUE OF LIVESTOCK (Milch) 14 10 7 Livestock in the village comprises domestic She-buffaloes over 3 years animals like bullocks, cows, buffaloes, sheep, (others) 18 16 21 4 goats, horses and ponies, pigs, etc. Details of Young stock (buffaloes) 7 12 Sheep breeding and \\orking bullocks and cows in milk Goats 106 78 and dry according to the quinquennial livestock Horses and ponies 2 1 censuses are given in the following statement Poultry 163 123 FACING PAGE 26 Feeding the calf

FACING PAGE 27 NUMBER AND VALUE OF LIVESTOCK 27

The heads of livestock have slightly increased for meat and eggs are also favoured for offering over the past decade from 282 in 1951 to 285 sacrifice to their gods and godlings. in 1961. It had, however, declined by 25.18 per Of the 42 households, 37 or 88.09 per cent cent in the quinquennium 1951-56 and stood at have livestock. The following statemen t based on 211. The decline can be attributed to the total the presen t survey gives the value of the livestock absence of goats during that period. Bullocks which besides land and houses form an impor­ and young stock have shown a considerable rise. tant assets of the village. The increase in the number of bullocks for breeding purposes from 4 in 1951 to 10 in 1961 STA TEMENT :xx and in the young stock of cows and buffaloes represen ts the attempts made by the villagers Livestock and their value, 1960 at improvement in their herds. Similarly the No. of Average larger number of working bullocks now main­ households value per tained point to some betterment in the condition with No. of Value head Livestock livestock of agriculturists who own them as the only livestock (in Rs.)(in Rs.) source of draft power. The decrease in the n um­ 2 3 4 5 ber of cows from 60 to 49 and buffaloes from Total 37 244 20,190 32 to 28 during the past decade shows an un­ Bullocks . , 35 77 9,955 129.29 happy decline in the number of milch cattle. Cows 18 46 2,945 64.02 Buffaloes 6 14 4,500 321.43 The cattle appear to be of poor breed as a Goats 13 71 1,210 17.04 result of their feeding onsoft grass. The livestock Young stock (cows) 17 25 940 37.60 pattern shows total absence of he-buffaloes over Young stock (buffaloes) 4 11 640 58.18 ~ years and sheep in the village. Poult~y reared Poultry 5 10 13 1.30

ABHAPUR ",AHAL VIJAVNAGAR DISTRICT: SABARkANTH,.

BULLOCkS 26·67'/,

GOATS COWS 37·S91. 21'29 .,.

...... ,;u:;...... i'--- BUFFALOE S 9 '92 ',. 1951-52 1960-61 GOATS 5·991.

YOUNGSTOCK IB·49·/. BULLOCKS ... 35·07 '/,

BUFFALOES -+1-f-'('"n'<'~J

1955-56\ l-IVESTOCK VALUE-196Q 28 CHAPTER UI-ECONOMY

Thus 35 out of 39 families pursuing agricul­ Milk and ghee to the extent of 130-26 B. mds. tures possess 77 bullocks, giving the average of valued at Rs. 2,733 are produced annually. more than a pair per household. The larger Most of the milk, a little less than two-thirds number of cows than buffaloes and of the is utilised for home consumption, as only 45-20 families owning the former shows the relative B. mds., are sold in the market for Rs. 910. popularity of the cow for milk. However, the Produce of ghee is insignificant, only 26 seers of buffalo is valued the most at Rs. 321 or 2! which about 65 per cent are sold in the market, times the value of a bullock which is Rs. 129. the sale proceeds amounting to Rs. 78. This A cow is valued at only Rs. 64 on an average shows that livestock which consists mainly of as against the young ones of buffaloes which milch cattle and bullocks is reared mainly for are valued at Rs. 58 or slightly less than a cow. obtaining bullocks and milk for consumption and The total cattle wealth of the village including not for selling its products in the market. poultry is assessed at Rs. 20,203, constituting 43.44 per cent of the total assets of the village III.24 EXPENDITURE oN LIVESTOCK excluding land. Bullocks account a little less than The villagers do not incur any expenditure a half or 49.30 per cent of the total livestock on grass. All the 37 households having livestock value, buffaloes 22.29 per cent, cows 14.59 per bring grass from the jungle and nobody spends cent and goats 5.99 per cent. The prices of anything on cattle feed. Other cattle feed bullocks which are generally imported from includes concentrates prepared from gram, barley Rajasthan have gone up during the past decade and gUT which are purchased by only 8 house­ as shown below. holds in cash from the traders incurring an expenditure of Rs. 227 annually. The rest Type 1951 1960 numbering 29 do not spend anything even on Rs. Rs. concen trates. Superior 150 250 The net annual income of the villagers from Medium 100 175 livestock products after deducting expenditure Inferior 70 125 on it comes to Rs. 2,506 or a mere 10.53 per III.23 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS cent of the total income of the village. Not only Milk and ghee are the only livestock products does livestock raising con tribute very little to of the village. The number of poultry seems to the people's earnings, but that the very low yield be largely variable and no poultry products have of milk suggests that sufficient attention is not been reported for the year under survey. It can paid to this aspect of the occupation which holds be, therefore, safely assumed that such product!! promise of a valuable supplementary income to if any, have no commercial value. Milk yield i; agriculture. generally low. A good cow yields 2 to 3 seers E-Forestry twice daily while a good buffalo about 5 seers. III.25 OCCUPATIONS The following statement brings out the value of livestock products produced and sold. Forestry is the main economic pursuit of nine families as seen earlier. But it provides supple­ STATEMENT XXI mentary income to many other households. The occupations available in the forests are coal­ Livestock products making, collection of forest produce and forest Quantity Quantity Value of labour for felling trees, etc. Out of 27 households produced Value sold quantity engaged in forestry either principally or Products (in B. mds.) (in Rs.) (in B. mds.) sold secondarily, fourteen families labour at charcoal 2 3 4 5 making which contributes Rs. 1,975 or 8.30 per Milk 130-00 2,600 45-20 910 cent of the total annual income of the village. Forest con tractors employ labourers for making Ghee 00-26 133 0-17 78 charcoal. They advance money to labourers Total 130-26 2,733 45-37 988 during, monsoon when there is no work in the FORESTRY 29

forests, setting off the amount against their to be a financier of the villagers. A couple of wages later on. A labourer gets Rs. 5 per bag households sold it directly to the customers or of charcoal prepared by him. to wholesalers in Vij ayn agar. There is no forest As to the collection of forest produce, as cooperative society covering the various forest many as 26 households collected the following occupations in the village. forest products worth Rs.l,130during the year. During the off-forest season it is not necessary for the villagers to migrate elsewhere because STATEMENT XXII they have their agriculture to look to. Indeed agriculture is more important to them and Forest produce forestry takes only a secondary place. Hunting Season for is not practised as an occupation nor are hunt­ Name of forest ing animals kept. In fact, 31 out of 42 families produce Collecting Selling stated that they were trou'bled by wild animals 2 3 such as panthers and bears. As a preven­ tive measure they have been found warding off Kadaya gum November-December August-8eptember Gum other the wild animals by shouting and making loud than kadaya April-June August-September noises. Vows are also kept since they believe SaCed musH October-December August-September that these animals are incarnations of their Timru leaves April-May January-February godlings and harass them when they are guilty Mahuda seeds May-June February-March of a breach of their vows. Out of these 31 house­ Mahuda flowers March-April February-March Honey May holds, two keep guns and one a dhariya for Puwad November-December safety. AmbIa fruits December-January December-January III.26 EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS AS FOREST Timru fruits April-May April-May Rayan fruits June-July June-July LABOURERS Jambu fruits June-July June-July The low employment poten tial of the occu­ Khatan bor December-January December-January pations is seen from the following data about Almost all the households sold their produce the period of employment and the income to the Vohra trader in the village who is said derived from forestry.

STATEMENT xxm Forest labour, employment and earnings

No. of months in a year that No. of households having monthly income (in Rs.) No. of households household gets the work engaged in Below 101 forest labour 1-4 5-8. 9-12 25 26-50 51-75 76-100 and above 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 27 17 10 20 ,6 1

Out of 27 households engaged in forestry, 17 meet. The income from forestry amounts to have work for a period of only 1 to 4 months Rs. 4,239 or 17.82 per cent of the total annual in a year as against 10 who manage to get it income of Abhapur. for a stretch of 5 to 8 months. Seventy per cent F-Other Occupations of these 27 households have a monthly income below Rs. 25. Only one household gets the maxi­ I1I.27 COMMERCE mum income of Rs. 76 to 100 per month as There is a grocery shop dealing in articles of against 6 who could take out an income of daily necessities like cereals, cutlery, toiletry, Rs. 26 to 50 per month. It is seen from the condiments, spices, cloth, and forest produce above statement that returns from forestry are which is bought in bulk from the village and meagre and hardly enough to make both ends sold by the shopkeeper in urban markeu. The 30 CHAPTER III-ECONOMY nature of transactions is cash, credit and barter. The earnings of 29 households are below the Three persons are employed at the shop. The average for the village. The income range Rs. 251 value of annual transactions is Rs. 15,000 or to 360 claims the largest number of famiIiel, Rs. 1,250 per month. The trader also pursues viz., 12 or 28.57 per cent of the total, followed agriculture besides the main occupation of by the range Rs. 481 to 720 which accounts for commerce. 9 or 21.43 per cent. These income ranges A flour-mill giving employment to two persons account for 15.65 per cent and 21.88 per cent is another commercial establishment in the respectively of the total annual income. Barring village. Its owner also pursues agriculture as a one Vohra family 92.86 per cent of the house­ subsidiary occupation. holds earn less than Rs. 721 per annum and appropriate 70.34 per cent of the total income. III.28 HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY The Vohra who is the local trader and also Tanning, pursued by the solitary Chamar practises agriculture earns the largest annual family, a~d tailoring followed by one household income of Rs. 4,102 or 17.24 per cent of the are the only household industries at Abhapur. village earnings. It outdistances by a wide The former, practised with age-old indigenous margin the next group of higher earners which techniques con tributes only Rs. 100 to the yearly claims two families in the income range Rs. 1,201 income of the family as a secondary means of to 1,500 and one in the next below range livelihood. Similarly, the income from tailoring Rs. 961 to 1,200. is Rs. 500. Fishing, followed by a couple of III.30 SOURCES OF IN'COME families yields a meagre income of Rs. 60 only. G-Economic Condition Income from sources other than land exceeds that derived from land by about 16 per cent, III.29 INCOME the former accounting for Rs. 13,708 or 57.61 The total annual gross income of the village per cent and the latter Rs. 10,080 or 42.39 per during the year under survey was Rs. 25,253, cent. The following statement gives details of which works out to Rs. 601.26 per household income derived from land and other sources. and Rs. 114.27 per capita. After deducting the inputs in agriculture and expenditure on live­ STATEMENT XXV stock, the net income is Rs. 23,794, the Income from different sources averages per household and per head being Rs. 566.52 and 107.67 respectively. The follow­ No. of ing statemen t distributes the households in different house- Income Percentage holdl (in Rs.) to total income ranges. Source 2 3 4 STATEMENT XXIV A-Income /rom land 10,086 42.39 Distribution of households according to 1 Owned but leased income ranges 2 Owned and cultivated !It 6,516 27.39 3 Taken on rent 15 3,095 13.00 No. of Annual Percentage 4 Wages earned by work Income range hOllse- Percentage income to total on fields 8 475 2.00 (in Rs.) holds to total (in Rs.) income B-Income /rom sources other 1 2 3 4 5 Less than 250 7 16.67 1,328 5.58 than land 13,708 57.61 251 to 360 12 28.57 3,725 15.65 1 Salary & wages earned 361 to 480 7 16.67 2,995 12.59 inside the village 9 1,880 7.90 481 to 720 9 21.43 5,:205 21.88 2 Salary. & wages earned 721 to 960 3 7.14 2,506 10.53 961 to 1,200 1 2.38 978 4.11 outside the village 28 4,785 20.11 1,201 to 1,500 2 4.76 2,955 12.42 3 From property inside 1,501 to 2,500 the village 25 6,506 27.34 2,501 to 3,500 4 From property outside 3,501 to 5,000 2.38 4,102 17.24 Above 5,000 the village 3 537 2.26 Total 42 100.00 23,794 100.00 Total 42 23,794 100.00 SOURCES OF INCOME 31

Taking aU the items separately, the highest earnings from forest and other labour claimed (27.39) income is derived from owned and one-fifth of the total income. cultivated land, an equal percentage from IlI.31 INCOME BY TYPES OF OCCUPATIONS property inside the village, and 20.11 per cent earned outside the village. Cultivation of own More than three-fourths or 79.25 per cent land contributes a little more than double the of the total income is earned from agricultural income derived from land taken on lease. Income and other pursuits in the primary sector as from agricultural labour is insignificant-only 2 against, 17.24 per cent or a little more than one­ per cent. Income from sources other than land sixth in the tertiary occupations. Income from include a major share from property inside the the secondary sector dealing with occupations village (27.34 per cent), that from outside being in manufacturing industries account for only only 2 per cent. The former sources included 3.51 per cent. Details of total income spread trades like business and flour-mill. Salaries and over different income ranges and by types of wages earned outside the village which included occupations are given in the statement that follows.

STATEMENT XXVI

Annual income by types of occupations

Annual income and households in the range of Less than Rs.250 Rs. 251 to 360 Rs. 361 to 480 Rs. 481 to 720 Rs. 721 to 960 Total No. of Annual No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of house- income house- Iacome houlle- Income house- Income house- Income house- Income Occupation holds (in Rs) holds (in Rs.) holds (in Rs.) holds (in Rs.) holds (in Rs.) holds (in Rs.) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Primary 40 18,857 7 1,322 12 3,725 7 2,995 9 5,205 2 1,671 Secondary 835 835 Tertiary 4,102

Total 41 13,794 7 1,318 11 3,715 7 1,995 9 S,lOS 3 2,S~6

Annual income and household. in the range of Rs. 961 to 1,200 Rs. 1,201 to 1,500 Rs. 1,501 to 2,500 Rs. 2,501 to 3,500 Rs. 3,501 to 5,000 Above Rs.5,000 No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of house- Income house- Income house- Income house- Income house- Income house- Income Occupation holds (in Rs.) holds (in Rs.) holds (in RI.) holds (in Rs.) holds (in Rs.) holds (in Rs.) 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Primary 1 978 2 2,955 Secondary Tertiary 1 4,102 Total 1 978 2 2,955 1 04,101

III.32 INCOME FROM DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS grocery shop, services and miscellaneous labour. The various occupations that go to comprise The following statement shows that agriculture sources of income are agriculture, agricultural alone accounts for Rs. 9,373 or 39.39 per cent labour. livestock, forestry, fishing, household of the total income derived by 40 out of the industries like tailoring, tanning, flour-milling, families inhabiting Abhapur. 32 CHAPTER III-EQONOMY

STATEMENT ::XXVII PER CAPITA INCOME & EXPENDITURE BY CASTE Income from different occupations RUPEES ABHAPUR 1500 MAHAL. VIJAYNAGAR DISTRICT SABARKANTHA Percent- Income o INCOME ~ EXPENDITURE age to per Income Amount total house- per 1350 Source of income (in Rs.) amount hold capita 1 2 3 4 5 I Agriculture 9,373 39.39 231 13 11 Agriculture labour 521 2.20 58 9 1200 III Livestock, Fishing, Forestry, etc. 6,805 28.60 181 33 Livestock 2,506 10.53 100 17 1050 Forestry 2,264 9.52 98 16 Fishing 60 0.25 30 7 900 Coal-making 1,975 8.30 141 24 IV HOUJehold IndUJtry 600 2.52 300 100 Tailoring 500 2.10 500 500 750 Tanning 100 0.42 100 20 V Manrifacturing 100 1.68 400 133 Flour-mill 400 1.68 400 133 600 VI Construction VII Trade and 4,000 16.81 Commerce 4,000 1,333 4S0 Shop (Grocery) 4,000 16.&1 4,000 1,333 VIII Transport, Storage

and Communication 300 IX Other Services 2,092 8.80 261 49 Service 800 '3.37 400 133 Miscellaneous ISO labour 1,285 5.40 257 37 Income from property 7 0.03 7 3 0 Total 23,7P4 100.00 566 108 a: z CASTE .. ...z ... Agriculture (39.39 per cent) is followed in :l! r a:.. a: .. I- r a descending order by trade and commerce j) r ... ".. 0 V iJ Q. :l! > (16.81 per cent), livestock rearing (10.53 per cent), gathering offorest produce (9.52 per cent), III.33 EXPENDITURE coal-making (8.30 per cent) and miscellaneous The expenditure pattern emerging from the labour (5.40 per cent). Considering the impor­ following statistics brings out the low standard tance of an occupation in terms of the average of living of the tribals wherein a majority of income to a household, it is trade and commerce the expenditure is taken up by food which which is the most lucrative, yielding Rs. 4,000 appropriates 67.65 per cent. per household, while in other cases individual averages do not go beyond Rs. 500. Thus tailoring STATEMENT xxvm gives Rs. 500 per household followed by Rs. 400 Expenditure pattern each from flour-mill and service, Rs. 257 from miscellaneous labour and Rs. 234 from agricul­ Amount Percentage Item (in Rs.) to total ture. Agriculture is found to be the least paying 1 2 3 among the various occupations. The per capita Food 16,538 67.65 income is the highest, as is to be expected, in Clothing and footwear 3,990 16.32 trade and commerce (Rs. 1,333). Other paying Fuel and lighting 382 1.56 Housing occupations in the village are tailoring yielding 200 0.82 Ceremonies and functions 1,220 4.99 Rs. 500 and service and flour-mill (Rs. 133 each). Services 409 1.67 The rest -of the occupations yielded income less Miscellaneous 1,709 6.99 than Rs. 50 per capita. Total 24,448 100.00 BUDGET 33

Table XI in Appendix I gives a detailed III.34 BUDGET break-up of items under each of these heads The village as a whole has a deficit budget in of expenditure. These statistics show that people view of the excess of expenditure (Rs. 24,448) over spend most on bare necessities and almost nothing income (Rs. 23,794) which works out to 2.75 per on comforts. The primary requirements of food, cent. Of 42 households in ·the village, only 11 clothing and shelter jointly appropriate 84.79 have a surplus budget, while 30 have a deficit per cent of the total annual expenditure. Out budget. Only one household has a balanced of the 67.65 per cent spent on food, 42.98 per budget, . the income just covering the expenses. cent are claimed by cereals, 3.53 per cent by All the households with deficit and one with a pulses, 9.12 per cent by milk and milk products, balanced budget are found in the primary sector, 4.13 per cent by meat and fish and the remain­ which has 9 families with surplus. One household ing 7.89 per cent by spices, vegetables, sugar, each in the secondary and tertiary sectors earns gur, etc. About one-sixth of the expenditure wen t more than it spends. The primary sector uses after clothing and footwear. Out of the small the surplus to repay old debts or keeps it as sum of Rs. 200 spen t on hou,sing, Rs. 140 were sa vings. The trader turns some of the surplus to spent on repairs and Rs. 60 on rent. Most of profit by investing it in his business. The deficit the outlay on fuel was on kerosene as firewood in the budget is made good by incurring new can ~ freely availed of in the forest region. de bts and in a few cases by selling assets. Ceremonies and functions claimed a fifth share, while very little was spent on .services. Among III.35 INDEBTEDNESS miscellaneous items, bidi, tobacj;o, pan, tea, etc., More than four-fifths of the households, are the most important as claiming 3.35 per cent numbering 34 or 80.95 per cent are burdened while smaller amounts are spent on travelling, by debts to the tune of Rs. 6,817 or an average and medicines. Only half a per cent is spent of Rs. 200.50 per indebted household. Most of after education. No expenditure is incurred on the debts are incurred on home consumption litigation. rather than for productive purposes like'meeting current farm expenses, improvement on land, Table XII in Appendix I gives details of purchase of tools, bullocks, etc., as evident from expenditure according to occupation and income. the following statement.

STATEMENT XXIX

Indebtedness by cause and source

No. of No. of house- Amount house- Amount holds of debt holds of debt Cause in debt (in RI.) Percentage Source in debt (in Rs.) Percentage 2 3 4 2 3 4 AU Causes 34 6,817 100.00 All Sources 34 6,817 100.00 Current farm expenses 7 339 4.97 Improvement of land 14 0.21 Government 2 210 3.08 Purchase of tools and Cooperative' society implcplents 1 60 0.88 9 493 7.23 Purchase of bullocks . 2 210 3.08 Money-lender Marriage and other ceremonies 2 350 5.13 Trader 34- 6,114 89.69 Medicines Relative Home consumption 32 5,844 85.73 Ochers Others K-5 CHAPTER III-ECONOMY

INDEBTEDNESS BY SOURCE AND CAUSE A8HAPUR MAHAL: VIJAYNAGAR DISTRICT: SABARKArnHA

TRADERS HOME CfNSUMPTION

:=::::\

~~~~~~~~~~OTHERS "091. .~: EXPENSES 4'97'1.

'1' '1':1: :1: :''''_CURRENTPURCHASE FARM OF' ~==-~eISI'7131~!'I-~i' ~~: :~: :~:~BULLOCKS 3'08'1. MARRIAGE AND OTHER CEREMONIES 5·13 '/.

SOURCE CAUSE

Looking to the nature of debt incurred, as cent from the Government. The cooperative much as 90.86 per cent of the debt is for movement has not yet come into its own as unproductive purposes like home consumption the most important source of credit for the (85.73 per cent) and marriages and other cere­ village. The dependence of '$e villagers on the monies (5.13 per cent). Only 9.14 per cent or local shopkeeper both for credit and day-to-day Rs.623 of debt are incurred for productive pur­ supplies gives him a position of power in the poses like meeting with current farm expenses village. The total absence of money-lenders in (4.97 per cent), purchase of bullocks (3.08 per the statement is rather deceptive since the cent), tools (0.88 per cent) and improvement traders and forest contractors are also their of land (0.21 per cent). money-lenders. Traders say that they do not An examination of different sources of finance charge any interest, but they also do not give borrowed discloses that the Vohra trader any annual accounts to their customers. They supplied most of the credit of Rs. 6,114 or 89.69 buy maize and other products from farmers at per cent of the total to all the 34 indebted cheap rates at harvest time and sell them back to households. The cooperative society was the them at higher rates in the monsoon. next important source which advanced loans to The following statement gives further details of the extent of Rs. 493 or about 7 per cent of indebted households by income ranges, amount the total indebtedness as against only 3.08 per of debt and average indebtedness per household.

STATEMENT XXX Indebtedness by income groups

Percentage Percentage Average No. of of indebted of indebted indebted- Average Total house- Amount households households to ness per indebtedness Income range No. of holds of debt to total total indebted household in per household (in Rs.) households in debt (in Rs.) households households debt (in Rs.) (in Rs.) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Less than 250 7 6 994 85.71 17.65 165.66 142.00 251 to 360 12 12 1,719 100.00 35.29 143.25 143.25 361 to 480 8 6 1,192 75.00 17.65 198.66 149.00 481 to 720 9 6 1,727 66.67 17.65 287.82 191.90 721 to 960 2 2 660 100.00 5.88 330.00 330.00 961 to 1,200 1 200 100.00 2.94 200.00 200.00 1,201 to 1,500 2 325 50.00 2.94 325.00 162.50 Above 1,500 Total 42 34 6,817 80.95 100.00 100.50 162.30 INDEBTEDNESS BY INCOME GROUPS 35

It can be seen from the statement that 34 or varies from 50 per cent to 85.71 per cent. The 80.95 per cent of the total households are in maximum indebtedness per indebted household debt. Examination of indebtedness according to over a year is Rs. 330 and 325 for those having income ranges reveals that all the households in a monthly income of Rs. 60-80 and Rs. 100-125 the income ranges of Rs. 251-360, 721-960 and respectively. The indebtedness in other income 961-1,200 are in debt, while in the rest of the brackets is less than Rs. 201 excepting those in income ranges, the incidence of indebtedness the range of Rs. 481-720.

NUMSf:H OF HOUSEHOLDS HOU:';C·10LDS ACCORDING TO INCOME RANGES 12 ABHAPJI'( MAI"4AL·. VIJAYNAGAR DISTRICT. SABARKANTHA

rOTAL NUMBER OF ~ NUMBER OF HOU~EHOLOS HCUSE:10LDS ~ IN DEBT 10

e

4

:2

III 0 ~'V)I 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 z .... II> .., :0 iii ;; .., c5 <5 <5 0 ~v III ~ .... a- N ...... ~ iii '" " ~ ..; CD ~ ... '" 111.36 FINANCIAL ASSETS cooperative societies, etc. Total financial assets Financial assets of the village excluding land of the village exclusive of Ian 0 and livestock are and livestock consist of valuables like gold, valued at Rs. 26,306. The fo ·--wing statement silver, and jewellery, houses and investment in gives details of various types of assests.

STATEMENT XXXI

Financial assets

Number of households according to value and types of assets Total No. of Valuables No. and Investment house­ Loans in Grain (Gold, silver, No. value of in coopera- Bank Other holds money loans jewellery) of houses owned tive societies deposits investments having ------house------Total different No. of Value No. of Value No. of Value holds Value No. of Value No. of Value No. of Value value types of house- (in house- (in house- (in owning No. of (in house- (in house- (in house- (in (in asset. holds Rs.) holds RS.) holds Rs.) houses houses Rs.) holds Rs.) holds Rs.) holds RI.) RS.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 41 35 6,205 41 45 20,050 4- 51 26,306 36 CHAPTER III-ECONOMY

Houses and ornaments are the only assets STATEMENT :xxxII worth the name: Dispersion of household over Average income, expenditure, indebtedness various types of assets shows that 32 families and assets have ornaments and owned houses, while 5 have (in lU.) only owned houses, 3 have houses, ornaments and investment in cooperative society and 1 has a Indebted- Income Expenditure ness Asset. house and investment in cooperative society. Among all the types, value of owned houses 2 3 4 5 amounted to Rs. 20,050 or 76.22 per cent of Per household 555.81 582.10 200.50 641.61 the total followed by valuables which accounted Per capita 105.62 11D.62 35.32 119.57 for Rs. 6,205 or 23.59 per cent. The investment in shares of cooperative societies was quite As remarked earlier, there is a slight excess insignificant as it is only Rs. 51 or 0.19 per cent. of expenditure over income which itself is very low. The extent of indebtedness is not alarming 111.37 SUMMARY as the debts amount to less than the yearly The economic condition of the village as a income and less than one-third of the total whole can be gauged by all the four economic assets. The small non-tribal section of the village indicators considered together in the following IS better off than the tribal fopulation, which statement. is backwa~d in all respects.

ABHAPUR MAHAL VIJAYNAGAR DISTRICT. SABARI(ANTHA CEREMONIES & FUNCTIONS 4 '99 '1.

AGRICULTURE & BUSINESS

FOOD TlON ANO LIVESTOCK 4 43 '/. INCOME EXPENDITURE ASSETS CHAPTER IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

The foregoing statement shows a sudden drop A-Demographic Data , in population after 1881 which is as low as 54 in IV.l PoPULATION 1901, the year which witnessed the most ruth­ ACCORDINO TO the present survey, the total less of famines of the Chhapana famine. It, how­ population of the village is 222 persons of ever, regains its 1891 position in 1951 whereafter whom 112 are males and 109 females. The the increase is significan t. variatio~ in population according to the Census The overall increase in population during is noted below since 1881. the decade 1951-61 is 67.15 per cent. Great disparity is noticed between the increase in the STATEMENT xxxm male population (53.33 per cent) and the female population (83.87 per cent). The rate ofincrease Variation in population in population of Vijaynagar mahal is 14.09 per cent and that of rural areas of the district is House- Percentage Year Houses holds Persons Males Females variatioD. 33.78 per cent. Both these rates are much lower than the rate of increase of Abhapur village. 2 3 4- .5 6 7 This very high increase may be reasonably attributed to the migration of outsiders as no 1881 408 330 78 less than 8 families have come to this village 1891 137 112 25 -66.42 during the present generation. 1901 13 54 32 22 -60.58 1911 14 84 53 31 -35.71 IV.2 AOE STRUCTURE 1951 24 25 137 75 62 +63.10 The statemen t given below distributes the 1960 42 42 221 112 109 +61.91 population among various age groups for 1951, 1961 42 42 229 115 114 + 3.62 1960 and 1961.

STATEMENT XXXIV

Population by age groups, 1951-61

1951 Census 1960 Present Survey 1961 Census Age group Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0- 4 18 9 9 37 16 21 40 16 24 5-9 36 21 15 33 18 15 27 16 H 10-14 17 12 5 28 14 14 28 16 12 15-44 55 28 27 104 54 50 106 52 54

45-59 11 5 6 15 9 6 25 14 11 60+ 4 3 3 2 AD Ases 137 75 62 221 112 109 229 115 114 37 38 CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

There is an appreciable increase in popula­ STATEMENT XXXV tion in all age groups except in age group 5-9 Population by age and sex, 1960 between the two cenSUSes. The intercensal Persons Males Females Increase in working age group 15-59 is 98.48 Age Percent­ Percent- Percent­ per cent, while the increase in youthful popula­ group No. age No. age No. age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 tion below fifteen years of age is 38.03 per cent. 0-14 98 44.34 48 42.86 50 45.87 Percentage distribution of the population by 15-34 72 32.58 38 33.93 34 31.19 35-59 47 21.27 25 22.32 22 20.19 age and sex according to the Socio-economic 60+ 4 1.81 1 0.89 3 2.75 Survey is examined below. AU Ages 221 100.00 112 100.00 109 100.00

POPULATION BY AGE GROUPS ABHAPUR

MAHAL: V!JA'f~ACAR

AGE GROUPS SEX RATIO

60 AND OVER

35 - 59

•••• I; __ S". '. 15 - 34

o - 14

50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50

Statement XXXV reveals that the distri­ according to the present survey. The village bution of males and females in all the age generally agrees with the pattern of rural areas groups is more or less even. The youthful popu­ of Sabarkantha district (960) where it is a little lation in the group 0-14 claims at sizable portion lower and rural areas of the State' (950) which of 44.34 per cent of the population. The working is still lower, but differs from the average for age groups IS-59 contain more than half or Vijaynagar mahal (1,035). From the foregoing 53.85 per cent, while a very small propor. statistics it can be seen that females exceed tion of 1.81 per cen t are aged 60 or males in the age groups 0-14, and 60 and over more. revealing greater female vitality.

IV.3 SEX RATIO IV.4 MARITAL STATUS

The average sex ratio defined as the number The civil condition of the population IS of females per 1,000 males comes to 973 examined in the subjoined statement. MARITAL STATUS 39

STATEMENT ~XXVl Marital status

Population Never married Married Widowed Age group Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0-14 98 48 50 95 47 48 3 2 15-34 72 38 34 12 9 3 60 29 31 35-59 47 25 22 44 25 19 3 3 60+ 4 1 3 1 1 3 3 Total 221 112 109 107 56 51 108 56 52 6 6

Out of 221 persons living in Abhapur, 107 in the age group 0-14. In the next higher group or 48.42 per cent are never married, an almost of 15-34 years, 12 persons out of 72 are still equal number of 108 or 48.87 per cent are unmarried. These figures show that child marri­ married and 6 or 2.71 per cent are widowed. ages are not common in the village. No person Though divorce is freely allowed in this commu­ has remained unmarried after the age of 35 years. nity, not a single person is divorced or separated. It is also noteworthy that all the 6 widowed Only 3 persons are returned as married before persons are females, who are aged 35 years or . attaining 15 years of age out of a total of 98 more.

'lUMBER OF PERSONS 100 ~.GE AND MARITAL STATUS -l ABHAPUR i 90 MAHAL: VIJAVNAGAR DISTRICT SABARKANTHA!

o NEVER MARRIED ~ MARRIED I

80 F::::] WIDOWED

70

60

50

40

30

20

P H F r> M F P M F p [~ F AGE GROUPS 0 - 14 15 - 34' 35 - 59 60 AND OVER 40 CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

The number of survivals, totalling 45, does B-Vital Statistics and Health not fully explain the intercensal increase of 92, IV.5 BmTHs AND DEATHS some of whom must be in-migrants. The birth In all 60 births and 15 deaths were registered and death-rates calculated on the basis of mean at the village during the decade 1951-60 as population of the censuses are 32.79 and 8.20 detailed below. respectively. These compare favourably with the STATEMENT xxxvn rates for the rural areas for the district (21.11 Births and deaths and 9.77) and the State (27.54 and 12.13). Year Births Deaths Survival. These figures are, however, to be read with 1 2 3 4 caution because large variations in births and 1951 10 I 9 1952 5 .. 5 deaths from year to year indicate defects in the 1953 10 5 5 registration of vital events ",hich cannot be 1954 6 1 5 1955 9 2 7 ruled out. 1956 2 2 1957 2 .. 2 IV.6 FERTILITY 1958 8 4- 4 1959 3 3 Total births to all the still married women 1960 5 2 3 Total 60 15 4S In the village are given below.

STATEMENT XXXVIII Births to stiU married women

No. of still married women Births before tho last 12 months Births during the last 12 months Not having Having Grand child child Males Females Total Alive Dead Alive Dead Total total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 9 43 5 3 8 8 114- 26 140 148

All the 8 children-5 males and 3 females­ children born is eleven to a woman in the age born during ~he last twelve months are alive. group 31-35. The first three birth orders Total children born to still married women account for a large majority of 65.53 per cent prior to the last 12 months numbered 140 of of the total births. whom only 26 or 18.57 per cent were dead and 114 or 81.43 per cent were still alive at the IV.7 HEALTH time of the survey. Living a hard life involving considerable Out of 52 still married women, 9 are childless. manual labour in the open, people enjoy fairly The total number of children born to the good health though they are not particularly remaining 43 was 148. The average number of conscious about personal hygiene. Only 12 out children born per still married woman thus of 42 families take bath regularly. Of the remain­ comes to 2.85 or nearly 3. The percentage of ing households, 21 could not specify any reason childless women is 17.30. for their irregularity in this respect, while in The age distribution of mothers at the time the case of 7 households it was attributed to of births is examined in Statement XXXIX. ignorance. One household each reported that Out of 148 total births only 4 or 2.70 per it did not have time for a regular bath as it cent covered by the first and second orders were was preoccupied with labour at charcoal making born to mothers below 18 years, which shows and that it was afraid of catching cold by the a bsence of early marriages and advance­ bathing daily. Only two families use soap ment in age at marriage. The maximum number regularly for their bath, 33 using it once or of 39 births or 26.35 per cent is claimed by the twice a ",eek and the remaining 7 rarely age group 31-35. The maximum number of or never. HEALTH 41

STATEMENT XXXIX

Number of children according to mother's age at birth

Birth order Percentage to total Age group 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 10th + Total births

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 10-14 15-17 3 4 2.70 18-20 4 3 3 10 6.76 21-24 5 3 1 10 6.76 25-27 5 4 4 3 2 20 13.51 28-30 3 2 2 2 12 8.12 31-35 8 7 7 4 3 3 2 2 1(11 ) 39 26.35 36-40 5 4 4 4- 2 2 22 14.86 41-45 8 3 2 2 19 12.84 46-50 6 4.05 I 51+ 1 6 4.05

All Ages 43 29 25 18 11 10 6 3 1 1 1 148 100.00

In case of illness all the households reportp-d planning are slow to reach this village situated that they have no objection to resort to allopa­ far away from urban centres. OtJy two house­ thic treatment. The hold of orthodoxy is, holds of the Vohra trader and a forest guard however, seen from the fact that 39 out of 42 are aware of devices for preventing conception families believe in religious or superstitlous by deliberate means, which they favour because cures. Moreover, 25 families also utilise indigen­ a limited family helps maintain the health of ous medicines prepared from herb5, roots, the mother and ensures proper nourishment and leaves, etc., procured from the forest. These are upkeep of the children. boiled, powdered or pounded and given with C-Literacy and Education water. Common illnesses like diarrhoea, fever, pneumonia, etc., are treated in this mapner. If IV.9 LITERACY affliction by evil spirits is suspected, a bhuva The rate of literacy in the village is very is called. No epidemics have visited the village poor. Out of its 221 inha bitan ts on ly 26 or 11.76 in the past ten years. O.le case of asthma was per cent are literate. Abhapur thus not only reported in 1957. falls far short of the State and district rllral literacy rates of 24.09 per cent and 22.32 per People are quite conscious about vaccination. cen t respectively bu t elso fails to come up to 33 families have all their children and 2 have the mahal .werage of 18.88 per cent. An improve­ some of them vaccinated. The remaining families men t is, however, noticed in this respect over either had no children or were w li ting for the the' past decade. At the 1951 Census only vaccina tor to vi~it the village. 3 persons-all males-out of the total populatlOn of 137 were returned as literate. IV.8 FAMILY PLANNING The subjoined statemen t distributes literates Not ~nexrectedly, modern idC'as about family by sex and age. K-6 42 CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

STATEMENT XL

Literates by sex and age

Percentage of literates Total population Literates to total Age group Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0-14 98 48 50 15 14 15.31 29.17 2.00 15-34 72 38 34 8 8 lUI 21.05 35-59 47 25 22 3 3 6.38 12.00 60+ 4 3

All Ages 221 112 109 26 25 1 11.76 22.32 0.92

LITER ACY BY AGES ABHAPUR t.AAHAL: VIJAYNAGAR DISTRICT: SABARKANTHA 125 TOTAL POPULATIO ___ TOTAL LITERATE PERSONS LITERATE MALES LITERATE FEMALES c:::J LITERATE

~ ILLITERATE

100

., 15 z 0 ." ...II: Q. ... 0 ..,II: GI :::; :> Z 50

25

'.- .... _--_

__ • ___ .c.- __ _ o -'-~--- AGES 0-14 LITERACY 43

Among males, those who can read and write of households inhabiting the village are given number 25 and comprise 22.32 per cent of the below. total male population. Among females, however, STATEMENT XLI only one of their total number of 109 is literate. Settlement history of households The highest percentage (15.31) of literates is No. of households settled found in the school.going ages 0·14 to which Before Between Between Before During also the solitary literate female belongs. The Castel Total 5 4-5 2·3 one present commu· house· gene· gene· gene- gene­ gene· percentage of literacy progressively declines in nity holds rations rations rations ration ration the subsequent age groups to 11.11 in 15-34 and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dungri 6.38 in 35-59. None of the four persons beyond Garasia 38 9 4 18 6 60 can read and write. Chamar 1 1 Muslim 3 1 1 1 No literate has gone beyond the primary All Castes 42 10 4 18 2 8 level. Out of the 34 literates returned at the Out of 42 families residing in the village, 1961 Census, only 3 persons had taken primary eight have settled in Abhapur during the present education, while the rest had not obtained any generation. Of the latter, six belong to Dungri educational qualification beyond learning how Garasia caste. Eighteen househulds all belonging to read and write. to the same caste have settled there two to three Abhapur has no school of its own. The generations ago, and the rest have settled even , nearest primary school isat Dholivav at a distance earlier. It is interesting to note that only one of two miles. Established only during the presen t Muslim family is among the original settlers decade, it is a single teacher school which had who came to the village before five generations 29 studen ts in 1955-56 and 49 in 1960·61. while the only Harijan family residing in the However, owing to their ignorance or back­ village has settled there only during the present wardness and poverty people are not particular generation. about the schooling of their children who are Of the ten families that have settled in useful to them in agriculture, labour, and other Abhapur before one generation or during the household work. This is borne out by the fact present generation, six came from Rajasthan, that only 11 out of 88 non-workers in the age 1 from Vijaynagar, 2 from Bhiloda and 1 from group 0-14 are full· time students as seen earlier. Himatnagar. Two of them migrated for business, Those among them who appreciate the need of and one for Government service, while one education in the changed circumstances send family left its native place as it did not have their children to school of their own accord at sufficient land there. One head of the household the age of six while a few others are compelled together with father, mother and brother has to do so because of the law regarding compul­ emigrated from this village to settle in Rajasthan. sory primary education. The Block Development Officer organised IV.Il SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS adult literacy classes at Dholivav jointly for the The average size of the family in the village villages Dholivav and Abhapur from 1957 to is 5.26. The composition of the households is 1959. The first standard, working from 1st Decem­ examined in detail in the statement given below. ber, 1957 to 25th Decembf'r, 1958 was attended STATEMENT XIJI by 21 persons of whom 18 passed the examiration Size of households at the end. The second standard which followed Percentage Percent· from the 1st January to 6th May, 1959, had to total age to 18 persons on the roll, of whom 9 were declared No. of No. of Total total house· house· popu· popu- successful. The classes have failed 10 make cny Size holds holds lation 1ation sizeable impact on Abhapur. I 2 3 4 5 D-Settlement of Households and Family Single member 2 4.76 2 0.90 2-3 members 11 26.19 27 12.22 Structure 4-6 members 17 40.48 85 38.46 IV.lO SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF HOUSEHOLDS 7-9 members 9 21.43 71 32.13 10 and over 3 7.14 36 1629 The details regarding the settIemen t history Total 42 100.0() ZZI 100.00 44 CHAPTER lV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

Out of 42 families, 2 are single member caste. But, the proportion of simple families to households. Eleven or 26.19 per cent are smaller the total is comparatively much higher thl'-n sized families having 2-3 members as against joint or intermediate. The elder son8 generally 9 or 21.43 per cent having large families of separate out from the families as they marry. 7-9 members. The largest section of 17 or 40.48 IV.13 INHERITANCE OF PROPERTY per cent consists of 4-6 members on an average and 3 or 7.14 per cent have the largest The age-old system of inheritance of property families of ten and more. The population is still followed in the village. The custom of included in each of the groups is, however, dividing the property equally between the male more significant. Here also, while the biggest heirs is mostly favoured. All the 42 households proportion, viz., 38.46 per cent is found in the divided their property among sons but 3 house­ medium range, 48.42 per cent 9f the population holds also favoured inheritance of property is huddled together in large and very large equally by sons and daughters, and 3 by sons families, as against only 13.12 per cent living and the widows of the deceased members of in small families. the family. Of the three householders favouring equal shares to sons and daughters, one fell in IV.12 FAMlLY STRUCTURE the age group 31-40 and two were below21. The following statement gives the distribution E-Religion and Festivals of families by caste into three main classes, IV.14 RELIGIOUS BELIEFS namely, simple, intermediate and joint. A simple family consists of husband and wife and un­ Barring three Muslim households, all the married children, an intermediate family consists population is Hindu. The Scheduled Tribe of a married couple, unm~rried brothers and people who inhabit the village generally do not sisters and one of the parents, while a joint keep household deities nor do they regularly family consists of a m ..l.rried couple with m.lrricd visit temples. There are a couple of shrines in sons or daughters or with married brothers and the village where they fulfil their vows. Only sisters. five families have household deities like Ganpati, Vishnu, Kalika Mata, Amba Mata and Narsinh. STA TEMENT XUII Some people follow Ramanand and Kabir sects. Castewlse distribution of households The main places of pilgrimage for the people are according to nature of family Sharnlaji situated about 50 miles away in the neighbouring taluka of Bhiloda, and Kesariaji Types of families staying in in Rajasthan. The former is a well-known the household Total Vaishnav shrine of north Gujarat. The god is No. of Inter- affectionately called Kalio Bavji or the Dark Caste households Simple mediate Joint Other. Divinity meaning Shri Krishna. Kesaria Bapji, 2 3 4 5 6 as they refer to Kesariaji, is a famous Jain Dungri Garasia 38 22 3 10 3 shrine about 48 miles away from Abhapur. Chamar . 1 Devotees offer coconuts to these deities and also Pathan (Muslim) make cash offerings as might have been avowed. Makrani (Muslim) People also believe in Mataji or Mother Vohra (Muslim) I Goddess to whom a goat is occasionally offered Total 42 22 5 10 5 for health and happiness. They also offer her The ab JVe statement shows that out of 42 beautiful terra-cotta horses. The typical Sabar­ households more than half numberin g 22 or kantha terra-cotta horse has its components­ 52.38 per cen t are simple families, 10 or 23.82 legs, body, neck ,'nd head-prepared on the per cent are joint and 5 or 11.90 per cent are potter's wheel which are joined later on. A rider intermediate. Out of 38 families of Dungri is also kept on its back. These are not made G..l.rasi.l 22 or 57.89 per cent are simple. All locally, but potters of Chorivad and Chhotasan the t~n families classified as joint belong to this villages in Idar taluka prepare and supply them i

.}

Terra-cotta horse with a rider

FACI="G PAGE 44 Relaxation The jJleaSlire of sm oking pipe

FACING PAQE 45 RELIGIOUS BELIEFS 45

according to order. A coconut is broken at the of Shravan by 1. Three Muslim families observe time of offering the horse. fast during the holy month of Ramzan. They also sacrifice goats to other gods and IV.15 FESTIVALS goddesses including Dharti Mata or Mother Earth to save them from epidEmics and ensure The festivals commonly observed are Divali peace and happiness to men as well as animals. (Ashvin Vad 30), Uttarayan (January 14), However, the custom of offering animal sacrifices Holi (Phalgun Sud 15), Akhatrij (Vaishakh Sud3), is stated to be slowly on the wane. Balev (Shravan Sud 15),janmashtami (Shr;:van Adivasis have a deep faith in manatas or Vad 8), Navratri (Ashvin Sud 1 to 9), etc. vows. In the case of illness they resort to Muslims celebrate festivals like Ramzan Id, charmed strings and talismans prepared by bhuvas. Moharram, Bakri Id and Id-e-Milad. Manala is generally kept in the name of Kesariaji Some of the typical festivals celebrated by or Dharti Mata. When the wish is fulfilled, Adivasis of this area are described below. worship is offered to the deity as avowed with a (0) Divali coconut and its praJad is distributed in the village. Adivasis have their own bhuvas who perform From 11 o'clock in the· night, boys as well their occult cures by invoking evil spirits while as men move in a procession with torcr.es called violently shaking their bodies which is known meraya made of bamboo sti,cks. They move from as dhunvu. Though the people do not give much house to house and are given some ghee or gur or thought to the condition of the soul after death, eatable by every househ(;lder, whose family they believe in witchcraft and evil spirits turning members join the procession thereafter. While women in to witches. halting at each house they sing folk-songs relating Besides manatas or vows kept in the name of to the coming of 'Gurjar' tribes to this <' rea (Jr Mataji and Kesaria Bapji, a peculiar vow of to heroic deeds in defendin g their villages. This dungar navravvo meaning 'washing of the hill' was goes on till noon the next day which is called quite common till recently. The vow was kept the jhavni day. In the evening on that day they to obtain offspring. On fulfilment, one of the meet together at the house of the mukhi or the hills in the area was set afire causing great village heC1.dm<>.n or some other leading person. damage to the forest wealth. The custom has Here they embrace each other and sing folk­ now lost some of its early hold and the people songs. This is repeated for the next four days at have come to consider it a harmful practice. the place of other persons who. may invite them. Some of them wisely point out that the sin of Every householder paints the horns of his lighting such a fire cannot result in an auspicious cattle with ramji or red ochre. Pieces of yellow boon of having a child. string, given by their bhuvas . ;:ore also tied to the The intensely religious men among Adivasis horns for good omen. If any animal does not become what are called bhagats by accepting at allow the string to be tied, the meraya proces­ the hands of their preceptors or gurus a sacred sionists on request subdue it by their physical thread to be ' worn on the neck. They cannot might and are given a seer of ghee in return. take their meals without taking bath and have On the morning of jhavni day cows of the to abstain from meat and liquor. They also village are collected in a herd and made to cannot accept food at the hands of persons who run by frightening them. take non-vegetarian food or wine. They make The bridegroom married during the preceding their women-folk strictly observe menses by year is invited by his father-in-law on the day refraining from cooking for four days. prior to Divali. He is feasted and given a As many as 30 families observe some fasts meraya along with the gift of a dress an d sometimes on religious grounds. One of them also thought even an ornamcn t. that the practice is good for health. Fasts are ( b) Uttar ayan observed during the Navratri festival by 16 households, on full-moon days by 13, Saturdays Unlike others, Adivasis do not celebrate by II) Sundays by 3, Mondays by 1 and month Uttarayan or Makar Sankranti on Januay 14 46 CHAPTER. IV-socrAL AND CULTUR.AL LIFE but on the first Friday of the Hindu month of people start collecting and at about 4 o'clock Pausha. Predictions are made on this da y about the mukhi fires a gUll, and, ligllting the bonfire, the success of the coming monSOon. In the morning offers a coconut in it. In the folk-dances that of this day men accompanied by young boys follow, men play dandia-ras Lround the fire, while proceed to the outskirts of the village and c; tch women dance in a row in an inner circle. three or four dev-chakli birds. By 10 o'clock For the next five days lez.din g persons of the they return to the village and go to one of the village invite others who assemble at their house vill ge leaders accompanied by drummers. Here and play folk-dances with dandia and drums. the birds are fed til mixed with glzee and then The host distributes d~tes and coconuts among released. It is believed that if the bird flies them. north or east or sits on a green tree, there Many Adivasi fairs are held on the occasion would be satisfactory rains, if it settles on the of Holi, where the people do their marketing ground, the season would be a moderate one, and mL'.ke merry. An' opportunity is also taken and if on a dried up tree, then there would to settle marriages, many times by the boy and be a famine. It is considered particularly meri­ girl themselves. Sometimes the boy may be torious to give alms to religious men like bhuvas, required by the parents of the girl to show his priests and gurus on that day. prowess by different physical feats. In the evening men play gedidada. The dada Immediatelyafter Holi every, newly married or ball is made of rags covered by leather and man with his bride visits his father-in-law with Wl ighs about 5 seers. At night men and women eleven or twelve coconuts. He bows to his father perform folk-dances and share with one another and mother-in-law offering RI. q. and similarly the eatables brought with them. offers 3 Annas to other elders. He also gives them Playing upon drums-a necessary concomitant a coconut e;,.ch. The coconut kernal is distributed of the Holi festival-starts from this day and in the family. continues uninterrupted up to Rang Panchami Many people dress in their best and go to or the fifth day after Holi, i.e., for over two Vijaynagar in village-wise groups from far and months. near. Besides making purchases and enjoying themselves, they go to the houses of their (c) Amali Agiarash acquaintances and collect goth or contribution Phalgun Sud II, called Amali Agiarash is a of a coconut or the price of one. Gur and dates da.y of fasting for boys and girls. In the evening are also collected. They also ask for goth from they carry ears of new corn like wheat to the CItIzens and passers-by who, if they refuse to place where Holi is generally lighted. After part with the gift, are not allowed to proceed going round seven times in pradakshina around further but drenched with colours, mud, dust, etc. the mound of the ashes of the previous year's (e) Balev Holi, they have darshan of Mataji andreturn home to a feast. This day is a popular occasion Balev, Shravan Sud 15, is not observed by for holding fairs in Adivasi areas. People also all. But Adivdsis who have turned bhagats go to abstain from work on this day. Dates are eaten their guru's place and put on sacred thre,ds for the first time in the season on this day. in their necks like the janoi of Brahmins, which is c",lled banu nakhvu. After first putting on this (d) Holi thread, the bhagat has to observe strict restrictiuns Holi, celebrated on Phalgun Sud 15 is the about his food, conduct, etc. most important festival of Adivasis, the celebra­ (j) Randhan Chhath and Shitla Salam tion of which spreads over 2.. fortnight. A few days prior to Holi, youths of the village start Food is cooked in the night of Randhzen collecting dung-c~.kes from the manure dumps Chhath on Shravan Vad 6, to be eaten cold under cOve"r of the night. Adivasis burn only on the next day called Shitla Satam after a dung-cakes in the Holi fire and not wood. At purifying bath and applying kumkum marks on about 12 midnight on the full-mom! day the forehe;_d. Those who have taken c. vow FAIRS 47 against small-pox eat food obtained by begging hawkers ,nd pedlars still offer for sale a variety on this day. of merchandise like eatables, cloth and garments, metal and earthen wares, silver and metal orna­ (g) Navratri men ts and trinkets, bangles, cutlery, toys and Navratri or the fes1>ival of the Nine Nights other sundry articles. A Khadi Gramodyog from Ashvin Sud I to 9 sacred to the Mother exhibition is also organised by the 10 cal Sarvoday Goddess is not celebrated daborately by Adivasis. Ashram School. A big cattle baza,r w~s But those having faith in Tantra-vidya fast for former ly held at the fair but has been discon ti­ all the nine days. At night, people 2ssemble at n ued since 1951. For recreation there are merry­ their place and sing songs and perform folk­ go-rounds, giant wheels, circus, cinem2. shows, dances. People also worship Dharti Mata or dramas, magic shows, etc. Social ,nd cultural Mother Earth during this festival. activities include agriculture and cattle shows, documentary film shows, etc., by the Community IV.16 FAIRS Development Block and other Government The villagers generally attend the Kartik agencies. The £':1ir is organised by the District PUrn'ima fair at Shamlaji and the Janmashtami Panchayat, successor to the District Local fair at Vijaynag.lr. ShamJaji, about 50 miles Board, which provides street ligh ting, disinfects away from Abhapur, is an important Vaishna­ drinking water wells, makes sanitary arrangements, vite shrine of north Gujarat. It is over 600 years and opens a small dispensary and first-aid old: The two storeyed temple with a tall spiral centre for the duration of the fair. Thus the tower or shikhar is a m')ll umen t of archaeological fair, over a century old, continues to attract, interest with beautiful sculpture all round. Built among others, vast numbers of the tribal in classic,tl Hindu style, it has carvings of episodes population of the surrounding areas and offers from Ramayana and Mahabharata besides beautiful withal a useful venue for trade and merriment, friezes of elephants, horses, human beings, etc. influenced by the modern ide,s of social service According to some, it was built in the 11th and welfare which are gradually introduced. century and belongs to the Solanki period. The The f<;ir at Vijayragar is held onJanmashtami river Meshwo which passes by has a deep pool or Shravan Vad 8 (August) celebrated as the called Nagdh3ro near the temple. it bath in birthday of Lord Krishna. It is attended by it is believed to cure evil spirits. Ashes of the about 3,000 persons including Adivasis from dead are also consigned to the holy waters here. surrounding villages. The activities at the fair There are several other old shrines in the area include singing of bhajans and an exhibition and a Buddhist stupa of the 2nd century A.D. regarding development activities by the Block was found nearly a couple of years ago at. Devni Development Officer. About 30 to 40 stalls of Mori. sweets, eatables, ornaments from Ud,ipur in The Kartik Purnima fdir at Shamlaji, lasting Rajasthan, and miscellaneous 2rticles are set up. for about three weeks from Kartik Sud 11 The main religious function is the celebration of (November), is visited by about 150,000 persons the birth of Shri Krishna at Ramji Mandir at who include large numbers of Adivasis as well 12 midnight. The vill, gers visit the fair mainly as people of all castes from north and central for recreation rnher than for religious purposes. Gujarat. Tribals from the neighbouring talukas Dressed in new clothes, they go to the fair on and even from Rajasthan walk 20 to 30 miles foot and enjoy items of entertainment like merry­ in village-wise groups or forming into bhajan go-rounds and a variety of e<>.tables in repast. mandalis led by bhagats sin ging devotional Among other fairs attended by people from songs. Abhapur is the Vireshwer fair, held at Vireshwer The Shamlaji fair used to have considerable Mahade'v, about 1I miles from the village, on commercial importance in the past, when business Vaishakh Sud 15 (May) and visited by 1,500 to worth Rs. 8.80 lakhs was transacted for each 2,000 persons. The temple is situated at a beautiful year during 1873 to 1876. Though it does not spot in the forest. Adivasis perform folk-dances. enjoy the same importance today, over 400 shops, About 50 stalls of sweets, eatables, etc., are set 4-8 CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

up. The fair is organised by the management social disputes. This body consists of caste of the temple, and attended by people from leaders represen ting different villages who are neighbouring villages and from Idar taluka. called patels or panchas. Social disputes pertaining Nearer home, a small fair is held at Androkha to marriage, divorce, adultery, elopement, etc., about four miles away on Margashirsh Sud 15 are referred to it for se~tlement. Complaints of (December) on the occlsion of the foundation theft, robbery, hurt or even murder are many day of Astik AshrJ.m, a welfare institution run times brought before it when both the aggrieved by Bhi! Seva MandaI. It is visited by about party and the accused are Garasias. The panch 500 pen:ons from surrounding villages. An inflicts fines as punishment which are sometimes exhibition is organised by the Block Develop­ awarded as compensation to the aggrieved ment Officer. About 15 stalls of sweets, eatables, person. For example, if a man runs away with silver ornaments, etc., are put up. The fair is a married woman, he is fined from Rs. 50 to organised by the Astik Ashram. 200 depending on whether he returns her to her husband or not. The fine is paid to the husband. IV.17 FOLK-DANCES In the case of a murder, if the dispute is not While Adivasis do prepare baskets and other settled before the panch by a suitable award, articles of bamboo, they have not specialised in the family feud between the parties may any other form of handicraft. But in the field continue and even take a serious turn. Seduction of folk-music and folk-dance, Adivasis have a of an unmarried girl is also seyerely punished special place. They have a special significan ce for unless the boy is an eligible Garasia in which them at the time of fairs, festivals and social case a marriage is insisted upon. occi:sions like marriage. Folk-dance is a necessary The caste panch thus wields effective concomitant of the celebration of all such authority in regulating caste affairs. Since occasions. They are the principal means of obedience to the customs of the caste is recreation as organised en tertamment like dramas ensured, disputes are settled and reforms c,'n and other programmes is rare in such communi­ be introduced by the caste panch. The people ties. Adivasis are very fond of their dances recognise its utility to the community. which involve simple but vigorous rythmic steps. Tl ibal people have no barots or vakivanchas f.lef call dancing ghumavu. Accompanied by for maintaining family records. Their relations musical instruments like dhol or drum, kundi and with neighbouring• villages are intimate. pavo or flute, they dance in groups. Men forming IV.19 PANCHAYAT a large circle going round and round while playing upon the instruments. Women form a Abhapur, having no separate panchayat, is smaller inner circle within going round in a included in the group panchayat of Androkha similar fashion. Dancing is sometimes accom­ which covers seven villages, the other five being panied by folk-songs, which, though sung loudly, Jor, Vadri, Modhri, Joravarnagar and Jaswant­ are drowned in the fierce beating of the drum. pur. The panchayat was established on 20th Such dances go on for hours on end, with March, 1958 and has seven members including fresh persons taking the place of tired dancers. one lady. They are altogether colourful and spectacular. The panchayat taxes work out to 62 paise Adivasi folk-songs laud departed heroes of the per head of population while the total income community aI'Jd denounce evil deeds. They also amounts to Rs. 2.27 per head. Table III have religious themes and songs of famous III Appendix I shows the details of the saints like Kabir and Mira are fairly popular. mcome and expenditure of the panchayat F-Village Organisation during the year 1961-62. Out of a total income of Rs. 2,733.42, taxes accounted for IV.18 CASTE PANCHAYAT Rs. 1,700.32 or 62.20 per cent of the total. Dungri Garasias who predominate in the House tax alone accounts for Rs. 1,645.57 which village population have a caste panch of their works out to be 60.23 per cent. The balance of own which is fairly effective in dealing with Rs. 1,033.10 or 37.80 per cent was contributed PANCHAYAT 49

by way of grants by Government of cooperate with their neIghbours for agricultural which Rs. 500 received as grant from operations like harvesting, ploughing, sowing Block Development Office. On the expenditure and weeding, so that work may be completed side, the largest expenditure on a single satisfactorily and in time. However, only 5 item was Rs. 335.70 or 42.66 per cent of families are in favour of pooling land for coopera­ the total spent after providing water fc.cilities. tive farming, 3 of them because they have Rs. 100 were spent under each of the heads of little land·and I because it is poor. The remaining educational and cultural activities and health. householder opined that he liked to work The main functions of the panchayat include together with others! Those who did not contri­ lighting and repairs to roads and wells. bute to the idea feared that quarrels would An Adivasi member represents Abhapur on impede cooperative farming as some of the thepanchayat committee. However, thepanchayat members may not work properly with the result has made no visible impact on the village. that such a practice would not be profitable. Only four households in the village c~mld state IV.21 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT the period ofexistence of the panchayat correctly. Only five families vaguely sta ted that there had The develop men t block of Vijaynagar wall be~n some improvements after the establishment started in April, 1957 and was a Stage I Block or'the panchayat, but failed to point out at the time of the present survey. It has not specifically a single instance qf improvement. carried out any works in Abhapur, nor has it made any visible impact on the village. In fact IV.20 COOPERATIVE SOCIETY 30 households were aware of the existence of The village i~ served by a cooperative society the block, eleven Garasia and one Obamar established at Atarsumba which serves ten families having no knowledge about it. Thirty villages, namely, (1) Atarsumba, (2) Androkha, hOUileholds stated that they have benefited by (3) Bhambhudi, (4) Bandhna, (5) Jaswantpur, the development block, twelve of them by (6) Royanmala, (7) Virpur, (8) Dholivav, getting loans for bullocks and implements, advice (9) Abhapur and (10) Vajepur. The society was in agriculture, and education in adult literacy registered on the 20th February, 1958. The office classes; while the remaining families reported of the society is situated at Atarsumba at a that they had all collectively benefited by the distance of 4 miles from the village. The society block, but that they had not taken any advantage has a membership of 133 persons, of which 12 of it individually. members are from the village Abhapur. All As regards development activities during the these 12 members are illiterate and belong to the past decade, some households reported that they Scheduled Tribe of Adivasi Dungri Garasia. The had acquired better irrigation facilities, but these principal occupation of all of them is cultivation. had not resulted in any appreciable increase in All the members from the village had taken the area irrigated as seen earlier. One household loans from the society during the year 1960-61 had acquired better implements, two had better and the total amount of loan advanced to them manure facilities, one better storage facilities, was Rs. 786 ranging from Rs. 30 to 150. A while ten had received advice for improved summary of the accounts of the year ending 30th agricultural pr

CONCLUSION

THE FOREGOING REVIEW of life in the a properly organised coopera tive movemen t village Abhapur brings out in relief the extent instead of through private traders, it will have of backwardness of the tribal people living in a stimulating effect on the economy. that area and points to the directions in which Not only are most of the debts incurred for efforts can be made with advan tage to improve uneconomic purposes, but the villagers have their condition. Situated far in to the iIlterior of invariable to depend upon the trader for credit. that forest and away from centres of commu­ He does not openly pursue usury, but he is the nication and industrially developed towns and buyer of their agricultural and forest produce cities, this tribal village lives a comparatively and the seller of their daily necessities. Besides isolated life. The ruins of ancient temples of great the ignorance and illiteracy of the tribals who architectural beauty scattered around bespeak can~ot read their accounts, if any are supplied, ',o(a glorious past, of which no other signs theIr dependence on the local trader for their 'now remain to be seen. daily needs and other requirements place them The economic life is marked by a low income, under his financial control and render them which is not sufficient in maIlY cases to meet easily liable to exploitation. Easy credit facilities the expenditure on essential items, ar.d betrays will not completely break this vicious circle. a low standard of living. Agriculture is not What is really needed is an overall improve men t sufficiently lucrative, and naturally as the land in their economic condition. in forest areas is infertile and the yield is poor. Living close to nature, these simple and There is no scope of irrigation beyond that sturdy people are greatly handicapped by a very provided by the old dam. A small beginning low rate of literacy. In this respect the village has, however, been made in the case of well is hackward in comparison eVen with the mahal irrigation. But the difficulty is that the Adivasis average. No doubt an improvement is seen OVer cannot sink new wells without substantial finan­ the past decade, 'When an Ashram school has cial aid. They keenly feel the need of increased been started in the near-by village of Atanumba irrigation but cannot bring it about themselves. and a primary school opened in the neighbouring Forestry, which yields some supplementary village Dholivav where adult literacy classes were income, cannot place them above want. The held. But these efforts have not gone beyond contribution livestock and poultry make to the bringing ~e. rate, of literacy above 11.76 per village economy is povr. Their deVelopment is cent. AdlVasis stdl do not readily send their highly essential. Suitable household industries children to school. which are conspicuous by their absence should I~ the .social sp?er~, they. have a fairly also be started to supplement meagre income effectIve SOCIal orgalllsatlon whIch is mostly of from agriculture. For such pursuits, if system­ a regulatory nature. Their culture is seen in atically followed, will make for considerable their colourful festivals and celebrations. But, in improvement in their material prosperity. the absence of education and outside contacts Forests are a potential source of income. their life is heavily circumscribed in age-old ruts: While timber-felling :,nd charcoal making denude The group panchayat and community develop_ the forests unless sckn tific systems are followed, ment block have not yet made any sizeable a possibility of development is seen in the impact either in the social or economic field. richness of the Sabarkanthd jungles in medicinal Only with intensive efforts by extension and herbs valuable to Ayurveda. If the collection welfare agencies can an appreciable me

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

TABLE I

Rainfall at Vijaynagar

(in cms.) Year No. of rainy days Rainfall. Year No. of rainy days Rainfall 2 3 2 3 1956 70 94.59 1959 N.A. N.A. 1957 44 59.49 1960 49 60.65 1958 56 101.60 N.A.=Not available

Source: 1. District Statistical Abltracts, Sabarkantha district, 1957-58, 1958-59, 1960-61 2. Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Government of Gujarat, Ahmedabad

TABLE II

MasUnum and minimum temperature at Vijaynagar

(in Centigrade) April May ------January -----February ------March June Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- 'Maxi- Mini- Year mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1956 28.9 7.8 33.9 N.A. 37.8 12.8 42.8 16.7 43.9 25.6 36.1 23.9 1957 30.6 5.6 31.1 4.4 35.6 11.1 39.4 18.9 40.6 22.8 41.1 23.9 1958 30.8 4.4- 30.8 5.5 39.0 18.1 47.8 20.9 42.0 24.7 44.0 25.2 1959 27.5 6.6 33.0 5.5 38.5 12.1 44.0 17.6 42.9 24.2 38.5 25.3 1960 27.8 4.4 26.6 4.4 32.2 8.8 36.6 12.2 46.1 1M 41.1 16.6

July August September October November December Maxi" Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Year mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum 1 I4 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24- 25 1956 33.3 23.3 34.4- 33.3 35.6 32.2 35.0 16.7 37.2 32.2 27.8 8.3 1957 37.2 23.3 36.7 23.9 3M 20.0 37.2 - 1M 36.7 13.3 32.2 10.0 1958 35.2 23.1 34.7 23.6 33.0 11.4 31.7 14.3 31.9 16.5 31.9 7.7 1959 33.0 23.1 31.9 20.9 30.8 20.9 30.8 22.0 36.0 16.5 29.7 5.5 1960 41.1 16.6 27.6 15.5 4I.l 22.2 40.0 14.5 29.8 18.9 25.5 15.5 Source: 1. District Statistical Abstracts, Sabarkantha district, 1957-58, 1958-59, 1960-61 2. Bureau of Economici and StatiltiCl, Government of Gujarat, Ahmedabad

55 56 APPENDIX I

TABLE III Income and expenditu.re of group panchayat, 1961-62

INCOME EXPENDITURE Amount Amount Item (in RS.) Item (in Rs.) 2 1 2 House tax 1,645.57 Road maintenance 4.50 Health and sanitation 100.00 Hotel and shop tax . 6.00 Water facilities 335.70 Tax on non-agricultural occupations 25.00 Educational and cultural activities 100.00 Taxes on fairs and festivals and recreational Sorvant . 25.00 activities 23.75 Record maintenance 111.25 Travelling allowance 31.25 533.10 Government grant Celebration 14.89 Grant from Block Development Office 500.00 Others 64.28 Total . 2,733.42 Total .' 786.87 TABLE IV Land utilisation

Area Assessment Area Assessment (A. G.) (in RI.) Class of land Class of land (A. G.) (in RI.) 2 3 I 2 3

A. LAND AVAILABLE FOR CULTIVATION B. LAND NOT AVAILABLE FOR CULTIVATION 1. Uncultivabk 1. Assessed (a) Pot Kharaba 3-38 (a) Occupied Khalsa (b) Rivers and nullahs 635-13 Sub-total 639-11 177-20 113.52 (i) Ordinary tenure 11. Assigned fOT public and specia. (ii) Restricted tenure uses (b) Unoccupied Khalsa 266-29 150.99 (a) Hills and forest 1,919-19 (b) Roads and paths 12-06 (c) Land free or reduced by (c) Temples 2-24 (d) Canals 7-34 special agreement Sub-total 1,942-03 (d) Inam (Alienated) III. Leased out or granted for non- agricultural use 11. Unassessed Total for B 2,581-14 Total for A 444-09 264.51 GraDd total (A+B) 3,025-23 264.51 TABLE V

Distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe

No. of Percent- hOUle- age of holds Percentage Percentage No. of Percentage of Scheduled of of Sche- of Scheduled house- Scheduled Tribe Name of Sche- duled Caste Population Caste popu- Name of holds of Tribe Population population Scheduled duled households lation to total Scheduled Scheduled households to total Caste Caste to total P M F population Tribe Tribe to total P M F population I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 Chamar 2.38 5 2 3 2.26 Dungri 38 90.48 209 104 ]05 94.57 Garasia Total 1 2.38 5 2 3 2.26 38 90.48 209 104 105 '4.57 APPENDIX I 57

TABLE VI Expenses incurred at the last lDarriage

No. of households Expenses incurred on different items (in Rs.) No. of having marriage of households Cash Percent- Percent- Total having no Dau- pay- Percent- Orna- ag~ to Percentage Miscel- age to (Cols.6+ marriage Self Son ghter Others ment age to total ments total Clothes to total laneous total 8+ 10+ 12) I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 27 6 6 3 1 689 15.49 1,130 25.41 832 18.71 1,796 40.39 4,447 (Brother)

TABLE VB Number and nature of establishments engaged in commercial activities

General Extent of business Nature of Side notes on the business Type transaction business if including profiteerism if , of businesl Approximate (cash, ad- any (money- any, trends of change or commercial No. of Persons Names of aI'lDual vance, lending, con- in the quantity and me- establishments shops employed main commodities transaction barter, etc.) tract, etc.) thod of transaction, etc. 2 5 6 7 Wholesale dealers Retail shops 3 Grocery, kirana, 15,000 Cash, advance Agriculture Barter system is prevailing household require­ and barter in the village. He also ments, cloth, hard­ works as whole-Ialer, ware, forelt purchases forest products products and sales away in the city. Other commercial 1 2 Grinding the grain N.A. Cash and Agriculture establishments Flour mill credit N.A."",Not available

TABLE VIU Gross and net income from various economic activities

(in Rs.) Gross income Net income No. of No. of house- per- Gross Per Per Occupation holds sons income household Per capita Net income household Per capita 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Agriculture 2 8 509 254.50 63.60 503 251.50 62.80 2 Labour other than agriculture 1 600 600.00 600.00 600 600.00 600.00 3 Cultivation and livestock 2 8 1,066 533.00 133.20 1,053 526.50 131.62 4 Agriculture and forest labour . 8 44 3,214 491.70 73.04 3,100 387.50 70.45 5 Agriculture, livestock and household industries 2 6 1,394 697.00 232.33 1,378 689.00 229.66 6 Agriculture and business 3 4,363 4,363.00 1,454.33 4,102 4,102.00 1,367.33 7 Agriculture, livestock and forest labour 16 109 8,715 544.68 79.90 8,316 519.68 76.28 8 Others 10 42 5,392 539.20 128.38 4,743 474.30 112.93 Total 42 221 25,253 601.26 114.27 23,794 566.52 107.66

K-8 58 APPENDIX I

TABLE IX Households by occupation, income and number of members

Number of households in the income range oC (in Rs.) No. of Less house- than 251 to 361 to 481 to 721 to 961 to 1,201 to 1,501 to 2,501 to 3,501 to Above Occupation holds 250 360 480 720 960 1,200 1,500 2,500 3,500 5,000 5,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Primary 40 7 12 7 9 2 2 Secondary 1 Tertiary 1 1 Total 42 7 12 7 9 3 1 2 1

No. of persons No. of No. of Females Males Females equivalent gainfully emp- Males above above below below adult males loyed persons Occupation 12 years 12 years 12 years 12 years per household per household 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 Primary 66 66 42 43 1.65 2.67 Secondary 1 1.00 1.00 Tertiary 3 3.00', 3.00 Total 70 66 42 43 1.68 2.64

TABLE X Expenditure pattern

Expenditure on (in Rs.)

Ceremonies Clothing Fuel and and and footwear lighting Housing functions -. -----Services Total Food Expen- Expen- Expen- Expen- Expen- No. of ------diture diture - diture diture diture No. oC members Expen- per per- per per per house- in the Expen- diture per Expen- house- Expen- house- E"pen- house- Expen- house- Expen- hOWie- Occupation holds household diture household diture hold diture hold diture hold diture hold diture hold I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Primary 40 217 15,251 381 3,850 96 310 8 100 3 1,145 29 354 9 Secondary 1 503 503 40 40 27 27 25 25 15 15 Tertiary 1 II 784 784 100 100 45 45 100 100 50 50 40 40 Total 41 221 16,538 394 3,990 9S 382 9 200 S 1,220 29 409 10

Percent- Miscellaneous age of annual expen- expenditure diture on No. of ------Percent- miscellane- households Expen- Total age of ous items If deficit, diture annual expendi ture to total Total With ways to meet deficit Expen- per expen- on food expen- annual With de- diture house- diture to total diture inc:ome surplus fidt New Remit- Sale of Other Occupation (in Rs.) hold (in Rs.) expenditure (Col. 16) (in Rs.) budget budget debts tance assets ways 1 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Primary 1,419 35 22,429 68.00 6.33 18,857 9 30 3,144 200 1,231 Secondary 80 80 690 72.90 11.59 835 300 Tertiary 210 210 1,329 58.99 15.80 4,102 Total 1,709 41 24,448 67.62 6.99 23,794 11 30 3,444 200 1,231 APPENDIX I 59

TABLE !XI Expenditure pattern according to items of expenditure

Percent- Percent- age age Amount to the Amount to the Items (in Rs.) total Items (in Rs.) total 2 3 2 3 EXPENDITURE ON FOOD 4 EXPENDITURE ON HOUSING (a) House rent 60 0.25 (a) Cereals 10,506.50 42.98 , (b) House repairing 140 0.57 (b) Pulses 863 3.53 Total expenditure on housing 200 0.82 (c) Spice. and salt 741 3.03 5 EXPENDITURE ON CEREMONIES AND (d) Vegetables 465 1.90 FUNCTIONS (e) Milk and milk products 2,229 9.12 Total expenditure on ceremonies (f) Sugar, gur, etc. 723.50 2.96 and functions 1,220 4.99 (g) Meat, fish, etc. 1,010 4.13 6 EXPENDITURE ON SERVICES (a) Washerman 154 0.63 Total expenditure on food 16,538 67.65 (b) Barber 139 0.57 2 ,EXPENDITURE ON CLOTHING AND (c) Brahmia 116 0.47 FOOTWEAR (d) Others Total expenditure on services 409 1.67 Total expenditure on clothing and 7 MiliCELLANBOUS ANNUAL EXPENDITURE footwear 3,990 16.32 (a) Travelling 428 1.75 3 EXPENDITURE on FUEL AND LIGHTING (b) Tobacco, pan, drinks, etc. 820 3.35 (c) Medicines 323 1.32 (a) Fuel 71 0.29 (d) Education 123 0.50 (b) Kerosene 311 1.27 (e) Litigation (c) E1ectrici ty (C) Others 15 0.07 Total expenditure on fuel and Total miscellaneous expenditure 1,709 6.99 lighting 382 1.56 Total annual expenditure 14,448 100.00

TABLE :xu Annual expenditure by occupation and income range

Income range Less than Rs. 250 Rs. 251 to 360 Rs. 361 to 480

Average Total Average Total , Avera,~ Total expen- annual expendi­ No. of annual expendi­ Items of No. of annual diture per No. of expendi- ture per house­ expendi­ ture per Occupation expenditure households expenditure household households ture household holds ture household 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Primary Food 7 1,438 201.10 12 3,603 300.20 7 2,533 361.86 Clothing and foot- wear 7 360 51.40 12 1,070 89.10 7 750 107.14 Fuel and lighting 6 42 7.00 11 60 5.40 6 37 6.17 Housing . 15 5.00 Ceremonies and functions 4 45 11.20 7 75 10.70 5 770 154.00 Services 5 18 3.60 12 112 9.30 7 39 5.57 Miscellaneous 7 131 18.70 12 372 31.00 7 291 41.57 Total 7 2,034 290.50 12 5,247 437.20 7 4,420 631.43 Secondary Nil Tertiary Nil 60 APPENDIX I

TABLE XII-contd. Annual expenditure by occupation and income range-contd.

Income range

Rs. 481 to 720 RI. 721 to 960 Rs. 961 to 1,200 Rs. 1,201 to 1,500 Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver­ age age age age Total expendi- Total expendi- Total expendi- Total expendi­ No. of annual ture per No. of annual ture per No. of annual ture per No. of annual ture per Items of house- expendi- house- house- expendi- house- house- expen- house- house- expend i- hOUle­ Occupation expenditure holds ture hold holds ture hold holds diture hold holds ture hold 1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Primary Food 9 3,865 429.44 2 1,192 596.00 726 726.00 2 1,894 947.00 Clothing and footwear 9 935 103.88 2 245 122.50 150 150.00 2 400 200.00 Fuel and lighting 9 70 7.77 2 18 9.00 5 5.00 2 78 39.00 Housing 3 70 23.33 15 7.50 Ceremonies and functions 6 110 68.33 2 35 17.50 10 10.00' 2 100 50.00 Services 9 99 11.00 2 51 25.50 1 24 24.00 1 11 11.00 Miscel!aneous 9 396 44.00 2 94 47.00 1 25 25.00 2 110 55.00 Total 9 5,545 616.11 2 1,635 817.50 1 440 940.00 2 ~,608 1,304.00 Secondary Food 503 503.00 Clothing and footwear 40 40.00 Fuel and lighting 27 27.00 Housing Ceremoniel and functions 25 25.00 Services 1 15 15.00 Miscellaneous 1 80 80.00 Total 1 690 690.00 Tertiary Nil

Income range

Rs. 1,501 to 2,500 Rs. 2,501 to 3,500 Rs. 3,501 to 5,000

Total Average Total Average Total Average annual expendi- annual expen- annual eltpendi- Items of No. of expendi- ture per No. of expendi- diture per No. of expendi- ture per Occupation exp ~nditure households ture household households ture household households ture household 1 2 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Primary Nil Secondary Nil Tertiary Food 784 784.00 Clothing and footwear 100 100.00 Fuel and lighting 45 45.00 Housing 100 100.00 Ceremonies and functions 50 50.00 Services 40 40.00 Milcellaneous 1 210 210.00 Total 1 1,329 1,329.00 APPENDIX I 61

TABLE lUll

Fairs and festivals commonly visited by the villagers

Name Distance from the Size of of the fair village (in miles) When held Main attraction gathering 'Commodities transacted

2 3 4 5 6

Kartik 50 Kartik Sud 11 to Temple of 150,000 Eatables, cloth, «arments, Purnima Margashirsh Sud 2 Shamlaji metal and earthenware, Fair, (November- silver ornaments, cutlery, Shamlaji December) toys, etc.

2 Janmashtami 8 Shravan Vad 8 Ramji temple 3,000 Eatables, miscellaneous Fair, (August) articles Vijaynagar

3 Vireshwer II Vaishakh Sud 15 Temple of 1,500- Eatables, etc. Fair, (May) Vireshwer 2,000 Vireshwer Mahadev

4' Androkha 4 Margashirsh Sud 15 Astik Ashram 500 Sweets, eatables, lilver Fair, (December) ornaments Androkha

Name Cultural and of the fair Recreational activities Religious activities social activities General note

7 8 9 10

Kartik Marry-go-ro~ds, Darahan at Shamlaji Khadi Gramodyog A well-known and old fair Purnima giant wheels, circus, temple, bath in exhibition, docu­ with a trade of about Rs. 1 Fair, cinema, dramas, ma­ Nagdharo in Meshwo mentary films, lakh. Organised by District Shamlaji gic ShOWI, puppetry river, bhajans prohibition propa­ Panchayat. Attended by people ganda from north and central Gujarat and Rajasthan

2 Janmashtami Marry-go-rounds Darshan at Ramji Exhibition regard­ Attended by people from Fair, Mandir at 12 mid­ ing development surrounding villagel Vij ayn agar night, bhajana activities by Block Development­ Officer

3 Virelhwer Adivaai folk-dances Darshan ofViresbwer Organised by manager of the Fair, Mahadev temple. Attended by people Vireshwer from surrounding villages

4 Androkha Exhibition by Block Foundation day of A.tik Fair, Development Officer Ashram, a welfare institution Androkha run by Bhil Seva MandaI. Organised by the Ashram. Attended by people from surrounding villages 62 APPENDIX I

TABLE XIV

Particulars about the cooperative societie's serving the village

General meeting held after------regiltration Members No. of members From Qualifi­ Nature Area of Date of attend- the cation of of opera­ Type of society Name operation registration Date ing Total village membership tion I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Service Cooperative The Atarsumba Atarsumba 28-2-58 30-8-58 25 42 12 A perlOn Advance Society Ltd. Group Multipur- 2 Androkha aged 18 years of loans pose Coopera­ 3 Virapur and above and t1v(. Society 4 Jaswantpur can be a recovery Ltd. 5 Abhapur member after of loans. 6 Bandhna purchasing of Distribu- 7 Dholivav a !har_~ of tion of 8 Vajepur the society fertili- 9 Bhambhudi zen and 10 Royanmala seedl. Runs a fair price $ hoI'.

General note on ita Composition of board Meeting role including of management of the board whether all of management Extent Loss sections of the Non-Officials held during last year of business or profit population Aid from accord- accord- Divi- are attracted, Sche- Sche­ No. of Govern­ ing to last ing to last dend if what are its duled duled members ment audit report audit report any given problems, etc. Officials Tribes Castes Others Date attending

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 • 18 19 20 21

Reserve LOIS of N.A. 7 5 2 12-3-66 4 funds of Rs. 809.88 Rs. 2,000 N.A. =Not available APPENPIX I 63

TABLE XV

Size of household according to caste, 1960

Small size 1-3 Medium 4-6 Households Persons Households Penons No. of " ------house- Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage ClUte holds No. to total No. ' to total No. to total No. to total

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Garasia 38 10 76.93 22 75.87 16 94.12 80 94.12 Chamar ./ 5.88 5 5.88 Pathan 7.69 3 10.34 Makrani I 1 7.69 1 3.45 Vohra 1 1 7.69 3 10.34 Total. 41 13 100.00 29 100.00 17 100.00 85 100.00

Large 7-9 Very large 10 and over Households ------Persons Households Persons Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Caste No. to total No. to total No. to total No. to total

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Garasia . 9 100.00 71 100.00 3 100.00 36 100.00 Chamar Pathan • Makrani. Vohra Total 9 100.00 71 100.00 3 100.00 36 100.00

TABLE XVI Nature of intere&t in land and size of land-holdings

Percentage Percentage Area by size group (in acres) No. of to total to house- Nature of interest house- house- holds o to 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to 10 to 15 to 25 to 50 and in land holds holds with land 0.99 1.99 2.99 3.99 4.99 9.99 14.99 24.99 49.99 over

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13· 14

1 Land owned 30 71.43 76.92 3-16 14-20 19-15 ·13-02 4-00 12·11 2 Land taken on lease 16 38.10 41.03 1-18 6-22 13-00 5-00 24-00 3 Land given on lease 2.38 2.56 0-10 4 Other type of land .. 5 No land 3 7.14

Total 42 100.00 64 APPENDIX I

TABLE XVII

Land-holdings by caste

Households with land No. of households No. of Area Percentage to Area per Area per Caste without land households Persons in (A. G.) total area household capita 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Garasia 3 35 202 81-24 70.69 2.13 0.16 Chamar 5 3-20 2.59 3.20 0.28 Pathan 1 3 24-00 20.69 24.00 8.00 Makrani 1 5-00 4.31 5.00 5.00 Vohra 1 3 2-10 1.72 2.10 0.30 Total 3 39 214 116-14 100.00 2.39 0.22

TABLE XVIII Changes in occupational pattern

No. of house­ holds who Reasons for No. of changed father's Father's Present changing father'. Caste households occupation occupation occupation occupation 2 3 4 5 6 Garasia 38 Farming Service Land is inadequate Chamar Pathan Service Flour-mill and Not educated and Agriculture does not like lervicc Makrani Service Tailoring and Not .pecified Agriculture Vohra 1 Total 42 3

TABLE XIX Households showing preference for their sons' occupation

No. of households .howing preference for Other occupations Total No. of Caste households Father's occupation No. of households Name of the occupation 1 2 3 4 5 Garasia 38 19 19 Service Chamar 1 Not specified Pathan Not specified Makrani Business Vohra 1 1 Technical line Total 42 19 23 APPENDIX I 65

TABLE XX

Draught cattle and ploughs according to the caste, 1960

No. of households with Area ------No. of households with Area culti- Area ---- culti- vated culti- Per- Per- vated per vated One Two centage One Two Three Four centage per hair of Caste (A.G.) plough ploughs to total bullock bullocks bullocks bullocks to total plough ullocks

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 Garasia 81-24 36 90.24 4 22 4 88.56 2.16 2.48 Chamar 3-20 1 2.44 2.86 3.20 3.20 Path an 24-00 1 2.44 2.86 24.00 12.00 Makrani 5--00 2.44 2.86 5.00 5.00 Vohra 2-10 2.44 2.86 2.10 2.10 Total 116-14 40 1 100.00 4 25 1 5 100.00 2.76 3.05

TABLE XXI

Indebtedness by caste

No. of Percentage Indebtedness I nde btedness indebted to total No. of Amount Percentage per household per capita Caste households households members (in Rs.) to total (in Rs.) (in Rs.)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Garasia 32 94.12 187 6,317 92.67 197.41 33.78 Chamar 2.94 5 200 2.93 200.00 40.00 Pathan Makrani 2.94 300 4.40 300.00 300.00 Vohra Total 34 100.00 193 6,817 100.00 200.50 35.32

TABLE ;xxn

Indebtedness by occupation

No. of Percentage Indebtedness Indebtedness indebted to total No. of . Amount Percentage per household per capita Occupation households households members (in Rs.) to total (in Rs.) (in Rs.)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Primary 33 97.06 192 6,517.00 95.60 197 33 Secondary 2.94 1 300.00 4AO 300 300 Tertiary Total 34 100.00 193 6,817.00 100.00 201 35 K-9 66 APPENDIX I

TABLE XXIU Assets

Types of assets Investment in cooperative LIvestock Houses Valuables society ------No. of No. of Value No. of Value No. of Value No. of Value house- house- (in house- (in house- (in house- (in Caste holds holds Rs.) holds Rs.) holds Rs.) holds Rs.) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Garasia 38 33 18,093 37 13,150 33 5,505 4 51 Chamar 370 500 400 Pathan 800 1 900 300 Makrani 440 I 500 Vohra I I 500 I 5,000 Total 42 37 20,203 41 20,050 35 6,205 4 51

TABLE XXIV Types of assets per household and per capita

Average value Average value No. of households No. of Value of the assets per household per capita Types of assets owning the assets persons (in Rs.) (in Rs.) (in Rs.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Land (in acres) 39 214 N.A. N.A. N.A. Livestock 37 206 20,203 546.03 98.07 Houses 41 220 20,050 489.02 91.14 Valuables 35 195 6,205 177.29 31.83 Investment in cooperative society 4 29 51 12.75 1.76 Total 41 220 46,509 1,134.37 21t.40 N.A.=Not available

TABLE XXV Expenditure pattern of households by caste

Food Clothing and footwear Fuel and lighting Housing No. of No. of No. of Expen­ No. of No. of Expen- No. of No. of Expen­ house- mem­ Expenditure house- No. of diture house­ mem- diture house- mem- diture Caste holds bers (in Rs.) holds members (in Rs.) holds bers (in Rs.) holds bers (in Rs.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Garasia 38 209 14,063 38 209 3,500 35 200 232 5 20 80 (68.34) (17.01) (1.13) (0.39) Chamar 5 484 5 150 5 855 (63.10) (19.56) (1.04) (0.65) Pathan 3 704- 3 200 3 70 3 15 (64.89) ( 18.43) (6.45) (1.38) Makrani 503 40 27 (72.90) (5.80) (3.91 ) Vohra 3 784 3 100 3 45 3 100 (58.99) (7.52) (3.40) (7.52) Total 42 221 16,538 42 221 3,990 39 212 382 8 31 200 (67.65) (16.32) (1.56) (0.82) . APPENDIX I 67

T ABLE XXV-contd. Expenditure pattern of households by caste-contd. Ceremonies and functions Services Miscellaneous Total---- annual expenditure No. of No. of Expen- No. of No. of Expen- No. of No. of Expen- No. of No. of Expen- house- mem- diture house- mem- diture house- mem- diture house- mem- diture Caste holds bers (in Rs.) holds bers (in Rs.) holds bers (in Rs.) holds bers (in Rs.) 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Garasia 26 152 1,070 34 182 325 38 209 1,307 38 209 20,577 (5.20) (1.58) (6.35) (100.00) Chamar 5 25 5 18 5 77 5 767 (3.26) (2.35) ( 10.D4) (100.00) Pathan 3 50 3 11 3 35 3 1,085 (4.61) (1.01) (3.23) (100.00) Makrani 1 25 15 80 690 (3.62) (2.17) ( 11.60) (100.00) Vohra 3 50 3 40 3 210 3 1,329 (3.76 ) (3.01) (15.80) (100.00) Total 30 164 1,220 38 194 409 42 221 1,709 42 221 24,448 (4.99) (t.67) (6.99) (100.00) Figures in brackets indicate percentages to the total.

TABLE XXVI

Expenditure per household aud per capita by caste

Expen­ Expen- diture on Expenditure diture on Expen- Miscel­ Total Expenditure clothing and on fuel Expenditure ceremonies diture on laneous annual on food footwear and lighting on housing and functions services expenditure expenditure ------Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per house- Per house- Per house- Per house- Per house- Per house- Per house- Per house- Per Caste hold capita hold capita hold capita hold capita hold capita hold capita hold capita hold capita 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Garasia 370.08 67·29 92.11 16.75 6.63 0.86 16.00 4.00 41.15 7.04 9.56 1.79 34.39 6.25 541.50 98.45 Chamar 484-.00 96.80 150.00 30.00 8.00 1.69 5.00 1.00 25.00 5.00 18.00 3.60 77.00 15.40 767.00 153.40 Path an 704.00 234.67 200.00 66.67 70.00 23.33 15.00 5.00 50.00 16.67 11.00 3.67 35.00 11.671,085.00 361.67 Makrani 503.00 503.00 40.00 40.00 27.00 27.00 25.00 25.00 15.00 15.00 80.00 80.00 690.00 230.00 Vohra 784.00 261.33 100.00 33.33 45.00 15.00 100.00 33.33 50.00 16.67 40.00 13.33 210.00 70.001,329.00 443.00 Total 393.75 74.83 95.00 18.05 9.79 1.80 25.00 64.52 40.67 7.44 10.76 2.11 40.69 7.73 582.10 110.62

TABLE xxvn

Budget position by caste

No. of Amount No. of house- households with Percentage of surplus holds with Percentage Amount of Caste surplus budget to total (in RS.) deficit budget to total deficit (in Rs.) 1 2 3 '4 5 6 7 Garasia 8 72.73 355 29 96.67 4,401 Chamar 3.33 224 Pathan 9.09 398 Makrani 9.09 145 300 Vohra 1 9.09 2,773 Total 11 100.00 3,671 30 100.00 4,825 68 APPENDIX I

TABLE XXVlII

Debts and assets by caste

Total Total Debt Total Total Debt assets debt as per- assets debt as per- No. of (in Rs.) (in Rs.) centage No. of (in Rs.) (in Rs.) cent age Caste hOUieholds 1959-60 1959-60 of assets Caste households 1959-60 1959-60 of assets 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5

Garasia 38 18,706 6,317 33.77 Makrani '1 500 300 60.00 Chamar 900 200 22.22 Vohra 1 5,000 Pathan 1,200 Total 42 26,306 6,817 25.91

TABLE XXIX

Debts and assets by occupation

Total Total Debt Total Total Debt assets debts as per- assets debts as per- No. of (in Rs.) (in Rs.) centage No. of (in Rs.) (in Rs.) centage Occupation households 1959-60 1959-60 of assets Occupation households 1959-60 1959-{)0 of assets 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 Primary 40 20,806 6,517 31.32 Tertiary 5,000

Secondary 500 300 60.00 Total 42 26,306 6,817 25.13

TABLE XXX

Income, expenditure, indebtedness and assets

Income Expenditure Indebtedness Assets ------No. of No. of No. of No. of Expen- No. of No. of No. of No. of Occu- house- mem- Income house- mem- diture house- mem- Debt house- mem- Assets pation holds bers (in Rs.) holds bers (in Rs.) holds bers (in Rs.) holds bers (in Rs.)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Primary 40 217 18,857 40 217 22,429 33 192 6,517 39 216 20,806 (79.25) (91.74) (95.60) (79.09) Secondary 835 690 300 500 (3.51) (2.82) (4.40) (1.90) Tertiary 3 4,102 3 1,329 3 5,000 (17.24) (5.44) (19.01) Total 42 221 23,794 42 221 24,448 34 193 6,817 41 220 26,306 (100.00) {100.00) (100.00) (100.00) APPENDIX I 69

TABLE XXXI

Inco~e, expen~ture, indebtedness and assets per household and per capita

(in Rs.) Income Expenditure Indebtedness Assets ------Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Occupation household capita household capita household capita household capita

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Primary 471 87 561 103 197 34 533 96 Secondary 835 835 690 690 300 300 500 500 Tertiary 4,102 1,367 1,329 443 5,000 1,667

Total. 567 108 582 111 201 35 642 120

TABLE XXXD

Inco~e, expen~ture, indebtedness and assets by caste

Assets Assets with- Income Expenditure Indebtedness out ------live- No. of No. of No. of No. of Expen- No. of No. of No. of No. of stock and house- mem- Income house- mem- diture house- mem- Debt house- mem- land Caste holds bers (in Rs.) holds bers (in. Rs.) holds bers (in RI.) holds bers (in Rs.)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Garasia 38 209 16,831 38 209 20,577 32 187 6,317 37 208 18,706 (70.74) (84.16) (92.67) (71.11)

Chamar 5 543 5 767 5 200 5 900 (2.28) (3.14) (2.93) (3.42)

Path an 3 1,483 3 1,085 3 1,200 (6.23) (4.44) (4.56)

Makrani 835 690 300 500 (3.51) (2.82)' (4.40) ( 1.90)

Vohra 3 4,102 3 1,329 3 5,000 (17.24) (5.44) (19.01)

Total 42 221 23,794 42 221 24,448 34 193 6,817 41 220 26,306 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) 70 APPENDIX J

TABLE xxxm

Income, expenditure, indebtedness and assets per household and per capita by caste Income Expenditure -_------Indebtedness Assets Caste Per household Per capita Per household Per capita Per household Per capita Per household Pel' capita 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Garasia 442.92 80.53 541.50 98.45 197.41 34.33 505.57 89.93 Chamar 543.00 108.60 767.00 153.40 200.00 40.00 900.00 180.00 Pathan 1,483.00 494.33 1,085.00 361.67 1,200.00 400.00 Makrani 835.00 835.00 690.00 690.00 300.00 300.00 500.00 500.00 Vohra 4,102.00 1,367.33 1,329.00 433.00 5,000.00 1,666.67 Total 566.52 107.67 582.10 110.62 206.50 35.32 641.61 119.57

TABLE XXXIV

Literacy by caste

Total population Literate Caste Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gara~ia 209 104 105 22 21 Chamar 5 2 3 Path an 3 2 2 2 Makrani 1 Vohra 3 3 1 Total 221 112 109 26 25 1 APPENDIX II Floral

Sag-Tectona grandis I-ABHAPUR VILLAGE AND SURROUNDING AREAS Sajad-Terminalia tomentosa Abhapur village is situated in Dholwani Sisam-Dalbergia sissoo Range of forests in Vijaynagar mahal in Sa.bar­ Kher-~Acacia catechu kantha district. The village proper lies on the Haldarvo-Adina cordifolia southern side of the mountainous ridges of K alam-Mitragyna parvijlora Aravalli. On the northern side the village Kadaya-Sterculia urens touches the boundary of Rajasthan State. It is Mahuda-Madhuka indica situated between the hilly teak forest of Vijay­ Dhavdo-Anogeissus latifolia nagar Range on the northern side and the Umbh-Miliosa tomentosa mixed forest of Dholwani Ra'nge which adjoins Kalo Sarsado-Albiaia lebbeck it on the southern side. The whole terrain is Dudhi-Lagenaria vulgaris hilly and the river Harnav flows near the village. K udi-Wrightia tinctoria Old historical places such as the temples of Gojal-Lenia grandis Lakhena and Saraneshwar Mahadev are situated Simbal-Salmalia malabarica in the forest near Abhapur village. Aledi-Morinda exerta The flora roundabout Abhapur village and Timbru-Diospy ros melanoxylon surrounding area is not so rich as in Palas-Butea frondosa neighbouring forest area. The village site, kotar Rayan-Alanilkana hexandra and the occupied land possess the following Bili-Aegle marme[os species. Ambala-Phyllanthus emblica Sag-Tectona grandis Savan-Gmelina arborea Neem-Azadirachta indica Bahedan-Terminalia belerica Mahuda-Madhuka indica White Sajad- Terminalia tomentosa Palas-Butea frondosa Jambu-Eugenia jambolana Karanj-Pongamia glabra Karanj-Pongamia glabra Jambu-Eugenia jambolana {;arnzalo---{7assia }1stula White Sajad-Terminalia tomentosa Bio-Pterocarpus marsupium Amli-Tamarindus indica Gatbor-Z,izyphus jujuba These trees occupy the top . canopy in the The under story consists of the following viHage land. The tree-growth is sparse and species. contains mostly palas trees. Mahuda trees are also found in occupied land, but other species Karanj-Pongamia glabra found in the village are few. Dhavdo-Anogeissus latifolia The under-growth is a bsent, but grass species Bili-Aegle marmelos such as lampdi and dabh-Andropogon nardoides are Rayan-Manilkana hexandra generally found. The climbers are found absent. Palas-Butea frondosa The flora of the surrounding forest areas is of Dudhi-Lagenaria. vulgaris a varied nature and represents the transitional Gatbor-Z,izyphus jujuba stage from non-teak forest of Dholwani Range Vans---" Dendrocalamus strictus to pure teak forest of Vijaynagar in north and The under-growth is generally absent on north-east. The following species occur in the the plain but on hills it generally comprises forest in the top canopy. the following. 1. Divisional Forest Officer, Sabarkantha, Himatnagar 71 72 APPENDIX II

Sathi-Nyctanthus arbortristis Kalo Sarsado-Albizzia lebbeck Mardasing-Helicteres isora Kadaya-Sterculia urens Nagor-Vitex nigundo Mahuda-Madhuka indica The climbers are rare but the following are Dhavdo-Anogeissus latifolia met with. UNDER STORY Vitis repanda; Cocculus villesus; Caesalpinia sepiaria K aranj-Pongamia glabra Dhavdo-Anogeissus latifolia II-THE FOREST REGION OF SABARKANTHA Ambala-Phyllanthus emblica DISTRICT Bili-Aegle marmelos The forest m this region consists of teak Rayan-Manilkana hexandra forest and non-teak forest. Palas-Butea frond~sa In the teak forest the general flora consist Aledi-Morinda exerta of the following. Dudhi-Lagenaria vulgaris Mindhal-Randi a dumetorum Top CANOPY Gatbor-Zizyphus jujuba Sag-Teetona grandis Vans-Dendrocalamus strictus Sajad-Terminalia tomentosa The under-growth is generally absen\ on the Sisam-Dalbergia sissoo plains but on hills it generally, comprises the Tunaj-Ougeinia dalbergioides following besides coarse thatch grasses. Bio-Pterocarpus marsupium Sathi-Nyctanthus arbortristis Kalam-Mitragyna parvijlora Mardasing-Helicteres isora Simbal-Salmalia Malabarica Tarvad-Cassia auricula Timbru-Diospyros melanoxylon Climbers are rare, but the following are Umbh-Miliosa tomentosa met with. Savan-Gmelina arborea Vitis repanda; Cocculus villesus; Caesalpinia sepiaria. APPENDIX III Folk-songs ( ~ )

('Cf~~T GfA' \1ffiT Cf~~ rrcrT~ mer)

em: Efilllf ~ ~, Ul(q~ qrn) ~

erR Gfro ~ ~l(T, ~T~ qmT ~

erm GfTqr.=ft ~FfUiT UWR qrm ~ ciR mm ~l(t 'C{~, Ulf~ qm) tfi~

erR mcrr;:rl mrftffi 'UlI'~ qT~)' ~

art ~ W crt~, U~ qrn) 'iK

Ci'R:T ~lft<{) ~rm ~~ qm) ~

. crro CfifCfiR) ~<{Ter) ~ qR9) ~

crro ~lft;fl ~Ter) ~~ qr~) tfi"{

erRT ~~ irvTt Gf)~~, ~~ qw) tfi~

erRt mcrT itart m~, ~~ ~) ~

ffl~ ~) il'llft GI1~~, ~ qr~) ~

erR i(fq) i:rurt qt~, ~~~ qm) ~.

73 l{.-lO 74 APPENDIX III

( 1 )

(Song sung when the jan (the party) starts from the bridegroom's house)

Who (of your relatives) has remained behind? o bridegroom ! turn back. Your father has remained behind, o bridegroom ! turn back. You who are the favourite of your father, o bridegroom ! turn back. Your mother has remained behind, o bridegroom ! turn back. You who are the favourite of your mother, o bridegroom ! turn back. Your brother has remained behind, o bridegroom ! turn back. You who are the favourite of your brother, o bridegroom ! turn back. You who are the favourite of your unde, o prince ! turn back. You who are the favourite of your aunt, o prince ! turn back. Your mother-in-law will utter taunts, o prince ! turn back. Your mother will answer the taunts, o prince ! turn back. Your father-in-law will utter taunts, o prince ! turn back. Your father will ward off the taunts, o prince ! turn back. APPENDIX III 75

~

~i\' q~crri=ft ~~A'F3 t mer) ~, ~~if ~~ CfTooT !

~ ~~'fflT' ~ ~) ~, ~i11f ~~ CffooT !

~ ~w ~t ~Ter) ~, ~~# ~~ CfTrliT !

~' q~CfTit m~ ~ mer) ~, ~i11f ~

~ q~crA' G)fcpq) v ~rcit ~, ~~ ~~ CfTooT!

q;if ~~ q~CfT~ ~rer) ~, ~1'fif ~

~ q~crr ij"fCfiooT mcrr ~, ~

~ ~~Cfr ~... ~TCf) ~, ~ ~ CfTrliT!

tfr q~{Cj lif ,,!;:fT ~ ~, ~

~ ~~l1cfT ~Tan ~ ~TCf) ~, ~lT~, ~~ CfTooT!

~i=t q~~ m" mer) ~, ~ ~

( 2 ) (Song sung at the time of wedding)

These young children are getting married, a joyous clap in merrimen t

Bring the wedding dress to be worn, a joyous clap in merriment Bring a chaplet liked (by the bride), a joyous clap in merriment

Bring anklets to be worn by her, a joyous clap in merriment

Bring a sari to be worn by her, a joyous clap in merriment

Bring tokio (neck ornament) to be worn by her, a joyous clap in merriment

Bring wearing apparel liked (by her), a joyous clap in merriment

Bring a chain to be worn by her, a joyous clap in merrimen t

Bring champal liked by her, a joyous clap in merriment

Bring a nose-pin to be worn by her, a joyous clap in merriment I

Bring bangles liked by her, a joyous clap in merriment

Bring earrings to be worn by her, a joyous clap in merriment! APPJUIDIX III 77

q~uT ~ ij"'RrA' ~T "Uir =t

Cf\iijT~iIT m~ ~qTq) =t

wT6m~ifr ~:sr ~qrqT =t

~~ ~cocr;it' ~ ~

~~ ~ qcnq) =t

~ ~ ~TaiT ~) =t

~if ~'ro; qmq) =t

~GI~ ~~tJ,: qcrrq) =t

~ ~ armI'ro; crqrq) =t

~,)if ~i1fC3~t ~ =t

~) ~) CflnrT ~ ~ =t

3ITW) arret ~) ~ ~ =t m~ GfTq) anq ~ =t aH~ arffl ~~')ift ~Tif =t

~')~~'"' GlM arr~ ~if =t an~ ~ ~~')ift ~ =to 78 APPENDIX III

( 3) ( Song sung at the time of wedding)

Sita and Shri Rama are getting married Erect the pandal for the bridegroom Erect the pandal for the bride Welcome the bridegroom with a dish Welcome the bride with a dish Slowly light the lamp Welcome the bridegroom with a lamp Welcome the bride with a lamp Slowly welcome (them) with art; (by waving the lamp before them) Sitaji takes the mangalfera (auspicious rounds) Give ! Give away the bride Give ! Give away the bridegroom The father of Sitaji gives her away He donates cows (in kanyadan) The father of the bridegroom gives alms He donates a buffalo in alms. APPENDIX IV

A-An abstract of income and expenditure of the Atarsumba Group Multipurpose Cooperative Society from 1-7-1960 to 30-6-1961

Amount Amount INOOME in Rs. EXPENDITURE in Rs.

Opening balance 78.83 Entrance fee 19.00 Joint accounts 25.00 Share capital 307.00 Bank current accounts 12,692.25 Entrance fee 19.00 Bank loan accounts 4,669.64 Deposits to\vards share contribution 165.00 Reserve fund 315.00 Loan debts 8,544.00 Shares in District Coopera~ve Bank Bank current accounts 12,790.00 1,950.00 Interest 239.64 Bank loan accounts 12,799.64 Stationery 28.02 Travelling allowances . Deposits towards share contribution 886.00 4:7.97 Miscellanebus expenditure 4.73 Loan recovered 3,923.33 Postage 1.94 Audit fee Interest 302.33 47.52 Supervision fee 13.42 Granu 40.00 Government loans 200.00 Closing balance 2,525.25 Dividend 2.25 Reserve expenditure 290.00

Total. 31,463.38 Total 31,463.38

B-The balance-sheet of the Atarsumba Group Multipurpose Cooperative Society on 30-6-1961

Amount Amount AsSETS in Rs. LIABILITIES in R.. J Share capital 1,892.00 District Cooperative Bank current account 2,015.05 Reserve fund 132.00 District Cooperative Bank share 50.00 District Cooperative Bank loan 9,650.00 Bank shares 2,150.00 Deposita towards share contribution 833.00 Vijaynagar Mahal Saogh shares Government grant 1,800.00 250.00 Deadstock Savings Bank deposit 37.00 8.00 Reserve 6.00 Loans and advance 7,363.94 Current profit 12.24 Cash on hand 2,525.25 Total. 14,362.24 Total. 14,362.24 C-The profit and loss account of the Atarsumba Group Multipurpose Cooperative Society from 1-7-60 to 30-6-1961

Amount Amount INCOME in Rs. ExPENDlTt1RK inRa.

Interest 302.33 Interest 239.64 Stationery. . . 28.02 Grant. 40.00 Travelling allowances . 47.97 Miscellaneous expenditure 4.73 Dividend 2.25 Postage 1.94 Audit fee . 47.52 Current loSl 63.66 S~rvisjon fee 13.42 o er accounts 25.00 Total. 408.24 Total. 408.24 79

GLOSSARY

A D-contd.

Abhisk,k Worship according to a particular rite Dopu • Fees Ambala Phyllanthus emblicil Dorshan Glimpse Anwar. Best man Dev-chakli Name of bird like sparrow Asopal/au Polyalthia longifolia Dhaman Grewia asiatics tree Dhari>'a A curved lance-like weapon B Dharmoshala A rest-house Dhol • Drum Balai>'a Ornaments wear on the hand made of Dhoti • A nether garment worn by males coconut shells and plated with silver Dhunvu Trembling due to the entering of Bllnti . One kind of kharif crop some spirits in the body Banu nakhvu Sacred thread given to au Adivasi Dipdo. A panther Bhagat by his guru Doro . Ornament chain worn around the Bllatlku Gruel prepared by boiling maize neck flour in w;"ter Duklar Wild bear Bhagat Devotee Dungar notJrovvo • Washing of hill by setting fire to the Bhajan Devotional song grass Bhajan mandali A group of ~otaries singing bhajans Bhekar Four-horned antelope E Bhil To cut BhuulI • Head priest Eksali . Yearly lease Bidi Country cigarette Billee A bow .. c F,,,tiyu Smaller skirt Chalam Clay pipe Ful The bones of a dead body preserved Chanio or Ghaghro A petticoat for immersion in a holy river Chappar A shed on which hay and other articles are kept G Charpai Wooden cot Chatni. Sauce Gedi dada A traditional hockey game played CMada Anklets with the ball made of stones and CMal/hi Ceremony performed on the 6th day rags and a stick made from the of the birth of a child branch of a tree Chimnis Kerosene lamps Clarified butter Chinkara Indian gazelle Gh,e • Ghumavu Dancing Chilal A spotted deer Goth • Present given to gherai>'a during the Chitta A leopard festival of Holi Choli A blouse Gotros • Clans or septs Chora A meeting place of the village or an Gugal A kind of wood office of a talati, a ch/lvdi or a rest­ Gur Jaggery house Guru • Preceptor Chori • Earthen, brass or copper pots stack­ ed at each corner of the marriage H pandal Chundadi An upper loose garment fot" the bride Hansadi Kind of ornament wear round the D neck Haslamelap Ceremony of joining the hands of Dada . A ball bride and bridegroom at the time Dandia ,as Folk-dance performed with a pair of marriage of sticks in the hands of dancers Hothful Kind of ornament wear on the hands 81 K.-ll 82 GLOSSARY

I L-contd.

[nam • Land granted by Government free of Latkania Earring revenue or at a concession rate Lavingia Small ear-drops [namdar Holder of inam land Limado Azadirachta indica Lings Emblem of Lord Shiva J Lonkdi. A fox

Jagirdar An estate holder, a land-holder, one M who holds a jagir Jambu. Black plum; Eugenia jambolana Magar Alligator Jambudi Eugenia jambo/ana tree Mahuda Madhuka indica Janoi • Sacred th read Manata A vow Jhayni-day The day following the meraya during Mandap Marriage pandal Divali festival days Meraya A torch prepared by fixing a dry Jowar • Sorghum vulgara kopra or earthen bowl on a stick oC Jungli bilado Wild cat sugarcane or wood Mod A kind of chaplet worn by females K on an auspicious occasion Morryu ramadvu Or Kabjo • A blouse nachavavu • A marriage custom in which the Kabli or kablo Receptacle made of bamboo for stor- bridegroom seated ''On a wooden cot ing grain with upside down is tossed to and Kada • Bracelets fro or up and down by lifting the Kajal • Lamp-loot, applied to eyes; colyrium cot with him Kaliar. Antelope Mukhi. Village headman Kalla • Anklets Kaltar . An eye estimate of standing crops N Kamal puja Worship of Lord Shiva with lotuses or self-immolation by the devotee by offering his head instead Nevar • Cotton lace used as strings for Kamod Paddy wooden cots Kanful Ear-drops Nilgai. Blue bull Kanto • Nose-pin Kanyadan Giving away of the bride in marriage o Kapdu A buttonless blouse Karab An agricultural implement Odhanu A piece of cloth worn as an upper Karbadiyu An agricultural implement garment by women Kathi • Coir string Oganrya Ornament to be wear on the upper Kathir. A cheap alloy portion of the ear Khakharo Butea frondosa Kharif The monsoon crop p Khatan bor One kind of fruit of jujube tree; Zizyphus jujuba Khichadi Mixture of rice and pulse; hotchpotch Pan Betel leaf Khichadu Mixture of different grains; hotch- Panch Headman of a caste or community potch Panini biladi Otter Kos Water-bag or leather bucket Pathani To charge oppressive rate of interest Kothi Feronia tlephantum tree Patryu . Wooden agricultural implement Kul Sept Pavo Flute Kumkum Vermilion, red turmeric powder used Pithi . Turmeric paste for a mark on the forehead Ponkhvu To receive bride or the groom or Kundi. A type of musical instrument both by waving hands around in Kuri The kind of kharif crop an auspicious ceremony Kutcha Not durable Pradakshina The act of moving around Pradakshina marg The space or path for moving around L an idol or temple Prasad Offering to deity, later distributed Lapsi • A sweet preparation of wheat flour among the worshippers and sugar or molasses Puja,i. A temple priest GLOSSARY 83

R S-contd.

Rabi . The winter crop Shraddha Oblations offered for the peace of the Ramji. Rcd ochre departed soul Rampdi Small hoe used to root out weeds Simado A kind of agricultural implement and wild plants Stupa . A Buddhist shrine wherein some Rayan. Manilkana hexandra bodily remain of the Buddh is buried Rinchh A bear Swayamvar MalCiage by choice

T S Tantra Vit[ya Black magic Sabhamandap Outer court of the temple Taras. A hyena Sadlo A sari Til Sesamum seed; Sesamum indieum SaJa A turban Timru . Kind of leaves; Diospyros melanoxylon Sag Tee/ona grandis Sahudi. A porcupine u Samar. A levelling board Sambar or Sabar A stag; Rusa aristotelis Ud,d . A kind of pulse Sarno . An inferiar variety of cereal Sankli . Chain wear round the neck v Sa~avavu To offer funeral oblations to the manes of the deceased Vad Ficus indica Sarsav . Rapeseed; Brassica compestTis Vagh Tiger 'Saslo . Hare Vahivanch or Barot . Family bard Sathi dangar . A variety of paddy Vajrya • A variety of wheat Shial . Jackal (Cani. aurens) Vali An earring Shikhar Spiral tower of a tempIe, spire, peak Vandro. Monkey Shira . A sweet preparation of wheat flour, Vari Black rice sugar or gur and ghee Varu A wolf Shivalinga Phalic symbol of Lord Shiva Vihar Buddhist monastery

K.-12 l.NDEX

A F

Abhapur, 1, 2, 3, 4 Fairs, 47 Age structure, 37 Family structure, 44- Agriculture, 20 Festivals, 45 -Cost of inputs, 25 Financial assets, 35 -Credit and investment, 25 Flora and fauna, 2 -Crop pattern, 22 Folk-dances, 48 -Expenditure, 25 Food, 11 -Implements, 23 Forestry, 28 -Practices, 24 -Production, 25 G Amenities, 4 Androkha Group Panchayat, 4 Ghantia, 1 Appearance and dress, 10 Aravalli hills, I H

Harnav, I, 2, 3, 23 B Health, 40 History, 1 Bandhna, I Household articles, 10 Basis of selection, Housing, 9 Budget, 33 -Number of rooms, 9 -Roof materials, 9 C -Wall materials, 9

Castes and tribes, 7, 8, 9 I -Chamar, 7, 8, 9 Income, 30 -Dungri Garasia, 7, 8, 9 -Sources of, 30 -Makrani, 7, 8, 9 Indebtedness, 33, 34, 35 -Pathan, 7, 8, 9 -By causes, 34 -Vohra, 7, 8, 9 -By income groups, 34 Climate, 2 -By sources, 34 Communications, 3 Inheritance of property, 44 Conclusion, 51 Introduction, 1 Crimes, II Irrigation, 23

D K Kabli or Kab/o, 9 Daily routine, 11 Dapu, 13 L Demographic data, 37 Dbolivav, 1 Lakhena temples, 6 Dwelling condition, 9, 10 Land utilisation, 20 Lit~racy, 41 Livestock, 26 E -Expenditure on, 28 -Number of, 26 Economy, 16 -Products, 28 Ethnic composition, 7 -Value of; 27 Expenditure pattern, 32, 33 Location, 1

84 INDEX 85

M S-contd.

Mamrechi dam, 4 Settlement pattern, 3 Marital status, 39 Sex ratio, 38 Marriage ceremonies, 13, 14 Size and number of households, 3, 43 Marriage expenses, 13 Size of holdings, 22 MataJi, 1 Social customs, 12, 13, 14, 15 Material culture, 9 -Birth ceremonies, 12 MOTiYu ramadavu or nachavavu, 14 -Death, 15 -Marriage customs, 12 o T

Occupation, 19 Tenure and assessment, 21 -Combination, 19 Tenurial status, 10 -Mobility, 19, 20 u -Type of, 19 Ornaments, 10 Untouchability, 50

p v Village organisation, 48, 49 Physical aspects, 2 -Caste Panchayat, 48 Population, 37 -Community development, 49 Primary health centre, 4 -Cooperative society, 49 Public institutions, 4 -Village Panchayat, 48 Vijaynagar, 1, 2, 3, 4 R Vital statistics, 40, 41 -Birth,4O Rasa Mala,S -Death,40 Religious beliefs, 44 -Family Planning, 41 Revenue settlement, 21 -Fertility, 40 s w Workers, 16, 17, 18 Saraneshwar Mahadev, 5, 6 -By age groups, 16 Satimatani Deri, 4 -By industrial categories, 17 LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS AS ON 17-2-1964

AGARTALA- S. S. Book Emporium, 118, Mount Joy Road Laxmi Bhandar Books & Scientific Sales (R) The Bangalore Press, Lake View, Mysore Road, AGRA- P. O. Box 507 National Book House, Jeoni Mandi The Standard Book Depot, Avenue Road Wadhawa & Co., 45, Civil Lines Vichara Sahitya Private Ltd., Balepet Banwari Lal Jain, Publishers, Moti Katra (R) Makkala Pustaka Press, Balamandira, Gandhinagar English Book Depot, Sadar Bazar, Agra Cantt. (R) Maruthi Book Depot, Avenue Road (R) Internab.1mal Book House Private Ltd., 4-F. Mahatma AHMADNAGAR- Gandhi Road V. T. Jorakar, Prop., Rama General Stores, Navi Navakamataka Pubns. Private Ltd., Majestic Circle (R) Path (R) BARE ILLY- AHMEDABAD- Agarwal Brothers, Bara Bazar Balgovind Kuber Dass & Co., Gandhi Road BARODA- Chandra Kant Chiman Lal Vora, Gandhi Road Shri Chandrakant Mohan Lal Shah, Raopura (R) New Order Book Co., Ellis Bridge Good Companions Booksellers, Publishers & Sub­ Mahajan Bros., Opp., Khadia Police Gate (R) Agent (R) Sastu Kitab Ghar, Near Relief Talkies, Patthar Kuva, New Medical Book House, 540, Madan Zampa Road (R) Relief Road BEAWAR- <\}MER- The Secretary, S. D. College, Co-operative Stores Book-Land, 663, Madar Gate Ltd. (R) Rajputana Book House, Station Road BELGHARIA- Law Book House, 271, Hathi Bhata Granthlok, Antiquarian Booksellers & Publiahers Vijay Bros., Kutchery Road (R) (24-Parganas), 5/1 Amlica Mukherjee,,~oad Krishna Bros., Kutchery Road (R) BHAGALPUR- ALIGARH- Paper Stationery Stores, D. N. Singh Road Friend's Book House, Muslim University Market BHOPAL- Superintendent, State Government Press ALLAHABAD- Lyall Book Depot, Mohd. Din Bldg., Sultania Road Superintendent, Printing & Stationery, U. P. Delite Books, Opp., Bhopal Talkies (R) Kitabistan, 17-A, Kamla Nehru Road BHUBANESWAR- Law Book Co., Sardar Patel Marg, P. Box 4 Ram Narain Lal Beni Modho, 2-A, Katra Road Ekamra Vidyabhaban, Eastern Tower, Room No.3 (R) Universal Book Co., 20, M. G. Road BIjAPUR- The University Book Agency (of Lahore), Elgin Shri D. V. Deshpande, Recognised Law Booksellers, Prop. Road Vinod Book Depot, Near Shiralshetti Chowk (R) Wadhwa & Co., 23, M. G. Marg (R) BIKANER- Bharat Law House, IS, Mahatma Gandhi Marg (R) Bhandani Bros. (R) Ram Narain Lal Beni Prashad, 2-A, Katra Road (R) BILASPUR- AMBALA- Sharma Book Stall, Sadar Bazar (R) English Book Depot, Ambala Cantt. BOMBAY- Seth Law House, 8719, Railway Road, Ambala Superintendent, Printing & Stationery, Queens Road Cantt. (R) Charles Lambert & Co., 101, Mahatma Gandhi Road Co-operator's Book Depot, 5/32, Ahmed Sailor AMRITSAR- Bldg., Dadar The Law Book Agency, G. T. Road, Putligarh Current Book House, Maruti Lane, Raghunath S. Gupta, Agent, Govt. Publications, Near P. O. Dadaji St. Majith Mandi Current Technical Literature Co., Private Ltd., India Amar Nath & Sons, Near P. O. Majith Mandi House, Ist Floor ANAND- International Book House Ltd., 9, Ash Lane, M. G. Road Vijaya Stores, Station Road (R) Lakkani Book Depot, Girgaum Charotar Book Stall, Tul~i Sadan, Stn. Road (R) Elpees Agencies, 24, Bhangwadi, Kalbadevi ASANSOL- P. P. H. Book Stall, 190-B, Khetwadi Main Road D.N. Roy & R.K. Roy Booksellers, Atwal Building (R) New Book Co., 188-190, Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road BANGALORE- Popular Book Depot, Lamington Road The Bangalore Legal Practitioner Co-operative Sunder Das Gian Chand, 601, Girgaum Road, Near Society Ltd., Bar Association Building PrincesS Street List of Agents..,ontd.

BOMBAY-eontd. English Book Shop, 34, Sector 22·D (R) Mehta Bros., 15·Z, Sector 22·B (R) D. B. Taraporewala Sons & Co., (P) Ltd., 210, Tandan Book Depot, Shopping Centre, Sector 16 (R) Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road Thacker & Co., Rampart Row Kailash Law Publishers, Sector 22·B (R) N. M. Tripathi Private Ltd., Princess Street CHHINDWARA- The _Kothari Book Depot, King Edward Road The Verma Book Depot (R) P. H. Rama Krishna & Sons, 147, Rajatam Bhuvan, COCHIN- Shivaji Park Road No.5 (R) Saraswat Corporation Ltd., Palliarakav Road C. Jamnadas & Co., Booksellers, 146-C, Princess St. Indo Nath & Co., A-6, Daulat Nagar, Borivli CUTTACK- Minerva Book Shop, Shop No. 1/80, N. Subhas Road Prells Officer, Orissa Sectt. Academic Book Co., Association Building, Girgaum Cuttack Law Times Road (R) Prabhat K. Mahapatra, Mangalabag, P.B. 35 Dominion Publishers, 23, Bell Buil'ding, Sir P. M. D. P. Sur & Sons, Mangalabag (R) Road (R) Utkal Stores, Balu Bazar (R) Bombay National History Society, 91 Walkeshwar DEHRADUN- Road (R) Jugal Kishore & Co., Rajpur Road Dowamadeo & Co., 16, Naziria Building, Ballard National News Agency, Paltan Bazar Estate (R) Bishan Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, 318, Asian Trading Co., 310, the Miraball, P.B. 1505 (R) Chu\dluwala CALCUTTA- Utam Pustak Bhandar, Paltan Bazar (R) Chatterjee & Co., 3/1, Bacharam Chatterjee Lane DELHI- D~ Gupta & Co., Ltd., 54/3, College Street J. M. J aina & Brothers, Mori Gate Hindu Library, 69·A, Bolaram ])e Street Atma Ram & Sons, Kashmere Gate S. K. Lahiri & Co., Private Ltd., College Street Federal Law Book Depot, Kashmere Gate M. C. Sarkar & Sons Private Ltd., 14, Bankim Bahri Bros., 188, Lajpat Rai Market Chatterjee Street Bawa Harkishan Dass Bedi (Vijaya General Agencies) W. Newman & Co., Ltd., 3, Old Court House Street P.B.2027, Ahata Kedara, Chamalian Road Oxford Book and Stationery Co., 17, Park Street Book·Well, 4, Sant Narankari Colony, P. B. 1565 R. Chambray & Co., Ltd., Kent House, P. 33, Mission Imperial Publishing Co., 3, Faiz Bazar, Daryaganj Road Extension Metropolitan Book Co., 1, Faiz Bazar S. C. Sarkar & Sons Private Ltd., I.e. College Square Publication Centre, Subzimandi Thacker Spink & Co., (1933) Private Ltd., 3, Esplanade Youngman & Co., Nai Sarak, East Indian Army Book Depot, 3, Daryaganj Firma K. L. Mukhopadhaya, 6/IA, Banchha Ram All India Educational Supply Co., Shri Ram Buildings, Akrar Lane Jawahar Nagar (R) K. K. Roy, P. Box No. 10210, Calcutta-19 (R) Dhanwant Medical & Law Book House, 1522, Sm. P. D. Upadhyay,77, Muktaram Babu Street (R) Lajpat Rai Market (R) Universal Book Dist., 8/2, Hastings Street (R) University Book House, 15, U. B. Bangalore Road, Modern Book Depot, Chowringhee Centre (R) Jawahar Nagar (R) Soor & Co., 125, Canning Street Law Literature House, 2646, Balimaran (R) S. Bhattacharjee, 49, Dharamtala Street (R) Summer Brothers, P. O. Birla Lines (R) Mukherjee Library, 10, Sarba Khan Road Universal Book & Stationery Co., 16, Netaji Current Literature Co., 208, Mahatma Gandhi Road Subhash Marg The Book Depository, 4/1, Madan Street (lst Floor) (R) B. Nath & Bros., 3808, Charkhawalan (Chowri Scientific Book Agency, Netaji Subhash Road (R) Bazar) (R) Reliance Trading Co., 17/1, Banku Bihari Ghose Lane, Rajkamal Prakashan Private Ltd., 8, Faiz Bazar District Howrah (R) Premier Book Co., Printers, Publishers & Booksellers, Indian Book Dist. Co., 6512, Mahatma Gandhi Road (R) Nai Sarak (~ CALI CUT- Universal Book Traders, 80, Gokhle Market Touring Book Stall (R) Tech. & Commercial Book Coy., 75, Gokhle Market (R) CHANDIGARH- Saini .Law Publishing Co., 1416, Chabiganj, Kashmere Superintendent, Government Printing & Stationery, Gate (R) Punjab G. M. Ahuja, Booksellers & Stationers, 309, Nehru Jain Law Agency, Flat No.8, Sector No. 22 Bazar (R) Rama News Agency, Booksellers, Sector No. 22 Sat Narain & Sons, 3141 Mobd. Ali Bazar, Mori Universal Book Store, Booth 25, Sector 22·D Gate

ii List of Agcnts-conttl. DELHI-contd. JABALPUR- Kitab Mahal (Wholesale Div.) Private Ltd., 28, Fah Bazar Modern Book House, 286, Jawaharganj Hindu Sahitya Sansar, Nai Sarak (R) National Book House, 135Jai Prakash Narain Marg (R) Munshi Ram Manohar Lal, Oriental Booksellers JAIPUR- & Publishers, P. B. 1165, Nai Sarak (R) Government Printing and Stationery Department, K. L. Seth, Suppliers of Law, Commercial, Tech. Rajasthan Books, Shanti Nagar, Ganeshpura (R) Bharat Law House, Booksellers & Publishers, Opp., Adarsh Publishing Service, 5A/IO Ansari Road (R) Prem Prakash Cinema DHANBAO- Garg Book Co., Tripolia Bazar Ismag Co-operative Stores Ltd" P. O. Indian School Vani Mandir, Sawai Mansingh Highway of Mines Kalyan Mal & Sons, Tripolia Bazar (R) New Sketch Press, Post Box 26 (R) Popular Book Depot, Chaura Rasta Krishna Book Depot, Chaura Rasta (R) DHARWAR- Dominion Law Depot, Shah Building, P.B. No. 23 (R) The Agricultural College Consumers Co-op. Society (R) Rameshraya Book Depot, Subhas Road (R) JAMNAGAR- Karnatakaya Sahitya Mandira of Publishers and Swadeshi Vastu Bhandar Booksellers JAMSHEDPUR- ERNAKULAM- Amar Kitab Ghar, Diagonal Road, P. B. 78 Pai & Co., Cloth Bazar Road (R) Gupta Stores, Dhatkidih South India Traders C/o Constitutional Journal Sanyal Bros., Booksellers & News Agents, Bistapur FEROZEPUR- Market (R) English Book Depot, 78, Jhoke Road JAWALAPUR- GAUHATI- Sahyog Book Depot (R) Mokshada Pustakalaya JHUNJHUNU- GAYA- Shashi Kumar Sarat Chand (R) Sahitya Sadan, Gautam Budha Marg Kapram Prakashan Prasaran, 1/90 Namdha Niwas, Azad GHAZIABAD- Marg (R) , Jayana Book Agency (R) JODHPUR- GORAKHPUR- Dwarka Das Rathi, Wholesale Books and News Agents Vishwa Vidyalaya Prakashan, Nakhes Road Kitab-Ghar, Sojati Gate Choppra Brothers, Tripolia Bazar GUDUR- The General Manager, The N.D.C. Publishing & Ptg. JULLUNDUR- Society Ltd. (R) Hazooria Bros., Mai Hiran Gate (R) GUNTUR- Jain General House, Bazar Bansanwala Book Lovers Private Ltd., Kadriguda, Chowrasta University Publishers, Railway Road (R) GWALIOR- KANPUR- Superintendent, Printing & Stationery, M.B. Loyal Book Depot, Patankar Bazar, Lashkar Advani & Co., P. Box 100, The Mall M. C. Daftari, Prop. M. B. Jain & Bros., Sahitya Niketan, Shradhanand Park Booksellers, Sarafa, Lashkar (R) The Universal Book Stall, The Mall , HUBLI- Raj Corporation, Raj House, P. B. 200, Chowk (R) Pervaje's Book House, Koppikar Road KARUR- HYDERABAD- Shri V. Nagaraja Rao, 26, Srinivasapuram (R) Director, Government Pres.. KODARMA- The Swaraj Book Depot, Lakdikapul The Bhagwati Press, P.O. Jhumri Tilaiya, Dt. Hazaribag Book Lovers Private Ltd. (R) KOLHAPUR- Labour Law Publications, 873, Sultan Bazar (R) Maharashtra Granth Bhandar, Mahadwar Road (R) IMPHAL- KOTA- Tikendra & Sons, Booksellers (R) Kota Book Depot (R) INDORE- KUMTA- Wadhwa & Co., 56, M. G. Road S. V. Kamat, Booksellers & Stationers (N. Kanara) Swarup Brother's, Khajuri Bazar (R) LUCKNOW- Madhya Pradesh Book Centre, 41, Ahilya Pura (R) Modern Book House, Shiv Vilas Palace (R) Soochna Sahitya Depot (State Book Depot) Navyug Sahitya Sad an, Publishers & Booksellers, Balkrishna Book Co., Ltd., Hazratganj 10, Khajuri Bazar (R) British Book Depot, 84, Hazratganj

iii List of Agents-c,nld.

LUCKNOW"OIItd. Geeta Book HoUle, Booksellers & Publishers Krishna­ Ram Advani, Hazratganj, P. B. 154 murthipuram (R) Universal Publishers (P) Ltd., Hazratganj News Paper House, Lansdowne Building (R) Eastern fJook Co., Lalbagh Road Indian Mercantile Corporation, Toy Palace Ramvilas(R) Civil & Military Educational Stores, 106/B Sadar Bazar (R) NADIAD- Acquarium Supply Co., 213, Faizabad Road (R) R. S. Desay Station Road (R) Law Book Mart, Amin-Ud-Daula Park (R) NAGPUR- LUDHIANA- Superintendent, Government Press & Book Depot Lyall Book Depot, Chaura Bazar Western Book Depot, Residency Road Mohindra Brothers, Katcheri Road (R) 'The Asstt. Secretary, Mineral Industry Association, Nanda Stationery Bhandar, Pustak Bazar (R) Mineral House (R) The Pharmacy News, Pindi Street (R) NAINITAL- Coural Book Depot, Bara Bazar (R) MADRAS- NANDED- Superintendent, Government Press, Mount Road Book Centre, College Law General Books, Station Account Test Institute, P. O. 760 Emgore Road (R) C. Subbiah Chetty & Co., Triplicane Hindustan General Stores, Paper & Stationery K. Krishnamurty, Post Box 384 Merchants, P. B. No. 51 (R) Presidency Book Supplies, 8, Pycroft Road, Triplicane Sanjoy Book Agency, Vazirabad (R) P. Vardhachary & Co., 8, iLinghi Chetty Street NEW DELHI- Palani Parchuram, 3, PycroCts' Road, Triplicane Amrit Book Co., Connaught Circus NCBH Private Ltd., 199, Mount Road (R) Bhawani & Sons, B-F, Connaught Place y. Sadanand, The Personal '.Bookshop, 10, Congress Central News Agency, 23/90, Connaught Circus Buildings,111, Mount Road. (R) Empire Book Depot, 278 Aliganj English Book Stores, 7-L, Connaught Circus, P.O.B. 328 MADURAI- Faqir Chand & Sons, IS-A, Khan Market Oriental Book House, 258, West Masi Street Jain Book Agency, C-g, Prem House, Connaught Place Vivekananda Press, 48, West Masi Street Oxford Book &. Stationery Co., Scindia House MANDYA SUGAR TOWN- Ram Krishna & Sons (of Lahore) 16/B, Connaught Place K. N. Narimhe Gowda & Sons (R) Sikh Publishing House, 7-C, Connaught Place MANGALORE- Suneja Book Centre,24/90, Connaught Circus U. R. Shenoye Sons, Car Street, P. Box 128 United Book Agency, 31, Municipal Market, MAlIijESHWAR- Connaught Circus Mukenda Krishna Nayak (R) jayana Book Depot, Chhaparwala Kuan, Karol Bagb MATHURA- Navayug Traders, Desh Bandhu Gupta Road, Dev Nagar Rath & Co., Tilohi Building, Bengali Ghat (R) Saraswati Book Depot, IS, Lady Harding Road MEERUT- The Secretary, Indian Met. Society, Lodi Road Prakash Educational Stores, Subhas Bazar New Book Depot, Latest Books, Periodicals, Sty. & Hind Chitra Press, West Kutchery Road Novelles, P. B. 96, Connaugbt Place Mehra Brothers, 50-G, Kalkaji Loyal Book Depot, Chhipi Tank Luxmi Book StOtes, 42, Janpath (R) Bharat Educational Stores, Chhippi Tank (R) Hindi Book House, 82, janpath (R) Universal Book Depot, Booksellers & News People Publishing House (P) Ltd., Rani Jhansi Road Agents (R) R. K. Publishers, 23, Beadon Pura, Karol Bagb (R) MONGHYR- Sharma Bros., 17, New Market, Moti Nagar Anusandhan, Minerva Press Buildings (R) Aapki Dukan, 5/5777, Dev Nagar (R) MUSSOORIE- Sarvodaya Service, 66A-I, Rohtak Road, P. B. 2521 (R) Cambridge Book Depot, The Mall (R) H. Chandson, P. B. No. 3034 (R) Hind Traders (R) The Secretary, Federation of Association of Small MUZAFFARNAGAR- Industry of India, 23-B/2, Rohtak Road (R) Mittal & Co., 85-C, New Mandi (R) Standard Booksellers & Stationers, Palam Enclave (R) B. S. Jain & Co., 71, Abupura (R) Lakshmi Book Depot, 57, Regarpura (R) MUZAFFARPUR- Sant Ram Booksellers, 16, New Municipai Market, Scientific & Educational Supply Syndicate Lody Colony (R) Legal Comer, Tikmanio House, Amgola Road (R) PANjIM- Tirhut Book Depot (R) Singhals Book House P.O.B. 70 Near the Church (R) Sagoon Gaydev Dhoud, Booksellers, 5-7 Rua, 3 Idc MYSORE- jameria (R) H. Venkatararniah & Sons, New Statue Circle PATHANKOT- Peoples Book HOUle, Opp., Jagan Mohan Palace The Krishna Book Depot, Main Bazar (R)

iv List of Agents-contd.

PATIALA- SHILLONG- Superintendent, Bhupendra State Press The Officer.in.Charge, Assam Government, B. D. & Co., 17, Shah Nashin Bazar Jain Chapla Bookstall, P. B. No. 1 (R) PATNA- SONEPAT- Superintendent, Government Printing (Bihar) United Book Agency J. N. P. Agarwal & Co., Padri.Ki-Haveli, Raghu' nath Bhawan SRINAGAR- Luxmi Trading Co., Padri.Ki-Haveli The Kashmir Bookshop, Residency Road Moti Lal Banarsi Dass, Bankipore SURAT- Bengal Law House, Chowhatta (R) Shri Gajanan Pustakalaya, Tower Road PITIIORAGARH- TIRUCHIRPALLI- Maniram Punetha & Sons (R) Kalpana Publishers, Wosiur PONDlCHERRY- S. Krishnaswami & Co., 35, Subhash Chander Bose MIs. Honesty Book House,9 Rue Duplix (R) Road POONA- Palamiappa Bros. (R) Deccan Book Stall, Deccan Gymkhana TRIVANDRUM- Imperial Book Depot, 266, M. G. Road International Book Depot, Main Road International Book Service, Deccan Gymkhana Raka Book Agency, Opp., Natu's Chawl, Near Appa Reddear Press & Book Oepot, P. B. No.4 (R) Balwant Chowk TUTICORIN- Utility Book Depot, 1339, Shivaji Nagar (R) Shri K. Tbiagarajan, 10-C, French Chapal Road (R) PUDUKOTTAI- UDAIPUR- Shri P. N. Swaminathan Sivam & Co., East Main Jagdish & Co., Inside Surajapole (R) ~oad (R) Book Centre, Maharana, Bhopal Consumers' Co-op. RAJKOT- Society Ltd. (R) Mohan Lal Dossabhai Shah, Booksellers and Sub-Agents UlJAIN- RANCHI- Manek Chand Book Depot, Sati Gate (R) Crown Book Depot, Upper Bazar Pustak Mahal, Upper Bazar (R) VARANASI- REWA- Students Friends & Co., Lanka (R) Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Gopal Mandil' Superintendent, Government State Emporium V. P. Road, P. B. 8 ROURKELA- Glob Book Centre (R) The Rourkela Review (R) Kohinoor Stores, University Road, Lanka SAHARANPUR- B.H.U. Book Depot (R) Chandra Bharata Pustak Bhandar, Court Road (R) VELLORE- SECUNDERABAD- A. Venkatasubhan, Law Booksellers Hindustan Diary Publishers, Market Street VIjAYAWADA- SILCHAR- The Book & Review Centre, Eluru Road. Governpet (R) Shri Nishitto Sen, Nazirpatti (R) VISAKHAPATNAM- SIMLA- Gupta Brothers, Vizia Building Superintendent, Himachal Pradesh Government Book Centre, 11/97, Main Road Minerva Book Shop, The Mall The Secy. Andhra University, General <:kHlp. Stores The New Book Depot 79, The Mall Ltd. (R) SINNAR- VIZIANAGRAM- Shri N. N. Jakhadi, Agent, Times of India, Sinnar Sarda & Co. (R) (Nasik) (R) WARDHA- Swarajeya Bhandar. Bhorji Market Government of India Kitab Mahal, } Janpatb, Opp.,India Coffee HoUle, __ I New Delhi For local ..... es High Commissioner for India in London. India Government of India Book Depot, HoUle, London, W. C. 2 8 HaItingt Street, Calcutta v List of Agents-coneld.

RaUway Book.. taU holder. Fonip

SIS. A. H. Wheeler & Co., IS, Elgin Road, Allahabad SIS. Education Enterprise Private Ltd., Kathumandu (Nepal) SIS. Aktie Bologat, C. E. Fritzes Kungl, Hovobokhandel, ~ Gahlot Bros., K. E. M. Road, Bikaner Fredsgation-2 Box 1656, Stockholm-16, (Sweden) Reise-und Verkehrsverlag Stuttgart, Post 730, Gutenberg. stra 21, Stuttgart No. 11245, Stuttgart den (Germany West) Higginbothams & Co., Ltd., Mount Road, Madras Shri Iswar Subramanyam 452, Reversite Driv Apt. 6, New York, 27 N W Y M. Gulab Singh & Sons, Private Ltd., Mathura Road, The Proprietor, Book Centre, Lakshmi Mansions, 49, The New Delhi ,Mall, Lahore (Pakistan) (Ou S " B Basis) The Head Clerk, Govt. Book Depot, Ahmedabad The Registrar of Companies, Mahatma Gandhi Road, West The Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Kapileshwar Road, Cott. Bldg. P. B. 334, Kanpur Belgaurn The Registrar of Companies, Everest 100, Marine Drive, Bombay The Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, Dhar The Registrar of Companies, 162, Brigade Road, Bangalore The Asstt. Director, Footwear Extension Centre, Polo Ground No.1, Jodhpur . The Registrar of Companies, Gwalior Ifhe Officer I/C., Extension Centre, Club Road, Muzaffarpur Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Bhuli Road, Dhanbad The Director, Indian Bureau of Mines, Govt. of India, Registrar of Companies, Orissa, Cuttack Candhi, Cuttack Ministry of Mines & Fuel, Nagpur The Registrar of Companies, Gujarat State, Gujarat The Asstt. Director, Industrial Extension Centre, Nadiad Samachar Building, Ahmedabad (Gujarat) Publication Division, Sales Depot, North Block, New Delhi The Head Clerk, Photozincographic Press,S, Finance Road, The Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries, Poona New Delhi . Government Printing & Stationery, Rajkot The Officer I/C., University Employment Bureau, Lucknow The Officer I/C., Extension Centre, Industrial Estate, Kokar, Ranchi Officer I/C., S. I. S. 1. Extension Centre, MaIda The Director, S. I. S. I. Industrial Extension Centre, Udhna, Officer I/C., S. I. S. I. Extension Centre, Habra, Tabaluria, Surat 24 Parganas The Registrar of Companies, Narayani Building, 27, Officer 1/0., S. I. S. I. Model Carpentry Workshop, Piyali Erabourne Road, Calcutta· I Nagar, P. O. Burnipur The Registrar of Companies, Kerala, 50, Feet Road, Officer I/C.. S. I. S. I. Chrontanning Extension Centre, Ernakulam Tangra 33, North Topsia Road, Calcutta-46 The Registrar of Companies, H. No. 3-5-83, Hyderguda, Officer I/C., S.l.S.I. Extension Centre, (Footwear). Calcutta Hyderabad Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Hyderabad Registrar of Companies, Assam, Manipur and Tripura, Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Krishna Distt. (A.P.) Shillong Employment Office~, Employment Exchange, Jhabua Registrar of Companies, Sunlight Insurance Building, Ai meri Dy. Director Incharge, S.l.S.l., C/o Chief Civil Admn. Goa, Gate Extension, New Delhi Panjim The Registrar of Companies, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, The Registrar of Trade Unions, Kanpur Link Road, Jullundur City The Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, Gopal Registrar of Companies, Bihar, Jammal Road, Patna-l Bhavan, Mornia Registrar of Companies, Raj, & Ajmer; Shri Kamta Prasad The Officer ItC., State Information Centre, Hyderabad House, 1st Floor, 'C' Scheme, Aahok Marg, Jaipur The Registrar of Companies, Pondicherry The Registrar of Companies, Andhra Bank Building, 6 Linghi -The Asstt. Director of Publicity and Information, Vidhana Chetty Street, P. B. 1530, Madras Saubha (P. B. 271) Bangalore

vi