2020 - 2021 Year 11 - Cycle Two

2020 - 2021 YEAR 11 - CYCLE TWO

KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

Name: Learning Family:

Bower Park Academy Aspire to achieve, enjoy and excel Knowledge Organisers

For every learning cycle, the key content for each subject is summarised into a knowledge organiser. Each cycle, all the knowledge organisers are collated into a booklet which each student receives; these are the basis for revision home learning. Over the year students can use knowledge organisers for revision of core knowledge and as a handy spelling and vocabulary reminder.

How to use the knowledge organiser booklet

Students should test themselves on the knowledge in their knowledge organiser; self-quizzing is one of the most effective revision strategies to embed key knowledge. This encourages students to take ownership of their learning, and to support them in developing good learning habits. Embedding this content and developing these habits ensure long-term success and effective retrieval from long-term memory. Students should use the following methods to revise and test themselves.

 Read, cover, write, check: students learn key information in their knowledge organisers by reading a small section, covering it up, saying the definitions to themselves, writing out those key terms and definitions in their self-quizzing books, then checking to see if they got them right. They should correct any errors in purple pen, then repeat the process.

 Mind maps: students make a colourful mind map of all the core knowledge starting with a central theme and then building a network of information branching out from the central theme.

 Clock learning: students take a topic and break it into twelve categories making notes in each section of the clock then revise each section for 5 minutes, turn over the sheet and then try and note down as much information as they can recall from one of the sections.

 Question and answer flashcards: students create Q&A flashcards with a question on one side, and an answer on the other (or key terminology on one side, and definitions on the other). They test themselves several times a week, and revise each card depending on whether they got it right last time or not (can use Quizlet website)

Key Concepts: Mixed Media Processes Qualities of a good artist: Graffiti Art AO1 Develop your ideas through artist research Theme: Limitations - a restriction AO2 Experiment and refine using a wide range of Genre: Fine Art equipment and materials Narrative Art: Simply Art that tells a story. AO3 Record purposeful ideas in your sketchbook Mostly all genres of Art up until the 20th AO4 Present a reflective, meaningful final outcome Century depicted stories

Public Art Visual Stimulus Visual Onomatopoeia STENCIL EXPERMIENTIONAL Stimulus materials is defined as: The formation Stencilling, in the visu- Art is that which takes of a word from a sound as- are resources used unfamiliarity as its sociated with what is named al arts, is a technique in assessment dominant. The experi- activities to help es- (e.g. cuckoo, sizzle). Gener- for reproducing designs ally Used on the front cover, mental artist wants his/ It repre- Koons tablish context, by passing ink or paint the hook to generate ideas her artwork to be differ- sents art in purpose, and focus using visual images to over holes cut in card- ent from all the other any media Frank Shepard Fairey ‘OBEY’ Phlegm 1.Primary Source reimagine an idea or con- board or metal onto the artworks around him/ whose form, cept based on a specific surface to be decorated. her function 2.Secondary Source theme and meaning are cre-

ated for the Contemporary is art of Historical the study of general public today, produced in the objects of art in their through second half of the 20th historical development and a public stylistic contexts. process Century or in the 21st C

Contemporary Supporting Artists: Gregg Segal VISUAL MINDMAP, a diagram in which information is represented visually, with a central Troubles in Northern Ireland - Murals idea placed in the middle Personal Research the investigation into and study of artists and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions surrounding a specific theme or topic

Controlled Timed Assessment Annotate an assessment process used to Foreshortening - Compositional Structures ensure the reliability of A personal record of refers to the technique of coursework. 10 hours of sus- emotions connected to depicting an object or hu- tained focus an image in writing. man body in a picture so Gallery analysis or Visit a 1. What have you done? as to produce an illusion of Triangle Place of Interest an analysis 2. How have you done it? projection or extension in THEME: to discuss how a visit to a gal- 3. What inspired you? lery or museum impacted on space LIMITATIONS 4. What else did you try? your appreciate of art and how 5. Is there anything you it will influence your own artwork O-Shape

Key Words Emphasis is defined as an area or object within the Diagonal artwork that draws atten- THUMBNAILS (A02&3) Reduced size versions tion and becomes a focal of a composition Lines point DEVELOPMENT IDEA (A02&3) Selecting ideas, Diagonal movement is a visual elements, compositions and techniques diagonal made out of a from this initial work and using them in new straight line that's set at an ways angle instead of straight up PRELIMINARY IDEA (A02&3) Solely used to Action Plan L-Shape or across present an idea, includes roughs, visualiza- A proposed strategy or course tions, sketches, and layouts Variety is the principle of of action. The plan is written art that adds interest to an REPLICA FINAL OUTCOME (A02&3) An exact adjacent to the preliminary design idea artwork. Variety works reproduction of what an artist plans to create through juxtaposition and S-Shape contrast. Unity and Harmony in art

are used by artists to tie a

composition together and Rule of

help the composition make

thirds

sense as a whole piece of art Rhythm suggests action or movement. It is usually achieved through, repeti- Independent Homework Challenge Focal tion of lines, shapes, col- To be able to research and investigate a minimum of four artists, complete Point ours, and more. It creates a an analysis of each work of art reproduced. Evidence of observational visual tempo in artworks drawing should be completed based on the theme of work Computing—Year 11 - Networking Knowledge Organiser

Name Diagram Definition Advantages / Disadvantages

Each node is connected to two oth- All data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of collisions. No Ring ers, and packets tend to travel in need for a network server. It is a high speed service. Additional nodes can

one direction. be added without affecting performance.

All data passes through every workstation on route. If one node shuts down then the whole network collapses. Hardware is more expensive than switches.

Each node connects to a hub or Centralised management through the server. Easy to add more machines Star switch. A central machine acts as a to the network. If one machine fails, the others are unaffected.

server whilst the outer nodes are Potentially higher set up costs, especially in server and switch set ups. clients. Central server determines the speed of the network and the number of possible nodes. The chance of redundant connections is very high, which increases the cost, and makes the network cost inefficient. Bus or line topology is a network Works well with small networks. Easiest option for connecting nodes with Bus where all the nodes are connected shared peripherals. Least costly in terms of hardware and cabling.

to a single cable (backbone). Difficult to fault test because when the network crashes it just shows that

there are errors. Additional devices slow down the network.

TCP/IP Layer 1—Application Layer 2—Transport Layer 3—Internet Layer 4—Network This layer ensures data is protect- This layer establishes the connection across This layer is concerned with transmitting This layer deals with the physical trans- Protocol ed in a form that is acceptable to the network. The transmitting device agrees the data across different networks. It mitting of the data. It converts the data the application that will use it, with the receiving device the speed or data identifies the destination and establishes into binary electronic signals that can be such as web-browsers or email transfer, the size or number of packets and the path the data will take between understood by the network hardware. Layers clients. any error checking to be used. nodes. Knowledge Organiser Construction Bricklaying

Bricklaying tools Part of a standard brick Standard brick sizes

Walling trowel, spirit level, gauge staff, jointing iron, tape Length or stretcher side= 215mm measure, builder’s square, lines and pins, corner blocks, pointing trowel and wire brush Width or header side= 102.5

Height =65mm Bricklaying equipment Key words Bell mixer, shovel, wheelbarrow, hand broom, spot board, profile board, marking chalk 1. Mortar=mixture of sand, cement and water, used to bond bricks together hard Bricklaying materials 2. Level= horizontally Common bricks, facing bricks, engineering bricks, Types of brick bonding straight thermal blocks, concrete blocks, soft building sand, 3. Plumb= vertically straight cement, lime, plasticiser, damp proof course, tie wires, clean water is essential too. 4. Aggregates = finely crushed stones/ sand Bricklayers’ role in construction 5. Gauged= making sure brick • To construct internal and external walls made from joints are 10mm spaced apart bricks and blocks 6. Cement = grey coloured • To construct footings, sewers and foundation work powder made from heated below the ground chalk to make mortar and • To repair and maintain existing brickwork Facts- bricks are made from clay. Lightweight blocks are concrete set hard • To point and repair joints in brickwork made from heated ash and concrete blocks are made from • To repair and restore highly decorative brickwork 7. Lime= white coloured concrete. Concrete is similar to mortar but is made by using seen on listed buildings and older buildings powder added to sand to sand that contains larger aggregates (stones). Concrete Fact- bricklayers work 90% of the time outside and make training mortar should not be used for laying bricks. Fact- there are 60 are one of the first crafts on site at the beginning of bricks in 1 square metre of stretcher bond walling. a construction project

Knowledge Organiser Construction Carpentry and Joinery

Types of Common Wood Joints Carpentry Hand Tools Key Words

Claw hammer, Pein hammer, mallet, chisels, try-square, steel Pairing- removing a rule, marking gauge, tenon saw, coping saw, rip saw, wood file, section of wood with a screwdrivers, nail punch, pincers, pliers, spirit level, hand drill, chisel and mallet. bradawl, marking knife, wood plane, spoke shave, Grain – natural growth in Corner Bridle Mortise and Tenon Corner Halving timber shown by lines Carpentry Equipment- Workbench, G-cramp, sash cramp, belt running through it. sander, pillar drill, bandsaw, vice, bench hook, circular saw, power drill, mitre saw and sharpening oil stone. Knots- dark circles in timber where branches

once grew. Carpentry Materials-Nails, screws, PVA (polyvinyl acetate) glue, sandpaper, hinges, wall plugs, wood filler, panel pins, oil, Rip sawing- cutting the same way as the grain. screw cups and nut and bolt fittings. Dovetail Halving Butt Mitre Cross cut sawing- Woods and Manufactured Boards Carpenters’ role within construction cutting opposite the grain direction. • Construct roof frames and other frames Natural wood comes in two types. Hardwood and softwood. Hardwoods are strong, more durable to weather but are expensive and take longer • Fit doors, windows and cupboards/ kitchens End grain- the edge of to grow. Softwoods grow more quickly, are cheaper but are still strong • Fit floorboards, staircases, skirting boards and dado the timber where it has rails enough to be used for many construction purposes. Common softwoods been cut through • are pine, cedar and spruce. Common hardwoods are oak, beech, Construct furniture Pilot hole- small hole • mahogany and ash. Manufactured boards are made from recycled Construct doors and windows made with a bradawl to • hard and softwood pieces. The most common types are- hardboard, Construct stud walling allow easier insertion of a • chipboard, plywood, MDF (medium density fibreboard). Natural Fit plasterboards screw. • Restore and repair heritage and listed buildings wood is limited in size due to the size of the tree it comes from but generally looks better suggests quality. Manufactured boards have few Sap- clear liquid that Did you know that a joiner is someone who constructs faults, are flatter and can be made in large sheets. They are used to secretes from timber at wooden products at a bench and a carpenter fits them on make less expensive wooden products like flatpack furniture and times after cutting site, however they are trained in both skills when learning. cupboards for kitchens. Knowledge Organiser Construction Health and Safety 1

Safety sign types

name mandatory prohibited hazard safe condition 1. Health and safety legislation HASAWA 1974 meaning Must do as it Must not Warning of danger Safe action Employer’s duties at work- instructs performed or procedure • Provide a reasonable safe working place to work example Wear protective No unauthorised Danger toxic Emergency fire exit • clothing persons substance Provide safe systems of work colours Blue and white Red, white with Yellow and black Green and white • Provide information and controls on safety – safety black image signs and boundaries around sites Shape Circular Circular Triangular Rectangular • Maintain equipment, ladders and machinery regularly • Follow building regulations and codes of practice • Provide PPE to employees that is fit for use • Produce risks assessments, COSHH assessments • Monitor and provide daily and weekly checks on safety

Type of Fire Extinguishers Employees’ duties at work

colour red black blue cream yellow • Work responsibly at all time contents water CO2 dry powder foam Wet chemical • Take reasonable care of themselves and others uses Wood, paper, Live electrical Wood, paper, Flammable Cooking oils textiles, rubber equipment, textiles, liquids, wood and fats, wood • Wear PPE provided making sure it fits correctly Flammable liquids flammable paper, textiles and paper and • Report hazards on site including faults with PPE and liquids, live plastics textiles equipment electrical • Report any accident or near misses equipment, gas • Maintain clean working areas fires • Not smoking on the site or being under the influence non- uses Live electrical Confined spaces Live electrical Live electrical equipment Wood, paper and equipment equipment of alcohol or drugs textiles • Stack and store equipment and materials correctly • Follow safety rules including safety sign information

The Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA). This the main safety legislation of the UK. All employers and employees must act in accordance with the act and provide a reasonable safe working environment. This includes acting responsible at all times, supplying and wearing the correct (PPE)personal protective equipment for hazardous tasks and reporting and correcting any hazards in the workplace. The Health and Safety Executives who work for the government have a duty to investigate any serious incidents concerning safety. This includes accidents involving injury, death, fire, collapse of a building, flooding, electrical and gas accidents. They can do either of the following if called or visiting a place of work. 1. Issue and improvement notice to make the place safer. 2. Issue a prohibition notice, to stop all work immediately if found unsafe.3. Prosecute people who are found to breach safety rules. 4. Give advice on how to improve safety in the workplace. IT IS EVERYONE’S DUTY TO ACT SAFE AT WORK AT ALL TIMES. DON’T LET AN ACCIDENT BE YOUR FAULT!

Knowledge Organiser Construction Painting and Decorating

There are four reasons for painting and Decorators’ role within construction Key words decorating • Prepare and decorate internal and external surfaces Preparation- rubbing down and filling Decoration, preservation, sanitation & identification of buildings surfaces so paint and papers will adhere • Apply wallpapers and other wallcoverings (stick) to achieve a professional finish. • Apply spray paint finishes to industrial and Decorators’ tools-Paintbrushes, rollers, kettles, paint tray, Caulk- a type of filler that is applied by commercial buildings scrapers, filling knives, roller sleeve, roller cage, trimming using a caulking gun. • Restore and repair the decoration of heritage and knives, wallpaper hanging brush, paste brush, plumb bob, listed buildings Kettle- type of small bucket used to hold screwdrivers, sanding blocks, hammer, pliers, caulking gun, • Apply specialised finishes like graining, marbling and paint when using it. shave hook, putty knife, wire brush and wallpaper shears gilding to surfaces (scissors) Gilding- specialised decorating technique where gold leaf is applied to surfaces. Types of paints used Decorators’ equipment-Stepladders, paste table, bucket, Laying off- the action of moving a dustsheets, filling board, steam stripper, hand sander, Primer= first coat on a bare or unpainted surface. There are paintbrush in a vertical motion to avoid runs scaffold board, and spray guns. many different primers for different surface types. on work. Undercoat= applied over a primer and before a gloss coat. Cutting in-the action of using a steady hand Decorators’ materials-Paints, wallpaper paste, filler, caulk Used on woodwork and metalwork only. filler, white spirit, water, wallpapers, texture paint, to create a clean line of paint where two sandpaper, wet and dry paper, sugar soap, methylated spirit, Gloss finish= very shiny finish applied over undercoat. Used on different colours meet. woodwork and metalwork only. varnish, wood oils, French polish and stains. Orange peel- the effect a roller finish gives Emulsion= water- based paint that is used on internal walls to a surface when used instead of a brush. ceilings. Comes in matt, silk and soft sheen finishes. Facts- most paint is either water-based or solvent-based. Ropiness- when a surface has not been Water-based paints can be thinned with water and solvent- Eggshell finish= tough, durable paint used on internal walls, prepared correctly and paint applied poorly. based paints can be thinned with a solvent, commonly white ceiling, woodwork and metalwork. Dries to a slight sheen finish Opacity- how well a paint covers another spirit. Pigment is the name for the colour of paint. These are similar to an eggshell, hence the name. powders and dyes added to the solvent. There is also a binder colour. Varnish= clear finish applied to wood to allow the natural grain in paint that keeps the pigment in place once the paint has dried. Grinning- when the previous colour paint can Most paints dry by the process of evaporation where the solvent to show through. These can be tinted and are known as stain still be seen through the new paint. evaporates in the air due to reaction with oxygen. varnishes. Available in gloss, satin and matt finishes.

Planning permission –what is it?

Knowledge Organiser Construction Unit 3 Planning Construction Projects Town Planner (planning permission) the town planning representative will analyse the architects’ plans that have been Clients are the people who want and pay for the construction work. submitted to them and will decide if the work can go ahead. They will look at sizes, space, light, environmental issues and Construction Client types Example of worked required by client safety before permission is granted for the construction to Private/ residential Loft extension begin. A client cannot build a new building or extend/ alter a Commercial Refurbishment of a companies’ outlet of shops Local government Redecoration of council properties building without planning permission. Central government The construction of a new motorway The Client’s team Contractor- this is the company that will complete the The Architect An architect will design and develop projects based on the client’s needs. They construction work. They will have a team of professionals who are trained professionals who have a great understanding of building will oversee the work. These include: construction processes and will, in most cases, oversee the construction of the Site Manager-The site manager is usually someone who has project from start to finish. worked in the construction industry at a craft level and has CAD engineer Work on behalf of the architect to produce a number of different drawings and moved on to become a site manager. They will work closely with plans by computer aided design CAD, based on the architect’s designs. These can be the whole building drawing or section drawings that show parts of the the project manager. They will manage the day- to -day works, building in greater detail. ensuring the tasks get done on time and standard. Structural Structural Engineers calculate structures endurance to be able to withstand Safety officer-A health and safety officers (HSO) are a qualified Engineer stresses and pressures inflicted through human use and environmental officer responsible for the monitoring and controlling of health conditions. They configure structures, choose appropriate building material, and safety compliance and related rules and regulations in his or inspect the construction work and ensure the structural soundness of buildings and structures. These will work very closely with the architect and client. her organisation. This individual promotes safety awareness Quantity A quantity surveyor's role is to manage the costs relating to building and among employees in a workplace and will check and advise on Surveyor engineering projects. This may include new builds, renovations or maintenance safety on the site. They will also conduct tool box talks. A tool box work. They calculate the costs of materials, labour and plant making sure the talk is a brief meeting with staff to make them aware of any new budget is kept to and minimise costs if possible. hazards that may be present on the site. Note, the safety officer Project Construction projects managers’ roles generally include controlling the time, is not a Health and Safety Executive inspector. Building Surveyor Manager cost, and quality of construction projects, from residential, commercial, and or inspector industrial buildings to roads, bridges, and schools. They plan and coordinate all aspects of the construction process, including hiring contractors and working A building surveyor- will inspect and check standards of work with engineers and architects. Sometimes the client will take on this role but it during the construction of a building. They will work closely with is not recommended unless they have experience in this type of work. contractor and client and assist with the development of the work. They will ensure building regulations are being met with the work.

GCSE DRAMA COMPONENT 3 KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER Lighting DNA Characters Context and Themes ‘Broken Britain’, terrorist Stages angle, position, Jan, Mark, Leah, Phil, Adam, intensity, John Tate, Lou, Danny, Brian, threats caused increased Proscenium Arch coloured -gel, anxiety, anti-social Cathy, Richard behaviour caused End-on fresnel, profile increased security, Traverse spot, birdie, Words to communicate heightened CCTV, Thrust gobo, floodlight, meaning to an audience advances in technology, In the round shadow, distrust in youth, hoodie uplighting vocal expression, facial culture, David Cameron – Words to describe expression, gesture, physicality, ‘Hug a hoodie’, bullying, movement Sound and Music proxemics, interaction, responsibility, guilt, transition, posture, levels, morality, peer-pressure, defined, fluid, erratic, tempo, pitch, gang culture, power stance, atmosphere, mood smooth, open, closed, tone, rhythm, struggle naturalistic, non- intonation, DNA Setting and Structure naturalistic, graceful, diegetic, non- exaggerated, mimed, diegetic, A Street: Jan and Mark’s scenes. A familiar and ordinary setting energetic. refined atmosphere, close to civilisation reminding us of the wider social setting. A Field: Leah and Phil’s scenes. The field is open and spacious and volume Words to describe away from the distraction of the other characters. voice Costume A Wood: Group scenes. Isolated from society, hidden from view, symbolic of secrecy, the natural habitat of bonobos and chimps tone, pitch, pace, colour, fabric, Linear Narrative: intro, problem, crisis, resolution (chronological) pause, accent, time-period, Cyclical structure: the settings are repeated which builds tension texture, style, fit, inflection, volume, DNA Original Performance Conditions emphasis, intonation, worn, torn, articulation, projection material Written by Dennis Kelly as part of National Theatre connections project in 2007. It was first performed Words to describe the effect on the audience professionally at the Cottesloe Theatre in 2008 directed by empathy, pity, shock, horror, outrage, Paul Miller, designer Simon Daw. They used an end-on stage uncomfortable, relieved, distressed, trepidation, with projection and minimalist set. Daw filmed hours of bemused, anxious, compassion, appalled, footage of the three locations, a street, a field and a wood admiration, catharsis, elated, amused, foreboding which were projected onto the cyclorama Design & Technology Energy Generation and Storage

Non-Renewable This is when certain sources of energy will Energy Sources run out eventually

• Coal, Oil and Gas Renewable Energy This is when certain sources of energy will • Burned to create steam, turned in Sources not run out. Fossil Fuels turbines to create electricity. • Burning creates C02 which adds to • Solar panels are used to collect light Global Warming and convert it into electricity • There is no waste and a consistent Solar supply • Nuclear Fission controls the reactor (that • However, the panels are not effective creates the electricity). This requires at night or in countries where there Uranium which is non-renewable isn’t a lot of sunlight • Accidents and waste can severely damage the environment and cause Nuclear Power radiation poisoning • Turbines harness wind energy • Radiation poisoning can be fatal and • Not effective on non-windy days cause physical deformations Wind • Some people don’t like turbines as • Nuclear waste has to be disposed of they are noisy, and not attractive to properly and is hazardous for thousands look at of years. • This harnesses energy from water held behind a dam • Has to be created by flooding land – Storing Energy Hydro-Electrical damaging wildlife habitats Pneumatics: This is the production of energy using compressed gas • Tidal energy comes from using or air. E.g. Pistons in an engine energy from waves

Hydraulics: Like a Pneumatic system, but uses water or oil under • This is fuel from natural sources e.g. pressure. E.g. Wheelchair lifts crops, scrap woods and animal waste Biomass • Growing biomass crops produces Kinetic: Energy that is generated by movement. This is stored by oxygen and uses up C02 items like springs in a “clickable” pen or balloons, • However, is a very expensive method

Batteries: Electrical power can be stored in batteries. Rechargeable batteries are becoming increasingly popular. Environment

Repairing products rather than The 6Rs Meaning throwing them away

To use a product again either for the same purpose or a different Reuse Reducing Product Miles buy one making the product in the To have less of material/packaging/pollution when making products country it is sold in Reduce Planting more by making them more efficient trees to reduce Recycle Breaking down and forming the material into another product deforestation What can we do to Customers not buying or supporting products that make an Refuse reduce environmental environmental impact impact or products Designers and customer rethinking their decisions when making and and manufacture? Rethink buying products. Fixing a product rather than throwing it away. Extending its life rather than using more resources to make another Recycling products and Reducing Pollution by using materials Repair Often products are Designed for Maintenance so can easily be less plastics, efficient repaired. E.g. Using screws so even non-specialists can take a manufacture, less waste and product apart, or using components that can easily be replaced like using renewable energy (like Using less finite fuses or batteries solar and wind) resources

Sustainability is maintaining our planet and its resources and making a minimal Life Cycle Assessment negative impact

Infinite Resources Finite Resources Can be re-grown and re-bread. Will not This is when a designer looks at the Will run out of eventually environmental impact a product run out of makes over its life time and how it could be reduced. Including: Plastics Paper

• Impact of materials Metals Boards

• Impact of processes Polymers (Textiles) Natural Timbers

• Product Miles (how far a product Cotton has to travel to get from factory to consumer) Leather

• Impact while in use This is where products “die” after a certain amount of time. E.g. Disposable cups, Phones, Lightbulbs, Printer Ink, etc • Impact when disposed of (6Rs) Planned Obsolescence This can have a big environmental impact as customers are throwing away lots of products, and resources are being used to create new ones. English Macbeth (AQA Literature, Paper 1) – Knowledge Organiser Plot summary Act I scene i – The three witches gather to meet Macbeth and Banquo. Act I scene ii – Duncan hears from the Captain that the Thane of Cawdor has betrayed him, Act III scene iii – Banquo is murdered but his son, Fleance, escapes. and that Macbeth has proven himself to be a hero. Act III scene iv – At a feast that night, Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo and acts strangely in Act I scene iii – Macbeth and Banquo hear the predictions from the witches that Macbeth front of his guests. Lady Macbeth tries to convince everyone this is normal behaviour. will be Thane of Cawdor and the next king, and Banquo’s children will be kings. Ross arrives Act III scene v – The witches discuss events so far; Hecate, the ruler of the witches, predicts the and tells Macbeth that he is the new Thane of Cawdor. downfall of Macbeth. Act I scene iv – Duncan decides to make his son Malcolm the heir to his throne and tells Act III scene vi – Macduff has left for England to rouse support against Macbeth as suspicion and Macbeth that he will visit his castle. grows against the new king. Act I scene v – Lady Macbeth reads a letter from her husband about the events so far, and Act IV scene i – Macbeth meets the witches who show him a series of apparitions. They tell him to invokes the spirits to give her the strength to do what needs to be done to murder the King. beware Macduff, that he cannot be harmed by anyone ‘born of a woman’ and that he will be safe Act I scene vi – Duncan arrives at Macbeth’s castle and is welcomed by Lady Macbeth. until Birnam Wood moves to the castle at Dunsinane. They also show him a line of Banquo’s Act I scene vii – Macbeth and Lady Macbeth argue over the fate of Duncan. Macbeth has heirs. Macbeth decides to murder Macduff’s family as a result of the first apparition. many strong reasons against the murder, but Lady Macbeth convinces him. Act IV scene ii – Macbeth’s murderers kill Lady Macduff and her children. Act II scene i – Banquo feels uneasy about what might happen in the night. Macbeth makes Act IV scene iii – Macduff and Malcolm discuss what it means to be kind. Macduff discovers his his way to Duncan’s room to kill him and sees a dagger floating in the air before him. family’s murder and, with Malcolm, leads an army to attack Macbeth. Act II scene ii – Macbeth forgets to leave the bloody daggers in Duncan’s room after the Act V scene i – A doctor and Lady Macbeth’s servant watch Lady Macbeth sleep walking and murder and Lady Macbeth berates him before putting them back. trying to wash an imaginary blood spot from her hands. Act II scene iii – Duncan’s body is discovered by Macduff the next day. Macbeth pretends to be Act V scene ii – Malcolm’s army is at Birnam Wood and hear reports that Macbeth’s supporters are angry and kills the servants to keep them out of the way. Duncan’s sons, Malcolm & deserting him. Donalbain, flee the castle. Act V scene iii – Macbeth is under siege and places all his hope in the predictions from the witches. Act II scene iv – Macduff reports that suspicion for the murder has fallen on the kin’s sons; Act V scene iv – Malcolm orders his army to cut down branches from Birnam Wood to disguise the Macbeth has travelled to Scone to be crowned. number of soldiers. Act III scene i – Macbeth is king and Banquo is suspicious about how the witches’ Act V scene v – Macbeth is told of his wife’s death and about the news that Birnam Wood seems predications have come true. Macbeth convinces murderers to assassinate Banquo. to be approaching. He resolves to die fighting. Act III scene ii – Lady Macbeth tries to get her husband to talk to her about his plans but he Act V scene vi - ix – Macbeth is killed by Macduff (who reveals he was delivered by caesarean and refuses. so not properly ‘born’). Malcolm becomes the new king of Scotland and order is restored. Key characters Key themes Historical context Techniques and Terminology Macbeth Thane of Glamis Ambition King James I - Macbeth was likely written in 1606, early in the reign of James I, who succeeded to Tragic hero – a character who was once a traditional hero, but Lady Macbeth his wife Guilt the English throne in 1603 after being King of Scotland. The play pays homage to the king’s Scottish whose fatal flaw or bad decision leads to their death e.g. Banquo Macbeth’s best Greed lineage and hatred of witches. Additionally, the witches’ prophecy that Banquo will found a line of Macbeth friend Power kings is a nod to James’s family’s claim to have descended from the historical Banquo. Anti-hero – an unheroic main character who has some Fleance Banquo’s son Kingship The Divine Right of Kings – the idea that kings got their power from God and not from their sympathetic qualities e.g. Lady Macbeth. Duncan King of Scotland Fate subject. James I was a believer in this, and the idea meant that any treasonous activity was a crime Symbolism – the use of symbols to represent ideas and themes. Malcolm Duncan’s eldest son Masculinity against God. Only a century earlier, England had suffered under the massive disorder of the Wars of Motif – a recurring image throughout a text e.g. blood. Macduff Thane of Fife Femininity the Roses, so many supported the idea to avoid civil unrest. Pathetic fallacy – when the weather reflects the tone/mood of a Lady Macduff his wife The Patriarchy – patriarchal societies are those in which men dominate, and inheritance passes through scene. Donalbain Duncan’s younger supernatural male heirs. Rhyming couplets – two lines that rhyme, creates dramatic son Conflict Gender –Macbeth and Macbeth switch between having masculine and feminine characteristics. In impact. Ross, Lennox, Angus Scottish Fertility the play, gender is often linked to ambition and a willingness to do anything to achieve power. Soliloquy – where a characters speaks their thoughts aloud to nobles Adam, Eve and the serpent – in the bible, Adam and Eve live peacefully in the Garden of Eden until the audience. The witches – supernatural Eve is tempted by the serpent and eats the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge. She Monologue – a long speech by a single character. beings who predict events in convinces Adam to eat as well, and God curses them and banishes them to Earth. The serpent is Dramatic irony – when the audience knows more than a the play. frequently alluded to in the Macbeth. character or characters do. Critical Vocabulary Shakespeare presents the character of Macbeth as… Shakespeare presents the character of Lady Macbeth as… 1. Honourable – honest and principled. 1. Duplicitous – someone who lies or deceives. 2. Superstitious – someone who believes in superstitions. 2. Machiavellian – ruthlessly power-hungry and will do anything to get to the top. 3. Conflicted – having confused feelings/ believing multiple incompatible things at once. 3. Manipulative – cunning and willing to twist a situation to their liking. 4. Emasculated – made to feel un-masculine. 4. Pragmatic – practical and focussed on real actions, not philosophical thoughts. 5. Tyrannical – someone who uses their power in a cruel, oppressive way. 5. Obsessive – being fixated on something. 6. Tragic – doomed, wretched and sorrowful. 6. Nonconformist – a person who does not conform to traditional ideas or values. 7. Pompous – someone who is vain and arrogant. Over the top grandness. 7. Victimised – someone who receives cruel or unjust treatment and therefore becomes a victim. 8. Temperamental – changeable and explosive. 8. Feminine – having qualities traditionally associated with women. 9. Pessimistic – negative. 9. Masculine – having qualities traditionally associated with men. 10. Deluded – someone who believes something that is not true. 10. Enigmatic – mysterious and/or difficult to understand.

Key Quotations Act 1 Act 3 1. The witches: ‘Fair is foul, and foul is fair’ (Sc. 1) 1. Banquo: ‘Thou play’d most foully’ (Sc. 1) 2. Captain: ‘brave Macbeth—well he deserves that name’ (Sc. 2) 2. Macbeth: ‘upon my head they placed a fruitless crown, and put a barren sceptre in my 3. Macbeth: ‘Stars hide your fires, let not light see my black and deep desires.’ (Sc.4) gripe’ (Sc. 2) 4. Lady Macbeth: ‘Yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o' the milk of human kindness.’ 3. Lady Macbeth: ‘We have scorch’d the snake, not kill’d it.’ (Sc. 2) (Sc.5) 4. Macbeth: ‘O full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife!’ (Sc.2) 5. Lady Macbeth: ‘Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under't.’ (Sc.5) 5. Macbeth: ‘I am cabin’d, cribb’d, confin’d, bound in saucy doubts and fears.’ (Sc. 4) 6. Lady Macbeth: ‘un-sex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe topfull of 6. Macbeth: ‘Thou canst not say I did it; never shake thy gory locks at me!’ (Sc. 4) direst cruelty’ (Sc. 5) 7. Lady Macbeth: ‘Are you a man?’ only after the disappearance of the ghost does Macbeth 7. Macbeth: I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition say: ‘I am a man again’ (Sc. 4) which o’erleaps itself’ (Sc. 7) 8. Macbeth: ‘I am in blood stepped in so far that should I wade no more’ (Sc. 4) 8. Macbeth: ‘I dare do all that may become a man; who dares do more is none.’ (Sc.7) 9. Lady Macbeth: ‘I have given suck and know how tender ‘tis to love the babe that Act 4 milks me’ (Sc. 7) 1. The witches’ apparitions: ‘beware Macduff’, ‘none of woman born shall harm Macbeth’, 10. Lady Macbeth: ‘Screw your courage to the sticking-place, and we’ll not fail.’ (Sc. 7) ‘Great Birnam wood…shall come against him’ (Sc. 1) 2. Macduff: ‘boundless impertinence in nature is a tyranny’ (Sc.3) Act 2 3. Macduff: ‘O nation miserable, with an untitled tyrant bloody-sceptred’ (Sc. 3) 1. Macbeth: ‘Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand?’ (Sc. 1) 4. Malcolm: ‘dispute it like a man’ followed by Macduff: ‘I shall do so, but I must also feel it 2. Macbeth: ‘a dagger of the mind’ (Sc. 1) as a man’ (Sc. 3) 3. Macbeth: ‘I am afraid to think what I have done’ (Sc.2) 4. Macbeth: ‘Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?’ (Sc.2) Act 5 5. Lady Macbeth: ‘My hands are of your colour, but I shame to wear a heart so white. 1. Lady Macbeth: ‘Out, damned spot!’ (Sc. 1) (Sc. 2) 2. Macbeth: ‘Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow’ (Sc. 5) 3. Macbeth says life is: ‘a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.’ (Sc. 5) 4. Macduff: ‘Macduff was from his mother’s womb untimely ripp’d.’ (Sc. 8) 5. Malcolm: ‘Of this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen’ (Sc. 8)

A Christmas Carol (AQA Literature, Paper 1) – Knowledge Organiser Plot summary Stave 1 Stave 3 Stave 5 1. Scrooge walks the streets of London and everyone avoids him. 1. The Ghost of Christmas Present appears in Scrooge’s home. He is a jolly giant who carries a 1. Scrooge awakens with 2. Fred, Scrooge’s nephew visits his uncle to invite him to Christmas dinner. Scrooge horn, and the room is decorated in Christmas splendour. excitement and refuses him and says he hates Christmas, while his nephew tries to convince him to 2. Scrooge sees the Cratchit family and their paltry Christmas. He is moved by Tiny Tim, but happiness. love Christmas. the spirit tells him he will die if things don’t change. 2. He sends a turkey to the 3. Two portly gentlemen visit to ask Scrooge to give money to charity, but he refuses 3. The spirit shows Scrooge Christmas around the country, from the streets, to the miners, to Cratchit house. and says they should be in prisons or workhouses, or dead. the lighthouse keepers and sailors. All are festive and happy. 3. He walks among the 4. Scrooge’s clerk requests Christmas day off, and Scrooge grudgingly allows it, telling 4. Scrooge sees his nephew’s Christmas party, where Fred says he pities Scrooge, while the streets and has happy him to come in earlier on Boxing Day. others make fun of him. Scrooge joins in with the party games. interactions with people 5. Scrooge returns home, witnessing a series of supernatural events, starting with 5. The spirit shows Scrooge two starved children, Ignorance and Want. He vanishes as – including the charity Marley’s face appearing in the door knocker. Scrooge notices a dark, hooded figure coming. worker from earlier - 6. Marley’s ghost appears and tells Scrooge he will be doomed to walk the earth in Stave 4 and goes to Fred's party, chains after death unless he begins to be kind to people, and tells him he will be 1. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come appears. He is a shadowy, frightening creature, similar 4. Bob is late to work on haunted by three spirits. to the Grim Reaper. Boxing Day and terrified Stave 2 2. The ghost shows Scrooge some businessman carelessly discussing the death of an he will lose his job. 1. Scrooge is awoken by the Ghost of Christmas past, who is a shape-changing creature unnamed man. Scrooge pretends he will with a beam of light shining from his head and a fire extinguisher cap. 3. Moving to the backstreets of London, a group of thieves meet. Mrs Dilber, Scrooge’s sack him but raises his 2. Scrooge sees his childhood hometown, and then himself sitting alone at Christmas laundress, laughs about the sheets and bed clothes that she has stolen from the dead man. salary instead. in school. He sobs at this sight, then sees another Christmas at the school, where 4. The spirit shows Scrooge a lonely dead body under a sheet. Scrooge is greatly disturbed, 5. As the years go by, he his sister, Fan, brings him home. The spirit reminds Scrooge she died, but had a and begs to see someone who feels emotion at the man’s death. continues to celebrate child (Scrooge’s nephew), and Scrooge is uneasy. 5. Scrooge sees a couple who are happy about the man’s death because their debt is erased. Christmas with all his 3. Scrooge sees his old boss Fezziwig throwing a Christmas party for his staff and Scrooge begs to see some tenderness towards the man. heart. He treats Tiny Tim family. Scrooge enjoys the party, and wishes he could speak to his own clerk. 6. Scrooge sees the Cratchit family, who are mourning the death of Tiny Tim. It could be as if he were his own 4. Scrooge see his ex-fiance, Belle, breaking off their engagement because Scrooge is that Scrooge’s death hurt the family as Bob became unemployed and was unable to child, gives gifts for the too obsessed with money and she has none. Scrooge describes this as torture. support Tiny Tim. poor and is kind, 5. Finally, Scrooge sees Belle seven years ago with her charming family. Her husband 7. Scrooge finds himself in a churchyard with the spirit pointing to a grave. Scrooge looks at generous and warm. says he has seen Scrooge, who is all alone. Scrooge is overcome and puts the cap on the headstone and is shocked to read his own name. He begs to be told he can change, the spirit’s head in a rage. and wakes up in his own bed. Historical context Techniques and Terminology Charles Dickens – in 1824 Dickens’ father was sent to jail for debt and Dickens had to give up his education and was put to work in a warehouse age Anti-hero – Scrooge is the hero of our story who lacks 12, pasting labels on bottles. He had experience of poverty. His father inherited some money and was able to send Dickens back to private school. conventionally heroic features. Dickens became a writer and in December 1843 Dickens wrote ‘A Christmas Carol’. Morality tale – the story has a clear moral: that greed leads to social The Treadmill – used in prisons to generate power or as a punishment, this was a large wheel the prisoners would be ordered to walk on. decay, and charity should be embraced. The Poor Law Amendment Act (1834) – Led to a cut in aid given to poor people to help them stay in their own homes. Workhouses were created Pathetic fallacy – the weather gets darker and more foreboding as which poor people would have to live and work in, if they were unable to pay for their own housing. the ghosts appear. Workhouses - Discipline was intentionally harsh to deter people from going. You could be starved, beaten or jailed for minor offences such as being Simile and Metaphor – used frequently by Dickens for descriptive ‘disorderly’ or ‘work shy’. comparison. The Supernatural – Dickens was a member of ‘The Ghost Club’, a group who met to discuss and research paranormal activities. The supernatural Repetition – Scrooge’s words are turned around on him by spirits, was a popular topic in Victorian England as advances in science contrasted with religious beliefs. Dickens was sceptical but interested. echoing his earlier self. Christmas – Turkey was more expensive and popular at middle class Christmas dinners, and goose was a cheaper and smaller option for lower class Tension – a sense of dread builds as we await each ghost. families. Suspense – we are in suspense as we wait to find out why Scrooge is Family – in the 1800s the average lower class family had between 5 and 7 children. Having more children was desirable as they could work. By 184o the way he is, and whether he will change. about 1 in 6 children died at birth, and 1/3 died before the age of five. Dying in childbirth was a real threat to women, who would often give birth at Omniscient narrator – the story is told by an all-knowing narrator. home without medical assistance unless they were wealthy. Staves – the ‘carol’ is broken into 5 staves, representing the 5 lines of a musical stave, linking the structure to Christmas and symbolising the story building to a crescendo, like music. Critical Vocabulary Key Themes Dickens presents the character of Scrooge as… Dickens presents the Cratchit family as… The Supernatural 1. Repugnant – disgusting and repulsive. 1. Guileless – simple, unaffected and honest. Charity 2. Miserly – tight with money. 2. Obedient – follow orders; do what they are told. Kindness 3. Bitter – hurt and angry because of past events. 3. Amenable – obliging and willing to help others. Poverty 4. Merciless – gives no mercy or sympathy to others. 4. Optimistic – always positive about the future. Greed 5. Sinful – wicked, commits crimes in the eyes of Christianity. 5. Industrious – hard working. Family 6. Cantankerous – bad tempered and argumentative. 6. Family-oriented – the family is their main focus. Redemption 7. Transformed – completely changed. 7. Compassionate – care about others. Justice 8. Repentant – regretful and wanting to make past wrongs right. 8. Destitute – incredibly poor, lacking the means to provide for Class 9. Humbled – someone whose pride is knocked (brought down a peg). themselves. Wealth 10. Redemptive – someone who has made amends and is saved from 9. Sensitive – emotional and easily affected. evil. 10. Appreciative – grateful. Key Quotations Key characters Stave 1 Stave 4 Ebenezer Scrooge – A selfish business man who 1. ‘Marley was dead to begin with.’ 1. ‘The phantom slowly, gravely, silently approached.’ transforms into a charitable philanthropist. 2. ‘Tight-fisted hand at the grindstone’ 2. ‘I hope to live to be another man from what I was’ Fred – Scrooge’s nephew whose party 3. ‘Solitary as an oyster’ 3. ‘He frightened every one away from him when he was alive, to invitation he declines 4. ‘Are there no prisons?’ profit us when he was dead! Ha, ha, ha!’ Jacob Marley – Scrooge’s dead business 5. ‘If they had rather die, they had better do it and decrease the 4. Scrooge’s body is ‘unwatched, unwept, uncared for’ partner surplus population’ 5. ‘I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all year’ Bob Cratchit – Scrooge’s clerk who doesn’t 6. ‘I wear the chain I forged in life.’ have much money. He loves his family and is Stave 5 shown to be happy and morally upright. Stave 2 1. ‘I am as light as a feather, I am as happy as an angel, I am as merry Tiny Tim – Bob’s ill son whose story plays a part 1. ‘A strange figure – like a child: yet not so like a child as like an old as a school boy.’ in inspiring Scrooge’s transformation. man’ 2. ‘It was a Turkey!’ Mrs Cratchit – Bob’s wife 2. 'A solitary child, neglected by his friends’‘ 3. ‘To Tiny Tim, who did NOT die, he was a second father’ The Ghost of Christmas Past – A strange 3. ‘Father is so much kinder than he used to be, that home’s like 4. ’He became as good a friend, as good a master, as good a man as combination of young and old, wearing white heaven!’ the good old city knew’ robes and looking like a candle. 4. ‘I should like to be able to say a word or two to my clerk just now!’ 5. ‘it was always said of him, that he knew how to keep Christmas The Ghost of Christmas Present - A portly, 5. ‘I release you. With a full heart, for the love of him you once were.’ well.’ jovial gentleman surrounded by a warm glow. He brings joy to the neediest townsfolk Stave 3 The Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come – A robed 1. ‘a jolly Giant, glorious to see; who bore a glowing torch’ and hooded spirit who confronts Scrooge with 2. 'Scrooge entered timidly and hung his head before the spirit. ' his own tombstone. 3. ‘Nobody said or thought it was at all a small pudding for a large Fezziwig – Scrooge’s ex-employer family.’ Belle – A woman who scrooge was in love with 4. ‘Scrooge was the Ogre of the family’ who left him due to his greed. 5. ‘This boy is Ignorance. This girl is Want. Beware them both’ Fan – Scrooge’s sister 6. ‘Are there no prisons?” said the Spirit, turning on him for the last time with his own words. “Are there no workhouses?”

‘Power and Conflict’ Cluster Poems (AQA Literature, Paper 2) – Knowledge Organiser Poem Poet Summary Context Structural Features Quotations for Analysis Language Features Comparative Themes My Last Robert The duke of Ferrara is talking The poem is based on the real life Duke Monologue written in rhyming couplets. 1. (since none puts by/ The curtain I have drawn for 1. Brackets, personal pronoun ‘I’, repetition of  Power in society Duchess Browning to a servant from a different Alfonso II of Ferrara, where Robert you, but I) ‘I’. count, whose daughter he is Browning lived. The Duke was thought Monologue allows the Duke to dominate 2. ‘Sir, ’twas not/ Her husband’s presence only, 2. Effect of word ‘only’, abstract noun ‘joy’.  Power through trying to arrange a marriage to have poisoned his wife. the conversation – the servant doesn’t get called that spot/ Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek’ 3. Repetition of ‘look’, adverb ‘everywhere’. status with. to speak. 3. ’she liked whate’er/ she looked on, and her looks 4. Effect of word ‘gift’, pronoun ‘anybody’. He shows the servant a went everywhere.’ 5. Semicolons, personal pronoun ‘I’, imperative,  External conflict - painting of his ‘last’ Duchess, The rhyme makes the Duke seem like an 4. ‘As if she ranked/ My gift of a nine-hundred-years- contextual references (Duke Alfonso II and his relationships and it becomes clear he may excellent speaker, which adds to the idea old name/ With anybody’s gift.’ Duchess). have killed her. that he is a despot. 5. ‘This grew; I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together.’

Tissue Imitiaz The speaker makes links Dharker has Pakistani origins and was The poem is an extended metaphor, and its 1.’Paper that lets the light/ shine through, this/ is 1. Beginning of metaphor, effect of phrase ‘lets  Power in society Dharker between modern issues and raised in Glasgow. A great number of her structure reflects its message: its irregular what could alter things.’ the light shine through’. different types of tissue. They poems look at issues such as religion, rhyme scheme and enjambment reflect the 2. ‘If buildings were paper, I might/ 2. Effect of words ‘drift’, ‘easily’, ‘fall away’,  Power through describe how nothing is terrorism and global politics/identity. irregularity of human life. feel their drift, see how easily/ personal pronoun ‘I’, contextual references status meant to last, that it would be they fall away’ (society). better not to hold too tightly In ‘Tissue’, she makes reference to the The stanzas are regular until the last one 3. ‘Maps too./ The sun shines through 3. Repetition of idea ‘sun shines through’,  Conflict in society to that and instead we should Koran, buildings, maps and grocery slips, breaks apart, just like the tissue itself. their borderlines’ personal pronoun ‘their’ instead of definite or be willing to let go and pass all of which are symbolic of wider issues 4.’ An architect could use all this,/… find a way to indefinite article, noun ‘borderlines’, contextual things on in their time to be in the world, such as religion, business, trace a grand design/ with living tissue’ reference (borders). remade. In short, that the borders, poverty and starvation. 5. ‘paper smoothed and stroked/ 4. Noun ‘architect’, effect of ‘grand design’, world would be better if it and thinned to be transparent, / turned into your culmination of metaphor ‘living tissue’. shared more qualities with skin.’ 5. Sibilance ‘smoothed and stroked’, verb ‘tissue’. ‘thinned’, adjective ‘transparent’, direct address ‘your’. Checking out John Agard The speaker describes how John Agard was born in Guyana in the Written in irregular rhyme and with 1.’ Dem tell me/ Wha dem want to tell me’ 1.Use of Caribbean dialect, pronoun ‘dem’,  Power in society me History they have been taught Caribbean in 1949 and moved to the UK enjambment, the poem creates the tone of 2. ‘Bandage up me eye with me own history/ Blind repetition of ‘tell me’ Western historical ideas, but in the 1970s. a man speaking out and angry/ frustrated. me to me own identity’ 2. Imagery of physical assault, repetition of  Power through not about black history. They 3. ‘Dem tell me bout de dish ran away with de pronoun ‘me’, effect of phrase ‘me own history’ status suggest that what they have The poem gives examples of powerful It also captures the accent and rhythm of spoon/ but dem never tell me bout Nanny de 3. Contrast of false nursery rhyme and true been told is not relevant black figures from history: the Caribbean ethnicity of the poet and the maroon’ story, rhyme, continued repetition of ‘dem tell  Conflict without looking at the other parts of the work in italic are almost song- 4. ‘Dem tell me bout Columbus and 1492/ but what me’, contextual references (Nanny de Maroon) throughout perspective. Touissant L’Ouverture - the leader of the like with a rhythm that seems to suggest happen to de Caribs and de Arawaks too’ 4. Contrast of types of history, remembered history Haitian revolution. Abolished slavery in stories passed down in song or to a beat. 5. ‘But now I checking out me own history/ I carving and forgotten, contextual references Haiti and turned it into an independent out me identity ‘ (Columbus/Caribs/Arawaks) republic. 5. Verb phrase ‘checking out’, repetition of ‘me Nanny de Maroon - led the maroons to own history’, violent verb ‘carving’ in relation victory in Jamaica against British rule. to quote 2, Shaka - United the Zulu people against other tribes and the increasing presence of the white settlers. Caribs and Arawaks - the original inhabitants of the West Indies who were killed off by colonialists when Columbus ‘discovered’ them. Mary Seacole - a Jamaican woman who nursed injured soldiers. London William The speaker walks through Blake was amongst the Romantic poets Written in four stanzas with a regular rhyme 1.’ I wander through each chartered street/ 1. Personal pronoun ‘I’, verb ‘wander’,  Power in society Blake London in the 18th century, with Shelley and Wordsworth. scheme. This may reflect the regular Near where the chartered Thames does flow’ repetition of adjective ‘chartered’, verb ‘flow’ commenting on the misery walking pace of the speaker as they walk 2.’ And mark in every face I meet/ Marks of in relation to the rhyme scheme.  Power of nature they see around them. The poem is set during a time in England around London, or the flow of the Thames. weakness, marks of woe.’ 2. Verb ‘mark’, repeated as noun, effect of where there was poverty, child labour 3.’ The mind-forged manacles’ phrase ‘every face’, alliteration of ‘weakness’  Power of place and a horrific war with France. Women The last line in each stanza is a powerful 4.’ Chimney-sweepers cry’ ‘Church appalls’, and ‘woe’. had no rights, death rates from disease statement which sums up the rest of the ‘Soldiers sigh’ 3. Metaphor, alliteration, imagery.  Conflict in society and malnutrition were high and the stanza: Stanza 1 = misery, Stanza 2 = 5. ‘the youthful Harlots curse…blights with plagues 4. Repeated proper nouns followed by verbs of industrial revolution has resulted in peoples’ refusal to stand tall, Stanza 3 = the the Marriage hearse’ anguish. many large oppressive factories. way people are sacrificed for the rich and 5. Contextual references (Harlots and plagues), powerful, Stanza 4 = how all this poverty is ‘Harlot’ used as proper noun, double meaning Harlots - prostitutes corrupting everything good about family of ‘curse’, oxymoron ‘marriage hearse’. and life. Ozymandias Percy The speaker tells the tale told Shelley was a Romantic poet along with Speaker is relating a story from a traveler. 1. ‘Two vast and trunkless legs of stone/ Stand in the 1.Adjectives ‘vast’ and ‘trunkless’,  Power in society Shelley to him by a traveller, who saw Wordsworth and Blake. The second hand nature of the account desert’ juxtaposition, verb ‘stand’, contextual the broken and lonely statue creates distance between the reader and 2. ‘sneer of cold command’ reference (Ramesses II).  Power through of the once- powerful The poem is based on the real life Ozymandias – which is just what a cold and 3.’My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:/ Look on 2. Effect of the word ‘sneer’’, Adjective ‘cold’, status Ozymandias in the desert. pharaoh Ramesses II, who ruled from his haughty king would want. my works, ye mighty, and despair!’ alliteration. teens until his nineties. He was obsessed 4. ‘Nothing beside remains’ 3. Superlative phrase ‘King of Kings’,  Power of place with building statues, monuments and Sonnet. Traditionally a love poem – here is 5. ‘colossal wreck’ imperative, effect of word ‘mighty. cities to show his great power. The shows the love Ozymandias has for himself. 4. Double meaning, effect of word ‘remains’.  Power of nature British Museum was acquiring parts of 5. Juxtaposition, adjective ‘colossal’, noun the statue when Shelley was inspired to The ending of a sonnet is traditionally a ‘wreck’. write the poem. rhyming couplet, but in this one the couplet is broken in half by another enjambed line, which links to the statue, which is itself broken in half.

Extract from William The speaker – who we know is Wordsworth was amongst the Romantic Written in blank verse in iambic 1. ‘It was an act of stealth/ And troubled pleasure’ 1. Effect of phrase ‘act of stealth’, oxymoron  Power of place the Prelude Wordswor Wordsworth as this is poets with Blake and Shelley. pentameter, the poem is therefore written 2. ‘my boat/ Went heaving through the water like a ‘troubled pleasure’. th autobiographical – journeys in the same style that Shakespeare wrote swan’ 2. Personal pronoun ‘my’, simile.  Power of nature on a boat on a lake at night. Wordsworth frequently wrote about many of his plays. Perhaps Wordsworth 3. ‘a huge peak, black and huge, / As if with 3. Repetition of adjective ‘huge’, adjective Alone, he sees the mountain nature, and the idea of the sublime, as wanted to be compared to Shakespeare in voluntary power instinct,/Upreared its head.’ ‘bleak’, effect of phrase ‘voluntary power looming above him and feels did most other Romantic poets. terms of greatness. 4. ‘the grim shape/ Towered up between me and the instinct’, connotations of verb ‘upreared’, awed by its power and cannot stars’ personification. get the image out of his mind. The Sublime – the quality of greatness The iambic pentameter helps give the poem 5. ‘But huge and mighty forms, that do not live/ Like 4. adjective ‘grim’, general noun ‘shape’, verb beyond measure, something awe- rhythm and flow, much like the boat rocking living men, moved slowly through the mind’ ‘towered’, personification, contextual inspiring and greater than man. to in the water. references (the Sublime) 5. Repetition of adjective ‘huge’, adjective ‘The Prelude’ is an epic poem, and it is Remember, these 44 lines are just a short ‘mighty’, repetition and mirroring of ‘do not autobiographical. Wordsworth extract. The whole poem is around 8000 live/like living men’, adverb ‘slowly’, contextual described it as ‘a poem on the growth of lines! references (Wordsworth’s maturity). my own mind’, and the poem shows his journey to maturity. Storm on the Seamus The speaker tells us about Seamus Heaney grew up in rural Ireland The poem is in blank verse, perhaps 1.’ We are prepared:’ 1. Collective pronoun ‘we’, adjective  Power of place Island Heaney taking cover in their isolated on a farm. Much of this poetry focusses reflecting the rhythm of the sea. 2. ‘you can listen to the thing you fear/ Forgetting ‘prepared’. cliff-top cottage near the sea on his childhood experiences of nature. that it pummels your house too’ 2. Direct address, noun ‘thing’, verbs  Power of nature during a storm. There is frequent enjambment, which could 3. ‘when it begins, the flung spray hits/ The very ‘forgetting’ and ‘pummels’. relate to the elements breaking their windows, spits like a tame cat/ Turned savage’ 3. Pronon ‘it’, personification, simile, adjectives  Power of boundaries and intruding on the safety of 4. ‘We just sit tight’ ‘flung’, ‘savage’. memory the house. 5. ‘We are bombarded by the empty air. / Strange, it 4. Collective pronoun ‘we’, colloquialism ‘sit is a huge nothing that we fear.’ tight’, contextual reference (Heaney’s life). The use of the present tense makes it seem 5. Verb ‘bombarded’, adjective ‘empty’, effect like the storm is occurring now, adding of phrase ‘Strange, it is a huge nothing that we tension to the poem. fear.’

Kamikaze Beatrice The third person narrator Kamikaze pilots were expected to use up The third person narrator acts like an 1.’ enough fuel for a one-way/ journey into history’ 1. Effect of phrase ‘one-way journey’, abstract  Power of Garland describes the story of a all their weapons and then suicide by interviewer for the daughter, whose voice is 2.’ Safe/ to the shore, salt-sodden, awash’ noun ‘history’, contextual reference (Kamikaze memory daughter – who occasionally flying into their targets as a final act of sometimes shown in italics. The distance of 3. ‘And though he came back/ my mother never pilots). speaks for herself - of a destruction. It was considered a great the narrator invites us to judge the actions spoke again/ in his presence’ 2. Sibilance, juxtaposition of ‘safe’ and ‘awash’.  Power of loss kamikaze pilot who turned honour in Japan to die for your country. of the pilot without personal involvement. 4. ‘gradually we too learned to be silent’ 3. Use of pronouns ‘he’ and ‘his’ rather than away from his target, and the 5. ‘And sometimes, she said, he must have proper nouns, in contrast to noun ‘mother’.  Conflict shame follows him for the The poem has only three sentences and wondered/ which had been the better way to die.’ 4. Adverb ‘gradually’, collective pronoun ‘we’, throughout rest of his life. contains only three full-stops, perhaps verb ‘learned’, adjective ‘silent’. history reflecting the idea of a story being told 5. Contextual reference (honour), effect of orally. Each new sentence marks a shift in phrase.  External conflict - focus. war

There is no regular rhyme, although the  Internal conflict - stanzas are a uniform 6 lines, perhaps as an shame attempt to organise the conflicting emotions of the daughter.

The Émigree Carol The speaker is a displaced The poet bases many of the ideas on The first person speaker is suggested to be a 1.’There once was a country… I left it as a child’ 1. Contextual reference (fairytale), personal  Power of Rumens person, who reflects on their modern examples of emigration from woman by the title as ‘émigrée’ is a 2. ‘my memory of it is sunlight-clear for it seems I pronoun ‘I’, ellipses. memory former city and home, which countries like Russia or the Middle East feminine form of the word ‘emigrant’, never saw it in that November’ 2. Effect of phrase ‘sunlight-clear’, juxtaposition is implied to be war-torn. where people are fleeing corruption and which is someone who has left their home 3. ‘The worst news I receive of it cannot break/ my with ‘November’.  Power of loss tyranny. Rumens in British and not an country and moved elsewhere. original view, the bright, filled paperweight’ 3. Superlative ‘worst’, metaphor. emigrant, but she has translated a 4. ‘the graceful slopes/ glow even clearer as time 4. Juxtaposition of nature and man-made tanks,  Conflict in society number of Russian poems, so may have There are three stanzas, with the final rolls its tanks/ and the frontiers rise between us, imagery of ‘tanks’ and ‘frontiers’, collective encountered themes of displacement in stanza having an additional line. This could close like waves.’ pronoun ‘us’, simile.  Internal conflict - this work. link to the speaker’s ‘unfinished business’ 5. ‘They accuse me of absence, they circle me. / They 5. Repetition of verb ‘accuse’, verb ‘circle’, displacement with the city – she can’t quite let go. accuse me of being dark in their free city.’ personal pronoun ‘me’, metaphor ‘being dark’, juxtaposition with previous ideas of sunlight. The poem does not rhyme and a rhythm never fully develops, so the flow of the poem is unsettled, just like the speaker and possibly their home country.

War Carol Ann An omniscient narrator tells Duffy has a friend who is a war Third person narrator, talking about the war 1. ‘spools of suffering set out in ordered rows’ 1. Abstract noun ‘suffering’, sibilance.  Powerlessness Photographer Duffy us about a war photographer photographer, and she wrote the poem photographer as if watching him. This 2. ‘All flesh is grass’ 2. Double meaning, contextual reference (the who develops photos, to consider the difficulties faced by a creates distance between readers and the 3. ‘He has a job to do.’ Bible).  Power of haunted by memories of what man who must document awful events war photographer – just like he feels distant 4. ‘a half-formed ghost. He remembers the cries of 3. Statement, pronoun ‘he’, noun ‘job’. memory he has seen and disturbed by but never help. She thought that he from everyone in the poem. this man’s wife.’ 4. Metaphor, adjectives ‘half-formed’, sensory the futility of his job, which no must feel very misunderstood and 5. ‘The reader’s eyeballs prick/ with tears between language related to sound.  Power of status one seems to care about. distant, so wrote the poem to allow us 5 stanzas of six lines each. They are orderly, the bath and pre-lunch beers.’ 5. Rhyme, verb ‘prick’, preposition ‘between’. to empathise. like the photos.  External conflict – war Regular ABBCDD rhyme scheme, which contrasts with the irregular sights the  Internal conflict - photographer captures. guilt

Poppies Jane Weir A mother flashes back to Duffy asked Weir to write this poem, to Mother is the speaker. This first person 1. ‘smoothed down your shirt’s upturned collar, 1. Verb ‘smoothed’, clothes imagery,  Powerlessness memories of her son, who show war from a female perspective. narrative makes us empathize with her. steeled the softening/ of my face’ juxtaposition. died in war, as she visits his Weir has described the poem as feminist 2. ‘I wanted to…play at being Eskimos like we did 2. Verb ‘play’, anecdote.  Power of memorial. and political. when you were little’ 3. Verb ‘leaned’, simile. memory 4 stanzas. The first and last stanzas have six 3. ‘leaned against it like a wishbone’ 4. Symbolism, verb ‘freely’, clothes imagery, lines, the second has 11, and the third has 4. ‘The dove pulled freely against the sky, / an metaphor, contextual reference (the army).  Power of loss 12, so the stanzas are irregular, despite ornamental stitch.’ 5. Verbs ‘listened’, ‘hoping’, ‘catching’, use of looking quite regular at first glance – just 5. ‘I listened, hoping to hear/ your playground voice present tense, effect of word ‘playground’.  External conflict like the mother’s feelings. She presents a catching on the wind.’ – war good image to the world, but underneath the surface is mournful and sorrowful.  Internal conflict - guilt

Lots of enjambment and full stops in the middle of lines (caesuras). Shows how life goes on and then stops suddenly.

Remains Simon An unnamed solider tells the Armitage wanted to represent what life Monologue, with the speaker talking to 1. ‘probably armed, possibly not’ 1. Repetition, adverbs ‘probably’ and ‘possibly’.  Powerlessness Armitage story of his shooting of a was like for those who come back from someone else. Emphasizes how personal 2. ‘he’s there on the ground, sort of inside out’ 2. Effect of the phrase ‘sort of’, preposition looter, and how it has altered war whole in body, but broken in mind this experience is for him – maybe he has 3. ‘One of my mates goes by/ and tosses his guts ‘there’, colloquial language, emotive language.  Power of his life on his return from the or spirit. Like Weir, he wanted to show a been desperate for someone to talk to? back into his body’ 3. Verb ‘tosses’, lack of names and identities. memory conflict zone. different perspective of conflict. 4. ‘he’s here in my head when I close my eyes’ 4. Repetition, preposition ‘here’, contextual 8 stanzas. The first 7 have 4 lines 5. ‘His bloody life in my bloody hands’ reference (PTSD).  Power of status (quatrains), but the last one only has two 5. Idiom, repetition, persona pronouns, lines. This could show how his life has been adjective ‘bloody’.  Power of loss disrupted, and is now breaking down.  External conflict – war Lots of enjambment which makes the poem sound conversational.  Internal conflict - guilt

Bayonet Ted An omniscient narrator tells Hughes was a child during the Second Written in three stanzas and mostly blank 1. ‘Bullets smacking the belly out of the air’ 1. Personification, verb ‘smacking’.  Powerlessness Charge Hughes us about an unnamed soldier World War and an RAF serviceman for verse. The stanzas organize the action and 2. ‘The patriotic tear that had brimmed in his eye/ 2. Contextual references (patriotism), simile. going ‘over the top’ of the two years as an adult. pace the story, while the blank verse Sweating like molten iron from the centre of his 3. Simile – character is still linked to human  External conflict trenches in the first world creates a rhythm. chest’ qualities at this point. – war war, and being transformed He based this poem on ideas of the First 3.’ He was running/ Like a man who has jumped up 4. Alliteration ‘slot-slashed’, metaphor – is the as a result of it. World War, when soldiers had to fix The rhythm is sometimes disrupted by in the dark and runs’ hare a human? Imagery – transformation into  Internal conflict - bayonets' (attach the long knives to the caesura and enjambment, which changes 4. ‘Then the shot-slashed furrows/ animals. Verb phrase ‘threw up’, simile. transformation end of their rifles) and climb out of the the speed and flow of the poem. This could Threw up a yellow hare that rolled like a flame’ 5. Contextual references (society), simile, effect trenches to charge an enemy position reflect the soldier’s confused mind and the 5. ‘King, honour, human dignity, etcetera/ Dropped noun ‘luxuries’, effect of phrase ‘yelling alarm’. twenty or thirty metres away. The aim stop-start nature of wars, which disrupts like luxuries in a yelling alarm’ was to capture the enemy trench. the natural rhythm of the army represented by the blank verse. The Charge of Alfred Lord The poem tells the story of At the time the poem was written, The poem is divided into 6 stanzas which 1.’Into the valley of Death/ Rode the six hundred.’ 1.Refrain, effect of phrase ‘valley of Death’,  Powerlessness the Light Tennyson the Light Brigade following Tennyson was Poet Laureate and British reflects the different stages of battle. 2. ‘Someone had blundered’ contextual reference (The Light Brigade). Brigade orders and charging into troops were fighting the Crimean war in 3. ‘Theirs not to make reply, / Theirs not to reason 2. Pronoun ‘someone’, verb ‘blundered’,  External conflict battle, even though it meant Russia. The rhythm of the poem could reflect the why, / Theirs but to do and die.’ contextual reference (the mistake). – war certain death. uniformity of an army marching, of drums 4. ‘Stormed at with shot and shell,/ Boldly they rode 3. Rhyme, repetition of ‘theirs’, contextual The Charge of the Light Brigade was beating or horses galloping. and well,/Into the jaws of Death,/ Into the mouth of reference (role of soldiers), alliteration. a charge of British light cavalry during hell’ 4. Sibilance, adverb ‘boldly’, personification. the Battle of Balaclava. Tennyson wrote Repetition is used frequently, which 5. ‘When can their glory fade?.,, Honour the charge 5. Rhetorical question, abstract noun ‘glory’, the poem after reading about it in The reminds us of the orders given and gives the they made!’ imperative. Times. poem pace and development.

During the battle, a miscommunication sent the light brigade (who were very lightly equipped, and used more for scouting than attacking) charging head first into the cannons of the other side, it was a huge catastrophe and many died. Exposure Wilfred The speaker describes the Wilfred Owen was a soldier and officers The poem is made of eight stanzas with a 1. ‘But nothing happens.’ 1. Refrain, pronoun ‘nothing’, verb ‘happens’.  Powerlessness Owen misery felt by World War One in World War 1. He died before the end consistent use of a half line to end. This 2. ‘We only know war lasts, rain soaks, and clouds 2. Collective pronoun ‘we’, mirroring, sibilance. soldiers as they wait of the war but during his time he saw reinforces the sense of stasis or sameness sag stormy.’ 3. Sibilance, effect of phrase ‘less deadly than  External conflict overnight in the trenches. the full horror of conditions on the front throughout the poem that nothing is 3. ‘Sudden successive flights of bullets streak the the air’. – war Although nothing is line. happening. silence./ Less deadly than the air that shudders black 4. Personification, imagery – transformation happening and there is no Owen’s poems were often angry that with snow’ into animals with ‘we cringe in holes’, effect of  Internal conflict - fighting, there is still danger the soldiers were in muddy dangerous Ellipses are used to show the passage of 4. ‘Pale flakes with lingering stealth come feeling for phrase ‘forgotten dreams’, sibilance. boredom because they are exposed to trenches while the generals behind the time, and how the soldiers are waiting. our faces - / We cringe in holes, back on forgotten 5. Rhetorical question, collective pronoun, the extreme cold and their lines were living in comfort. Owen’s Caesura emphasizes the stop-start nature of dreams, and stare, snow-dazed’ refrain. wait through the night is poems tried to show the truth of war. Repetition adds to the feeling of 5. ‘Is it that we are dying?’ terrifying. conditions to people back home. boredom.

There is use of half-rhyme showing words which appear to rhyme yet sound wrong when read to create the sense of unsettledness in the poem the soldiers are feeling.

Y11 Knowledge Organiser Spring 1 - Moi et mon collège …

Mes matières scolaires Ma journée scolaire Key phrases J’étudie I study Le commerce Je me lève à I get up at 9 heures Ma matière préférée c’est My favourite subject is Le dessin (9 O Clock) Je fais I do Le français On commence à We start at Le prof est sympa The teacher is nice La chimie Et quart J’ai choisi I chose La musique Les cours Lessons start at (quarter past) Les profs sont excellents The teachers are La religion commencent à excellent Je suis fort(e ) I am good at L’allemand Les cours Lessons finish at Quinze – 15 On finit tôt We finish early en L’anglais finissent à Je suis faible I am L’art dramatique La récré est à Break is at Et demie Les journées sont trop The days are too long en bad/weak at L’espagnol (half past) longues L’informatique J’apprends I learn Le déjeuner est à Lunch is at On a trop de contrôles We have too many tests L’instruction Trente – 30

civique Je passe un I sit an exam Je rentre à la I go back home at On porte un uniforme We wear school uniform Les arts ménagers Moins le quart examen de in maison à scolaire (quarter to) Je réussirai I will succeed Je me couche à I go to bed at On ne redouble pas We don’t repeat a year en… in Quarante cinq – 45

School rules Advice When and how ? School exhange Il faut être à l’heure You must be on time Se concentrer en Pay attention in calmement Calmly On se fait de nouveaux You make friends classe class amis Il faut faire ses devoirs You must do your Se coucher tôt Go to bed early Lentement Slowly On améliore ses You improve your homework compétences en langue language skills Il ne faut pas tricher You must not cheat Eteindre les Turn off screens Heureusement fortunately On visite un nouveau You visit a new pendant un contrôle during a test écrans pays… country Il est interdit de It is forbidden to chew Dormir huit Sleep eight hours Uniquement Only On apprécie non You appreciate not mâcher du chewing-gum gum heures par nuit per night seulement les only the differences différences mais aussi les but also the similarités similarities Il est interdit d’utiliser It is forbidden to use Profiter des Make the most of sainement Healthily On habite chez un famille You live with a family son portable en classe your mobile in class sorties scolaires school trips d’une culture différente from another culture

Y11 Knowledge Organiser Spring 2 - Le travail et mon plan d’avenir

Au travail L’orientation Les secteurs Ma mère est My mum is Acteur/actrice Dans quel secteur voudrais-tu In which area would you like L’audiovisuel et les Audiovisual and media Boucher/bouchère travailler ? to work? médias Mon père est My Dad is Caissier/caissière Mon ambition est de trouver un My ambition is to work in L’informatique IT Directeur/directrice poste dans Je veux être I want to be Fonctionnaire Mon but est de travailler dans My goal is to work in the L’hôtellerie et la Hotels and catering le secteur area restauration Informaticien/ Je voudrais être I would like to be L’orientation qui m’attitre c’est The career path that L’éducation Education Informaticienne attracts me is C’est mon rêve de It’s my dream to Instituteur/ Le secteur qui m’intéresse le The sector which most Le commerce business devenir be Institutrice plus est interests me is Macon/maçonne Je voudrais I would like to Professeur Ça m’intéresserait de travailler It would interest me to work Le sport et les loisirs Sport and leisure travailler comme work as Mécanicien/ dans in Je ne pourrais I could never be Mon rêve serait de faire My dream would be to have a La médicine et la santé Medicine and health Mécanicienne jamais être carrier dans career in Secrétaire Apres avoir quitté After having A mon avis le secteur le plus In my opinion the most Les sciences et les Science and technology Vétérinaire le collège, je veux finished school intéressant c’est interesting area is technologies devenir I want to become

Ce que c’est important Les inconvénients Mes rêves Mots clés Le plus important est The most important L’inconvénient c’est The disadvantage is après avoir terminé mes After having Au sujet de About/on the de thing is to that examens finihed my exams subject of Avoir un métier bien To have a well-paid L’es horaires sont très The hours are very J’ai envie de I want to Avant tout Above all payé job longs long Faire quelque chose Do something C’est Its tiring/stressful Entrer en apprentissage Do an malgré Despite de satisfaisant satisfying fatigant/stressant apprenticeship Faire quelque chose Do something Le travail est The work is boring Prendre une année Take a gap year plutôt Rather, instead de gratifiant rewarding monotone sabbatique

Faire quelque chose Do something to help Il n’y a aucune There is no chance of Faire du Do Plus tard Later pour aider les autres others possibilité promotion bénévolat/travail charity/voluntary d’avancement bénévole work

The structure of the Earth Volcanic Hazards Managing Volcanic Eruptions

Small pieces of pulverised rock and glass Warning signs Monitoring techniques Varies in thickness (5-10km) beneath Ash cloud The Crust the ocean. Made up of several large which are thrown into the atmosphere. Small earthquakes are caused as Seismometers are used to detect plates. Sulphur dioxide, water vapour and magma rises up. earthquakes. Gas carbon dioxide come out of the volcano. Thermal imaging and satellite Widest layer (2900km thick). The heat Temperatures around the volcano cameras can be used to detect heat and pressure means the rock is in a A volcanic mudflow which usually runs rise as activity increases. The Mantle Lahar around a volcano. liquid state that is in a state of down a valley side on the volcano. Gas samples may be taken and convection. When a volcano is close to erupting A fast moving current of super-heated chemical sensors used to measure Pyroclastic it starts to release gases. gas and ash (1000oC). They travel at sulphur levels. Hottest section (5000 degrees). Mostly flow The Inner and made of iron and nickel and is 4x 450mph. Preparation outer Core denser than the crust. Inner section is Volcanic A thick (viscous) lava fragment that is Creating an exclusion zone around Being ready and able to evacuate solid whereas outer layer is liquid. bomb ejected from the volcano. the volcano. residents. Having an emergency supply of Trained emergency services and a Convection Currents and slab pull LIC -CS: Nepal Earthquake 2015 basic provisions, such as food good communication system.

The crust is divided into tectonic plates which are moving . Causes Earthquake Management On a collision plate margin, involving the Indian & Eurasian plates. Tectonic plates and not stationary and move around relative to each The epicentre of the magnitude 7.8 earthquake was 80Km NW of the capital PREDICTING other. High temperatures in the earths core cause convection current Kathmandu. With a very shallow focus of 10km deep. and a plume of hot magma rises through the mantle. The oceanic plate Methods include: Effects Management • Satellite surveying (tracks changes in the earth’s surface) 1 is forced upwards by this and is torn apart – forming a mid ocean ridge. 8841 died, 16800 injured and 1 million Individuals tried to recover people. • Laser reflector (surveys movement across fault lines) Oceanic crust crashes into continental crust, is forced downwards and homeless. Many emotionally affected. Many countries responded with appeals creates an ocean trench. The magma eventually cools near the surface Reduced supply of water. Historic or rescue teams. • Radon gas sensor (radon gas is released when plates move so and sinks back down to the mantle. temples destroyed. Destruction of 26 Heavily relied on international aid, e.g. this finds that) hospitals and 50% of schools. $126 million from the UK alone. • Seismometer Slab pull occurs when convection currents push plates upwards Temporary shelters and tents provided • Water table level (water levels fluctuate before an earthquake). by red cross. • Scientists also use seismic records to predict when the next The plate is pushed upwards and is tilted. This tilt then causes the plate event will occur. to fall away under gravity. This tears the plates apart and create 2 Geography constructive margins. The plate is sloping down so slips beneath PROTECTION continental plates when they collide. You can’t stop earthquakes, so earthquake-prone regions follow Types of Plate Margins 4 What is a Natural Hazard these three methods to reduce potential damage: • Building earthquake-resistant buildings Destructive Plate Margin A natural hazard is a natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to • Raising public awareness 5 humans, property and possessions. When the denser plate subducts beneath the other, • Improving earthquake prediction friction causes it to melt and become molten magma. Geological Hazard Meteorological Hazard The magma forces its ways up to the surface to form a HIC – L’Aquila, Italy 2009 These are hazards caused by land and These are hazards caused by weather volcano. This margin is also responsible for devastating tectonic processes. and climate. earthquakes. Causes Causes of Earthquakes African plate and Eurasian plates collide on a collision margin plates. Constructive Plate Margin 6.3 earthquake struck 6 April 2009. Epicentre was 7km NW of Earthquakes are caused when two plates become locked causing friction to L’Aquila. Here two plates are moving apart causing new magma build up. From this stress, the pressure will eventually be released, triggering to reach the surface through the gap. Volcanoes the plates to move into a new position. This movement causes energy in the formed along this crack cause a submarine mountain Effects Management form of seismic waves, to travel from the focus towards the epicentre. As a range such as those in the Mid Atlantic Ridge. 308 deaths Hotels and tents for homeless result, the crust vibrates triggering an earthquake. 67,500 homeless Red cross searching for survivors Conservative Plate Margin 15,000 buildings collapsed within the hour The point directly above the focus, where the seismic Aftershocks triggered landslides Mortgage payments, gas and A conservative plate boundary occurs where plates waves reach first, is called the EPICENTRE. and mudflows electric bills suspended by slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the SEISMIC WAVES (energy waves) travel out from the focus. House prices and rents government same direction but at different speeds. This is increased due to lack of housing Declared state of emergency so responsible for earthquakes such as the ones Numbers in university aid came quickly. The point at which pressure is released is called the FOCUS. happening along the San Andreas Fault, USA. decreased Rebuilding takes 15 years Global pattern of air circulation Changing pattern of Tropical Storms Case Study: UK Heat Wave 2003

Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air by which heat is Scientist believe that global warming is having an impact on the Causes distributed on the surface of the Earth. frequency and strength of tropical storms. This may be due to an The heat wave was caused by an anticyclone (areas of high pressure) that increase in ocean temperatures. stayed in the area for most of August. This blocked any low pressure systems Hadley Largest cell which extends that normally brings cooler and rainier conditions. cell from the Equator to between Management of Tropical Storms 30° to 40° north & south. Effect Management Protection • The NHS and media gave Aid • People suffered from heat Ferrel Middle cell where air flows Preparing for a tropical storm guidance to the public. Aid involves assisting after the strokes and dehydration. cell poleward between 60° & 70° may involve construction • Limitations placed on water use storm, commonly in LIDs. • 2000 people died from causes latitude. projects that will improve (hose pipe ban). protection. linked to heatwave. • Speed limits imposed on trains Polar Smallest & weakness cell that • Rail network disrupted and crop and government created cell occurs from the poles to the Development Planning yields were low. ‘heatwave plan’. Ferrel cell. The scale of the impacts Involves getting people and the depends on the whether the What is Climate Change? emergency services ready to Distribution of Tropical Storms. High and Low Pressure country has the resources cope deal with the impacts. with the storm. Climate change is a large-scale, long-term shift in the planet's weather They are known by many names, Low High patterns or average temperatures. Earth has had tropical climates and ice including hurricanes (North America), Pressure Pressure Prediction ages many times in its 4.5 billion years. Education cyclones (India) and typhoons (Japan and Constant monitoring can help to Teaching people about what to East Asia). They all occur in a band that Caused by Caused by give advanced warning of a Recent Evidence for climate change. do in a tropical storm. lies roughly 5-15 ° either side of the hot air rising. cold air tropical storm Equator. Causes sinking. Global temp. Average temperatures increased by more than 0.6°C since 2 2 stormy, Causes clear Primary Effects of Tropical Storms and CO levels 1950. Keeling curve measures increase in CO since 1958. cloudy and calm Ice sheets & Many of the world’s glaciers and ice sheets are melting. weather. weather. • The intense winds of tropical storms can destroy whole glaciers E.g. the Arctic sea ice has declined by 10% in 30 years. communities, buildings and communication networks. • As well as their own destructive energy, the winds can generate Sea Level Average global sea level has risen by 10-20cms in the past abnormally high waves called storm surges. Change 100 years. This is due to the additional water from ice and • Sometimes the most destructive elements of a storm are these thermal expansion. subsequent high seas and flooding they cause to coastal areas. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Secondary Effects of Tropical Storms Recently there has been an increase in humans burning fossil fuels for Formation of Tropical Storms • People are left homeless, which can cause distress, poverty and ill energy. These fuels (gas, coal and oil) emit greenhouse gases. This is making The sun’s rays heats large areas of ocean in the summer and autumn. health due to lack of shelter. the Earth’s atmosphere thicker, therefore trapping more solar radiation and 1 This causes warm, moist air to rise over the particular spots • Shortage of clean water and lack of proper sanitation makes it causing less to be reflected. As a result, the Earth is becoming warmer. easier for diseases to spread. Evidence of natural change Once the temperature is 27⁰, the rising warm moist air leads to a low • Businesses are damaged or destroyed causing employment. 2 pressure. This eventually turns into a thunderstorm. This causes air • Shortage of food as crops are damaged. Orbital Some argue that climate change is linked to how the Earth to be sucked in from the trade winds. Changes orbits the Sun, and the way it wobbles and tilts as it does it. Case Study: Typhoon Haiyan 2013 With trade winds blowing in the opposite direction and the rotation Sun Spots Dark spots on the Sun are called Sun spots. They increase the 3 of earth involved (Coriolis effect), the thunderstorm will eventually Causes amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun. start to spin. Started as a tropical depression on 2rd November 2013 and gained strength. Became a Category 5 “super typhoon” and made landfall on Volcanic Volcanoes release large amounts of dust containing gases. When the storm begins to spin faster than 74mph, a tropical storm 4 the Pacific islands of the Philippines. Eruptions These can block sunlight and results in cooler temperatures. (such as a hurricane) is officially born. Effects Management Managing Climate Change With the tropical storm growing in power, more cool air sinks in the • Almost 6,500 deaths. • The UN raised £190m in aid. Carbon Capture Planting Trees 5 centre of the storm, creating calm, clear condition called the eye of • 130,000 homes destroyed. • USA & UK sent helicopter the storm. This involves new technology designed to Planting trees increase the amount of • Water and sewage systems carrier ships deliver aid reduce climate change. carbon is absorbed from atmosphere. destroyed had caused remote areas. When the tropical storm hits land, it loses its energy source (the diseases. • Education on typhoon International Agreements Renewable Energy 6 warm ocean) and it begins to lose strength. Eventually it will ‘blow • Emotional grief for dead. preparedness. Countries aim to cut emissions by signing Replacing fossil fuels based energy with itself out’. international deals and by setting targets. clean/natural sources of energy. What is an Ecosystem? Biome’s climate and plants

An ecosystem is a system in which organisms interact with each other and Biome Location Temperature Rainfall Flora Fauna with their environment. Tropical Centred along the Hot all year (25-30°C) Very high (over Tall trees forming a canopy; wide Greatest range of different animal Ecosystem’s Components rainforest Equator. 200mm/year) variety of species. species. Most live in canopy layer Abiotic These are non-living, such as air, water, heat and rock. Tropical Between latitudes 5°- 30° Warm all year (20-30°C) Wet + dry season Grasslands with widely spaced Large hoofed herbivores and Biotic These are living, such as plants, insects, and animals. grasslands north & south of Equator. (500-1500mm/year) trees. carnivores dominate.

Flora Plant life occurring in a particular region or time. Hot desert Found along the tropics Hot by day (over 30°C) Very low (below Lack of plants and few species; Many animals are small and of Cancer and Capricorn. Cold by night 300mm/year) adapted to drought. nocturnal: except for the camel. Fauna Animal life of any particular region or time. Temperate Between latitudes 40°- Warm summers + mild Variable rainfall (500- Mainly deciduous trees; a variety Animals adapt to colder and Food Web and Chains forest 60° north of Equator. winters (5-20°C) 1500m /year) of species. warmer climates. Some migrate. Simple food chains are useful in explaining the basic principles Tundra Far Latitudes of 65° north Cold winter + cool Low rainfall (below Small plants grow close to the Low number of species. Most behind ecosystems. They show and south of Equator summers (below 10°C) 500mm/ year) ground and only in summer. animals found along coast. only one species at a particular trophic level. Food webs however Found within 30° north – Warm water all year Wet + dry seasons. Small range of plant life which Dominated by polyps and a consists of a network of many food Coral Reefs south of Equator in round with temperatures Rainfall varies greatly includes algae and sea grasses diverse range of fish species. chains interconnected together. tropical waters. of 18°C due to location. that shelters reef animals. Nutrient cycle Geography CASE STUDY: UK Ecosystem: Epping Forest, Essex Plants take in nutrients to build into new This is a typical English lowland deciduous woodland. 70% of the area is designated organic matter. Nutrients are taken up when as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSI) for its biological interest, with 66 % animals eat plants and then returned to the designated as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). soil when animals die and the body is broken down by decomposers. Components & Interrelationships Management

Litter This is the surface layer of Spring Flowering plants (producers) such as - Epping has been vegetation, which over time Tropical Rainforest Biome bluebells store nutrients to be eaten by managed for centuries. breaks down to become humus. consumers later. - Currently now used Tropical rainforest cover about 2 per cent of the Earth’s surface yet they are for recreation and Summer Broad tree leaves grow quickly to Biomass The total mass of living home to over half of the world’s plant and animals. conservation. maximise photosynthesis. organisms per unit area. - Visitors pick fruit and Interdependence in the rainforest berries, helping to Autumn Trees shed leaves to conserve energy disperse seeds. Biomes due to sunlight hours decreasing. A rainforest works through interdependence. This is where the plants and - Trees cut down to A biome is a large geographical area of distinctive plant and animal groups, animals depend on each other for survival. If one component changes, there can Winter Bacteria decompose the leaf litter, encourage new growth which are adapted to that particular environment. The climate and geography be serious knock-up effects for the entire ecosystem. releasing the nutrients into the soil. for timber. of a region determines what type of biome can exist in that region. Distribution of Tropical Rainforests Layers of the Rainforest Coniferous forest Tropical rainforests are centred along the Emergent Highest layer with trees reaching 50 metres. Equator between the Tropic of Cancer and Deciduous Canopy Most life is found here as It receives 70% of Capricorn. Rainforests can be found in South forest the sunlight and 80% of the life. America, central Africa and South-East Asia. The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest Tropical U-Canopy Consists of trees that reach 20 metres high. rainforests and takes up the majority of northern South America, encompassing countries such as Shrub Layer Lowest layer with small trees that have Tundra Brazil and Peru. adapted to living in the shade.

Rainforest nutrient cycle Climate of Tropical Rainforests Temperate grasslands The hot, damp conditions on the forest floor allow for the rapid • Evening temperatures rarely fall below 22°C. decomposition of dead plant material. This provides plentiful • Due to the presence of clouds, temperatures rarely Tropical nutrients that are easily absorbed by plant roots. However, as these rise above 32°C. grasslands nutrients are in high demand from the many fast-growing plants, The most productive biomes – which have the greatest they do not remain in the soil for long and stay close to the surface. • Most afternoons have heavy showers. Hot deserts. biomass- grow in climates that are hot and wet. If vegetation is removed, the soils quickly become infertile. • At night with no clouds insulating, temperature drops. Tropical Rainforests: Case Study Malaysia Hot Desert: Case Study Thar Desert – India/Pakistan

Malaysia is a LIC country is south-east Asia. 67% of Malaysia is a tropical rainforest with 18% of it not being interfered with. The Thar Desert is located on the border between India and Pakistan in Southern Asia. With India soon becoming the However , Malaysia has the fastest rate of deforestation compared to anywhere in the world most populated country in the world in the next five years. With this, more people will plan to live in the desert.

Adaptations to the rainforest Rainforest inhabitants Distribution of the world’s hot deserts Major characteristics of hot deserts

Orangutans Large arms to swing & support in the tree canopy. Many tribes have developed sustainable ways of Most of the world’s hot deserts are found • Aridity – hot deserts are extremely dry, survival. The rainforest provides inhabitants with… in the subtropics between 20 degrees and with annual rainfall below 250 mm. Drip Tips Allows heavy rain to run off leaves easily. • Food through hunting and gathering. 30 degrees north & south of the Equator. • Heat – hot deserts rise over 40 degrees. • Natural medicines from forest plants. The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn run • Landscapes – Some places have dunes, Lianas & Vines Climbs trees to reach sunlight at canopy. • Homes and boats from forest wood. through most of the worlds major deserts. but most are rocky with thorny bushes.

Issues related to biodiversity What are the causes of deforestation? Hot Deserts inhabitants Climate of Hot Deserts

Why are there high rates of biodiversity? Logging Agriculture - People often live in large • Very little rainfall with less than 250 mm per open tents to keep cool. year. • Warm and wet climate encourages a • Most widely reported cause of • Large scale ‘slash and burn’ of - Food is often cooked slowly • It might only rain once every two to three years. wide range of vegetation to grow. destructions to biodiversity. land for ranches and palm oil. in the warm sandy soil. • Temperate are hot in the day (45 °C) but are cold • There is rapid recycling of nutrients to • Timber is harvested to create • Increases carbon emission. - Head scarves are worn by at night due to little cloud cover (5 °C). speed plant growth. commercial items such as • River saltation and soil erosion men to provide protection • In winter, deserts can sometimes receive • Most of the rainforest is untouched. furniture and paper. increasing due to the large from the Sun. occasional frost and snow. • Violent confrontation between areas of exposed land. Main issues with biodiversity decline indigenous tribes and logging • Increase in palm oil is making Adaptations to the desert Desert Interdependence companies. the soil infertile. • Keystone species (a species that are Cactus • Large roots to absorb water soon after important of other species) are Different parts of the Mineral Extraction Tourism rainfall. extremely important in the rainforest hot desert ecosystem • Needles instead of leaves to reduce ecosystem. Humans are threatening • • are closely linked Precious metals are found in Mass tourism is resulting in the surface area and therefore transpiration. these vital components. the rainforest. building of hotels in extremely together and depend on each other, especially in • Decline in species could cause tribes • Areas mined can experience soil vulnerable areas. Camels • Hump for storing fat (NOT water). a such a harsh being unable to survive. and water contamination. • Lead to negative relationship • Wide feet for walking on sand. environment. • Plants & animals may become extinct. • Indigenous people are between the government and • Long eyelashes to protect from sand. • Key medical plants may become extinct. becoming displaced from their indigenous tribes land due to roads being built to • Tourism has exposed animals to Opportunities and challenges in the Hot desert Impacts of deforestation transport products. human diseases. Opportunities Challenges Economic development Energy Development Road Building • There are valuable minerals for industries and • The extreme heat makes it difficult to work outside for + Mining, farming and logging creates • The high rainfall creates ideal • Roads are needed to bring construction. very long. employment and tax income for conditions for hydro-electric supplies and provide access to • Energy resources such as coal and oil can be found in • High evaporation rates from irrigation canals and government. power (HEP). new mining areas, settlements the Thar desert. farmland. + Products such as palm oil provide valuable • The Bakun Dam in Malaysia is and energy projects. • Great opportunities for renewable energy such as solar • Water supplies are limited, creating problems for the income for countries. key for creating energy in this • In Malaysia, logging companies power at Bhaleri. increasing number of people moving into area. - The loss of biodiversity will reduce tourism. developing country, however, use an extensive network of • Thar desert has attracted tourists, especially during • Access through the desert is tricky as roads are difficult both people and environment roads for heavy machinery and festivals. to build and maintain. Soil erosion have suffered. to transport wood.

- Once the land is exposed by deforestation, Sustainability for the Rainforest Causes of Desertification Strategies to reduce Desertification the soil is more vulnerable to rain. Desertification means the turning of Climate Change • Water management - growing - With no roots to bind soil together, soil can Uncontrolled and unchecked exploitation can cause irreversible damage such semi-arid areas (or drylands) into Reduce rainfall and rising temperatures crops that don’t need much water. easily wash away. as loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and climate change. deserts. have meant less water for plants. • Tree Planting - trees can act as Climate Change Possible strategies include: windbreakers to protect the soil • Agro-forestry - Growing trees and crops at the same time. It prevents soil Fuel Wood Overgrazing from wind and soil erosion. -When rainforests are cut down, the climate erosion and the crops benefit from the nutrients. People rely on wood for fuel. This Too many animals mean plants are • Soil Management - leaving areas of becomes drier. • Selective logging - Trees are only felled when they reach a particular removal of trees causes the soil to be eaten faster than they can grow back. land to rest and recover lost -Trees are carbon ‘sinks’. With greater height. exposed. Causing soil erosion. nutrients. deforestation comes more greenhouse • Education - Ensuring those people understand the consequences of • Technology – using less expensive, emissions in the atmosphere. deforestation Over-Cultivation Population Growth sustainable materials for people to -When trees are burnt, they release more • Afforestation - If trees are cut down, they are replaced. If crops are grown in the same areas A growing population puts pressure on maintain. i.e. sand fences, terraces carbon in the atmosphere. This will enhance • Forest reserves - Areas protected from exploitation. too often, nutrients in the soil will be the land leading to more deforestation, to stabilise soil and solar cookers the greenhouse effect. • Ecotourism - tourism that promotes the environments & conservation used up causing soil erosion. overgrazing and over-cultivation. to reduce deforestation. Relief of the UK Areas Types of Erosion Types of Transportation Mass Movement +600m: Relief of the UK Peaks and The break down and transport of rocks – A natural process by which eroded material A large movement of soil and rock debris that can be divided ridges cold, smooth, round and sorted. is carried/transported. moves down slopes in response to the pull of into uplands and misty and gravity in a vertical direction. Attrition Rocks that bash together to Solution Minerals dissolve in water lowlands. Each snow become smooth/smaller. and are carried along. Rain saturates the permeable rock above have their own common. 1 characteristics. the impermeable rock making it heavy. i.e. Scotland Corrosion A chemical reaction that Suspension Sediment is carried along in Waves or a river will erode the base of the dissolves rocks. the flow of the water. 2 Key Areas - slope making it unstable. 200m: Flat Abrasion Rocks hurled at the base of a Saltation Pebbles that bounce along or rolling Eventually the weight of the permeable rock Lowlands cliff to break pieces apart. the sea/river bed. hills. 3 above the impermeable rock weakens and Warmer Hydraulic Water enters cracks in the cliff, Traction Boulders that roll along a collapses. weather. Action air compresses, causing the river/sea bed by the force of Uplands The debris at the base of the cliff is then i.e. Fens crack to expand. the flowing water. 4 removed and transported by waves or river. Formation of Coastal Spits - Deposition Types of Weathering Weathering is the breakdown of rocks where they are. Example: Spurn Breakdown of rock by changing chemical Head, Carbonation Holderness composition. (Acid rain What is Deposition? Coast. dissolves it) When the sea or river loses energy, it drops the Formation of Bays and Headlands Breakdown of rock without sand, rock particles and pebbles it has been 1) Waves attack the Mechanical changing its chemical carrying. This is called deposition. Bay coastline. composition – freeze thaw. 1) Swash moves up the beach at the angle of the prevailing wind. Soft rock 2) Softer rock is eroded by 2) Backwash moves down the beach at 90° to coastline, due to gravity. the sea quicker forming 3) Zigzag movement (Longshore Drift) transports material along beach. Unit 1c a bay, calm area cases 4) Deposition causes beach to extend, until reaching a river estuary. Hard rock deposition. 5) Change in prevailing wind direction forms a hook. 3) More resistant rock is 6) Sheltered area behind spit encourages deposition, salt marsh forms. Physical Landscapes in the UK left jutting out into the Headland sea. This is a headland and is now more How do waves form? Mechanical Weathering Example: Freeze-thaw weathering vulnerable to erosion.

Waves are created by wind blowing over the surface of the Stage One Stage Two Stage Three Formation of Coastal Stack sea. As the wind blows over the sea, friction is created - When the water producing a swell in the water. Water seeps freezes, it With repeated into cracks and expands about freeze-thaw Example: Why do waves break? fractures in the 9%. This wedges cycles, the rock rock. breaks off. Old Harry apart the rock. Rocks, 1 Waves start out at sea. Dorset Size of waves Types of Waves 2 As waves approaches the shore, friction slows the base. Constructive Waves Destructive Waves 1) Hydraulic action widens cracks in the cliff face 3 This causes the orbit to become elliptical. • Fetch how over time. far the wave This wave has a swash that is stronger This wave has a backwash that is 2) Abrasion forms a wave cut notch between HT and 4 Until the top of the wave breaks over. has travelled than the backwash. This therefore builds stronger than the swash. This therefore LT. 3) Further abrasion widens the wave cut notch to • Strength of up the coast. erodes the coast. the wind. from a cave. 4) Caves from both sides of the headland break • How long the through to form an arch. wind has 5) Weather above/erosion below –arch collapses been leaving stack. blowing for. 6) Further weathering and erosion eaves a stump. Coastal Defences Water Cycle Key Terms Lower Course of a River

Hard Engineering Defences Precipitation Moisture falling from clouds as rain, snow or hail. Near the river’s mouth, the river widens further and becomes flatter. Material transported is deposited.

Groynes Wood barriers Beach still accessible. Interception Vegetation prevent water reaching the ground. Formation of Floodplains and levees prevent No deposition further longshore drift, down coast = erodes Surface Runoff Water flowing over surface of the land into rivers When a river floods, fine silt/alluvium is deposited so the beach faster. on the valley floor. Closer to the river’s banks, the can build up. Infiltration Water absorbed into the soil from the ground. heavier materials build up to form natural levees.

Sea Walls Concrete walls Long life span Transpiration Water lost through leaves of plants. Nutrient rich soil makes it ideal for farming. break up the Protects from flooding Physical and Human Causes of Flooding. Flat land for building houses. energy of the Curved shape wave . Has a lip encourages erosion of Physical: Prolong & heavy rainfall Physical: Geology River Management Schemes to stop waves beach deposits. Long periods of rain causes soil to Impermeable rocks causes surface going over. become saturated leading runoff. runoff to increase river discharge. Soft Engineering Hard Engineering

Gabions or Cages of Cheap Physical: Relief Human: Land Use Afforestation – plant trees to soak up rainwater, Straightening Channel – increases velocity to Rip Rap rocks/boulders Local material can be Steep-sided valleys channels water Tarmac and concrete are reduces flood risk. remove flood water. absorb the used to look less to flow quickly into rivers causing impermeable. This prevents Demountable Flood Barriers put in place when Artificial Levees – heightens river so flood water is waves energy, strange. greater discharge. infiltration & causes surface runoff. warning raised. contained. protecting the Will need replacing. Managed Flooding – naturally let areas flood, Deepening or widening river to increase capacity cliff behind. Upper Course of a River protect settlements. for a flood.

Soft Engineering Defences Near the source, the river flows over steep gradient from the hill/mountains. This gives the river a lot of energy, so it will erode the riverbed vertically to Hydrographs and River Discharge Beach Beaches built Cheap form narrow valleys. Nourishment up with sand, Beach for tourists. River discharge is the volume of water that flows in a river. Hydrographs who discharge at a so waves have Storms = need Formation of a Waterfall certain point in a river changes over time in relation to rainfall to travel replacing. further before Offshore dredging 1) River flows over alternative types of rocks. 1. Peak discharge is the discharge in a eroding cliffs. damages seabed. period of time. Managed Low value Reduce flood risk 2) River erodes soft rock faster creating a step. Retreat areas of the Creates wildlife 2. Lag time is the delay between peak coast are left to habitats. 3) Further hydraulic action and abrasion form a rainfall and peak discharge. flood & erode. Compensation for land. plunge pool beneath. 4) Hard rock above is undercut leaving cap rock 3. Rising limb is the increase in river Case Study: Hunstanton Coast which collapses providing more material for discharge. erosion. Location and Background 4. Falling limb is the decrease in river Located on the North-West coast of Norfolk. The town is a popular 5) Waterfall retreats leaving steep sided gorge. sea resort for tourists to visit all year round. discharge to normal level. In 2013, the town suffered damage from a storm surge. The Sea Life Centre was flooded and closed for a number of months. Middle Course of a River Case Study: The River Severn

Geomorphic Processes Here the gradient get gentler, so the water has less energy and moves more Location and Background - Old Hunstanton is dominated by dunes that are formed when sand slowly. The river will begin to erode laterally making the river wider. Located in the West of England and flows 354km from source in the Piynlimon Hills in Mid Wales is trapped and built up behind objects. to the Bristol channel – longest river in UK. -Hunstanton Cliffs are made from three different bands of rock Formation of Ox-bow Lakes (sandstone, red chalk and white chalk). Geomorphic Processes Upper – Features include V-Shaped valley, rapids and -Hunstanton Cliff are exposed to cliff retreat. This is when a wave-cut Step 1 Step 2 notch develops enough for the cliff face to become unstable and waterfalls. Severn Breaks its neck (waterfall) drops 21m. Middle – Features include meanders and ox-bow lakes. eventually collapses. Erosion of outer bank Further hydraulic Lower – Greater lateral erosion creates features such as -Longshore drift travels from Sheringham in the north to the Wash in forms river cliff. action and abrasion floodplains & levees. Near Tewkesbury, the meanders in the south. Deposition inner bank of outer banks, neck the lower course are much larger. In this area there are forms slip off slope. gets smaller. Management also levees which have formed when the river has flooded. Mudflats at the river’s estuary. -Hunstanton is protected by a number of groynes. These trap sand to Step 3 Step 4 build up the beach for better protection. -The town is also protected by large sea walls to prevent flooding Erosion breaks through Evaporation and Management and deflect the waves energy. neck, so river takes the deposition cuts off -Hard engineering management involves using artificial structures, such as dams and -$15 million has been spent on beach nourishment to add sediment fastest route, main channel leaving embankments. Soft engineering management is a more natural approach to manage flooding, to beach for increased protection against flooding. redirecting flow an oxbow lake. such as floodplain zoning. What is Urbanisation? Sustainable Urban Living Traffic Management

This is an increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such Sustainable urban living means being able to live in cities in ways that do Urban areas are busy places with many people travelling by different as towns or cities. In 2007, the UN announced that for the first time, not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure modes of transport. This has caused urban areas to experience different more than 50 % of the world’s population live in urban areas. future generations also can use then. traffic congestion that can lead to various problems.

Where is Urbanisation Water Conservation Energy Conservation Environmental problems happening? This is about reducing the amount Using less fossil fuels can reduce • Traffic increases air pollution Urbanisation is happening of water used. the rate of climate change. which releases greenhouse all over the word but in • Collecting rainwater for • Promoting renewable energy gases that is leading to climate LICs and NEEs rates are gardens and flushing toilets. sources. change. much faster than HICs. This • Installing water meters and • Making homes more energy is mostly because of the toilets that flush less water. efficient. Economic problems Social Problems rapid economic growth • Educating people on using less • Encouraging people to use • Congestion can make people • There is a greater risk of they are experiencing. water. energy. late for work and business accidents and congestion is a Causes of Urbanisation Creating Green Space Waste Recycling deliveries take longer. This can cause of frustration. Traffic can cause companies to loose also lead to health issues for The movement of people from rural to Creating green spaces in urban More recycling means fewer money. pedestrians. Rural - urban migration (1) urban areas. areas can improve places for resources are used. Less waste people who want to live there. reduces the amount that Congestion Solutions Push Pull • Provide natural cooler areas for eventually goes to landfill. • Widen roads to allow more people to relax in. • Collection of household waste. traffic to flow easily. • Natural disasters • More Jobs • Encourages people to exercise. • More local recycling facilities. • Build ring roads and bypasses • War and Conflict • Better education & • Reduces the risk of flooding • Greater awareness of the to keep through traffic out of • Mechanisation healthcare from surface runoff. benefits in recycling. • Drought • Increased quality of life. city centres. • Lack of employment • Following family members. • Introduce park and ride Unit 2a schemes to reduce car use. When the birth rate exceeds the death • Encourage car-sharing schemes Natural Increase (2) rate. in work places. Urban Issues & Challenges • Have public transport, cycle Increase in birth rate (BR) Lower death rate (DR) lanes & cycle hire schemes. Sustainable Urban Living Example: Freiburg • Having congestion charges • High percentage of • Higher life expectancy due to discourages drivers from population are child-bearing better living conditions and Background & Location Sustainable Strategies entering the busy city centres. age which leads to high diet. fertility rate. Traffic Management Example: Cambridge • Improved medical facilities Freiburg is in west Germany. The • The city’s waste water allows • Lack of contraception or city has a population of about for rainwater to be retained. helps lower infant mortality In 2012 Cambridge was the most education about family 220,000. In 1970 it set the goal of • The use of sustainable energy rate. congested cites in the UK. Now the planning. focusing on social, economic and such as solar and wind is city aims to develop it’s park-and- environmental sustainability. becoming more important. ride transport system to encourage Types of Cities • 40% of the city is forested with more people to use the public many open spaces for transport. The city has also invested Megacity An urban area with over 10 million people living there. recreation, clean air and in cycle routes and hiring schemes. reducing flood risk. More than two thirds Integrated Transport System Greenbelt Area of current megacities are located in either This is the linking of different forms of public and private transport within This is a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly NEEs (Brazil) and LICs a city and the surrounding area. controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast. (Nigeria). The amount of megacities Brownfield Site Urban Regeneration are predicted to increase from 28 to Brownfield sites is an area of land or premises that has been previously The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what 41 by 2030. used, but has subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated. is there or clearing it away and rebuilding. Urban Change in a Major UK City: London Case Study Urban Change in a Major NEE City: MUMBAI, India Case Study Location and Background City’s Importance Location and Background City’s Importance London is located in South • London is the UK’s capital; it is the UK’s Mumbai is located in • Second largest English-speaking workforce in East England on the River largest and wealthiest city (22% of UK’s northern India on a low- the world. Thames. It is the site chosen GDP). lying island in the Arabian • The Hindi film industry, known as Bollywood, by the Romans when they • Both earnings and house prices have risen Sea. It is India’s largest city, is based in Mumbai and is thought to employ conquered the South of England. Two factors were faster in London than elsewhere. with 21.04 million people 175,000 people. important in London’s • London is a world city. Its influence is not in 2015. • Tata Steel, which employs people in over 100 success as a city: • The just national, but also global. London is one countries, has its headquarters in Mumbai. Thames is a tidal river. of the two most important financial centres • Nhava Sheva is India’s largest container port. • London was built at the in the world. • Mumbai International Airport lowest bridging point London is an international centre for: • media and communications networks Migration to Mumbai City’s Opportunities • education, including renowned universities Mumbai is the financial capital of India as it is Social: Standards of living are gradually and research home to India’s stock exchange. It is also home improving. Large number of jobs in central and • legal and medical facilities to large MNCs such as Tata Steel and home to state government, banking and financial • culture, entertainment and tourism. the Bollywood film industry. industries, the IT industry, textile Population of London City’s Opportunities The pull factors for Mumbai are cheap rail travel, manufacturing, jobs related to the sea port, and jobs and better training opportunities. The push the Hindi movie industry. Population is 8.6 million. The population of Social: London has various cultural attractions factors from the surrounding countryside areas London is ‘young’. People in their 20s and 30s, such as the Tower of London, theatres and are poor standard of housing, healthcare and Economic: Street vending, rickshaw driving and especially university graduates, move to London museums. sanitation. recycling waste are all examples of informal for work. They are attracted by more job This expanding population has resulted in the jobs. These jobs are not regulated by the state. opportunities, higher pay and the perception of Economic: The retail sectors contribute to rapid urbanisation of Mumbai. Most people You don’t necessarily need a qualification to do an exciting social life. Migrants from around the thousands of jobs. The Universities and move into one of the large slum areas like them and you probably don’t pay tax. world add to London’s population. Net advanced manufacturing adds contribute to Dharavi. the city’s economy. Centre for UK tourism. Environmental: Mumbai is home to some of the migration into London is quite low, most richest people in India. immigrants are young while most people leaving Environmental: London is described as being are older. This reduces the average age of the one of world’s greenest cities – 47% are green City Challenges Redevelopment of Dharavi population and leads to greater natural spaces. Urban greening is encouraged as a Social: There is a severe shortage of housing, • Two possible solutions are: – Self-help increase. London is most diverse city in UK. way to make the city sustainable. 37% were born outside the UK. schools and healthcare centres available. Large projects which involve giving the residents scale social inequality, is creating tensions help to improve their own living conditions, City Challenges Lea Valley Regeneration Project between the rich and poor. Most live in slums. for example connecting to the mains water Mumbai’s rail system is one of the busiest in supply. Social: House prices have increased along with Aims: Take an area of derelict and polluted, the world. People hang from doorways and • Wholesale clearance by demolishing the greater house shortages. under-used land and turn it into a wold class even ride on the train’s roof. Overcrowding is existing dwellings and building purpose- A third of households live in the 10% of the Olympic venue which provided a lasting legacy. dangerous. 9 people die every day. built high-rise buildings. most deprived wards in the UK. Main features: Brownfield sites and derelict Economic: Majority of people work in informal Economic: Ports shut down and large areas buildings pulled down, decontamination of sector (street vendors and rubbish recyclers) so became derelict. Heavy industry moved out of land, excellent modern sports facilities, little taxes are paid. London, associate rail lines and warehouses landscaped park with tourist attractions and become derelict. natural habitats, improved aquatic Environmental: Shanty towns called bustees are established around the city, typically on Environmental: Pollution from vehicle environment, cycle paths, affordable housing units for local people (was the athletes village). unfavourable land near to railway lines. emissions and modern heating systems; Dwellings suffer from overcrowding and are at worsened by dense road networks and tall risk of fire, collapse or flood. buildings. Waste disposal - What is development? Variations in the level of development Human factors affecting uneven development Aid Trade Development is an improvement in living standards through LICs Poorest countries in the world. GNI better use of resources. per capita is low and most citizens • Aid can help some • Countries that export have a low standard of living. countries develop key more than they import Economic This is progress in economic growth through projects for have a trade surplus. levels of industrialisation and use of technology. NEEs These countries are getting richer infrastructure faster. This can improve the as their economy is progressing • Aid can improve services national economy. Social This is an improvement in people’s standard of from the primary industry to the such as schools, • Having good trade living. For example, clean water and electricity. secondary industry. Greater hospitals and roads. relationships. exports leads to better wages. • Too much reliance on • Trading goods and Environmental This involves advances in the management and aid might stop other services is more protection of the environment. HICs These countries are wealthy with a trade links becoming profitable than raw high GNI per capita and standards established. materials. Measuring development of living. These countries can spend money on services. Education Health These are used to compare and understand a country’s level of development. Causes of uneven development • Education creates a • Lack of clean water and skilled workforce poor healthcare means a Economic indictors examples Development is globally uneven with most HICs located in Europe, North America meaning more goods large number of people and Oceania. Most NEEs are in Asia and South America, whilst most LICs are in and services are suffer from diseases. Employment type The proportion of the population working Africa. Remember, development can also vary within countries too. produced. • People who are ill in primary, secondary, tertiary and • Educated people earn cannot work so there is quaternary industries. more money, meaning little contribution to the they also pay more economy. Gross Domestic This is the total value of goods and services taxes. This money can • More money on Product per capita produced in a country per person, per year. help develop the healthcare means less country in the future. spent on development. Gross National Income An average of gross national income per per capita person, per year in US dollars. Physical factors affecting uneven development Politics History Natural Resources Natural Hazards Social indicators examples • Corruption in local and • Colonialism has helped national governments. Europe develop, but • Fuel sources such as oil. • Risk of tectonic hazards. Infant mortality The number of children who die before • The stability of the slowed down • Minerals and metals for fuel. • Benefits from volcanic material reaching 1 per 1000 babies born. government can effect development in many • Availability for timber. and floodwater. the country’s ability to other countries. Literacy rate The percentage of population over the age • Access to safe water. • Frequent hazards undermines trade. • Countries that went of 15 who can read and write. redevelopment. • Ability of the country to through industrialisation invest into services and a while ago, have now Life expectancy The average lifespan of someone born in Climate Location/Terrain infrastructure. develop further. that country. • Reliability of rainfall to benefit • Landlocked countries may find Mixed indicators farming. trade difficulties. Consequences of Uneven Development • Extreme climates limit industry • Mountainous terrain makes Human Development A number that uses life expectancy, and affects health. farming difficult. Levels of development are different in different countries. This uneven development has consequences for countries, especially in Index (HDI) education level and income per person. • Climate can attract tourists. • Scenery attracts tourists. wealth, health and migration.

The Demographic Transition Model People in more developed countries have higher Wealth STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4 STAGE 5 incomes than less developed countries. The demographic transition model (DTM) BR Low Rapidly Slowly Better healthcare means that people in more High DR Low DR shows population change Declining falling DR Falling DR Health developed countries live longer than those in less High BR Low BR over time. It studies how DR Low BR Low BR developed countries. Steady Zero birth rate and death rate Very High High Negative affect the total population If nearby countries have higher levels of Migration development or are secure, people will move to of a country. e.g. Tribes e.g. Kenya e.g. India e.g. UK e.g. Japan seek better opportunities and standard of living. Reducing the Global Development Gap Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria Case Study: Economic Change in the UK Foreign-direct investment Microfinance Loans Location & Importance UK in the Wider World This is when one country buys This involves people in LICs property or infrastructure in receiving smalls loans from Nigeria is a NEE in West Africa. The UK has one of the largest another country. traditional banks. Nigeria is just north of the Equator economies in the world. + Leads to better access to + Loans enable people to begin and experiences a range of The UK has huge political, finance, technology & expertise. their own businesses environments. economic and cultural influences. - Investment can come with - Its not clear they can reduce Nigeria is the most populous and The UK is highly regarded for its strings attached that country’s poverty at a large scale. economically powerful country in fairness and tolerance. will need to comply with. Africa. Economic growth has been The UK has global transport links base on oil exports. i.e. Heathrow and the Eurostar. Debt Relief Aid This is when a country’s debt is This is given by one country to Influences upon Nigeria's development Causes of Economic Change Towards Post-Industrial cancelled or interest rates are another as money or resources. lowered. + Improve literacy rates, building Political Social De-industrialisation and the The quaternary industry has + Means more money can be dams, improving agriculture. decline of the UK’s industrial base. increased, whilst secondary has spent on development. Suffered instability with a civil war Nigeria is a multi-cultural, multi- - Can be wasted by corrupt Globalisation has meant many decreased. - Locals might not always get a between 1967-1970. faith society. governments or they can become industries have moved overseas, Numbers in primary and tertiary say. Some aid can be tied under From 1999, the country became Although mostly a strength, too reliant on aid. where labour costs are lower. industry has stayed the steady. condition from donor country. stable with free and fair elections. diversity has caused regional Government investing in Big increase in professional and Stability has encouraged global conflicts from groups such as the supporting vital businesses. technical jobs. Fair trade Technology investment from China and USA. Boko Haram terrorists. This is a movement where Includes tools, machines and Developments of Science Parks CS: UK Car Industry farmers get a fair price for the affordable equipment that Cultural Industrial Structures goods produced. improve quality of life. Science Parks are groups of Every year the UK makes 1.5 + Paid fairly so they can develop + Renewable energy is less Nigeria’s diversity has created rich Once mainly based on agriculture, scientific and technical knowledge million cars. These factories are schools & health centres. expensive and polluting. and varied artistic culture. 50% of its economy is now based businesses on a single site. owned by large TNCs. i.e. Nissan. -Only a tiny proportion of the - Requires initial investment and The country has a rich music, manufacturing and services. • Access to transport routes. • 7% of energy used there extra money reaches producers. skills in operating technology literacy and film industry (i.e. A thriving manufacturing industry • Highly educated workers. factories is from wind energy. Nollywood). is increasing foreign investment CS: Reducing the Development Gap In Jamaica • Staff benefit from attractive • New cars are more energy A successful national football side. and employment opportunities. working conditions. efficient and lighter. • Attracts clusters of related • Nissan produces electric and Location and Background The role of TNCs Changing Relationships high-tech businesses. hybrid cars. Jamaica is a LIC island nation part TNCs such as Shell have played an Nigeria plays a leading role with Change to a Rural Landscape of the Caribbean. Location makes important role in its economy. the African Union and UN. Jamaica an attractive place for + Investment has increased Growing links with China with huge Social Economic visitors to explore the tropical employment and income. investment in infrastructure. blue seas, skies and palm filled - Profits move to HICs. Main import includes petrol from Rising house prices have caused Lack of affordable housing for local sandy beaches - Many oil spills have damaged the EU, cars from Brazil and tensions in villages. first time buyers. Tourist economy Multiplier effect fragile environments. phones from China. Villages are unpopulated during Sales of farmland has increased the day causing loss of identity. rural unemployment. -In 2015, 2.12 million visited. -Jobs from tourism have meant Environmental Impacts Aid & Debt relief Resentment towards poor migrant Influx of poor migrants puts -Tourism contributes 27% of GDP more money has been spent in communities. pressures on local services. and will increase to 38% by 2025. shops and other businesses. The 2008/09 oil spills devastated + Receives $5billion per year in aid. -130,000 jobs rely on tourism. -Government has invested in swamps and its ecosystems. + Aid groups (ActionAid) have Improvements to Transport UK North/South Divide -Global recession 2008 caused a infrastructure to support tourism. Industry has caused toxic improved health centres, provided decline in tourism. Now tourism -New sewage treatment plants chemicals to be discharged in open anti-mosquito nets and helped to A £15 billion ‘Road Improvement - Wages are lower in the North. is beginning to recover. have reduced pollution. sewers - risking human health. protect people against AIDS/HIV. Strategy’. This will involve 10 new - Health is better in the South. 80% of forest have been cut down. - Some aid fails to reach the people roads and 1,600 extra lanes. - Education is worse in the North. Development Problems This also increases CO² emissions. who need it due to corruption. £50 billion HS2 railway to improve + The government is aiming to connections between key UK cities. support a Northern Powerhouse - Tourists do not always spend much money outside their resorts. Effects of Economic Development £18 billion on Heathrow’s project to resolve regional - Infrastructure improvements have not spread to the whole island. controversial third runway. differences. - Many people in Jamaica still live in poor quality housing and lack Life expectancy has increased from 46 to 53 years. 64% have access to safe UK has many large ports for + More devolving of powers to basic services such as healthcare. water. Typical schooling years has increased from 7 to 9. importing and exporting goods. disadvantaged regions. Resource Challenges Food in the UK Water in the UK

Resources are things that humans require for life or to make our lives Growing Demand Impact of Demand Growing Demand Deficit and Surplus easier. Humans are becoming increasingly dependent on exploiting these • The UK imports about 40% of Foods can travel long distances The average water used per resources, and as a result they are in high demand. The north and west have a water its food. This increases people’s (food miles). Importing food adds to household has risen by 70%. This Significance of Water carbon footprint. our carbon footprint. growing demand is predicted to surplus (more water than is required). • There is growing demand for + Supports workers with an income increase by 5% by 2020. Resources such as food, energy and water are what is needed for basic The south and east have a water greater choice of exotic foods + Supports families in LICs. This is due to: human development. deficit (more water needed than is needed all year round. + Taxes from farmers’ incomes • A growing UK population. actually available). • Foods from abroad are more contribute to local services. • Water-intensive appliances. FOOD WATER ENERGY More than half of England is affordable. - Less land for locals to grow their • Showers and baths taken. experiencing water stress (where Without enough A good supply of • Many food types are unsuitable own food. • Industrial and leisure use. People need a supply demand exceeds supply). nutritious food, energy is needed for to be grown in the UK. • Watering greenhouses. of clean and safe - Farmers exposed to chemicals. people can become a basic standard of water for drinking, malnourished. This living. People need Agribusiness Sustainable Foods Pollution and Quality Water stress in the UK cooking and washing. can make them ill . light and heat for Water is also needed This can prevent cooking or to stay Farming is being treated like a large Organic foods that have little Cause and effects include: for food, clothes and people working or warm. It is also industrial business. This is impact on the environment and are • Chemical run-off from other products. receiving education. needed for industry. increasing food production. healthier have been rising. farmland can destroy habitats + Intensive faming maximises the Local food sourcing is also rising in and kills animals. Demand outstripping supply amount of food produced. popularity. • Oil from boats and ships + Using machinery which increases • Reduces emissions by only poisons wildlife. The demand for resources like food, water and energy is rising so quickly the farms efficiency. eating food from the UK. • Untreated waste from that supply cannot always keep up. Importantly, access to these resources - Only employs a small number of • Buying locally sourced food industries creates unsafe vary dramatically in different locations workers. supports local shops and farms. drinking water. - Chemicals used on farms damages • A third of people grow their • Sewage containing bacteria 1. Population Growth 2. Economic Development the habitats and wildlife. own food. spreads infectious diseases. • Currently the global • As LICs and NEEs develop Management Water Transfer population is 7.3 billion. further, they require more Unit 2c • Global population has risen energy for industry. UK has strict laws that limits the Water transfer involves moving exponentially this century. • LICs and NEEs want similar amount of discharge from water through pipes from areas of • Global population is expected lifestyles to HICs, therefore The Challenge of factories and farms. surplus (Wales) to areas of deficit to reach 9 billion by 2050. they will need to consume Education campaigns to inform (London). • With more people, the more resources. what can be disposed of safety. Opposition includes: demand for food, water, • Development means more Resource Management Waste water treatment plants • Effects on land and wildlife. energy, jobs and space will water is required for food remove dangerous elements to • High maintenance costs. increase. production as diets improve. then be used for safe drinking. • The amount of energy Energy in the UK Pollution traps catch and filter required to move water over Resource Reliance Graph Growing Demand Energy Mix pollutants. long distances. Consumption – The act of using up resources or purchasing goods and The UK consumes less The majority of UK’s energy mix comes Energy in the UK (continued) produce. energy than compared to from fossil fuels. By 2020, the UK aims for Carry Capacity – A maximum the 1970s despite a smaller 15% of its energy to come from renewable Significance of Renewables Exploitation number of species that can be population. This is due to sources. These renewable sources do not + The UK government is investing New plants provide job supported. the decline of industry. contribute to climate change. more into low carbon alternatives. opportunities. Resource consumption exceeds Changes in Energy Mix 2009 2020 + UK government aims to meet Problems with safety and Earth’s ability to provide! targets for reducing emissions. Nuclear possible harm to wildlife. • 75% of the UK’s oil and + Renewable sources include Nuclear plants are expensive. 3. Changing Technology and Employment gas has been used up. wind, solar and tidal energy. • Coal consumption has - Although infinite, renewables are Locals have low energy bills. • The demand for resources has driven the need for new technology to declined. still expensive to install. Reduces carbon footprint. reach or gain more resources. • UK has become too Construction cost is high. Oil Gas Renewable - Shale gas deposits may be • More people in the secondary and tertiary industry has increased the dependent on imported exploited in the near future Visual impacts on landscape. demand for resources required for electronics and robotics. energy. Nuclear Coal Other Farm Wind Noise from wind turbines. Option 1: FOOD Option 2: WATER Option 3: ENERGY

Food Security is when people at all times need to have physical & economic access Water security is when people have good access to enough clean water to sustain Energy security means having a reliable, uninterrupted and affordable supply of to food to meet their dietary needs for an active & healthy life. This is the opposite well-being and good health. Water insecurity is when areas are without sufficient energy available. Energy insecurity can be experienced by countries with both a to Food Insecurity which is when someone is unsure when they might next eat. water supplies. Water Stress is when less than 1700m³ is available per person. high and low energy consumption. Technology is increasing energy consumption.

Human Physical Human Physical Physical Economic

• Poverty prevents people affording • The quality of soil is important to • Pollution caused from human and • Climate needs to provide enough • Geology determines the availability • Cost of extracting fossil fuels is food and buying equipment. ensure crops have key nutrients. industrial waste being dumped into rainfall to feed lakes and rivers. of fossil fuels. becoming costly and difficult. • Conflict disrupts farming and • Water supply needs to be reliable peoples water sources. Droughts affect supply if water. • Climate variations will affect the • Price of fossil fuels are volatile to prevents supplies. to allow food to grow. • Poverty prevents low income • Geology can affect accessibility to potential use of renewable energy. potential political changes. • Food waste due to poor transport • Pest, diseases and parasites can families affording water. water. Permeable rock means • Natural disasters can damage • Infrastructure for energy is costly, and storage. destroy vast amounts of crops that • Limited infrastructure such as a sourcing water from difficult energy infrastructure. especially for LICs. • Climate Change is affecting rainfall are necessary to populations. lack of water pipes and sewers. aquifers, whereas impermeable patterns making food production • Extreme weather events can • Over-abstraction is when more allows water to run-off into easily Technology Political difficult. damage crops (i.e. floods). water is taken than is replaced. collected basins. • New technology is making once • Conflict and turmoil in energy rich Daily Calorie Intake Food Supply Impact of Water Insecurity difficult energy sources now countries can affect exports. reachable/exploitable. • Stricter regulations over Nuclear. Food production Industrial output Impact of Energy Insecurity The less water available for irrigating Manufacturing industries depend crops the less food that will be heavily on water. A severe lack of water Sensitive environments Food production produced. This could lead to starvation. can impact economic output. Exploration of energy resources Food production depends on the Disease and Water Pollution Water conflict threatens to harm sensitive areas such energy needed to power machinery and This map shows how many calories per This map shows the amount of food as the oil drilling in Alaska, USA. transport goods to different markets. person that are consumed on average produced in different countries. Whilst Inadequate sanitation systems pollutes Water sources that cross national for each country. Asia and North America have high drinking water causing diseases such as borders can create tensions and even Energy conflict Industry This can indicate the global distribution production outputs, Africa and Central cholera and typhoid. war between countries. of available food and food inequality. America have low production outputs. Shortages of energy resources can lead Countries can suffer from shortfalls in Increasing Water Supply C.S. Lesotho Highland Water Project to tensions and violence. Conflict can energy leading to a decline in Increasing Food Supply C.S. Thanet Earth be caused by fear of energy insecurity. manufacturing and services. Water diversion - Involves diverting Lesotho is a highland country Hydroponics - A method of growing Located in Kent, the site involves four water to be stored for longer periods. dependent on South Africa. Lesotho Increasing Energy Supply C.S. UK Fracking plants without soil. Instead they use huge greenhouses using hydroponics. Often water is pumped underground to has water surplus due to high rainfall. nutrient solution. prevent evaporation. Fracking is used to extract natural gas Advantages Non-renewables New Green Revolution - Aims to Dams and Reservoirs - Dams control Advantages trapped in underground shale rock. It is • Supports more than 500 jobs. Fossil Fuels - Conventional power improve yields in a more sustainable flow and storage of water. Water is • Provides 75% of Lesotho’s GDP. a method considered by the UK. • Produces food all year round. stations can be made more efficient way. Involves using both GM varieties released during times of water deficit. • Provides water to areas of drought • Provides UK with food security. with carbon capture overcoming the and traditional and organic farming. Water transfer – includes schemes to in South Africa. environmental impacts. Advantages Biotechnology - Genetically modified move water from areas of surplus to Nuclear - Once a nuclear plant is built it • Estimated to create 64,000 jobs. Disadvantages Disadvantages (GM) crops changes the DNA of foods areas of deficit. can provide a cheap and long-term • UK has large shale gas reserves. • Money generated mostly goes to • Dams displaced 30,000 people. to enhance productivity and properties. Desalination – Involves the extraction dependable source of energy. • Is far cheaper than natural gas. Irrigation - Artificially watering the land large companies not community. • Destruction to key ecosystems. • Requires a lot of energy. of salt from sea water to produce fresh Renewables so crops can grow. Useful in dry areas • 40% lost through pipe leakages. Disadvantages • Causes visual & light pollution. drinking water. Wind, Solar, Biomass - These are to make crops more productive. examples of environmentally friendly • May cause groundwater pollution • Is a non-renewable resource. Sustainable Food Supply C.S. NEE- Indus Basin Irrigation System Sustainable Water Supply C.S. NEE - The Wakel River Basin renewable sources that can’t run out but cost a lot to install. • May trigger minor earthquakes. This ensures that fertile soil, water and Largest irrigation scheme in the world. Ensures water supplies don’t cause A project in India that aims to improve environmental resources are available Involves large and small dams. damage to the environment whilst also water use by encouraging greater use Sustainable Energy Supply C.S. NEE - Chambamontera for future generations. Thousands of channels provides water supporting the local economy. of rainwater harvesting techniques. to supports Pakistan’s rich farmlands. This involves balancing supply & Chambamontera is an isolated Organic Farming - The banned use of Water conservation - Aims to reduce How does the project work? demand. It also includes reducing waste community in the Andes of Peru. It chemicals and ensuring animals are Advantages the amount of water wasted. • Provides ‘taankas’ that store & supporting the environment. introduced a micro-hydro to exploit raised naturally. • Improves food security by adding Groundwater Management - Involves water underground. water power as an energy source. Permaculture - People growing their 40% more land for farming. the monitoring of extracting • Small dams called ‘johed’ interrupt Home design - Building homes to own food and changing eating habits. • Increased yield & range of foods. groundwater. Laws can be introduced. water flow and encourages conserve energy. i.e. roof insulation. Benefits to the community Fewer resources are required. Recycling and ‘Grey’ Water - Means infiltration. Reduce demand - Changing attitudes • Provides renewable energy. Urban Farming - Planting crops in urban Disadvantages taking water that has already been • Villages take turns to irrigate their towards energy used to save energy. • Low maintenance & running costs areas. i.e. roundabouts. • Few take an unfair share of water used and using it again rather than fields so water is not overused. Efficient technology - Making cars more • Has little environmental impacts. Managed Fishing – Includes setting • Water is wasted and demand is returning it to a river or the sea. This • Maintained by farmers so it is efficient by improving engine design • Using local labour and materials. catch limits, banning trawling and rising due to population growth. includes water taken from bathrooms entirely sustainable. and weight. i.e. Hybrid engines. • Businesses are developing. promoting pole and line methods. • High cost to maintain reservoirs. and washing machines. • Greater education for awareness. Transport - Using public buses & bikes. • Less wood is needed to be burnt. Knowledge Organiser A1. Factors affecting Health & Wellbeing Physical & Lifestyle factors Health & Social Care BTEC Technical Award - Component 3 Health & wellbeing What you need to know: - definition, factors Not just the absence of disease but a holistic attitude/the whole person: Diet What you need to know: - amounts, quality, effects of poor diet Physical (healthy body, regular exercise, a healthy diet, sleep, shelter & warmth, personal hygiene) Diet - lifestyle choice. Diet = The balance of foods a person eats (diet doesn’t mean weight loss!) Intellectual (keeping the brain healthy, concentrate, learn new knowledge/skills, communicate & solve problems) Emotional (feeling safe & secure, express emotions, deal with negative emotions, self-concept) Foods to avoid Social (friendships, relationships with friends and family) Salt – raises blood pressure –> heart disease Starchy foods Fruit & vegetables Genetic inheritance Ill Health Saturated fat – raises blood cholesterol –> heart disease What you need to know: Ill health -a physical factor which can have a *found in animal fats such as meat, butter - inherited conditions - predispositions negative effect on health & wellbeing Genetic inheritance is a physical factor that can have What you need to know: Sugar – rots teeth, high in kcals (energy) -> positive and negative effects - Effects on a persons PIES, difference between acute & chronic tooth decay & weight gain Dairy Meat, fish eggs, beans Genes are inherited from both birth parents Oils Chronic Management: Inherited characteristics Comes on more slowly, Address the negative impacts on the Section Nutrient Needed for - height, eye colour, hair colour lasts a long time person and try to control the - This can effect self image (how you see yourself) & self Usually treated, not cured symptoms (i.e. use of medication, Starchy Carbohydrates Carbohydrates - Provides energy (& fibre if wholemeal) esteem, (how you feel about yourself) i.e. diabetes, arthritis, counselling, schooling in hospital, Fibre – Digestive system/prevents constipation Inherited conditions asthma, heart disease support groups) Fruit & vegetables Vitamins Vitamins - Keep the body healthy Different versions of genes are called alleles. Effect on PIES – Fibre Fibre – Digestive system/prevents constipation Some alleles can be faulty and pass on conditions P – growth rates, restricted movements Meat, fish, eggs, beans Protein Growth and repair of cells and muscles Dominant condition I – disrupted learning, difficulties in thinking./problem solving, Dairy Calcium Strong bones and teeth (one parent passes faulty allele on) memory problems Oils Unsaturated fats Reduces cholesterol, Keeps the body warm, Protects organs i.e. Huntington's – involuntary movements and loss of E – negative self-concept, stress intellectual ability S – isolation, loss of independence, difficulties forming relationships Other points: Recessive condition Acute Water is important to stay hydrated (both parents pass faulty allele on) Starts quickly, lasts for a short period of time. Usually cured Control calorie intake to manage weight. i.e. Cystic fibrosis – sticky mucus on the lungs i.e. bacterial/viral infection, flu, broken bones, pneumonia More energy in (food) than expended in exercise causes weight gain Genetic predisposition Management - Usually with medication Less energy in (food) than expended in exercise causes weight loss Some people are predisposed (more likely) to develop a condition due to genetic makeup Substance Effect on PIES Personal i.e. heart disease, cancer, diabetes. P – dependence (alcoholism) damage to organs Whether they end up developing the conditions depends misuse (mouth, liver, breast), infertility, weight gain hygiene on their lifestyle & environmental factors Alcohol - a lifestyle choice I – difficulty in decision making, depression, Good personal hygiene The cleanliness of a persons body. Essential (.e. Diet, exercise) Men & women should drink <14 units/week anxiety, stroke & brain damage Prevents spread of infection for health & wellbeing 1 unit = 1 single spirit E – poor judgement leading to risky behaviour Improves self concept Effect on PIES of poor personal hygiene 1.5 units = 1 pint, 1 small glass of wine S – relationship breakdown, domestic violence -Hand washing Physical activity P - Catching & spreading disease Avoid saving units for ‘binge’ - Washing Effect on PIES - Nails clean Poor body odour, bad breath & tooth decay Can increase risk of addiction & cancers. What you need to know: P – increases risk of disease (cancer, stroke, -Tissue for cough/sneeze Illness such as food poisoning, sore throat, - recommendations Smoking & Nicotine – a lifestyle choice. coronary heart disease and others) -Brushing and washing hair athletes foot. – benefits at each life stage Nicotine is an addictive drug found in tobacco I – addiction leads to irritation, distraction & -Brushing teeth I – may reduce chance of job Lack of exercise: products. stress when unable to smoke. Increase chance of -Clean clothes E – poor self – concept, bullied Exercise is a lifestyle choice Stiff joints Cigarette smoke contains nicotine, tar, anxiety and depression. -Flushing the toilet S – social isolation, loss of friendship. - gentle – walking, housework Poor stamina/strength carbon dioxide & soot which are all harmful. E – poor self concept. May worry about negative - moderate – light jog, steady swim Obesity People smoke to relieve stress, peer pressure, impacts on health and costs. - vigorous – spinning, football Stroke or are unable to quit. Passive smoking also S – may feel socially excluded when smoking, Key Words How much? Heart disease carries risk to others people may avoid smokers due to smell. Health & Wellbeing – how physically fit and mentally stable a person is (not just Changes depending on age. Adult: Osteoporosis absence of disease) Drugs – including legal and illegal. Effect of drug misuses approx. 150 mins moderate per week Poorly formed muscle Genetic Predisposition – more likely to inherit a condition based on genes Prescription misuse - when people take for non medical Addictive drugs are taken to change the mental state, to give an Chronic illness – gradual, long term illness, treated not cured. i.e. asthma Why? (recreational use), become addicted to them, take excess, Acute illness – illness comes on quickly, short term & curable i.e. cold immediate feeling of wellbeing or P – lower BMI, energy, stamina, strengthen bones & muscle or take someone else’s. Balanced diet - variety of different types of food and providing adequate happiness but they have long term I – links to better memory and thinking skills Stimulants - alertness, excitability (i.e. Cocaine, nicotine) amounts of the nutrients necessary for good health. effects. i.e. Paranoia,, sleep Depressants –calm, relax (i.e. cannabis, alcohol, heroine) Substance misuse - continued misuse of any mind-altering substance that affects E – increases confidence, Relieve stress, concentrate, relax problems, anxiety, depression, S – social interaction, communication, teamwork Hallucinogens – cause hallucinations i.e. LSD, ketamine) a person's health & wellbeing (drugs, alcohol, smoking) suicidal feelings, Hygiene - cleanliness of body and clothing to maintain health & wellbeing. Knowledge Organiser Social, emotional, cultural, economical Health & Social Care A1. Factors affecting Health & Wellbeing & environmental factors BTEC Technical Award - Component 3 Between family–friends–work Positive relationships Negative relationships Social interaction colleagues–school friends. Relationship breakdown Topics P Day to day care & practical assistance Peer pressure/Poor lifestyle choices Can lead to: -Social interaction (drinking) Reacting to people through communication & relationships Anxiety, stress, depression -Stress I Shared experiences, supported learning & thinking Less support with learning, conversation insecurity, loss of -Economic/financial Integration – when people feel they belong to a group confidence, poor lifestyle -Life events Isolation - when people do not have contact with others. E Unconditional love, security, contentment , self Loneliness,, insecurity, anxiety, -Environment & Living Conditions concept, independence & confidence depression, choices, more pressure on Due to: staying in, physical illness, reduced mobility or unemployment, - Willingness to seek help or access services S Companionship, social interactions Relationship difficulties finances, new home etc mental illness, a condition such as autism

Stress Feelings of mental & emotional tension. Causes of stress Willingness to seek help or access services Environmental & Living conditions Air – water – noise – light – housing - area Pressures at work Occurs when the body responds to demand Exams Asking for help Environmental – Air, water and land around us. The hormone adrenaline is released Financial difficulties People need to seek help from health & Pollution - Contamination of the environment & living Trigger ‘fight or flight’ response Life events social services at various stages. Being organisms by harmful chemicals. – so you respond instantly in life or death situations (illness, relationship reluctant can lead to negative effects BUT an overreact ion to non life threatening changes, moving home, Examples situation can cause negative stress. bereavement) Outdoor air – Chemicals from factories, exhausts Barrier 1: Gender Impact of pollutants Indoor air – Aerosols, mould, cigarette smoke, carbon Men are less likely to access as they are often less open & • Lung problems Effect on health & wellbeing monoxide from heating Emotional avoid looking vulnerable (Bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer) Difficulty controlling emotions – Water– Farm fertilisers/pesticides, waste, sewage • Heart damage (disease, stroke) Physical Physical: crying, angry Barrier 2: Education Food pollutants – chemicals in food production • Reduction of brain function Short Term: Long term: Feeling insecure More educated are more likely to seek help Noise – Machinery and traffic music, loud neighbours (thinking and memory) -Tense muscles -Sleeplessness Negative self concept They are more likely to: Light – Excess lighting, street lights • Low birth weight or premature births -Fast breathing -High blood pressure Feeling anxious Research symptoms and know when help is needed -Dry mouth -Irritability City Understand importance of early diagnosis & treatment Housing -Faster heartbeat -Loss of appetite Better transport links Know how and where to access services Good living conditions -Butterflies -Heart disease Less polluted areas, quiet, safe, spacious, warm, dry, safe Close to facilities i.e. Shops, gym, -Urge to pass water -Headaches Barrier 3: Culture outdoor space entertainment, health services (urine) -Poor sex life Social behaviour, value, transition, customs and beliefs of Poor living conditions Easy assess to social events -Diarrhoea -Anxiety communities. E.g. - Overcrowding – anxiety & depression, sleeplessness, BUT pollution problems -Sweaty hands -Mood swings Social - discriminated against when accessing services difficulty concentrating & studying Rural Intellectual Difficulty making friends/building - not speaking English well enough to discuss issues - Lack of open space – less exercise & physical play relationships Sense of community Forgetfulness - Pests - Rats carry disease, bugs carry disease Breakdown of close relationships - some cultures require women to see women Access to outdoors & less polluted Poor concentration - Some cultures use ‘alternative therapy’ - Damp & mould - Respiratory problems (asthma) BUT commute, difficult to access Difficulty in making decisions Loss of confidence Social isolation - stigma (feel ashamed)of conditions e.g., depression - Poor heating – poor health (cold, flu) heart disease services, isolation

Economic Relate to a persons employment situation & financial resources. Effects lifestyle, health & wellbeing Life events Events can change life circumstances in positive & negative ways Factors 2) Occupation - Job role & status Adequate income: (i.e. level of responsibility, salary) Pay for rent/mortgage Expected Unexpected – Pay bills (heating etc.) These can be predicted. Cannot be predicted and 3) Employment/ 1) Wealth - Afford luxuries, Relative Poverty - Can only afford the They are easier to plan for cannot prepare.– has a unemployment -Level of income clothing, holidays, car, essentials. (reduced financial resources) & manage the effects greater impact - Part time - Amount of house with a garden – Life choices will be limited -more likely to: -Leaving school e.g. Redundancy, Key Words - Self employed personal wealth, Eat a balanced diet – - suffer ill health -Starting school imprisonment, exclusion, Health & Wellbeing – how physically fit and mentally stable a person is - Not being able to find including non- Socialise with friends - - lack personal development (i.e. school -Moving house sudden death of someone (not just absence of disease) Linked to PIES. work (due to being essential, valuable Afford travel to trips, warm clothes, doing well at school) -Starting work close (bereavement) and ill disabled, made material possessions Social integration – When people feel they belong to a group leisure/health services Absolute Poverty -Not enough money to -Living with a partner health, accident or injury redundant, or being (jewellery, cars & – Live in suburbs meet basic needs (food, clothing, housing) -Marriage/civil Social Isolation - When people do not have contact with others. reliant on state benefits) property) /countryside even with benefits. partnership Effects on health & Social interaction Acting/reacting to people through communication & -Retirement wellbeing: relationships Positive Negative P – High blood pressure Stress - Feelings of mental & emotional tension. P Good housing conditions Poor housing conditions Effects on health & I – Depression, difficulty Adrenaline – a hormone released when the body responds to a demand Healthy diet Poor diet wellbeing: thinking & decision making, Manual jobs can improve muscle tone & stamina Manual jobs - muscular/skeletal problems which can lead to stress. Desk jobs - less activity and weight gain Positives: memory New friends, learning, E – Difficulty sleeping, grief, Economic - Relate to a persons employment situation & financial resources I Opportunity to access intellectual activities Long hours -less leisure time & reduced learning opportunities Work, education & training helps to develop Being unemployed can result in poor mental health skills, independence, insecurity, stress and anxiety Income – money people receive from work, savings pensions or benefits. problem-solving & thinking skills excitement, confidence S – Isolation, loss of friends Negatives: Expected life events – can be predicted e.g. Leaving school E A well paid job gives a feeling of security and less Financial worries - stress & breakdown of relationships Some positives – catalyst for stress/worry over housing etc. Not affording to go out and socialise =depression Anxiety, insecurity, stress, change of behaviours, Unexpected life event – cannot be predicted i.e. Bereavement Affording to socialise =positive self concept Unemployment of a low status job =low self concept unhappiness about loss of opportunities for new study Environmental – The air, water and land around us. S Better financial resources =opportunities to ask of financial resources reduces opportunities for socialising ‘old’ life, change in or training, support for Pollution - contamination of environment & living organisms by harmful socialise Reduced opportunities for relationships = social isolation lifestyle emotional, diet etc Socialise with colleagues Financial worries = stress & breakdown of relationships chemicals. Bower Park Academy History Department. Summary:

Year 11 Term 2 Knowledge Organiser. By the beginning of 1066, England had been united under one King, Edward the Confessor. Edward had ,many pow- Key Topic: Anglo-Saxon England , 1000-1066 ers over his Kingdom but had to share his power with a very powerful family led by Earl Godwin and his sons. Ed- Topic Specific Terminology: ward was a very pious (religious) King and had the Witan Earldom England was divided into Earldoms, each led by an (council of Earls) to help him rule. Earl (who was selected and supported the King). England was well organised into Shires, controlled by a Shire Earldoms were divided into shires Shire reeve on behalf of the King. Everybody in the Shire Ceorl Peasant farmer (majority of the population). was responsible for making sure criminals were caught and Fyrd The men of the Anglo-Saxon army & fleet (navy) punished. England was also extremely rich at this time due its good climate & strong trade links with Europe. Witan The Kings council made of Earls & Bishops A burh (above) were the fortified main town of each shire. It By 1066, Anglo-Saxon England was quite a peaceful and Godwins The most powerful family in Saxon England would have ramparts and strong walls to prevent attacks. stable place to live. There were few Viking attacks and People from the countryside would take refuge here if the Hue & cry Where people call on everyone else to help stop or many Vikings live in harmony alongside the English in there Vikings attacked. They were also central to trade. 10% of the are called the Danelaw. This would all change when Ed- Saxon population lived in a burh, the rest in the countryside. Blood feud Disputes between families involve revenge killings ward died as he had no children and no clear heir to take the crown. Wergild Compensation paid to avoid blood feud Anglo-Saxon Society: The King; top of society; he would make the laws, grant or Tostig ’G was Power of the Godwins take land away from supporters/enemies, control minting, Earl of North- Key Historical Words: decide on tax and could raise the fyrd when he wished. umbria until he Heir Somebody who has been told that they will was exiled (by become King/Queen next Earls; the next level. They would collect taxes for the King, Harold) after an oversee law & order and would be the military leaders for the uprising against Gyrth G’ was Successor Similar to heir. Next-in-line to the throne. King’s army. Some Earls were extremely powerful (Godwins). his harsh rule Earl of East Tax Compulsory money paid to the King/ Anglia. Government Thegns; the next level. These were the warrior and noble class who owned some land (5 hides or more). There were Mercia was the Leofwine G’ Economy To do with the production & trade of goods. only major Earl- about 4,000 to 6,000 thegns in England. was Earl of Money. dom not con- Ceorls formed 90% of the population. These were peasant smaller shires. Monarchy Name for a King or Queen or a country that trolled by the farmers. Godwins has a King or Queen. When Earl (although Har- Minting To create a coin. Anglo-Saxons Kings minted Slaves were at the bottom of Anglo-Saxon society. old G’ was mar- Godwin died in coins with their heads on. The church was very important to the 2million people living ried to the 1053, Harold Godwinson succeeded him as Earl Society The name of all people living in a community in England. Bishops were rich & important. Archbishop daughter of the of Wessex. This was the richest Earldom in the Stigand was the head of the Christian church in 1066. Earl of Mercia. country & made Harold extremely powerful. Pious To be extremely religious Bower Park Academy History Department. The Claimants: The Battles: Harold Godwinson (c1022-’66) Harold was expecting William to land in England first so Year 11 Term 2 Knowledge Organiser. Claim Appointed successor by Edward on his deathbed based his army on the south coast. By mid-September, Wil- Key Topic: 1066 & the Norman Conquest liam hadn’t arrived as the wind was blowing the wrong di- Strength Good—supported by witnesses (although they were of claim loyal to Harold). rection. However, Harald Hardraada had landed his army in This image shows the North leading to the Battle of Gate Fulford (20th Sept’). Chance of Excellent —Harold had the support of the Witan, was the marches & Sides Saxons Earls Edwin & Morcar vs Viking Harald Hardraada success already in England & his family were powerful battles that the & Saxon Tostig with c 10,000 warriors. Edgar the Aething (c1051-c1126) Saxon Harold God- Events Hardraada marched to York, Edwin & Morcar defended Claim Had Royal Blood—was a descendant of Alfred winson was in- the route. The Saxons were outnumbered & the Vikings volved in during his Strength Strong in theory, but Edgar had nothing to back it up flanked them to get a decisive victory. of claim defence of England. Results Many English dead. Godwinson forced to march north to Note; he had to Chance of Weak —Edgar was a only a teenager & the Witan deal with the Vikings. march all the way success wanted a man to defend the country. Harold quickly gathered an army & marched north surprising north then south Harald Hardraada (c1015-’66) the Vikings where they were camped at Stamford Bridge again before his Claim Based on a secret deal made between previous Vi- Sides The Saxon Fyrd led by Harold vs. the Viking army led by final battle with the king Kings. Harald & Tostig Norman William. Strength of Weak—but Harald had a large force to back up his Events The Vikings had left their armour and were surprised claim claim. by the Saxon attack. They set up a shield wall but the Summary: Chance of Good—Hardraada had 300 ships, 15,000 warriors, Saxons broke through & killed Hardraada and Tostig. success lots of battle experience & the support of the Dane- Saxon victory. In January 1066 the Saxon King of England, Edward the Confes- Results Harold had defended England but this gave time for sor, died without children. This caused a succession crisis; no- William of Normandy (c1028-’87) William to land in the south set up camp. one knew who the next King of England would be. Claim An agreement with King Edward following Harold’s William landed just 3 days after Harold won at Stamford There were 4 claimants to the English throne; embassy to Normandy. Bridge. Harold had to then march south, rebuilding his army • The Saxon Earl of Wessex Harold Godwinson Strength Had no evidence to back up his claim but was backed as he went. He blocked Williams march to London & the • The Duke of Normandy, William of claim by the Pope. armies met just outside Hastings on 14th October. • The King of Norway, Harald Hardraada Chance of Good—William had huge military strength but had to Sides Saxon King Godwinson with the English housecarls & • The King’s nephew, Edgar the Aethling success cross the English Channel. fyrd vs William of Normandy with his knights & archers. Each King each had a claim to why they should be the King of Events Harold made the shield wall at the top of the hill. Wil- Key Historical Words & Topic Specific Terminology. England so 1066 witnessed a series of battles to decide the next liam fired arrows which had no effect. William then sent King. Housecarl The Saxon professional army. Very disciplined. cavalry which couldn't break past the shield wall. When • Battle of Gate Fulford; Hardraada successfully invades Northern Claimant A person making a claim. In this case, stating some of Williams men retreated, Saxons chased them England & defeats 2 Saxon Earls down the hill. Williams men then turned & cut them down. William used this feigned retreat tactic several • Battle of Stamford Bridge; Harold Godwinson defeats Harald Tostig Harold Godwinson’s brother. He was Earl of Hardraada • Battle of Hastings; William defeats the Saxon Harold Godwinson Results Harold Godwinson was killed on the battlefield. William Danelaw Area of England with a strong Viking culture. and claims himself King of England. marched to London & had himself made King of England Bower Park Academy History Department. Methods that William Used to Control England: Uprisings against William: William’s personality and succession: Although clearly stern & deter- Once Harold became King, he faced several attempts by Sax- Year 11 Term 2 Knowledge Organiser. mined, William was also very pious & a loving husband to his wife ons to take power from him. He dealt with each uprising Key Topic: Norman England Mathilda. He bullied his eldest son, Robert & chose William Rufus to swiftly and effectively. be his successor as King of England. Uprising 1: 1068 Marcher Earldoms: This was land in the West of England that bor- Who? Earls Edwin, Morcar, Edgar Aethling & Saxon Earls. dered Wales. William gave these areas to his strongest Earls and gave Causes: William had promised Edwin could marry his daugh- them privileges. This helped William defend from attacks from the ter; this didn’t happen. Morcar had his land reduced Welsh. in size & other Earls were losing their land. Landownership: Another way William took control was by replacing the Anglo-Saxon landowners with Norman ones (tenants-in-chief). William’s William led an army north to the rebellion, crushing Maintain Royal Power: William wanted to prove himself as the legiti- response the burhs and building castles. Edwin & Morcar then mate King of England. He did this by; control of coins, making Earls submitted to William & the revolt ended. Robert make oaths, travelling around England and other ceremonies. Cumin was made Earl of Northumbria. Revolt of the Earls: Uprising 2: Jan’ Feb’ 1069 Control of Church: William knew how important the church was to the Who? Northern Saxons supported by Edgar Aethling Saxons so by controlling the church, he would get greater control over Causes: Cumin had been mistreating his Earldom so Saxons the people. He replaced the Saxon Archbishop and bishops with Nor- attacked him & killed his men. In York, Norman troops man ones. were killed. Domesday Book: In 1085, William sent commissioners all across the Summary: country to investigate who lived where and what they owned. He put William’s Again, William led an army north, retakes control of response York & builds castles. Although William won the Battle of Hastings on 14th Octo- this information into the Domesday book & it helped him work out ber, 1066, this didn’t automatically make him King of Eng- how much tax he could extract & how much of an army he could raise. Uprising 3: Sept’ 1069 land. There was still lots he needed to do to ensure he kept Sheriff & the Forest: William appointed each Sheriff so they were loyal Who? King Sweyn of Denmark & Edgar Aethling control of the country. He had to get control of the land, get to him. They mostly held the same roles. Events: Danes & Edgar meet up & take York back. 3000 Nor- support from the Anglo-Saxon Earls and Archbishop, control Norman Culture and Aristocracy: The Normans brought with them mans killed. Saxons use guerrilla warfare against local any rebellions and ensure the Saxon population stayed loyal. their own features of culture such as haircuts and chivalry yet contin- Normans. He started by forcing the Earls to submit to him then made ued to speech Norman. himself crowned King of England on Christmas Day, 1066. Revolt of the Earls, 1075: In 1075, 2 Normans & a Saxon Earl planned William’s William pays the Danes to leave England then begins to rebel against William over loss of land, privileges. Waltheof in- response the Harrying of the North; homes, livestock, farms destroyed by Normans. Thousands die from starvation, large numbers of refugees. Ends most forms of The Feudal System (left) was Anglo-Saxon resistance to the Normans. William’s method of controlling England. His closest sup- Uprising 4: 1070-1071 porters (the tenants-in-chief) would receive land in return Who? Hereward the Wake, Morcar & Danes for military service (knight Events: Hereward returned to England to find the Normans service). They would grant had taken his land. He started a rebellion with the land out to their followers in Danes & raid Peterborough Abbey. return for tax/military service. William’s William put together a force that trapped the rebels This is a Hierarchy system. response on marshland of Ely before defeating the, Morcar captured, Hereward escaped. MATHS - Topic: Basic Probability

Topic/Skill Definition/Tips Example 1. Probability The likelihood/chance of something happening.

Is expressed as a number between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain).

Can be expressed as a fraction, decimal, percentage or in words (likely, unlikely, even chance etc.) 2. Probability P(A) refers to the probability that event A P(Red Queen) refers to the probability Notation will occur. of picking a Red Queen from a pack of cards. 3. Theoretical 푵풖풎풃풆풓 풐풇 푭풂풗풐풖풓풂풃풍풆 푶풖풕풄풐풎풆풔 Probability of rolling a 4 on a fair 6- 1 Probability 푻풐풕풂풍 푵풖풎풃풆풓 풐풇 푷풐풔풔풊풃풍풆 푶풖풕풄풐풎풆풔 sided die = . 6 4. Relative 푵풖풎풃풆풓 풐풇 푺풖풄풄풆풔풔풇풖풍 푻풓풊풂풍풔 A coin is flipped 50 times and lands on

Frequency 푻풐풕풂풍 푵풖풎풃풆풓 풐풇 푻풓풊풂풍풔 Tails 29 times.

The relative frequency of getting Tails 29 = . 50 5. Expected To find the number of expected outcomes, The probability that a football team Outcomes multiply the probability by the number of wins is 0.2 How many games would trials. you expect them to win out of 40?

0.2 × 40 = 8 푔푎푚푒푠 6. Exhaustive Outcomes are exhaustive if they cover the When rolling a six-sided die, the entire range of possible outcomes. outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are exhaustive, because they cover all the The probabilities of an exhaustive set of possible outcomes. outcomes adds up to 1. 7. Mutually Events are mutually exclusive if they Examples of mutually exclusive events: Exclusive cannot happen at the same time. - Turning left and right The probabilities of an exhaustive set of - Heads and Tails on a coin mutually exclusive events adds up to 1. Examples of non mutually exclusive events:

- King and Hearts from a deck of cards, because you can pick the King of Hearts 8. Frequency A diagram showing how information is Tree categorised into various categories.

The numbers at the ends of branches tells us how often something happened (frequency).

The lines connected the numbers are called branches. 9. Sample The set of all possible outcomes of an Space experiment.

10. Sample A sample is a small selection of items from A sample could be selecting 10 students a population. from a year group at school.

A sample is biased if individuals or groups from the population are not represented in the sample. 11. Sample The larger a sample size, the closer those A sample size of 100 gives a more Size probabilities will be to the true probability. reliable result than a sample size of 10.

MATHS - Topic: Probability (Trees and Venns)

Topic/Skill Definition/Tips Example 1. Tree Tree diagrams show all the possible Diagrams outcomes of an event and calculate their probabilities.

All branches must add up to 1 when adding downwards. This is because the probability of something not happening is 1 minus the probability that it does happen.

Multiply going across a tree diagram.

Add going down a tree diagram. 2. Independent The outcome of a previous event does not An example of independent events Events influence/affect the outcome of a second could be replacing a counter in a bag event. after picking it. 3. Dependent The outcome of a previous event does An example of dependent events could Events influence/affect the outcome of a second be not replacing a counter in a bag after event. picking it. ‘Without replacement’ 4. Probability P(A) refers to the probability that event A P(Red Queen) refers to the probability Notation will occur. of picking a Red Queen from a pack of cards.

P(A’) refers to the probability that event P(Blue’) refers to the probability that A will not occur. you do not pick Blue.

P(A ∪ B) refers to the probability that P(Blonde ∪ Right Handed) refers to the event A or B or both will occur. probability that you pick someone who is Blonde or Right Handed or both.

P(A ∩ B) refers to the probability that P(Blonde ∩ Right Handed) refers to the both events A and B will occur. probability that you pick someone who is both Blonde and Right Handed. 5. Venn A Venn Diagram shows the relationship Diagrams between a group of different things and how they overlap.

You may be asked to shade Venn Diagrams as shown below and to the right.

6. Venn ∈ means ‘element of a set’ (a value in the Set A is the even numbers less than 10. Diagram set) A = {2, 4, 6, 8} Notation { } means the collection of values in the set. Set B is the prime numbers less than 휉 means the ‘universal set’ (all the values 10. to consider in the question) B = {2, 3, 5, 7}

A’ means ‘not in set A’ (called A ∪ B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} complement) A ∩ B = {2} A ∪ B means ‘A or B or both’ (called Union) A ∩ B means ‘A and B (called Intersection) 7. AND rule When two events, A and B, are What is the probability of rolling a 4 for Probability independent: and flipping a Tails?

푷(푨 풂풏풅 푩) = 푷(푨) × 푷(푩) 푃(4 푎푛푑 푇푎푖푙푠) = 푃(4) × 푃(푇푎푖푙푠) 1 1 1 = × = 6 2 12 8. OR rule for When two events, A and B, are mutually What is the probability of rolling a 2 or Probability exclusive: rolling a 5?

푷(푨 풐풓 푩) = 푷(푨) + 푷(푩) 푃(2 표푟 5) = 푃(2) + 푃(5) 1 1 2 1 = + = = 6 6 6 3 9. Conditional The probability of an event A happening, Probability given that event B has already happened.

With conditional probability, check if the numbers on the second branches of a tree diagram changes. For example, if you have 4 red beads in a bag of 9 beads and pick a red bead on the first pick, then there will be 3 red beads left out of 8 beads on the second pick.

MATHS - Topic: Sequences

Topic/Skill Definition/Tips Example 1. Linear A number pattern with a common 2, 5, 8, 11… is a linear sequence Sequence difference. 2. Term Each value in a sequence is called a term. In the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11…, 8 is the third term of the sequence.

3. Term-to- A rule which allows you to find the next First term is 2. Term-to-term rule is term rule term in a sequence if you know the ‘add 3’ previous term. Sequence is: 2, 5, 8, 11… 4. nth term A rule which allows you to calculate the nth term is 3푛 − 1 term that is in the nth position of the sequence. The 100th term is 3 × 100 − 1 = 299

Also known as the ‘position-to-term’ rule.

n refers to the position of a term in a sequence. 5. Finding the 1. Find the difference. Find the nth term of: 3, 7, 11, 15… nth term of a 2. Multiply that by 풏. linear 3. Substitute 푛 = 1 to find out what 1. Difference is +4 sequence number you need to add or subtract to 2. Start with 4푛 get the first number in the sequence. 3. 4 × 1 = 4, so we need to subtract 1 to get 3. nth term = 4푛 − 1 6. Fibonacci A sequence where the next number is found The Fibonacci sequence is: type sequences by adding up the previous two terms 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34 …

An example of a Fibonacci-type sequence is: 4, 7, 11, 18, 29 … 7. Geometric A sequence of numbers where each term is An example of a geometric sequence is: Sequence found by multiplying the previous one by 2, 10, 50, 250 … a number called the common ratio, r. The common ratio is 5

Another example of a geometric sequence is: 81, −27, 9, −3, 1 … 1 The common ratio is − 3 8. Quadratic A sequence of numbers where the second Sequence difference is constant.

A quadratic sequence will have a 푛2 term. 9. nth term of a 풂풓풏−ퟏ The nth term of 2, 10, 50, 250 …. Is geometric sequence where 푎 is the first term and 푟 is the 2 × 5푛−1 common ratio

10. nth term of 1. Find the first and second differences. Find the nth term of: 4, 7, 14, 25, 40.. a quadratic 2. Halve the second difference and multiply sequence this by 푛2. Answer: 3. Substitute 푛 = 1,2,3,4 … into your Second difference = +4 → nth term = expression so far. 2푛2 4. Subtract this set of numbers from the corresponding terms in the sequence from Sequence: 4, 7, 14, 25, 40 the question. 2푛2 2, 8, 18, 32, 50 5. Find the nth term of this set of numbers. Difference: 2, -1, -4, -7, -10 6. Combine the nth terms to find the overall nth term of the quadratic sequence. Nth term of this set of numbers is −3푛 + 5 Substitute values in to check your nth term works for the sequence. Overall nth term: 2푛2 − 3푛 + 5

11. Triangular The sequence which comes from a pattern numbers of dots that form a triangle.

1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21 …

MATHS - Topic: Factors and Multiples

Topic/Skill Definition/Tips Example 1. Multiple The result of multiplying a number by an The first five multiples of 7 are: integer. The times tables of a number. 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 2. Factor A number that divides exactly into another The factors of 18 are: number without a remainder. 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18

It is useful to write factors in pairs The factor pairs of 18 are: 1, 18 2, 9 3, 6 3. Lowest The smallest number that is in the times The LCM of 3, 4 and 5 is 60 because it Common tables of each of the numbers given. is the smallest number in the 3, 4 and 5 Multiple times tables. (LCM) 4. Highest The biggest number that divides exactly The HCF of 6 and 9 is 3 because it is Common into two or more numbers. the biggest number that divides into 6 Factor (HCF) and 9 exactly. 5. Prime A number with exactly two factors. The first ten prime numbers are: Number A number that can only be divided by itself 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 and one.

The number 1 is not prime, as it only has one factor, not two. 6. Prime A factor which is a prime number. The prime factors of 18 are: Factor 2, 3 7. Product of Finding out which prime numbers Prime Factors multiply together to make the original number.

Use a prime factor tree.

Also known as ‘prime factorisation’.

MATHS - Topic: Coordinates and Linear Graphs

Topic/Skill Definition/Tips Example 1. Coordinates Written in pairs. The first term is the x- A: (4,7) coordinate (movement across). The B: (-6,-3) second term is the y-coordinate (movement up or down)

2. Midpoint of Method 1: add the x coordinates and Find the midpoint between (2,1) and a Line divide by 2, add the y coordinates and (6,9) divide by 2 2+6 1+9 = 4 and = 5 Method 2: Sketch the line and find the 2 2

values half way between the two x and two So, the midpoint is (4,5) y values. 3. Linear Straight line graph. Example: Graph Other The general equation of a linear graph is examples: 풚 = 풎풙 + 풄 푥 = 푦 푦 = 4 where 풎 is the gradient and 푐 is the y- 푥 = −2 intercept. 푦 = 2푥 − 7 푦 + 푥 = 10 The equation of a linear graph can contain 2푦 − 4푥 = 12 an x-term, a y-term and a number. 4. Plotting Method 1: Table of Values Linear Graphs Construct a table of values to calculate coordinates.

Method 2: Gradient-Intercept Method (use when the equation is in the form 푦 = 푚푥 + 푐) 1. Plots the y-intercept 2. Using the gradient, plot a second point. 3. Draw a line through the two points plotted.

Method 3: Cover-Up Method (use when the equation is in the form 푎푥 + 푏푦 = 푐) 1. Cover the 푥 term and solve the resulting equation. Plot this on the 푥 − 푎푥푖푠. 2. Cover the 푦 term and solve the resulting equation. Plot this on the 푦 − 푎푥푖푠. 3. Draw a line through the two points plotted.

5. Gradient The gradient of a line is how steep it is.

Gradient = 푪풉풂풏품풆 풊풏 풚 푹풊풔풆 = 푪풉풂풏품풆 풊풏 풙 푹풖풏

The gradient can be positive (sloping upwards) or negative (sloping downwards) 6. Finding the Substitute in the gradient (m) and point Find the equation of the line with Equation of a (x,y) in to the equation 풚 = 풎풙 + 풄 and gradient 4 passing through (2,7). Line given a solve for c. point and a 푦 = 푚푥 + 푐 gradient 7 = 4 × 2 + 푐 푐 = −1

푦 = 4푥 − 1 7. Finding the Use the two points to calculate the Find the equation of the line passing Equation of a gradient. Then repeat the method above through (6,11) and (2,3) Line given two using the gradient and either of the points. points 11 − 3 푚 = = 2 6 − 2

푦 = 푚푥 + 푐 11 = 2 × 6 + 푐 푐 = −1

푦 = 2푥 − 1 8. Parallel If two lines are parallel, they will have the Are the lines 푦 = 3푥 − 1 and 2푦 − Lines same gradient. The value of m will be the 6푥 + 10 = 0 parallel? same for both lines. Answer: Rearrange the second equation in to the form 푦 = 푚푥 + 푐

2푦 − 6푥 + 10 = 0 → 푦 = 3푥 − 5

Since the two gradients are equal (3), the lines are parallel.

9. If two lines are perpendicular, the Find the equation of the line Perpendicular product of their gradients will always perpendicular to 푦 = 3푥 + 2 which Lines equal -1. passes through (6,5) The gradient of one line will be the negative reciprocal of the gradient of the Answer: other line. As they are perpendicular, the gradient 1 of the new line will be − as this is the You may need to rearrange equations of 3 negative reciprocal of 3. lines to compare gradients (they need to be

in the form 푦 = 푚푥 + 푐) 푦 = 푚푥 + 푐

1 5 = − × 6 + 푐 3 푐 = 7

1 푦 = − 푥 + 7 3 Or 3푥 + 푥 − 7 = 0

Religious Education - Year 11 Spring – Peace and Conflict – Islam Topic Muslim View Importance Impact on Muslims Today

Peace • Peace is linked with justice as it is the absence • Islam is a religion of peace (despite the misinterpretations). • Muslims are focussed on the personal struggle of oppression and injustice. • The Qur’an and Muhammad all taught peace was crucial. within (Lesser Jihad) not conflict. • The word ‘Islam’ derives from ‘Salaam’ which • Muslims believe Allah created and wants a peaceful world. • Muslims work for peace to strengthen the means peace. • The Qur’an teaches that the Ummah should be a vehicle for Ummah. They greet each other • Sometimes war may be necessary for Muslims, peace by teaching the importance of unity within it. • Standing up for justice in the world can achieve but peace is the main goal in any case. peace. This might mean war. • Peace-making is the process Muslims follow to • Peace-making is important to follow the teachings of Islam. Muslim Organisations working for peace include: show their understanding of peace. • The Qur’an contains many quotes relating to peace. Muslims • Islamic Relief – Helping victims of war. Peace-making • They believe that Justice, Forgiveness and apply this to helping others and charity work. • Muslim Peace Fellowship – Promotes world reconciliation are crucial in peace-making. • It inspires Muslims to help others and strengthen the Ummah. peace. Conflict • Conflict involves the breakdown of • The Ummah is an important focus in avoiding conflict. It • Muslims try to reconcile groups who are in relationships and can be harmful to individuals deserves respect and people should be treated equally. conflict in order to achieve peace + reconciliation. and society. • Allah is merciful and forgiving and so should they be. • Muslims realise that peace is important but they • Muslims believe conflict should be avoided or • Muslims aim for peace but sometimes conflict is inevitable. feel like their war is sometimes necessary as a last overcome and resolve where possible. • Muslims believe they shouldn’t forgive those working against Islam resort. Situation Ethics teaches that the action may differ from one situation to another. Atheist view – Religion usually causes conflict due to divergent beliefs. Pacifism • Pacifism is avoiding conflict and war. • Muslims believe that Pacifism isn’t always possible as they Muslims enact passive resistance which includes: • Islam is not an absolute pacifist religion but have had to protect their faith throughout history (Hijrah). • Resisting oppression and strive for justice. does have teachings which are in line with • Justice, forgiveness and reconciliation are tools for pacifism. • If a political power is restricting rights or justice, pacifism. this should be resisted peacefully -E.g Arab Spring Just War • A just war is fought for the right reasons. • JWT provides a set of rules showing how to act in time of war. • Muslims try to avoid killing where possible. • Just war theory is the set of principles which • Offers a framework to decide if war is necessary. • War is sometimes permitted and necessary but only as are used to identify is a war is fair. • Aims to prevent war and unnecessary deaths. a last resort. • Sometimes war is necessary but must be just. • It is important to protect moral and religious values. • Sunni and Shi’a sometimes interpret Jihad differently • Harb al-Maqadis (Holy war) is war fought due • Muslims need to protect themselves against religious • Muslims associate this with the lesser Jihad. Holy War to religious differences (or in defence of Islam) persecution and so this would condone Harb al -Maqadis. • Holy war has certain conditions including: • It is to protect the religious rights of Muslims. • It can sometimes be to strengthen Islam when it is threatened for reasons of defence/ declared by a religious leader/ last resort, avoid harming civilians/ not to gain land/ to aim for peace. Weapons of • Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) include Non-Religious views: • Muslims disagree with WMD as it causes Mass Nuclear, biological or chemical weapons. Atheism – It is difficult to condone WMD as they cause so much unnecessary harm. Destruction • Used to swiftly end conflict or as a deterrent. unnecessary damage and threaten innocent life. • It can threaten innocent lives. • Considered morally unacceptable by many. Utilitarianism – WMD OK if peace is achieved in the long term. • Hard to regulate under Islamic conditions of war. Issues • Conflict has always existed, but now there are • Muslims have divergent beliefs about conflict with some • The Muslim Council of Britain runs education Surrounding new and complicated forms of war, violence thinking peace should always be the way but others programmes to teach people how to reconcile. conflict and terrorism. This presents problems to the understanding that war is ok when protecting Muslims etc. • Rallies, marches and interfaith work to promote peace. world and to Muslims. • Organisations like Mosaic work to bring people together within communities.

Religious Education - Year 11 Spring – Peace and Conflict – Islam Non-religious people think increased conflict is dangerous for society and some blame religion for the rise in conflict.

Linked Topics Key Quotes The servants of the Lord of Mercy are those who walk humbly on the earth, and who, when aggressive people address Peace, Peacekeeping, Pacifism them, reply, with words of peace (Surah 25) Be a community that calls for what is good, urges what is right, and forbids what is wrong (Surah 3) Peacekeeping, Peace, Pacifism If two groups of believers fight, you should try to reconcile them (Surah 60) Peacekeeping – reconciliation Remember God’s favour to you: you were enemies and then He brought your hearts together and you became brothers Conflict, Peacekeeping, Peace by His grace: you were about to fall into a pit of Fire and He saved you from it (Surah 3) The horrors of war…have made many people question the existence of a benevolent and omnipotent deity Humanist (non-religious) view on conflict and war (British Humanist Association) If anyone kills a person, unless in retribution for murder or spreading corruption in the land – it is as if he kills all mankind (Surah 5) Peace, Pacifism, WMD If an act of disobedience (to Allah) is imposed (by a ruler), he (citizen) should not listen to or obey it (Hadith) Passive resistance Fight them until there is no more persecution, and all worship is devoted to God alone (Surah 8) JWT, Holy War, Jihad, WMD The believers fight for God’s cause, while those who reject faith fight for an unjust cause (Surah 4) JWT, Jihad, Holy War Prepare against them (disbelievers) whatever forces you (believers) can muster (Surah 8) WMD, Holy War, Jihad

Key Words Meaning Al-Salumu ‘Alaykum Muslim greeting which means ‘peach be upon you’ Peace Being in harmony with oneself and others; opposite of war Peacekeeping The process of making peace by preventing or settling disputes Reconciliation Restoring harmony after relationships have broken down Conflict A serious disagreement that may lead to disunity and war Pacifism The belief that disputes should be settled peacefully and war and violence are always wrong Pacifist Someone who does not believe in war Passive resistance Non-violent opposition to authority, including civil disobedience or non-co-operation with the government Sanctity of life The belief that life is holy and it is God-given Just War Theory A set of conditions that need to be met in order for a war to be justified Harb al-Maqadis Usually translated as ‘holy war’, where the conditions for lesser jihad are fulfilled Holy war A war fought in support of a religious cause Weapons of Mass destruction (WMD) Nuclear, Biological or chemical weapons that cause widespread devastation and loss of life Terrorism The unlawful use of violence, including against innocent civilians, to achieve a political or religious goal Jihad Struggling or Striving

Religious Education - Year 11 Spring – Peace and Conflict – Islam Lesser Jihad Physically resisting evil by defending Islam by use of conflict and war if necessary Greater Jihad Spiritually resisting against temptation within oneself (this is not necessary for this topic but helps when understanding Jihad)

Science - CC8: Acids and Alkalis/Chemical Reactions - Knowledge organiser Lesson 1 Acids alkalis and indicators Acids contain Hydrogen ions H+ Lesson 3 Bases General equation The common acids that you will come across at GCSE are base + acid → salt + water BASHO A base is a metal oxide or hydroxide e.g. CuO or copper oxide + sulphuric acid → copper sulphate + water Hydrochloric acid HCl These are all acids as Word Ca(OH) equation Sulphuric acid H SO 2 2 4 they produce hydrogen Bases can neutralise acids to give salt and water only Symbol CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O Nitric acid HNO3 ions H+ in solution A salt can be made by the reaction of an acid and a base. For example you can make copper sulphate by reacting equation An indicator is a substance which changes colour in copper oxide with sulphuric acid • Add excess base to acid to acid/alkali neutralise all the acid pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hydrochloric acid HCl Makes Chlorides The salt that is • Filter off the excess base Colour of Highly acidic weakly acidic neutral weakly alkaline Highly made depends on Universal Sulphuric acid Makes Sulphates • Evaporate the water from alkaline the acid used and Indicator Nitric acid Makes Nitrates the solution to get Red orange yellow green purple blue the base crystals of the salt Universal indicator is not good for doing titrations. For this you need either Phenol phthalein or methy orange Indicator Colour in acid Colour in alkali Lesson 5 Titration Lesson 4 Alkalis and neutralisation Phenol phthalein colourless pink To make a salt from an acid and an alkali you need to An alkali is a base that is soluble in water e.g. NaOH Methyl orange red yellow use a titration Alkalis produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water acid + alkali → salt + water Lesson 6 Acid and metal • Using a pipette add alkali into a conical flask Not universal indicator Acids can be neutralised with metals. If the metal is Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water • Add a few drops of indicator reactive enough hydrogen gas is produced. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H O • Add acid from a burette slowly until 2 metal + acid → salt + hydrogen MASH the indicator changes colour. Record In neutralisation reactions hydrogen ions from the acid magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen the volume of acid. (H+) react with hydroxide ions from alkali (OH-) to • Repeat the experiment with no make water H+ + OH- → H O Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 indicator. 2 • Evaporate the water from the The test for hydrogen gas it Lesson 9 Summary – Acids and making salts that it makes a squeeky pop solution to leave the salt when a lit split is added To make soluble salts neutralise acids use one of the 3 methods. Lesson 8 Precipitation reactions base + acid → salt + water BASHO Lesson 7 Acid and metal carbonate Salts that are insoluble can be made using precipitation metal + acid → salt + hydrogen MASH Acids can be neutralised with metal carbonates. In this case reactions. A precipitate is a solid that is formed from two solutions. carbon dioxide gas is produced. Lead nitrate + potassium iodide → lead iodide + potassium nitrate metal carbonate + acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide CASHOCO To make an insoluble salt use a precipitation reaction metal carbonate + acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide CASHOCO Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) → PbI2 (S) + 2KNO3 (aq) calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide and use solubility rules to determine which. insoluble salt from a Solubility Rules CaCO + 2HCl → CaCl + H O + CO To know if a salt is soluble You need to able to 3 2 2 2 precipitation reaction in water or not you need • Know the names and formulas of common acids simply mix the two The test for carbon dioxide to learn your solubility • Know the colour changes for indicators in acid and solutions together, filter off gas is that lime water turns rules alkali (not just UI) the precipitate (salt) and All group one metals salts milky when carbon dioxide is • Write word equations for the neutralisation reactions dry are soluble bubbled through it All nitrates are soluble etc. • Describe methods for making soluble and insoluble salts Lesson 1 – Current and Circuits CP9 Electricity and Circuits - Knowledge Organiser Current is the rate of flow of charge (e.g. electrons in metals) around the Lesson 2 – Potential Difference and Resistance Lesson 3 – Circuit Devices circuit – Unit: Amperes (A). Current only flows when there is potential As current flows round a circuit, the charges transfers energy as they The Standard Test Circuit difference (push) across that component and if the circuit is closed – Unit: struggle against resistance. You can use this circuit to investigate the Volts (V). Resistance is anything that slows down the current. – Unit: ohms The potential difference is the energy transferred per coulomb of charge relationship between current (I), p.d. (V) (훀) that passes between two points in an electrical circuit. Total charge through a circuit Energy transferred can be calculated using the following formula: and resistance (R) for a range of depends on current and time. components. Energy Potential Charge transferred difference measured in measured in measured in volts Voltmeter must be parallel to the coulombs (C) Joules (J) Charge measured in coulombs (C) (V) component. This measures potential difference Time Resistance, potential difference and current are all related and can be measured in calculated using the following formula: The ammeter must be in series with the components. This measures current.The three important Current-Potential Difference Graphs Current measured in amperesseconds (s) Potential (A) difference Current measured in volts measured in (V)Resistance Circuit symbols to learn: amperes (A) measured in ohms Potential difference increases so current increases. (훀) Resistance increases so current decreases Resistance increases with temperature Energy is transferred when current flows, some of this energy is transferred usefully and some is dissipated as thermal energy (to components and Lesson 6 – Electricity in the Home surroundings). So the metal resistor heats up as electrons collide with the ions in the metal lattice. The more the ions vibrate and collide, the harder it Resistance of an LDR The resistance Resistance of a thermistor Mains supply is a.c. (alternating current) and battery supply is d.c. (direct is for the electrons to get through. If the resistor gets too hot then current of an LDR (light current). can no longer flow. dependent a.c. = constantly changing direction. Produced by alternating voltages (positive resistor) and and negative terminals keep alternating). There is one exception to this – thermistor The UK mains supply is an a.c. supply of 230 V with a frequency of 50 Hz. the resistance of a thermistor changes with d.c. = charges always move in the same direction. Turn a.c into d.c by adding a decreases with an increase in light intensity diode. temperature. and temperature Lesson 5 – Energy and Power in Circuits Lesson 4 – Series and Parallel Circuits When an electrical charge goes through a change Series Circuits – All or Nothing in potential difference, then energy is In series circuits, the different components transferred. Energy is supplied to the charge at are connected in a line, end to end the power source to raise it through a potential. (voltmeters are always in parallel). The charge gives up this energy when it falls Disconnect one component , the circuit is through any potential drop in components broken and they all stop working. The larger the current the more Rules: Fuses elsewhere in the circuit. energy transferred. Potential difference is shared across all A fuse is a thin wire that melts when there is too much current running through components. the appliance. This breaks the circuit, preventing fires and deadly electric shocks. Power The power of an appliance is the energy that it transfers per second. So Current is the same everywhere the more energy it transfers in a given time, the higher its power. Resistance increases as more resistors are added. ParallelEach component Circuits – isEverything separately is connected Independent (except for ammeters – they’re always in series) The power transferred by an appliance depends on the potential Rules: difference (p.d.) across it, and the current flowing through it. Potential difference is the same everywhere Current is shared between the branches Breakers Resistance decreases as resistors are added. This is because You can use this equation to work out the fuse that should be used in an Circuit breakers can be used in place of a fuse (even safer than fuses). the p.d. is the same so the “pushing force” making the appliance. You can also find the power if you don’t know p.d. Instead of melting a wire, a large current may instead ‘trip’ a circuit breaker. current flow is the same for each resistor added. Being in Circuit breakers turn off quicker than the time taken for a fuse to melt. P = electrical power (watts –W) parallel gives more than one direction for the current to flow They can also be reset, which is much easier than having to replace a fuse. I = Current (amperes – A), R = Resistance (ohms - increasing the overall current. As V=IR, higher current means However, circuit breakers are more expensive than fuses. 훀) lower resistance. CB7: Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis– Knowledge Organiser

Lesson 1: Hormones Lesson 2: Hormonal control and ,metabolic rate (H) Fight or flight response: Changes that take place to prepare Hormones: Chemical messengers that are made in one part Metabolic rate: The rate at which chemical reactions take your body for sudden, intense action. of the body and carried in the blood to other parts, which place in your body. they effect. Target organ: An organ on which a hormone has an effect Negative feedback: A negative feedback control system responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point.

Lesson 5: Control of blood glucose and diabetes. Lesson 4: Hormones in the menstrual cycle (H) Lesson 3: Menstrual cycle and contraception

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Not enough insulin produces/target organ less responsive. (can be (can responsive. less organ produces/targetenoughinsulin Not injected)be to needs(insulin insulin produce not does Pancreas CC11: Extraction of Metals – Knowledge Organiser Lesson 1 Reactivity of metals Metals have different reactivity and are Lesson 2 Displacement reactions Lesson 3 Extracting metals from ores placed in a reactivity series of metals. The In a displacement reaction a more reactive metal steals Most metals are extracted from metal ores. The most reactive metals are at the top the non-metal from a less reactive metal compound. method used to extract the metal from its ore depends on the reactivity of the metal. Metals react with water and acid: Magnesium + copper sulphate → magnesium sulphate + copper Metals more reactive than Reaction of metals with acid (MASH) carbon use electrolysis Mg (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → MgSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) metal + acid → salt + hydrogen

e.g. Metals less reactive than magnesium + acid → magnesium chloride + carbon are extracted by Magnesium is more hydrogen heating with carbon reactive than copper Reactions of metals with water so steals the sulphate Unreactive metals (e.g. metal + water→ metal hydroxide + displacing the copper gold) are found naturally hydrogen Extracting metals with carbon e.g. When metal ores (metal oxides) are heated with Sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen carbon the carbon can act like a metal and ‘steal’ the oxygen to make carbon dioxide. e.g. Iron oxide + carbon → Iron + carbon dioxide

Lesson 6 Recycling and life cycle assessment Lesson 5 Redox Lesson 4 Extracting metals using electrolysis Metals should be recycled at the end of their use. Reduction and oxidation reaction happen Metals that are more reactive than carbon must • uses less metal ores together and are given the term Redox. be extracted from their ores by electrolysis. • uses less energy e.g. Aluminium • better for the environment Reduction is losing oxygen Oxidation is gaining oxygen When considering how environmentally sustainable a product is scientists may do a Life Cycle assessment. Corrosion In corrosion reactions metals gain oxygen to Stages involved: Each of these stages give the metal oxide. Metals are therefore Obtaining raw materials should be evaluated oxidised Manufacture in terms of the materials used, the Use Metal extraction from ores Electrolyte = molten aluminium oxide energy used, the Disposal In metal extraction metal oxides lose oxygen Ions present : Al3+ , O2- waste produced etc. and carbon gains oxygen. The metal is reduced At the cathode (Aluminium) and carbon is oxidised At the anode (Oxygen) CP10: Magnetism and Electromagnetism - Knowledge Organiser Lesson 1 – Magnets and Magnetic Fields Magnets produce magnetic fields. Lesson 2 – Permanent and Induced Magnets Lesson 3 – Electromagnetism and the Motor Effect All magnetics have two poles – north and south. Magnets can be permanent or When a current flows through a All magnets produce a magnetic field - a region where other magnets or induced. long, straight conductor (e.g. a wire) magnetic materials experience a force. Permanent magnets (e.g. bar a magnetic field is created around it. Magnetic fields can be shown using magnetic field lines. They always go from magnets) produce their own The field is made up of concentric north to south. The closer the lines are the stronger the magnet is. magnetic field all the time. circles perpendicular to the wire, Induced (temporary) magnets only with the wire in the centre. produce a magnetic field while The larger the current through the they’re in another magnetic field. wire, the stronger the field. If you put any magnetic material into a magnetic field, it becomes an induced magnet. The Motor Effect When you take away the magnetic field, induced magnets return to When a current – carrying conductor (e.g. a wire) is put between magnetic normal and stop producing a magnetic field. How quickly they lose their poles, the two magnetic fields interact. The result is a force on the wire. Between two magnets the magnetic force can be attractive or repulsive. Two magnetism depends on the material they’re made from. poles that are the same (like poles) will repel. Two unlike poles will attract. • Magnetically ‘soft’ materials lose magnetism very quickly (iron) Placing the north and south poles of two bar magnets near each other creates a • Magnetically ‘hard’ materials lose magnetism more slowly (steel) uniform field (magnetic field is the same strength). Uses of magnetic materials • Fridge doors – There is a permanent magnetic strip in the door that To experience a full force, the wire has to be 90o to the magnetic field. If Inside a compass is a tiny bar magnet called a seals it shut the wire runs along the magnetic field, it won’t experience any force at all. needle. • Maglev trains – These use magnetic repulsion to make trains float At angles in between, it’ll feel some force. A compass needle always lines up with the magnetic slightly above the track Changing the direction of either the field it’s in. • MRI machine – Uses magnetic fields to create images of the inside of magnetic field or the current will your body. change the direction of the force Lesson 6 – Transformers Use Fleming’s left hand rule Transformers use electromagnetic induction to make transferring electricity to find the direction of the between places more efficient. force.

Lesson 5 – Electromagnetic Induction Find the size of the force using the formula above. B = how many field lines there are (strength of the Electromagnetic induction: The induction of a potential difference (and magnet) current if there is a complete circuit) in a wire which is experiencing a change in magnetic field. Lesson 4 – Solenoids A solenoid is a long wire Transformers are almost 100% efficient. So you can assume that the input power To get an electromagnetic induction an electrical conductor and a magnetic Around a single loop of current-carrying wire, is equal to the output power. Using P = IV (power = current x p.d.), this can be the magnetic field looks like this: written as: field need to move relative to each other. To increase the strength of a magnetic field produced by a length of wire by Do this by moving or rotating a magnet wrapping it into a long coil with lots of loops, called a solenoid. in a coil of wire or a wire in a magnetic field. The field lines around each separate loop of wire line up. Once the electricity has been generated, it goes to the national grid – a network In order to induce a current the • Inside the solenoid, you get lots of field of wires and transformers that connects UK power stations to consumers magnetic field lines need to be cut lines pointing in the same direction. The which is what this process does. magnetic field is strong and almost uniform. • Outside the coil the overlapping field lines To increase the size of the induced p.d. the following can be done: cancel each other out – so the field is • Increasing the strength of the magnetic field weak apart from at the end of the • Increasing the speed of movement/change of field Yousolenoid. end up with a field that looks like the one • More turns per unit length on the coil of wire around a bar magnet. A solenoid is an example of an electromagnet. To increase the field strength of the solenoid even more by putting a block of iron in the centre of the coil.