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Seroepidemiology of Leishmania Among Healthy Dogs in Bulgaria

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Seroepidemiology of Leishmania Among Healthy Dogs in Bulgaria Turk.J.Vet.Anim.Sci. 2007;31(1):73-74 ©TÜB‹TAK ShortCommunication SeroepidemiologyofLeishmaniaamongHealthyDogsinBulgaria IliaTSACHEV1,EmmanouilI.PAPADOGIANNAKIS2,*,VasilisKONTOS2,AndreiIVANOV1,BorislavaCHAKAROVA3, KrasimirSTOJANCHEV1,RaikoPESHEV4 1VeterinaryFaculty,TrakiaUniversity,StaraZagora-BULGARIA 2DepartmentofVeterinaryPublicHealth,NationalSchoolofPublicHealth,Athens-GREECE 3MedicalFaculty,TrakiaUniversity,StaraZagora-BULGARIA 4NationalVeterinaryDiagnosticandResearchInstitute,Sofia-BULGARIA Received:24.11.2005 Abstract: Aseroepidemiologicalstudyofcanineleishmaniasiswascarriedoutin220healthypetdogsfrom11differentregionsin Bulgariaallocatedin5regionsinsouthernBulgaria:Plovdiv(n=20),StaraZagora(n=20),Yambol(n=20),Burgas(n=20) , andBlagoevgrad(n=20),and6regionsinnorthernBulgaria:Varna(n=20),Silistra(n=20),Rousse(n=20),VelikoTarnov o (n=20),Pleven(n=20),andMontana(n=20).Theindirectfluorescentantibodytestwasused. Allbloodseraexaminedyieldednegativeresultsforleishmaniasis,thussuggestingthathealthyhouseholddogsinBulgariaare not infectedbyLeishmania. KeyWords: Dog,Leishmania,Bulgaria,IFAtest Canineleishmaniasis(CL)isaninfectiousdisease StaraZagora(n=20),Yambol(n=20),Burgas(n= causedbyprotozoabelongingtothegenus Leishmania 20),andBlagoevgrad(n=20).Forty-nineofthese and transmittedbybitesoffemalesandflies sampleswereobtainedfromfemaledogsand51were (Phlebotomus intheoldWorld).Dogsusuallypresent frommaledogs,allofvariousbreedsandages(mean withcutaneouslesionsalongwiththevisceralformofthe 3.8,SD0.39years).Theareasselectedincludedall disease(1,2).Theprevalencerateofcanineleishmaniasis regionswherehumanvisceralleishmaniasishadbeen inBulgariaremainstobeclarified.Thecountryissituated detected,whilesomeotherswereaddedinorderfora between41°and44°northlatitudes,thusbeingapart representativesampleofthewholecountrytobe ofthenaturalzonesofleishmaniasis,butalownumber investigated. ofhumanvisceralleishmaniasiscaseshavebeenrecorded duringthepastyearsandstrayanimalshavebeenfound Additionally,120bloodserawereobtainedfrom6 tobeoccasionallyinfected(3). regionsinnorthernBulgaria,namelyVarna(n=20), Silistra(n=20),Rousse(n=20),VelikoTarnovo(n= Thepurposeofthepresentstudywastoinvestigate 20),Pleven(n=20),andMontana(n=20).Fifty-oneof theseroprevalenceofLeishmaniaamonghealthypetdogs thesesampleswereobtainedfromfemaledogsand69 inBulgaria.ElevenregionsofBulgariawereincludedin thestudy:area 1:5regionsinsouthernBulgaria:central werefrommaledogs,allofvariousbreedsandages - Plovdiv,StaraZagoraandYambol;eastern–Burgas; (mean4.26,SD0.43years). western- Blagoevgrad;area 2:6regionsinnorthern Allbloodsampleswerecollectedfromhealthypet Bulgaria:central- Silistra,Rousse,VelikoTarnovo, dogsduringroutinehealthcarevisitsinveterinaryclinics Pleven;eastern–Varna;western- Montana. situatedintheaforementionedtowns.Bloodsamples Onehundredcaninebloodserawerecollectedfrom5 wereobtainedduringallseasonsbetween2002and regionsinsouthernBulgaria,namelyPlovdiv(n=20), 2004. *E-mail:[email protected] 73 SeroepidemiologyofLeishmaniaamongHealthyDogsinBulgaria Allserawereassayedbytheindirectfluorescence flyrepellentsregularlyimplementedbytheownersare antibody(IFA)test. quiteeffectiveandpreventsandflybiting.Another Thetestwasperformedaccordingtothe explanationcouldbethat P.papatasi and P.sergenti , manufacturer’sinstructions(BIOVETtest–France). whicharethemainsandflyspeciesinBulgaria(6),have Briefly,platesof10ready-to-usewellswithFluoleish ahighertropismtowardshumansthantowards wereusedalongwithFITC-labeledanti-dogIgGconjugate householddogs,asopposedto P.neglectus,whichisthe (SigmaF-4012,Germany)diluted1:25inPBS.Allblood mainsandflyspeciesencounteredinGreece(7). seraweredilutedinworkingtitersof1:100and1:200. Furthermore,seroprevalenceratesmaychangeovertime Eachseriesincludedbothpositiveandnegativecontrols. duetohumaninterventionalongwiththenatural Theplateswereexaminedunderfluorescentmicroscope, dynamicsof Leishmania transmission,andthereis throughslidecoverglasses.Titersof1:100andhigher evidencethatserologyaloneisanon-reliabletoolinthe wereconsideredpositive. investigationofcanineleishmaniasisepidemiology(8).On theotherhand,IFAtesthasbeenfoundtobevery Allserumsamplesscorednegativeforanti-leishmania sensitiveindetectingleishmaniaantibodiesinthecanine antibodies.GiventhelengthyincubationperiodofCL (9).Therefore,thepossibilityoffalsenegativeresults (monthstoyears),bloodsampleswerenotcollected seemstobeverylowanddoesnotsignificantlyinterfere duringarestrictedtimeperiodorseason. withtheresults.Inorderforthisimportantissuetobe Althoughtheroleofleishmania-infecteddogsinthe clarified,furtherresearchhastobedone,mainlyfocusing epidemiologyofhumanvisceralleishmaniasisisstill onthevectorbehaviorinBulgaria,itstropismand controversial,thedogisconsideredoneofthemain infectivityinparticularinareasofthecountryinwhich reservoirsoftheparasiteinnature(4).Inthe humanvisceralleishmaniasishasalreadybeendiagnosed. neighboringcountryGreece,thecaninepopulationofpet Sincenotallinfecteddogsdeveloppositiveantibodytiters animalshasbeenfoundtobeinfectedwith Leishmania (10),itispossiblethatsomeoftheexaminedanimalsin infantum withanincidencerangingbetween6.8%and thisstudyhadalatentinfectionalongwithadequate 48.4%(5). activationofthecellularimmunityandundetectablelevels Itwassurprisingtofindthatalldogsexaminedinthe ofantibodytitersagainstleishmania(11).Finally,dogs presentstudyhadnoantibodiesagainst Leishmania. livinginkennelsandwildanimalsshouldalsobeexamined Thus,alackofcontactwiththevector( Phlebotomus) sinceacertainspeciescouldbeanadditionalreservoirof couldbetheonlyexplanationforourresults.Sinceall leishmaniaandmoreaccessibletosandfliesthan animalsexaminedwerepetdogs,itispossiblethatsand householddogs. References 1. Carlotti,D.:CanineEuropeanLeishmaniasis,9thFECAVA 7. Killick-Kendrick,R.,Killick-Kendrick,M.:Biologyofsandfly Congress,ScientificProceedings,Estrol,Portugal,2003;82. vectorsofMediterraneancanineleishmaniasis.Proceedingsofthe InternationalCanineLeishmaniasisForum,Barcelona,Spain, 2. KontosV.J.,KoutinasA.F.:Oldworldcanineleishmaniasis.Comp. 1999;26-31. Cont.Educ.Pract.Vet.,1993;15:949-959. 8. Gradoni,L.:Epizootiologyofcanineleishmaniasisinsouthern 3. FilipovG.,Dimitrov,H.,Harizanov,R.,Yordanov,D.,Kurdova, Europe.ProceedingsoftheInternationalCanineLeishmaniasis R.,Vachev,D.:VisceralleishmaniosisinBulgaria–presentand Forum,Barcelona,Spain,1999;32-36. future.8NationalCongressesofInfectiousDiseases, EpidemiologyandParasitology.Proceedings.Plovdiv,2003;14- 9. Mancianti,F.,Pedonese,F.,Poli,A.:Evaluationofdot-ELISAfor 18(inBulgarian). theserodiagnosisofcanineleishmaniosisascomparedwith indirectimmunofluorescentassay.Vet.Parasitol.,1996;65:1-9. 4. Bettini,S.,Gradoni,L.:CanineleishmaniasisintheMediterranean 10. Cabral,M.,O’Grady,J.E.,Gomes,S.,Sousa,J.C.,Thomson,H., areaanditsimplicationsforhumanleishmaniasis.InsectSci.Appl. Alexander,J.:Theimmunologyofcanineleishmaniosis:strong 1986;7:241-245. evidenceforadevelopingdiseasespectrumfromasymptomatic 5. Sideris,V.,Papadopoulou,G.,Dotsika,E.,Karagouni,E.: dogs.Vet.Parasitol.,1998;76:173-180. AsymptomaticcanineleishmaniasisinGreaterAthensarea, 11. Papadogiannakis,E.:Acontributiontothestudyofthe Greece.Eur.J.Epidemiol., 1999;15:271-276. immunopathogenesisofexfoliativedermatitisincanine 6. WHO:Geographicaldistributionofarthropod-bornediseasesand leishmaniosis( Leishmaniainfantum ).PhDthesis.Aristotle theirprincipalvectors.WHO,Geneva.1989;94-106. University,Thessaloniki,Greece,2003. 74.
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