Report 2011 to 2013

Competence Center Environment and Sustainability

Report 2011 to 2013

Climate & Environmental Change

Sustainable Land Use

Food, Environment & Health

Natural Resources

Natural Hazards & Risks

www.cces.ethz.ch Competence Center Environment and Sustainability

Report 2011 to 2013

February 2014 2 Imprint CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Imprint

CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Publisher Competence Center Environment and Sustainability CCES

Concept Nikolaus Gotsch, René Schwarzenbach, Omar Kassab, CCES Contributions on the CCES Winter School by Claudia Zingerli and on the public administration dialog by Michael Bürgi

Photographs and illustrations CCES project participants, if not indicated differently Chapter photos: Daniel Lienhard, Shutterstock.com

Design and layout Daniel Lienhard, Illustrator, Zurich

Print Druckerei Studer AG, Horgen

Reprints Competence Center Environment and Sustainability CCES c/o ETH Zurich HG F 56.1 Raemistrasse 101 CH-8092 Zurich phone +41 (0)44 632 85 37 fax +41 (0)44 632 11 20 e-mail [email protected] web www.cces.ethz.ch

Copying is welcomed, provided that the source is acknowledged and an archive copy is sent to CCES Printed copies available from CCES or electronically (including Part III) at www.cces.ethz.ch/downloads/

CCES, February 2014 Printed on FSC-certified paper CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Welcome to the CCES Report 2011 to 2013 3

Welcome to the CCES Report 2011 to 2013

The Competence Center Environment and Sustainability (CCES) of the ETH Domain was designed to operate in two periods, the first running from 2006 until 2011, and the second between 2012 and 2016. The last report covered the phase between 2006 and 2010. This report provides an overview of the transition phase (2011) as well as of the initial phase of the second period (2012/2013). The report constitutes the basis for the international peer review of CCES taking place in February 2014.

The funding provided by the ETH Domain has enabled CCES to establish itself as a well-recognized center of excellence for inter- and transdisciplinary research and education, as well as a highly regarded partner for knowledge transfer between science and society. This report is divided into three parts: Part I focuses on general aspects including a brief introduction and overview on CCES as a whole, followed by a description of the joint education and training as well as networking and dialog activities, and concludes by an outlook on the future of CCES. Part II provides more detailed insights into the status of the individual research projects and presents first results. Finally, Part III is a compilation of achievements of the various projects.

The great success and the highly visible overall added value of CCES have also been repeatedly expressed by the Advisory Board in its evaluations: «CCES represents a clear, visible and measurable added value to the whole ETH Domain with regard to science and capacity building, particularly to strengthening the interdisciplinary approaches leading to transdisciplinary solutions with impact for science and application at the local, national and global level.» Therefore, the CCES Management feels a strong commitment to the future to find structural and financial solutions for the continuation of this important platform for inter-institutional collaboration in the field of environment and sustainability, and for the respective discourse with stakeholders outside academia.

René Schwarzenbach Nikolaus Gotsch Chairman of the Steering Board Executive Manager 4 Table of Contents CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Table of Contents

Welcome to the CCES Report 2011 to 2013...... 3

Part I: Context and overview ...... 5 Background ...... 6 Partnership and organization ...... 7 Activities and general achievements of CCES as a whole ...... 8 Achievements of individual CCES projects ...... 9 Research platform Swiss Experiment and management of environmental research data ...... 9 Winter School «Science Meets Practice» – a key element of the CCES educational program...... 11 CCES@School educational initiative – teaching materials for secondary schools ...... 13 Strengthening dialog and collaboration with cantonal administrations ...... 14 «Creating Knowledge» – a joint initiative with the Zurich University of the Arts (ZHdK) ...... 16 Dissemination of written information ...... 17 Large public events...... 18 Collaboration with CCEM and participation of CCES partners in other large-scale research initiatives ...... 18 Outlook 2014 to 2016 ...... 19

Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment ...... 21 OPTIWARES Optimization of the use of wood as a renewable energy source ...... 22 MAIOLICA-2 Modelling and experiments on land-surface interactions with atmospheric chemistry and climate ...... 26 BigLink Biosphere geosphere interactions: linking climate change, weathering, soil formation and ecosystem evolution (synthesis project) ...... 30 GeneMig Genetic variation and species migration under environmental change: views of science, environmental management, and the general public ...... 32 MOUNTLAND-2 Prioritization for adaption to climate and socio-economic changes – Backcasting tolerable future states to match supply and demand for ecosystem services in mountainous areas ...... 37 GEOTHERM 1 & 2 Geothermal reservoir processes: towards the implementation of research into the creation and sustainable use of Enhanced Geothermal Systems . . . . . 41 RECORD CATCHMENT Coupled ecological, hydrological and social dynamics in restored and channelized corridors of a river at the catchment scale ...... 46 ADAPT The African dams project: adapt planning and operation of large dams to social needs and environmental constraints – an integrated water resource management study in the Zambezi Basin (synthesis project) ...... 50 TRAMM-2 Triggering of rapid mass movements in steep terrain...... 52 Research Platform OSPER/SwissExperiment ...... 57

Part III: Detailed information on project achievements ...... 63 CCES Report 2011 to 2013 XXText

Part I Context and Overview 6 Part I: Context and overview CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Background

«Consensus is growing that we have driven the planet into a new that is more integrative and solution-oriented. The Declara- epoch, the Anthropocene, in which many Earth-system process- tion also requires this research to integrate existing research es and the living fabric of ecosystems are now dominated by hu- programs and disciplines, across all domains of research as man activities. … The Earth system is a complex, interconnected well as local knowledge systems, and that research is co-de- system that includes the global economy and society, which are signed and implemented with inputs from governments, civil themselves highly interconnected and interdependent. Such sys- society, research funders, and the private sector. tems can confer remarkable stability and facilitate rapid innovation. But they are also susceptible to abrupt and rapid changes It is this background and spirit that formed the basis for the and crises…». These quotes from the State of the Planet Dec- foundation of the Competence Center Environment and Sus- laration (www.planetunderpressure2012.net/pdf/state_of_ tainability (CCES), stating in its 2006 business plan that it will planet_declaration.pdf) published as a result of the Planet «…focus research and applications on themes crucial for our fu- Under Pressure Conference taking place in London in March ture, ranging from climate and environment changes to food safe- 2012 once more underline the urgency of action. The Decla- ty, sustainable land use, natural resources and the management ration further concludes that research continues to play a sig- of natural risks and … identify the relevant questions and the ap- nificant role in monitoring change, determining thresholds, propriate answers to foster the sustainable development of our developing new technologies and processes, and providing future society while minimizing the impact on the environment.» solutions. In particular, it asks for a new approach to research

Water sampling in the floodplain (Photo: Nanina Blank). CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part I: Context and overview 7

Partnership and organization

ETH Zurich, EPF Lausanne and the four research institutions In addition, partners from the universities of applied sciences, WSL, Eawag, PSI and EMPA form the ETH Domain under the from the private industry as well as from federal and canton- strategic leadership of the ETH Board as its supervisory body al authorities and communities are also involved in CCES ac- (see diagram below). Partners from all Domain institutions tivities. participate in CCES, with ETH Zurich as the Leading House.

CCES partnership, areas of activity, and organization.

The Steering Board is the strategic body responsible for the and its activities. It is composed of leading international sci- overall strategy and planning, the allocation of resources, and entists with recognized expertise in one or more of the CCES’ the scientific and institutional profile of CCES. It is composed focal topics and of representatives from the industry. A list of of the Presidents of the Leading House ETH Zurich and of EPF members is available on www.cces.ethz.ch/about/CCES_AB_ Lausanne (permanent guest), one additional representative of Members_Addresses.pdf. ETH Zurich and EPF Lausanne each, and the Directors of The Chairman of the Steering Board is responsible on the op- WSL and Eawag. A list of members can be found on erational level for the planning, design, and implementation www.cces.ethz.ch/about/CCES_SB_Members_Addresses.pdf. of CCES activities. The Executive Manager is responsible for The Advisory Board advises the Steering Board on the strate- the organizational, financial, and administrative functioning of gic priorities, fields of activities, and overall objectives to be CCES as a whole. pursued. It is also responsible for the overall review of CCES 8 Part I: Context and overview CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Activities and general achievements of CCES as a whole

Interdisciplinary teams and jointly used field infrastructure as backbone of CCES research.

CCES triggers and supports research, education, and stake- tific disciplines. Furthermore, the engagement in CCES has holder dialog activities that cannot be carried out by a single had a significant impact on the research agendas of various institution alone and that would not have been fundable participating individuals and groups, and even on the institu- through traditional funding channels. Since 2006, CCES has tional level, in that, for example, intensive field-oriented re- managed to build an impressive scientific community work- search was made possible. In addition, new larger initiatives ing across disciplines and institutions to tackle important en- have been launched by CCES participants (among others sev- vironmental problems. In the first period, CCES has funded 17 eral Sinergia Projects and even three NCCR proposals in the collaborative research projects and the technology platform areas of energy and biodiversity research, the former in col- Swiss Experiment (SwissEx) with more than CHF 30 million in laboration with the Competence Center of Energy and Mobili- the years 2006 to 2011. As a main strategic element for the ty (CCEM)). second period 2012 to 2016, only those projects of the first period that received excellent reviews by the Advisory Board With the CCES Winter School «Science Meets Practice», a were encouraged to submit a proposal for the second period. practice-oriented educational element has been established, Seven of these projects are receiving funds in the ongoing which, after its fourth edition in early 2014, can be considered second period. Furthermore, based on a recommendation of a big success with growing international visibility (see pp. the Advisory Board from November 2010 to put more empha- 11/12 of this report). sis on syntheses and validation of findings and to further strengthen collaboration between project partners, addition- Another important CCES initiative producing tangible results al funding for synthesis efforts was approved by the CCES is CCES@School (pp. 13/14). It links CCES scientists with Steering Board to support five projects of the first period. All teachers in order to produce materials that can be used in the projects are presented in detail in Part II of this report. traditional natural science subjects including physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and geography – thus helping to CCES has managed to bring together scientists from the dif- excite pupils for the natural sciences and, at the same time, ferent ETH Domain institutions who had never collaborated or provide them with knowledge on important environmental is- who did not even know each other before. A major achieve- sues on a more holistic, system-oriented level. ment has been the mobilization of a large number of top scientists to devote a considerable amount of their time to inter- Other promising educational initiatives that have been imple- and transdisciplinary research projects of high societal rele- mented successfully are joint master theses linking academia vance as well as to engage them in related education and di- with cantonal administrations (pp. 14/15) and the joint bache- alog activities. This is particularly remarkable in a time in lor projects between ETH Zurich and the Zurich University of which success in academic careers continues to be assessed the Arts ZHdK (pp. 16/17). primarily based on personal research achievements in scien- CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part I: Context and overview 9

Achievements of individual CCES projects

CCES partners have continued to be very productive in the re- With respect to education, the most important impact of CCES porting period with respect to their scientific output (see table has been and is the involvement of a large number of master below). In summary, 453 articles were published in peer-re- and doctoral students as well as of postdocs in inter- and viewed scientific journals and 611 abstracts, proceedings, transdisciplinary research projects. This is not only pivotal to presentations, and posters at scientific events such as conform a future generation of environmental scientists but also ferences, congresses, and workshops have been contributed. to expose potential future leaders in industry, government Also, 80 PhD and 116 master and diploma theses have been agencies, and society to a more holistic view on complex sys- accomplished. Finally, 114 scientific events have been orga- tems and problems. nized by CCES partners, of which, again, the considerable The main dialog activities have happened and continue to take number of 22 PhD courses/summer schools should be par- place at the level of the individual projects. As can be seen ticularly mentioned. This illustrates the importance of the from the following table, CCES projects have also been suc- CCES projects for the education and training of young scien- cessful with respect to stakeholder dialog and activities for tists in the various interdisciplinary thematic areas repre- non-scientific audiences. A total of 334 outreach activities sented in CCES. have been accomplished in the years 2011 to 2013.

Aggregate number of scientific achievements of CCES Aggregate number of achievements on stakeholder projects in the period 2011 to 2013 *) dialog and activities for a non-scientific audience of Scientific publications CCES projects in the period 2011 to 2013 *) No. of peer-reviewed ISI journal publications 387 No. of publications for stakeholders No. of peer-reviewed non-ISI journal publications 66 outside the scientific community 65 No. of PhD theses 80 No. of press articles No. of master and diploma theses 116 (newspapers, radio/TV broadcasts) 98 No. of abstracts, proceedings, presentations, No. of courses, seminars, workshops for and posters at scientific conferences, congresses stakeholders outside the scientific community 48 and workshops 611 No. of public information events for Scientific events organized by the projects local/regional authorities and residents 41 or project partners No. of courses, events, and activities at schools 55 No. of conferences and workshops open to an No. of other events for a non-scientific audience 26 audience beyond project partners and participants 63 No. of patents 1 No. of PhD courses, summer schools, etc. 22 No. of other scientific events 29

*) The table lists scientific achievements of the period 2011 to 2013 *) The table lists achievements of the period 2011 to 2013 covered by covered by this report for all projects and not only for those projects this report for all projects and not only for those projects supported supported with funds of the funding period 2012 to 2016. with funds of the funding period 2012 to 2016.

Research platform Swiss Experiment and management of environmental research data

The Swiss Experiment research platform (SwissEx) that start- In addition to its core activities, OSPER also acts as a catalyst ed in 2006 has been further pursued and advanced within the for the development and implementation of a strategy for the scope of the new project ‘Open Support Platform for Environ- long-term collection and management of environmental data mental Research’ (OSPER) since 2012. The follow-up project for Switzerland as a whole. This task is tackled within the has a clear focus on providing the technology for environ- scope of the supplementary project ‘enviDat.ch – Manage- mental data and metadata management, targeting support for ment of Environmental Research Data for CCES and the ETH CCES projects and for the institutions involved. OSPER not on- Domain’ in close collaboration with partners from outside the ly tries to cover the full data life cycle from sensors to data ETH Domain, including federal offices like Meteo Schweiz and analysis, but focuses also on optimizing data storage, man- FOEN. It comprises organizational aspects and financial agement, and exploitation with a special emphasis on data in- arrangements for all involved partners. In view of the com- teroperability and documentation. Furthermore, it continues plexity of this task, the protagonists need sufficient time for to provide sensor technology and data services to several of the development of solutions regarding the various facets of the ongoing CCES projects. the issue beyond pure technological aspects, including in particular those of data access and quality control. Taking this in- 10 Part I: Context and overview CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Swiss Experiment/OSPER as a basis for the long-term environmental data collection and management initiative enviDat.ch. Source: created using a prototype of the SwissEx public WebGIS data visualization system to be released in 2014.

Legend: iGrey triangles: locations where at least a field site and information on the types of measurement are registered and further contex- tual information also available for most of these locations; 1red circles: locations where at least a measurement location has been registered; 1green circles: locations where both data and metadata are fully integrated into the SwissEx system.

to consideration, a two-year pilot phase has been imple- SwissEx and OSPER are of high scientific relevance for envi- mented with the following two tasks: (1) an assessment of en- ronmental system research. Furthermore, SwissEx is an im- vironmental data collections covering situation and stake- portant platform to develop and investigate organizational and holder examination, the analysis of the institutional – in par- procedural arrangements of data collection, storage, man- ticular the legal – context, and the definition of system bound- agement, and exploration far beyond the CCES community. aries, and (2) the implementation of a pilot project covering The second period of SwissEx/OSPER and the related envi- interested and representative collaborators, requirement Dat.ch project must demonstrate the appropriateness of the analysis, development of alternative solutions, product as- chosen approach. In particular, it should be investigated sessment, risk analysis, and an economic feasibility study. whether the project has been endowed with sufficient re- In terms of funds provided, Swiss Experiment is the most im- sources and whether it has the critical mass to achieve its am- portant CCES-funded initiative. The issues dealt within bitious goals. CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part I: Context and overview 11

Winter School «Science Meets Practice» – a key element of the CCES educational program

The CCES Winter School «Science Meets Practice» has been different knowledge systems and forms of knowledge; (2) to running three times since 2011. It was initiated in 2010 with create room for reflection on the role of science in society; (3) the goal to develop and strengthen the skills of Ph.D. students to identify positions and relations of scientists and their re- and postdocs to communicate and interact with stakeholders search questions within systems of relevant disciplines and outside academia. It contributes to the CCES overall goal of stakeholders; (4) to convey concepts, methods and tools to fostering the dialog between science and society. create and manage enabling science-practice interfaces; (5) to offer media and writing training; and (6) to provide test With its focus on an inter- and transdisciplinary discourse the fields for real stakeholder interactions. CCES Winter School creates, manages, and uses science- practice interfaces as spaces for innovative solution finding The whole program is divided into two blocks of four days each for complex environmental and societal problems. A chal- and takes place in a quiet and inspiring location remote from lenge hereby is to find and create adequate forms of interac- the daily working environment of the participants. The first tion. To this end, the CCES Winter School offers a learning en- block consists of conceptual inputs, individual and group vironment to enhance skills in communication, consultation, work, and discussions delivered and facilitated by a commit- and the co-production of knowledge. It provides guidance for ted team of lecturers and invited guests. At the end of the first the participating doctoral students and postdocs to enhance block, the participants form three teams each working on a science-practice interactions as well as interdisciplinary col- different task along the spectrum from information and con- laboration. The main goals are (1) to enhance awareness for sultation to co-production of knowledge. As a preparation for 12 Part I: Context and overview CCES Report 2011 to 2013

the second block taking place three weeks after the first A look back and a look ahead round, together and under the guidance of the coaching lec- For most participants, the CCES Winter School offered an ex- turers the teams organize stakeholder meetings and/or pro- cursion into an interesting field of practice and exposed them duce background material. In the second block, the various to the challenges encountered when dealing with sustainable tasks defined by the participants are then implemented, development. In this context, career questions appeared fre- stakeholder meetings are run and the information products quently when addressing the role of science and the role of sci- are finalized and presented. The second block also provides entists in society, especially when considering the additional room for writing down and critically reflecting about the ex- skills and requirements needed for science-practice interac- periences as well as outlining a strategy for improved sci- tions within a project or program. Many of the CCES Winter ence-practice interactions in the daily research environment. School participants felt that they return to a daily research en- The CCES Winter School thus benefits from a partnership vironment which does not provide much further room for re- learning arrangement, in which the involved participants, flection about the role of science in society. Despite this situ- stakeholders, guests, and lecturers mutually learn from each ation, they also felt that the capabilities and skills for better di- other. alogs and interactions between science and practice that they acquired in the CCES Winter School gives them an important Since 2011, more than sixty doctoral candidates and postdocs added value for their future career. from the ETH Domain as well as from Swiss and international universities attended the CCES Winter School. The student The future of the Winter School depends on the continuous de- evaluations reveal a great satisfaction with the contents as mand for this course. The experience so far has shown that the well as the interdisciplinary and intercultural experiences recruitment of doctoral candidates and postdocs requires spe- among participants, creating awareness and appreciation for cial motivation of project supervisors and professors support- other science realms as well as non-scientific knowledge sys- ing such a learning experience outside the scientific special- tems. The stakeholder interactions and dialogs contribute ization. Interdisciplinary collaborations as well as dialogs be- fruitfully to the problem framing and ideas towards solutions tween science and practice partners still remain to be suffi- for complex challenges of sustainable development in the ciently rewarded in educational programs for master and Swiss context, such as energy, biodiversity, or food. doctoral students. The CCES Winter School fills a gap in the (doctoral) curricula within the ETH Domain. It delivers a transferrable skills course for doctoral candidates and postdocs of all disciplines with projects related to sustainability or sustainable development. It enables critical thinking and reflexive learning processes while aiming at transferring the acquired knowledge into the working culture and project environment of each participant. CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part I: Context and overview 13

CCES@School educational initiative – teaching materials for secondary schools

Topics concerned with environmental and sustainability is- As an example, in the physics lessons, students learn about sues are inherently complex. Problem understanding and so- the behavior of streaming water as well as how to calculate lution development require at least as much understanding the kinetic energy of rivers. Thus, they should get an idea, for and knowledge of complex systems as of disciplinary aspects. instance, of possible effects of river restoration on river pow- The goal of the CCES@School educational initiative is to cre- er plants. However, the teaching materials should also help ate new teaching material that provides teachers and pupils pupils (and teachers) to understand decision conflicts related at the secondary school level with information on environ- to river restoration. For instance, water runs faster in mental research topics in a comprehensible manner. This ma- straightened rivers compared to meandering rivers because terial should not only help to promote a more holistic way of it loses less energy through changes of direction and because thinking but also to enhance the awareness of the pupils the downward slope increases. This allows increased energy of important environmental problems and encourage production. However, meandering rivers are preferred for them to a more sustainable behavior in their daily life (see ecological and landscape esthetic reasons. Hence, econom- www.cces.ethz.ch/ccesatschool/). ic, ecological, and societal tradeoffs are understood and val- To ensure the pedagogic and didactic quality of the materials, ued. CCES scientists collaborate with the MINT-Learning Center of ETH Zurich (www.educ.ethz.ch/mint/index_EN), where teach- Lessons learned and outlook ing units are developed on the basis of recent empirical re- The introduction of first teaching materials three years after search on learning and instruction. Teaching materials are di- the project start is an indicator for the complexity of this rectly aligned with the respective curricula and offer a wide process. Different partners with a broad range of know-how, variety of links to and synergies with the common topics of experiences, and networks have to be brought together and mathematics and natural science education, thus also pro- aligned: moting these basic subjects on the secondary school level. • CCES project partners have to provide the scientific inputs As a first product of this long-term initiative, teaching mate- that are to be transformed in a way that is in line with cur- rials related to the RECORD river restoration project were ac- riculum and pedagogic requirements and sufficiently fo- complished in 2012/13. They enable students of grade levels cused to be dealt with in the limited number of lessons nine to 12 to explain the reasons and goals of river restora- available at schools for the topic. This is a demanding task tions. This teaching unit can also be used to teach important involving several iterations with the pedagogic partners. topics of the regular science curriculum separately in biolo- • Pedagogic partners have to ensure that the materials con- gy, chemistry, mathematics, or physics lessons as well as form to the syllabus so that they can be integrated into the teaching different aspects of the issue from an interdiscipli- regular teaching program substituting other standard nary perspective. It is disseminated by the MINT-Learning teaching material used otherwise by teachers to achieve Center on the one hand via seminars for teachers who are al- specific educational objectives. ready teaching at schools regularly and, on the other hand, by • Teaching materials must be developed and tested by expe- integrating the teaching units into the teachers’ training pro- rienced teachers that can regularly spend some time on gram of ETH Zurich. that duty. The translation of scientific topics into teaching units fulfilling scientific, pedagogic, and curriculum-related objectives simultaneously is a time-consuming task re- quiring intense interactions with the scientists on the one hand and educational experts on the other hand. To benefit 14 Part I: Context and overview CCES Report 2011 to 2013

from these efforts, teachers involved in that process must ditional materials, and to instruct them on the adequate use have the opportunity to spend a certain amount of their of the new materials. The experience with the introduction working time. For this purpose, each of the teachers devel- of the first materials revealed that teachers are reluctant to oping materials was released from twenty percent of his or participate in courses introducing new teaching materials her teaching work for several months, which was reim- based on complex environmental issues whereas the intro- bursed through project funds and co-funded by the MINT- duction within the scope of courses of the teachers’ training Learning Center. Instead of teaching, they spent one day per program of ETH Zurich revealed being a more successful in- week on site to develop the materials of his or her field. Oth- struction and dissemination channel. er approaches tested with other topics in this first round failed because of a lack of continuous commitment of ped- Based on the above experiences, other CCES topics can be agogic practitioners. transformed more effectively and efficiently into new teaching • Teaching materials must be advertised to the potential tar- materials fulfilling the same high quality standard as those get audience, the teachers intended to use them, and must developed in the first round. There is a number of CCES part- be introduced to them adequately. This is necessary to ners who have shown interest in participating in such a pro- demonstrate that they can achieve the learning goals with ject. A next project round is therefore planned. the new materials as efficiently as with already existing tra-

Strengthening dialog and collaboration with cantonal administrations

The implementation of solutions for many sustainability and tainable development and applied interdisciplinary research. environmental problems needs an appropriate legal and pub- Environmental agencies from the cantons of Appenzell Inner lic institutional framework. Therefore, contacts to the public Rhodes, Lucerne, Nidwalden, and Thurgau submitted 13 top- administration have been established and, based on the re- ics. From these, four projects were developed with a total of sults of a meeting with the heads of the cantonal environ- five master theses. The topic for each master thesis was joint- mental offices, members of the cantonal authorities were in- ly identified by members of the cantonal administrations and vited to an information and education event on CCES topics in scientists from ETH Zurich, Eawag, the WSL Institute for Snow 2011. However, due to an insufficient number of registrations, and Avalanche Research SLF, and the Research Station ART. the event was cancelled. Further inquiry showed that the can- The supervisors ensure the scientific quality of the master tonal authorities are more interested in jointly investigating theses, while the cantonal administrations contribute back- environmental issues they cannot deal with by themselves. ground knowledge and financial support for project-specific In March 2012, CCES and ETH Seed Sustainability invited expenses. more than 400 collaborators of cantonal environmental ad- One project launched with the canton of Nidwalden explores ministrations to suggest environmental and sustainability the impact of climate change on the water regime in the topics to be investigated in the form of master theses. ETH catchment area of the Engelberger Aa. Recent developments Seed Sustainability (www.seed.ethz.ch) is a project platform including a high flood in 2005 indicate that climate change run by ETH Sustainability, the central hub for coordinating might have an impact on the local water regime. The canton- sustainability activities at ETH Zurich. It promotes and coor- al authorities need to know what future developments are to dinates scientific collaboration between students and part- be expected and how they might affect protective goods such ners from the public administration or industry. The platform as infrastructure or farmland. Two master students compiled offers students an opportunity to get actively involved in sus- and analyzed historic meteorological and groundwater data CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part I: Context and overview 15

looking for possible changes in the water regime that could be attributed to climate change. A first master thesis focusing on precipitation, temperature, and streamflows was completed in May 2013. The results show evidence that the average temperature is rising as expected and periods of intensive rainfall have increased over the past decades. This trend is supposed to continue leading to higher runoff peaks in the near future. Another project initiated with the canton of Nidwalden investigates fish habitat structures and their implications for river restoration. Small streams entering the Engelberger Aa or the Vierwaldstättersee (Lake Lucerne) have a high ecologic potential and are a priority for future revitalization measures in the canton of Nidwalden. Because most of the rivers concerned are groundwater-fed and natural dynamics are only limited, fish habitat structures have to be installed artificially. A master thesis, completed in November 2013, provides new insights on the potential ecological benefits of construct- Students measuring fish samples with support from the Nidwalden ing instream habitat structures for restored streams. environmental authority.

An ongoing project with the canton of Thurgau aims at devel- Lessons learned and outlook oping guidelines in order to assess environmental risks for The rather large number of topics submitted by the cantonal rivers and streams more efficiently. Public administrations administrations shows the demand for dialog and knowledge assess the quality of rivers and streams and take protective transfer between science and cantonal administration. Some measures if necessary. These assessments include surveys in members of the environmental authorities particularly em- hydrology, ecomorphology, biology, water chemistry, and eco- phasized the advantage of a thematically focused cooperation toxicology. Due to limited resources, guidelines are needed in on the level of master theses. Compared to other formats, order to prioritize those assessment methodologies that al- such as internships for instance, financial and time require- low for the detection of the most pressing ecological prob- ments are relatively modest, while the expected outcome can lems. A master student will develop an evaluation scheme have a significant impact on further action. that will help the local authorities to establish efficient mon- On the part of the researchers from CCES, the response to the itoring procedures. new program was equally positive. With the exception of the Finally, a project initiated with the canton of Appenzell Inner canton of Lucerne, at least one project could be initiated with Rhodes seeks to develop a web-based information platform each of the cantons responding to our call. However, in some that helps the local farmers to determine the best moment for cases the identification of suitable supervisors took longer liquid manure spreading. When the air temperature falls be- than expected and the project management must find ways to low 5°C for more than five days, the spreading of liquid ma- accelerate the process. nure is forbidden by law. Yet with only a few weather stations However, the major challenge has been and remains finding it is difficult to determine the exact temperature for the entire suitable master students. In this respect, the program man- cantonal territory and farmers often do not know for sure if the agement strongly depends on the help of the supervisors. local conditions allow for the spreading of liquid manure. In a Therefore, at least one of the senior scientists involved in a first step, a master student project is supposed to provide an project preferably has to have a teaching appointment at ETH algorithm to calculate precise temperature forecasts for each Zurich. parcel of the canton based on the temperature data available. Those students that have already completed a master thesis The thesis has not yet been assigned. gave very positive feedback. In particular, they enjoyed the col- An overview on ongoing and completed projects is available at laboration with representatives of the cantonal environmen- www.cces.ethz.ch/public_admin_dialog/. tal authorities who provided important data and helped with the fieldwork. Whenever possible, future projects should include several master theses with different disciplinary foci allowing the students to engage in interdisciplinary research more intensively. A second call will be opened in 2014. 16 Part I: Context and overview CCES Report 2011 to 2013

«Creating Knowledge» – a joint initiative with the Zurich University of the Arts (ZHdK)

Participants of the ‘Climate in change’ group formation workshop in September 2013.

Visualization of scientific findings and knowledge has a long Swiss artists-in-labs program (www.artistsinlabs.ch) of the tradition. The development and availability of new and more ZHdK and CCES to enable bachelor-theses at the intersection powerful and sophisticated visualization technologies has of art and science. brought new momentum to visualization tools and methodologies. The joint project ‘Creating Knowledge’ with the Swiss Within the scope of their bachelor theses, one student from artists-in-labs program and the Department of Design of the ETH Zurich and two students from the field ‘Interaction De- Zurich University of the Arts (ZHdK) intends to use methods sign’ of the ZHdK Department of Design developed the of scientific visualization, game design, and audiovisual and scientific background (www.cces.ethz.ch/creatingknowledge/ social media to disseminate environmental knowledge via BachelorarbeitStefanBreit.pdf) and a prototype for a comput- content-related, media, and creative participatory campaigns er app «NUTRICUS» (http://vimeo.com/67655516) to visually

(see www.cces.ethz.ch/creatingknowledge/). The primary compare prices, calorie contents, the CO2 footprint, and the goal is to reach target groups outside academia, in particular water footprint of food products. the young generation. An important goal of the project is also to get students and supervisors (professors, lecturers) One student from ETH Zurich and one from the ZHdK field of from the two very different «worlds» acquainted with each specialization ‘Scientific Visualization’ of the ZHdK Depart- other, thus facilitating future communication between ment of Design accomplished their Bachelor theses on the vi- science and the arts. sualization of storms (see www.cces.ethz.ch/creatingknowledge/1306_BA_Natalie_Fischer__2_.pdf and www.cces. From spring 2012 to summer 2013, a pilot project named ‘Cli- ethz.ch/creatingknowledge/BA2013_Stefan_Plakat.pdf, re- mate in change – focus water’ was implemented and sub- spectively). stantiated in terms of contents, conceptual design, as well as methodological, practical, and organizational aspects by the Lessons learned and outlook The first round of projects provided useful experiences to both the students involved and their supervisors and allowed new approaches to the topics that would not have happened without these collaborative projects. However, all partners involved recommend a stronger structuring of the project schedule in retrospect. More centrally-organized joint meetings would support the identification of common challenges and the possible solutions, and, hence, promoting the feeling of being part of a broader initiative. Unfortunately, more intense formal interactions were hampered by different time frames and varying institutional requirements for students of the partner institutions. However, based on the overall very positive experiences of the first round, it was decided to open a second call starting with Source: L. Müller, D. Martinez, ZHdK. a kick-off workshop on September 19, 2013. The workshop re- CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part I: Context and overview 17

sulted in the formation of inter-institutional teams further conclusions drawn from the first project round so that an in- deepening within the scope of joint projects on the ecological creased use of synergies of the partners from both institutions footprint and storm visualization topics already dealt with in is expected in that second round. the first round. The project organization takes into account the

Alternative 3D visualizations of storms based on scientific model simulations (Visualization: S. Paunovic, ZHdK).

Dissemination of written information

‘CCES News’ in ‘ProClim-Flash’ first published in 2010 This partnership uses synergies between CCES and ProClim, (www.cces.ethz.ch/news/newsletters) has been well-estab- giving access to a virtually congruent audience. Short com- lished in the meantime. ProClim-Flash, the publication organ munications inform on dialog highlights, education activities, of ‘ProClim’, the forum for climate and global change of the scientific events, and research highlights. Swiss Academy of Sciences, is sent to 1,500 e-mail recipients The CCES website www.cces.ethz.ch/ continues to be an im- and to 1,300 consignees of printed copies three times a year. portant source of information provision to external and inter- An overall of ten issues have been published in the meantime. nal visitors with constantly growing numbers of visits. 18 Part I: Context and overview CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Large public events

Group of speakers of the public event ‘The Value of Water’ (Photo: ETH Zurich / C. Lanz).

More than 500 people attended the public event ‘The Value of tions and discussions were an important contribution for pub- Water’ co-organized by CCES with ETH Sustainability and lic opinion formation on one of the most urgent and challeng- Eawag at ETH Zurich on June 11, 2012. Three keynotes by rep- ing global problems humanity is facing in the 21st century, i.e. resentatives from science (Prof. Janet Hering, Director of the availability, the distribution, and the accessibility of water. Eawag and Professor at ETH Zurich and EPF Lausanne), in- Information on the goal, contents, and program of the event dustry (Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Chairman of the Board of as well as the video streamings and photos can be found at the Nestlé AG), and politics (Peter Niggli, Director Alliance Sud) website of the event www.ethz.ch/de/die-eth-zuerich/nach- were followed by a moderated panel discussion that was also haltigkeit/im-dialog/eth-gespraeche/wassergespraech- opened to the audience. The partially controversial presenta- 2012.html.

Collaboration with CCEM and participation of CCES partners in other large-scale research initiatives

The collaboration between CCES and CCEM (Competence The preparation of a research proposal for a National Center Center Energy and Mobility), successfully started on the pro- of Competence in Research (NCCR) ‘DRIFES – Decentralized ject level in the first phase with the CARMA project continues Renewables and Their Integration into the Future Energy Sys- with two new joint projects called OPTIWARES and GEOT- tem’ was actively supported and promoted by CCES con- HERM 2 for the second period of CCES. tributing the experience and know-how in the formation of inter-institutional research consortia and in the formulation of proposals for large collaborative research. CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part I: Context and overview 19

Outlook 2014 to 2016

Due to the phasing out of the financial support by the ETH gram) entitled «Decentralized Renewables and their Integra- Board, the seven currently running large inter-institutional tion into the Future Energy System» (DRIFES). Unfortunately, research projects as well as the research platform Swiss Ex- this proposal, although quite favorably reviewed by the Na- periment/OSPER will come to an end in 2015/2016. This does tional Science Foundation, did not receive funding – not least of course not mean that the overarching themes addressed by because of the large competition for such NCCRs and be- these projects are not relevant anymore. In contrast, they will cause, among others, of the existence of the above mentioned gain even more importance in the future, particularly with re- other initiatives. Nevertheless, a new initiative together with spect to the science society interface. Hence, besides foster- CCEM seems necessary in order not to lose the momentum ing the running projects including their successful termina- created by this submission; in particular, not to lose a unique tion, one important task of the CCES Management in the pe- consortium composed of scientists of all six ETH Domain in- riod 2014 to 2016 will be to motivate and support the respec- stitutions working on natural science, engineering, econom- tive consortia to find ways to continue and extend their ic and policy aspects of the energy problem. collaborations beyond 2016. Furthermore, new projects tackling future challenges in the field of environment and sus- With respect to the various CCES initiatives in education and tainability that can only be addressed by inter- and transdis- dialog with society, the main task in the period 2014 to 2016 ciplinary consortia within and beyond the ETH Domain need to will be to consolidate and embed the already successfully in- be initiated. One such new initiative that has already been stalled activities into existing structures and to further devel- launched in 2013 with some CCES funds is the enviDat.ch pro- op recently started promising projects. The former include the ject (see pp. 9/10). The project is not confined to the ETH Do- CCES Winter School, the CCES@School initiative, and the main institutions but also includes other universities and gov- joint master thesis program with the cantonal administra- ernmental services and agencies such as, among others, Me- tions. The CCES Winter School «Science Meets Practice» has teoSchweiz and the Federal Office for the Environment already become part of the educational program offered by (FOEN). the Department of Environmental Systems Science (D USYS) and it is also supported by the Rectorate of ETH Zurich. In the Other thematic research areas in which the management ex- future, it is planned to embed it into the «Critical Thinking Ini- periences and the network of CCES could and should provide tiative» put forward by the Rector of ETH Zurich aimed, among support in the period 2014 to 2016 include the energy sector, others, at promoting students’ skills to interact and collabo- the food and health sector (collaboration with the World Food rate with stakeholders outside science. The CCES@School System Center [WFSC] of ETH Zurich), and the urban devel- initiative has led to a fruitful collaboration with the MINT- opment sector (collaboration with the ETH Future Cities Lab- Learning Center of ETH Zurich resulting in a first product ad- oratory in Singapore and the Emerging and Sustainable Cities dressing chemical, physical, biological, and mathematical as- Initiative [ESCI] at ETH Zurich in which the Chairman of the pects of river restoration. However, additional projects need CCES Steering Board is also a member of the ESCI steering to be carried out in order to consolidate the links between board). In this context CCES will also seek the dialog with the CCES scientists and the MINT Center and possibly similar newly established ETH Institute of Science, Technology, and units within the ETH Domain, because so far, the CCES Man- Policy (ISTP), which is presently in its early start-up phase. agement has played the pivotal role in ensuring and support- The goal is to discuss possible collaborations between CCES ing these links. The same holds true for the links between the and the ISTP during the period 2014-2016, and to identify ar- cantonal and federal administrations and Seed Sustainability eas in which the ISTP could play a future role in fostering in- initiating and supporting master theses at the interface be- ter- and transdisciplinary collaboration within the ETH Do- tween science and practice. Finally, two recently started CCES main. One such area could be the energy sector. Although sev- initiatives that are worth continuing in the period 2014 to 2016 eral initiatives and programs have recently been launched in are the project «Creating Knowledge» with the Zurich Uni- Switzerland (two National Research Programs [NRPs] on En- versity of the Arts (ZHdK) and the collaboration with the Sci- ergy, seven Swiss Competence Centers for Energy Research ence and Policy Platform of the Swiss Academy of Sciences. [SCCERs]), there is still a need to build a long-term platform In the framework of the latter, a workshop is planned in the for a more holistic approach towards solving the energy prob- fall 2014 to discuss strategies for improving the science-pol- lem that is complementary to these initiatives which support icy dialog in the area of environment and sustainability. only rather focused, short-term projects with a duration of less than five years. As already mentioned in the preceding In summary, the main task of CCES for its final phase 2014 to paragraph, CCES has therefore supported, in close collabo- 2016 is to ensure that the major achievements of this inter- ration with CCEM, the submission of a proposal for a Nation- nationally unique platform for inter-institutional collaboration al Competence Center in Research (NCCR, twelve-year pro- in research, education, and dialog with society are consoli- 20 Part I: Context and overview CCES Report 2011 to 2013

dated in order to form a basis for future projects in the field of themselves in new projects; new consortia should be encour- environment and sustainability. In particular, the inter- and aged to tackle future challenges, ideally in collaboration with transdisciplinary consortia already established within the other already existing centers of excellence and strategic ini- ETH Domain should be motivated and supported to engage tiatives within and beyond the ETH Domain. CCES Report 2011 to 2013 XXText

Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment

Part II Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment

The strategic priorities and research activities of CCES are im- Research projects, experimental facilities, and test areas plemented in a number of interdisciplinary research projects have been established bringing together the expertise avail- in the following five thematic areas: able in the CCES institutions. Each of these projects involves several institutes and professorships in order to reach the required critical mass in the identified themes and to strength- Climate and Environmental Change en inter-institutional collaboration. Food, Environment and Health As a consequence of the funding being halved in the second Natural Hazards and Risks period (2012 to 2016) as compared to the first period (2006 to 2011), only seven projects from four thematic areas of the first Natural Resources cycle received funding in the second one. These projects are Sustainable Land Use described in the following, as well as the results of the BigLink and ADAPT projects of the first period that merely received funding for a project synthesis but no continued full project support for the second period. 22 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

OPTIWARES Optimization of the use of wood as a renewable energy source

Project summary

Wood combustion and other biomass combustion represent renewable energy sources and means to reduce global fossil CO2 emissions if the biomass stems from sustainable agriculture and forestry. At the same time, biomass combustion inherently produces high emissions of particulate matter. These aerosol particles exert a climate forcing and have adverse health effects, which may lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and cancer, affecting population morbidity and mortality. The strengths of both, climate and health effects, vary during the lifetime of the aerosol due to physicochemical aging processes in the atmosphere. OPTIWARES will i) improve the quantitative understanding of the impacts of aerosols from wood combustion on air quality and climate and ii) develop improved strategies for encouraging the use of more appropriate wood combustion facilities. The former will be based on comprehensive and interactive measurement and modeling activities, while the latter will follow an integrative approach building on the available literature; testing and further developing improved devices for the clean-up of wood combustion exhaust and providing quantitative numbers for the authorities. The results will be made available to the involved industrial partners, enhancing their competitiveness in the market in Switzerland and worldwide.

Scientific achievements and highlights

OPTIWARES (OPTImization of the use of Wood As a Renewable Energy Source) started on May1, 2012. A comprehensive overview of the impact of wood burning emissions on carbona- ceous aerosols and particulate matter in the Alpine region was performed. Concentrations of PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm) calculated based on the measured concentrations of the woodburn- ing tracers levoglucosan and man- nosan agreed well with recently published source apportionment studies using different methods, such as multi- Figure 1: Average SOA production potential from three automatic boilers, compared against the variate statistical models (Positive potential from three modern small combustion installations measured in the laboratory (Keller Matrix Factorization, PMF), Chemical & Burtscher, 2012), and the SOA potential reported by Heringa et al. (2011) for an old log-wood Mass Balance (CMB) modeling, the stove that does not fulfill the LRV (Luftreinhalte-Verordnung, Swiss Federal Ordinance on Air Pollution Control) standards. 14C-method, and the evaluation of the wavelength dependence of the optical temperatures down to -20ºC (i.e., at the A micro smog chamber was built for in- aerosol absorption (aethalometer mod- temperatures where wood combustion field evaluation of the SOA (Secondary el). is mostly applied). Higher values were Organic Aerosol) production potential In order to resolve the discrepancies found for both primary emissions and of different combustion devices. This between the ratios of black carbon (BC) secondary formation, which is expected device was then used to determine the to organic carbon (OC) of up to a factor to explain the above discrepancies; SOA formation potential from three of 10 found between emission studies at however, more measurements are state-of-the-art automatic boilers (For- test benches and ambient measure- needed for a quantitative assessment. est woodchips, Woodchips, Pellet) un- ments, a chamber was built to investi- Very high concentrations of polyaromat- der real-life working conditions for the gate the primary emissions as well as ic hydrocarbons (PAH) were found under first time ever (Fig. 1). the secondary aerosol formation at conditions with oxygen deficiency. CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 23

Figure 2: The metal building houses a wood burner, and associated equipment used to study primary and secondary wood combustion products at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). Emissions are studied using several reaction chambers which are inside the temperature-controlled blue trailer.

Figure 3: Scientist at PSI preparing sample lines for wood combustion measurements. A suite of state-of-the-art gas phase and particle instruments are used to characterize emissions.

An intercomparison campaign between this micro smog chamber, another potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber, and the cold chamber mentioned above was performed; results are currently analyzed. Concerning thermodynamic model calculations of wood combustion gas-particle systems, a list of chemical com- pound classes was compiled and representative species to characterize organic wood combustion products on a molecular structure and functional group level were selected. Compounds from the different organic classes re- Figure 4: Comparison of wood and fossil heat in terms of external costs per MJ useful heat ported in the literature were analyzed (Heck and Meyer, 2012). 24 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

and three state-of-the-art vapor pres- External costs of the Swiss wood com- factors of primary PM from old small sure estimation methods were applied bustion systems were calculated. Fig- wood firings customary on the market to further classify the species by pure ure 4 shows estimates of different wood around year 2000 or before, many of component volatility. A list of ~30 surro- combustion appliances typical for cur- which are still in use, can be very high and gate compounds, based on lumping the rently operating heating systems in show a broad overall distribution. Never- emissions of compounds of similar comparison with conventional fossil theless, there is a high reduction poten- chemical structure (functional groups) heating appliances. The assessment in- tial. Among small systems, modern ap- and volatility, for compounds with satu- cludes contributions from the life cycle pliances show considerably lower PM ration concentrations C° < 2·106 µg/m3 of the systems. This analysis shows that emissions, especially when they are was then compiled and the partitioning the numerous small appliances are es- equipped with emission reduction de- behavior for primary as well as the to- pecially major contributors to total vices (electrostatic precipitators). tal (including the secondary) was per- emissions of primary fine particles from formed. the wood combustion sector. Emission References • Heck, T. and N.K. Meyer, External costs of wood combustion systems in Switzerland. Proc. 20th European Overview on scientific achievements Biomass Conference, Milano, 18-22 Scientific publications June 2012, pp. 2251 – 2256, 2012. No. of peer-reviewed ISI journal publications 24 • Heringa, M.F. et al., Investigation of No. of peer-reviewed non-ISI journal publications 1 primary and secondary particulate No. of PhD theses 7 matter of different wood combustion No. of master and diploma theses 1 appliances with a high-resolution No. of abstracts, proceedings, presentations, and posters time-of-flight aerosol mass spec- at scientific conferences, congresses and workshops 24 trometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, Scientific events 5945-5957, 2011. No. of conferences and workshops open to an audience • Keller, A. and H. Burtscher, A continu- beyond project partners and participants 15 ous photo-oxidation flow reactor for a No. of PhD courses, summer schools, etc. 0 defined measurement of the SOA for- No. of other scientific events 0 mation potential of wood burning emissions, J. Aerosol Sci., 49, 9-20, 2012.

Stakeholder dialog and activities for a non-scientific audience

A paper was published addressing the combustion: A substantial source of air- emissions are presented and examples forestry community (Baltensperger et borne particulate matter in Switzer- are given. It is shown that a major frac- al., Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 164:12, 420- land.» tion of the emissions stems from small 427, 2013). This journal sees its role, Wood is a renewable energy source. wood stoves where the emissions are according to the guidelines of the jour- Wood combustion for heating purposes especially high during the starting

nal, «as sharing knowledge and as act- therefore helps in reducing CO2 emis- phase. In addition, these small furnaces ing as a link between scientists and sions. However, wood combustion often emit large amounts of gases which are practitioners. That's why it positions it- results in high emissions of particulate rapidly oxidized and form secondary self between English-language inter- matter (PM) which includes both black aerosol in the atmosphere. Improve- national journals for scientists and carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). ments in the emissions of small wood magazines for forestry practitioners». PM has adverse health effects and stoves can be achieved by an increased Therefore, this paper is expected to be should therefore be minimized. This pa- deployment of pellet ovens, by the de- read by a wide readership outside the per reports on the latest methods to velopment and application of new tech- scientific community, and is expected quantify the contribution of wood com- nology for exhaust gas cleaning, as well to have a substantial impact on the bustion to PM and gives values for PM, as through other ways of wood usage. It thinking of practitioners in Switzerland BC, and OC from wood combustion at a is one of OPTIWARES’ prime goals to as well as in Germany and Austria. number of different sites in Switzerland. contribute to such improvements in the The title and abstract reads: «Wood State of the art methods to characterize emissions of small wood stoves. CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 25

Reference Overview on stakeholder dialog and Baltensperger, U., E. Bruns, J. Dommen, activities for a non-scientific audience I. El Haddad, M. F. Heringa, A. S. H. Prévôt, No. of publications for stakeholders outside the scientific community 1 J. G. Slowik, E. Weingartner, C. Hueglin, H. No. of press articles (newspapers, radio/TV broadcasts) 7 Herich, A. Keller, H. Burtscher, T. Heck, N. No. of courses, seminars, workshops for stakeholders outside K. Meyer, Holzfeuerungen: Eine bedeu- the scientific community 2 tende Quelle von Feinstaub in der No. of public information events for local/regional authorities Schweiz, Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 164:12, and residents 2 420-427, 2013. No. of courses, events, and activities at schools 0 No. of other events for a non-scientific audience 1 No. of patents 0

Scientific partnerships Outlook

• Kari Lehtinen, University of Kuopio, Ambient measurements as well as the state-of-the-art, certified wood stoves Finland, on controlled test bench chamber experiments at low tempera- or ii) all furnaces are equipped with emission measurements tures will continue. They will be com- emission reduction devices to be devel- • Jian Zhen Yu, the Hong Kong Univ. of plemented by dedicated field experi- oped within OPTIWARES. The latter de- Science & Technology, China, on the ments at low temperature to link the velopments are an important aspect of chemical analysis of filter samples chamber and the ambient measure- the project: On one hand, our two in- • Heike and Bernhard Vogel, Karlsruhe ments. Thermodynamic model calcula- dustry partners have developed new Institute of Technology (Germany), on tions will be compared to smog cham- exhaust gas cleaning devices, the per- setting up the regional climate mod- ber and field data of secondary organic formance of which is to be assessed in el COSMO-ART-M7 aerosol (SOA), and parameterizations test bench experiments. On the other • William Sawyer and Joseph Charles, will be developed to represent key fea- hand, new catalyst devices are to be de- Swiss National Supercomputing Cen- tures of the «offline» thermodynamic veloped which aim to reduce gas phase tre (CSCS), who will improve the effi- model simulations for integration in an emissions. The latter will, as we have ciency and performance of COSMO- «online» regional air quality model. The clearly shown already within OPTI- ART-M7 as part of the Exa2Green pro- latter model was set up in the first year, WARES, result in a decrease in sec- ject for energy-aware numerics and first simulations will now be per- ondary aerosol formation. All results formed with the fully interactive model- will be made available to our involved ing. External cost calculations will be industrial partners, enhancing their performed for different scenarios, in- competitiveness in the market in cluding i) all furnaces are replaced by Switzerland and worldwide.

Project information Start date: May 1, 2012 Project duration: 4 years CCES funding: CHF 1 million Third-party funds acquired: CHF 0.65 million Principal investigator: Urs Baltensperger e-mail: [email protected] Partner institutions: PSI, ETH Zurich, EMPA, and FHNW, plus two industry partners Website: www.cces.ethz.ch/ projects/clench/optiwares 26 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

MAIOLICA-2 Modeling and experiments on land-surface interactions with atmospheric chemistry and climate Project summary

The second phase of the MAIOLICA project aims at (i) improving our understanding of fundamental processes that contribute to

the observed variability of atmospheric CH4 in the recent past, focusing on natural emissions from wetlands and wildfires, and

(ii) investigating atmospheric CH4 in a changing climate including feedbacks among different climate system components. These issues are addressed by combining different modeling techniques ‒ process-based emission modeling, global Lagrangian transport modeling and coupled chemistry-climate modeling, as well as inverse modeling. Model experiments are combined with

observational data to better describe the CH4 release from natural wetlands. This integrative approach is a central feature of

MAIOLICA-2, enabling a comprehensive picture of how atmospheric CH4 responded to terrestrial as well as atmospheric processes in the past, and how it is projected to evolve in the future. The project consortium continues the unique partnership established in the first phase of the project. MAIOLICA-2 is embedded in a network of national (Sinergia project CarboCount- CH, SNSF project FuMES), but also international projects (INGOS, ICOS).

Scientific achievements and highlights

We investigate fundamental processes and stratospheric loss reactions with these simulations: Time-dependent leading to the observed variability of at- prescribed Cl and O(1D) radicals. For (annual) inventories of anthropogenic

mospheric CH4 by combining three dif- the MAIOLICA-2 simulations, a sophis- emissions were obtained from the ferent modeling approaches: ticated tracer diagnostic is used: In all Emission Database for Global Atmos- simulations, each particle carries dif- pheric Research (EDGAR v4.2). Emis-

• WP1: Natural emission modeling ferent CH4 tracers representing con- sions from large-scale biomass burn- • WP2: Global Lagrangian Transport centrations from different source cate- ing and agricultural waste burning modeling gories additionally separated by region were taken from the Global Fire Emis- • WP3: Global Chemistry-Climate where required. The emission regions sions Database GFED v3. Emissions modeling are defined according to recommen- from agricultural soils (rice production) dations of the TransCom project and from natural wetlands were ob-

WP1 focuses on CH4 emission model- (http://transcom.project.asu.edu/trans tained from a dataset generated within ing. Within MAIOLICA-1, the global dy- com03_protocol_basisMap.php). In ad- WP1. Natural emissions from oceans,

namic vegetation model LPJ has been dition to the CH4 tracers, we also im- termites, wild animals, and volcanoes

adapted for modeling wetland CH4 plemented a global methyl chloroform were taken from the TransCom-CH4 emissions (LPJ-wslCH4), combining a (MCF) tracer, using annual MCF emis- experiment. For the OH input, season- fast-running algorithm and a land-use sions and loss rates from the TransCom ally varying fields were prepared on the regression linking satellite information project. Since the main sink of MCF is basis of the multi-model mean global on wetland area (inundation data) to the reaction with OH, evaluating this 3D distribution from the European modeled water runoff. Based on this tracer together with available MCF Union task force on Hemispheric model development, separate wetland measurements in an inversion will pro- Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP, and rice emissions for the time period vide us with improved global estimates www.htap.org), extended by a season- 1993 to 2007 have been generated for of the OH sink. Altogether, the total ally varying 3D distribution from the the use in the global model simulations number of tracers on each particle is TransCom-CH4 experiment (http:// of WP2 and WP3. now 246 including one air mass tracer transcom.project.asu.edu/T4_methane WP2 uses the Lagrangian dispersion and 11 (regions) x 5 (age classes) an- .php) for the middle and upper stratos- model FLEXPART, extended for multi- thropogenic + 13x5 wetland + 13x5 bio- phere. As meteorological input we se- year global simulations of chemically mass burning + 7x5 rice + 1x5 volcanoes lected the ERA-Interim data set, as it active tracers that experience chemical + 1x5 termites + 1x5 oceans + 1x5 wild provides consistent meteorological loss by the reaction with OH such as animals + 1x5 MCF tracers. The main analyses over the full simulation

CH4. CH4 is lost further by soil uptake activity in year 1 was the preparation of period. CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 27

Figure 1: Contribution of methane from different source categories and emissions regions to the surface methane concentrations at two different locations, Colorado (40°N, 105°W) and Southeast Asia (3°N, 105°E), as simulated with the chemistry-climate model SOCOL.

Complementary to the Lagrangian chemistry throughout the whole model model will be run in nudged mode, transport simulations within WP2, WP3 domain. In collaboration with WP2, the which is a Newtonian relaxation tech- focuses on model simulations with the additional CH4 tracer diagnostic has nique that forces tropospheric dynam- coupled chemistry-climate model been implemented into SOCOL. Since ics to an analyzed meteorological state (CCM) SOCOL to understand the inter- the SOCOL model in computationally and guarantees best possible compa- actions between chemistry and cli- more expensive than the FLEXPART rability with observational data and the mate. model, the SOCOL simulations will in- modeling activities in WP2. For this Within MAIOLICA-1, the model has clude only one age class. Furthermore, purpose, additional forcing files for the been extended towards a comprehen- the emission data sets have been pre- simulation period 1979 to 2010 based sive CCM allowing for a consistent sim- pared for the use in SOCOL. For the on ERA-Interim reanalysis data have ulation of methane emission fluxes and simulations of the recent past, the been generated.

Scientific events organized Overview on scientific achievements Scientific publications Conjointly with the SNSF-funded Siner- No. of peer-reviewed ISI journal publications 34 gia project CarboCount-CH, a high-lev- No. of peer-reviewed non-ISI journal publications 2 el seminar series entitled «Greenhouse No. of PhD theses 3 gas fluxes and sinks» was organized. No. of master and diploma theses 3 Several prominent international scien- No. of abstracts, proceedings, presentations, and posters tists were invited and attracted a broad at scientific conferences, congresses and workshops 43 scientific community from outside and Scientific events inside the project. The program for the No. of conferences and workshops open to an audience year 2013 can be found here: beyond project partners and participants 6 http://www.c2sm.ethz.ch/research/ No. of PhD courses, summer schools, etc. 1 maiolica-2/C2SM_GHGSeminar No. of other scientific events 0 Series_2013.pdf. The seminar series will continue in 2014. 28 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Scientific partnerships

We have established close links with exercise (http://transcom.project.asu. ghg-cci.org/), which has developed the group of methane modelers in the edu/T4_methane.php; notably Prabir consistent satellite observation data European FP7 Project INGOS (notably Patra, Matt Rigby, Sander Howeling) for sets of methane for the past ten years, with Peter Bergamaschi, JRC) and with the exchange of information and data. and which will be used in MAIOLICA-2 modeling teams involved in the Dominik Brunner is a member of the for model evaluation. TransCom model intercomparison ESA GHG-CCI project (http://www.esa-

Stakeholder dialog and activities for a non-scientific audience

Figure 2: Flying lab: MAIOLICA researchers attach equipment to airplanes to measure the concentration of methane near the ground and compare their measurements with estimated methane emissions from agriculture (Photo: Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Zurich/SNSF; Ein- stein, Sep 8, 2011, SRF).

MAIOLICA-1 Swiss National Greenhouse Gas Inven- During the last 18 months of the first tory are based of rough estimates of phase of the MAIOLICA project (until methane emission rates, for example midyear 2012) several dissemination from cattle. The aim of the performed activities took place. measurements was to verify those esti- MAIOLICA-1 activities and results were mates and to provide the basis for a presented in a series of press articles sound judgment on whether Switzer- (e.g. SNSF, Le Temps) and TV broad- land is fulfilling its obligations to reduce casts («Einstein», SF DRS). Measure- greenhouse gases emissions as de- ments of methane concentrations near fined in the Kyoto Protocol. Besides the the ground, performed with balloons, methane measurements, combined Figure 3: Einstein, May 5, 2011 (Photo: SRF). motorized gliders and airplanes, were field work and modeling activities one «hot topic»: Calculations of the raised public interest: Studies by the re- CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 29

search group of Sonia Seneviratne indi- An annual stakeholder information MAIOLICA-2 cate that a threshold value exists for evening was organized for the staff at The strong technical character of the soil moisture below which heatwaves the ETH research station Chamau to research work within the first period of can develop. Above this threshold, solar present the ongoing research activities the MAIOLICA-2 project did not call for irradiance results primarily in evapo- at this site. dissemination of the scientific achieve- ration and not in increasing air temper- At the same station, an adult learning ments to a wider audience. So far the atures. Thus, dry winter and spring event with the title «Methan im project website remains the major seasons facilitate summer heatwaves. Reusstal» was arranged. source of information about the project Those findings will help to improve fu- and our ongoing research activities. ture model forecasts of extreme cli- Dissemination activities will be en- mate events. forced as soon as results of public interest are available.

Outlook

The first year of the project was domi- Overview on stakeholder dialog and nated by setting up the model simula- activities for a non-scientific audience tions. For the next months, we are plan- No. of publications for stakeholders outside the scientific community 2 ning to finalize the first set of model No. of press articles (newspapers, radio/TV broadcasts) 11 simulations with the Lagrangian trans- No. of courses, seminars, workshops for stakeholders outside port model and the global chemistry- the scientific community 0 climate model (CCM) for the recent No. of public information events for local/regional authorities past. The model results will be inten- and residents 0 sively validated against various in-situ No. of courses, events, and activities at schools 0 and satellite observations to identify No. of other events for a non-scientific audience 0 and improve model deficiencies. Inter- No. of patents 0 comparison of the results from the La- grangian model with the results from the CCM, both including the above verse modeling applied to the La- ferent CH4 sources and geographic mentioned sophisticated tracer diag- grangian transport model will in turn emission regions. The CCM will further nostic, will improve our understanding be used to obtain new best estimates of be used for future projections of at- of the relative importance of feedback wetland emissions over the investigat- mospheric methane into the 21st centu- processes between different compo- ed 20-year horizon and to validate sur- ry, focusing on the role of natural CH4 nents of the climate system better than face processes with respect to modeled emissions in a changing climate. any single effort alone. Results from in- emissions distinguishing between dif-

Project information Start date: August 1, 2012 Project duration: 4 years CCES funding: CHF 0.953 million Third-party funds acquired: CHF 0.578 million Principal investigator: Thomas Peter e-mail: [email protected] Partner institutions: ETH Zurich, EMPA, WSL Website: www.cces.ethz.ch/ projects/clench/MAIOLICA-2 30 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

BigLink Biosphere geosphere interactions: linking climate change, weathering, soil formation and ecosystem evolution (synthesis project) Project summary

In the first phase of the project, the BigLink research consortium successfully investigated a wide range of processes during early ecosystem development and soil formation at the Damma Glacier forefield. It covered aspects of hydrology, inorganic and organic geochemistry, soil chemistry, microbial ecology, plant-soil interactions, and ecosystems ecology. The research activities of the sub-disciplines involved in BigLink were planned with the aim to ultimately integrate the results through numerical modeling. The main task of the BigLink synthesis project is to quantitatively model important processes at catchment scale towards a better understanding of the interactions between physico-chemical processes of weathering and the biological buildup of soil carbon and nitrogen in soils. The main objective is to create whole-catchment budgets and mass balances of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous with a goal to determine their influence on the development of the ecosystem during initial soil formation. In addition, this project aims to disseminate the results from the BigLink project to a wider public through different outreach activities. This synthesis project is carried out in close cooperation with the EU-funded SoilTrEC (www.soiltrec.eu) project that continues and expands the work of BigLink. The Damma Glacier forefield is one of the four primary Critical Zone Ob- servatories of SoilTrEC.

Scientific achievements and highlights

BigLink Synthesis workshop Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous A Synthesis workshop took place on modeling February 4 to 5, 2013, at Kloster Kappel, Organic carbon buildup modeling is be- which was attended by 25 researchers ing carried out using the models from BigLink and new PhD students ROTHC, a widely used soil organic car- working in the Damma forefield on fol- bon model, and CAST, a new model de- low-up projects funded by SNSF. The veloped by SoilTrEC researchers which goals of the workshop were to: i) inform models soil aggregate formation. The the participants on the current state of models reproduce well the evolution of the SoilTrEC project and on new ongo- carbon contents of the soil chronose- ing studies at the Damma glacial fore- Figure 1: Comparison of modeled total or- quence through the incorporation of a field, ii) to share models currently being ganic carbon contents in the soil of the climate reconstruction of the last 150 Damma glacier soil chronosequence using developed/used within the SoilTrEC the CAST model (blue line) compared with years based on the extrapolation of our project on the Damma Glacier forefield, measured values (red squares). meteorological data with long-term iii) to create an inventory of published measurements obtained from Me- and unpublished data and explore the trient budgeting to identify the impor- teoSwiss. The model SWAT was used possibility of incorporating them into tance of various processes in the nutri- for the whole catchment budgeting of the models, iv) to decide on the focus of ent cycle. Carbon was identified as the nitrogen and phosphorous. For the cal- the modeling and define potential syn- nutrient that could best be constrained ibration of SWAT, we could use the ex- thesis publications, and v) to discuss and modeled with the available data. tensive hydrological data that were col- outreach activities. The main outcomes For outreach activities, it was decided lected during the last five years and bi- were a) a compilation of unpublished that among different options, a «cli- ological and nutrient data from the data that can be used for joint publica- mate audio trail» to be developed in col- Damma forefield. tions and/or for modeling, b) a proposi- laboration with myClimate (www.mycli- Atmospheric input (precipitation and tion for a synthesis paper to address C, mate.org) and a brochure summarizing dry deposition) is the main source of N N, and P budgets and model their evo- the main research results for the gen- in the Damma catchment. The model lution through time in combination with eral public should be realized. As a final results show that more than half of the soil and hydrological modeling. The outcome, it was proposed to organize a nitrogen input leaves the system as SWAT model, which is already used and special session on Critical Zone Sci- surface runoff through the Damma calibrated within SoiTrEC for hydrolog- ence at the European Geophysical Reuss river and the remaining are ical modeling, was chosen also for nu- Union General Assembly (EGU) in 2014. mostly retained as soil organic N or as CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 31

above- and below- ground biomass main observation so far is that most of demonstrated for the water budget, this while gaseous loss through denitrifica- the P is internally recycled and retained work will allow to use SWAT to upscale tion and ammonium volatilization are within the catchment, i.e. P made avail- nutrient modeling to larger alpine-type negligible. Modeled values of N load in able through biological or chemical catchments. In addition to SWAT, to bet- the river Damma Reuss were compara- weathering are cycled between soil, mi- ter understand the soil development ble to measured values; however, more crobes, and plants and very little and nutrient accumulation process data from the river water would be re- amount is leached out of the system. within the study area, further analysis quired for further model validation. The The inputs and calibration for N and P through redundancy analysis (RDA) and phosphorus model is currently being modeling still needs fine tuning, but we numerical modeling using linear equa- further developed and evaluated. The are confident that, as we have already tions are also being carried out.

Outreach activity «Göschenen audio trail» A climate audio trail «Gletscherblüte und Zeitreise» was developed in collaboration with myclimate and Wasserwel- ten Göschenen (http://www.wasserwelten.ch) to open the results from the BigLink project to a wider audience. The audio trail leads around the Gösch- eneralpsee and Damma glacial forefield and has nine stations with audio clips. The audio trail was written as a dialog and aims at promoting the awareness towards climate and environmental change through the presentation of results from the different sub-disciplines of the BigLink project. Two audio ver- sions were prepared: one for adults and a second one for children over the age Figure 2: Flyer describing the newly developed Göschenen audio trail. of six. The audio trail has been available as of mid-July 2013 and can be down- «Berggasthaus Dammagletscher». A Wasserwelten Göschenen organizes loaded from myclimate’s audio adven- brochure for the general public based during the summer. Two of the guides ture website http://www.myclimate- on the results from BigLink and Soil- were instructed in the field in August audio-adventure.ch/audio-adven- TrEC is planned to be ready by next 2013 and will remain in contact with tures/goescheneralp/ or can be bor- summer. The brochure will be used as BigLink researchers for consulting. rowed from the kiosk of the Restaurant a handbook for guided tours which

EGU 2014 session searchers and the BigLink postdoc will biology, hydrology, geochemistry, etc. on Critical Zones (CZ) lead the session. The session expects One of the main objectives of the ses- A session entitled «Towards an interna- contributions on recent developments sion is to stimulate the discussions on tional Critical Zone Observatories net- at the different Critical Zone Observato- the development of an International work» will take place at the European ries (CZO) worldwide and also from pro- CZO programme with a global impact. Geoscience Union General Assembly on jects on all aspects of Critical Zone re- April 27 to May 4, 2014. SoilTrEC research, including soil sciences, micro- 32 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

GeneMig Genetic variation and species migration under environmental change: views of science, environmental management, and the general public Project summary

GeneMig is an inter- and transdisciplinary research project to assess challenges of migration (species and their genes) in a changing environment. The project merges expertise of two earlier CCES projects (ENHANCE, BioChange) and a CCES-initiated facility (Genetic Diversity Centre). Based on state-of-the art social sciences methods, genetic analysis, landscape modeling, and field experiments, the following goals are addressed: (1) practice meets science: environmental managers’ attitudes towards genetic methods; (2) public awareness of species migration in a changing environment; (3) unintentional and natural range shifts in common and invasive species; and (4) deliberate movement (stocking) in a commercially interesting species. Innovative aspects in GeneMig include to (1) identify the perception of species migration as a consequence of environmental change in both the general public and environmental managers; (2) involve environmental managers in taking informed decisions to pursue an application-oriented project within a scientific framework; (3) apply newest, powerful genetic analytical methods (next generation sequencing); and (4) interpret genetic data in a landscape context for testing questions gene flow and genetic adaptation in relation to a changing environment.

Scientific achievements and highlights

Practice meets science 1: Stakeholder attitude towards genetic methods in conservation. A goal of a stakeholder workshop was to assess pros and cons of genetic methods in conservation management. It was evident that genetic methods are generally considered important for Figure 1: a) Male Atlantic trout (Salmo trutta), which was stocked into the Doubs River, b) Fe- male of the Rhone of zebra trout (Salmo rhodanensis) (Photo: O. Seehausen). conservation. The importance even increased when comparing stakeholder attitudes prior to and after the workshop. Limitations referred clearly to high costs and extended time required until results become available. Howev- er, stakeholders valued the benefits of genetic methods higher than their limitations.

Practice meets science 2: Identifying a common research target for science and practice. A second goal of a stakeholder workshop was to collect input of practitioners on which informed decisions on a relevant research target could be taken. Based on this input, we developed a Figure 2: Solidago canadensis, common garden experiment (Photo: E. Moran). model system for a landscape genetic study with practical relevance. We eval- among three study areas, gene flow dicate that abundant available habitat uated how traffic infrastructure and was positively affected by open land, counteracts the strive for dispersal in landscape configuration affected the whereas highways showed a barrier ef- amphibians. Strong interest was stated connectivity of amphibian breeding fect. Noteworthy, water and wetland al- on knowledge exchange between sci- sites. In preliminary analyses of one so hampered gene flow, which may in- ence and practice. CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 33

Unintentional range shifts Overview on scientific achievements in an invasive species Scientific publications Tissue of 44 Solidago canadensis popu- No. of peer-reviewed ISI journal publications 20 lations located at elevations between No. of peer-reviewed non-ISI journal publications 5 191 and 933m a.s.l. were collected No. of PhD theses 10 across Switzerland. Preliminary analy- No. of master and diploma theses 8 sis showed that genetic diversity (allel- No. of abstracts, proceedings, presentations, and posters ic diversity, heterozygosity) was not cor- at scientific conferences, congresses and workshops 29 related with elevation, human popula- Scientific events tion density, or road density. This sug- No. of conferences and workshops open to an audience gests that the processes responsible beyond project partners and participants 3 for local genetic diversity are stochas- No. of PhD courses, summer schools, etc. 3 tic, depending perhaps on the number No. of other scientific events 0 of seeds that arrive into a disturbed area. Most populations were not strongly differentiated, suggesting ex- of the two types of genetic load was as- are currently performing the laborato- tensive gene flow between populations. sessed by comparing the performance ry work for all the other samples: ex- A common garden experiment was es- of offspring from selfing, within-popula- tracting DNA and preparing restriction tablished at Untervaz: Chlara (660m), tion and between population-crosses site associated DNA (RAD) libraries for Jeli (1250m), Zweierspitz (1680m). over generations. Four genotypes per next generation sequencing on an Illu- Replicate genotypes from 13 popula- population were chosen for use in three mina platform. We also generate a tions differing in genetic diversity and types of crosses: selfing, outcrossing high-density linkage map for the brown elevation of origin were planted at each within populations, outcrossing be- trout. Here, we take advantage of the location. Preliminary results showed tween populations located at the same fact that first generation offspring from evidence of local adaptation, with plants and at different altitudes. The obtained a cross between two phenotypically and from colder environments producing offspring is used to produce an F2 gen- genetically divergent species of Swiss more flowers at Jeli, and growing eration (by selfing). Results from the trout were recently generated in anoth- tallest at Zweierspitz. However, there crossing experiment are compared to er project. may be a cost to this adaptation: cold- theoretical predictions of the effect of climate plants tend to perform worse at genetic distance between parental the warm site. genotypes on the magnitude of hybrid advantage/disadvantage. Scientific events organized Natural range shifts in a common species Deliberate range shifts in a commer- • Bolliger J et al. 2013. Landscape Ge- We investigated the adaptive potential cially interesting species netics Symposium at IALE Europe, of altitudinal populations of Arabidopsis Reduced cost-per-individual for geno- Manchester UK thaliana and assessed how inter-popu- typing using next generation sequenc- • Holderegger R., Bolliger J., Gugerli F. lation gene flow may affect their evolu- ing technologies allowed to expand the 2012/2013. Winter School Landscape tionary trajectories. We focused on originally proposed sampling scheme Genetics, ETH Zurich three populations at high and three for Salmo trutta by including more pop- • Junge X. 2013: Workshop on Discrete populations at low altitude in Switzer- ulations with more individuals per pop- Choice Models land. Preliminary results show restrict- ulation than initially proposed. Adding ed genetic variation within populations: these populations facilitated our under- the number of haplotypes per popula- standing of the genetic mechanisms tion varied between five to 24. Differen- that underlie adaptation to altitudinal Scientific partnerships tiation between populations was high gradients in trout. Adding reference in- (FST 0.17-0.88), indicating strong ge- dividuals from different genetic lin- • Gugerli F, Bolliger J: G. Segelbacher netic drift in these small and geograph- eages from across Europe allows re- (University of Freiburg, Germany), R. ically isolated populations. The effect of constructing the broader genetic rela- Holderegger (WSL) genetic drift should result in an accu- tionship of Swiss trout lineages. A first • Junge X: A. Arnsberger (University of mulation of recessive deleterious mu- data set was generated using trout from Vienna) tations that may either be fixed or seg- the Lake Poschiavo region. Laboratory • Moran E: F. Guillaume (ETH Zurich) regate between populations. The extent methods and bioinformatics protocols • Roumet M: PLANT FELLOWS were validated using these samples. We • Seehausen O: P. Vonlanthen, EAWAG 34 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Stakeholder dialog and activities for a non-scientific audience

Figure 3: Stakeholder workshop held on October 30, 2012, at ETH Zurich (Photo: X. Junge).

Meeting and workshop for stakeholders outside the Dialog with stakeholders scientific community outside the scientific community

Bolliger J, Keller D, Holderegger R. shop was a core element for two Gene- Vaupel A. 2013. Einfluss der Landschaft 2012. SAGUF meeting 2012: organiza- Mig modules (S, G1). Its goal was to gain auf den genetischen Austausch zwis- tion committee, talks, a workshop, and an overview on thematic priorities for chen Vorkommen von Wasserfrösche, an excursion (http://sagufv2.scnat- practitioners and to develop a research talk held at the Herpetologenkolloqui- web.ch/d/). project which accounts for one or more um The theme of the SAGUF jubilee meet- of these priorities that can be ad- Bolliger J, Gugerli F: C. Bühler, S. Bir- ing, held in Langenthal on June 19, dressed with landscape-genetic meth- rer, M. Plattner (Hintermann & Weber 2012, was conservation and landscape ods. We invited about 20 practitioners AG), B. Schmidt (karch): developing two genetics in the context of environmen- from Swiss agencies, NGOs, and con- additional research projects of high ap- tal science and politics. The meeting servation offices. It became evident that plied relevance in the context of Gene- brought together about 100 people with results from genetic methods general- Mig: different backgrounds and views on ly constitute gains for practitioners, and 1. Bufo calamita in the Suhretal AG conservation (administration, nature benefits provided by landscape genetic (WSL, karch, Hintermann & Weber conservation, politics, agriculture, sci- methods are appreciated. However, AG) ence, NGOs). Apart from thematic talks, high costs for analysis, specialized 2. Implementing genetic methods into excursions to the Smaragd area in skills, and time-consuming analysis monitoring: a contribution to BDM Oberaargau stimulated lively discus- were identified as reasons why genetic and the Biodiversity Strategy (WSL, sions (www.smaragdoberaargau.ch/). methods are not more widely applied in Hintermann & Weber AG) conservation management. Module G1 Bolliger J, Gugerli F, Vaupel A, Junge currently frames its research around X. 2012. GeneMig stakeholder work- one of three project proposals provided shop. by the stakeholders: the effects of land- Promising avenues to facilitate collab- scape elements or management struc- oration between scientists and practi- tures on the connectivity of amphibian tioners include projects whose ques- populations. This proposal was partic- tions are developed in a joint effort right ularly valued by the stakeholders as its at the beginning of a project, e.g., in a results may feed directly into the prior- workshop. Such a stakeholder work- ization of management measures. CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 35

Public information events for local / regional authorities / residents

Alexander J. 2013. Plant Science Alexander J. 2013. Public lecture at Bolliger J. 2013. Zur Rolle der Land- Center Expedition for families about Bündner Naturmuseum, Chur, schaftsgenetik im Naturschutzmanage- invasive plants in Switzerland. Switzerland about a local research ment. Vortrag Vogelwarte Sempach. On July 6, 2013, Jake Alexander led an project entitled «Wenn Pflanzen This invited talk was held within a reg- excursion as part of the Plant Science zügeln: Forschung am Calanda über ular seminar series at Swiss Ornitho- Centre «Plant Science Expeditions» das Verhalten von Pflanzen in einer logical Institute in Sempach. The goal programme, which aims to communi- veränderlichen Welt». was to inform researchers at the Swiss cate important research topics to fami- On June 19, Jake Alexander presented Ornithological Institute about current lies with children aged 10 to 16. This ex- research findings from experiments research on landscape connectivity in cursion introduced the participants to that have been conducted at field sites the context of ENHANCE and GeneMig. neophytes in Switzerland, explaining on the Calanda mountain (GR), where a where they come from and the prob- GeneMig project is currently active and lems they can cause. The participants where previously experiments from the learnt how to identify common neo- CCES BioChange project were conduct- phytes as well as native «weeds», and ed. The talk was intended for a lay au- learnt about their spread in the Swiss dience, and focused primarily on rapid Alps by searching for them at multiple evolution and the ability of species to stops along an elevational gradient adapt to changing climates. The audi- from Zurich to Ibergeregg Passhöhe. ence was pleased to be given insights All involved found the experience very into the primary research being con- fulfilling, and the participants were par- ducted on their local mountain and ex- ticularly interested in being able to cited to learn about new aspects of cli- identify neophytes and learn more mate change. about them.

Other public information

• «CSI Naturschutz»: die praktische • WSL URL on Landscape Genetics: • Bolliger J, Junge X, Vaupel A, Guger- Anwendung der Erkenntnisse aus der http://www.wsl.ch/info/fokus/land- li F. 2013. Wissenschaft und Praxis im Naturschutz- und Landschaftsge- schaftsgenetik/zuordnung_indi- Dialog über Landschaftsgenetik. netik im Dienstleistungsangebot der viduen/index_EN. KBNL-Inside. This outreach article ARNAL, Büro für Natur und Land- This URL on the topic of landscape summarized the focus and outcome schaft AG. Werbedossier zum Thema genetics was put together based on of the stakeholder workshop held Natur-und Landschaftsgenetik. 2013. recent landscape genetics activities within the GeneMig project in October A set of fact sheets were put togeth- at WSL. 2012. er by the ARNAL conservation office • Keller I., Seehausen O. Contribution based on recent activities in land- to the Eawag annual report 2012. scape genetics.

Overview on stakeholder dialog and activities for a non-scientific audience No. of publications for stakeholders outside the scientific community 15 No. of press articles (newspapers, radio/TV broadcasts) 5 No. of courses, seminars, workshops for stakeholders outside the scientific community 7 No. of public information events for local/regional authorities and residents 7 No. of courses, events, and activities at schools 2 No. of other events for a non-scientific audience 0 No. of patents 0 36 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Figure 4: Progressing man-made landscape fragmentation is challenging for diversity (Photo: Sabine Brodbeck, WSL).

Outlook

The GeneMig project is well on track. All state-of-the-art quality of the genetic as a tool in conservation manage- research partners have successfully data. No less successful is the involvement. finished the 2013 field season and ment of stakeholders into the GeneMig c. Communication of GeneMig results started or supplemented lab analyses. project with at least two additional pro- to stakeholders and a broader audi- GeneMig partners apply with next-gen- jects that could be initiated as a conse- ence (e.g., Schweizerische Fis- eration sequencing the newest and quence of this interaction. chereiberatungsstelle FIBER, In- powerful analytical tools which ensure The following special activities are foFlora (http://www.infoflora.ch/de/ planned for 2014: flora/neophyten).

1. Continued involvement of 2. Well-targeted dissemination of stakeholders: scientific results: Project information a. A second stakeholder meeting is In January 2015, an international Start date: April 1, 2012 scheduled for September 2014 Conservation Genetics conference Project duration: 2 years (24 months) where we will inform about the sci- will be held at WSL, and GeneMig CCES funding: CHF 1 million entific results of GeneMig. At the will be one of the key projects con- Third-party funds acquired: same time, we will collect ideas and tributing to this conference. CHF 1.446 million opinions on the most effective way to Principal investigator: disseminate scientific knowledge Janine Bolliger among stakeholders and the gener- e-mail: [email protected] al public. Partner institutions: b. We submitted a workshop to be con- WSL, ETH Zurich, EAWAG ducted at the NATUR congress in Website: www.cces.ethz.ch/ March 2014 to foster the topic of projects/sulu/genemig landscape connectivity and genetics CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 37

MOUNTLAND-2 Prioritization for adaption to climate and socio-economic changes – Backcasting tolerable future states to match supply and demand for ecosystem services in mountainous areas

Project summary

Mountain ecosystems are fragile and provide a range of crucial services to society. The provision of ecosystem services is strongly influenced by human actions and climate change. The primary goal of MOUNTLAND-2 is to provide management and policy options that support policymakers and ecosystem managers to make choices to promote and improve sustainable development of mountain regions. This project will go beyond existing research by using a backcasting approach which combines envisioned future tolerable states with the current system boundaries required to get to this shared future conditions. The research project will lead to a) a better understanding of current land-use transition processes using an interlinked set of models; b) integrate the spatially explicit supply and demand for ecosystem services including cultural services under consideration of transdisciplinary knowledge; and c) a set of strategies reconciling the long-term goals of a sustainable development of mountainous regions with often rather short-term oriented individual and collective actions.

Scientific achievements and highlights

The MOUNTLAND-2 project builds on overarching set of unifying research ecosystem service of wood production, the existing research network of questions. Based on a transplantation depending on the degree of climate MOUNTLAND-1 and the integrative of soil turf monoliths with their herba- warming. The relevance of social-eco- model-based analysis of ecosystem ceous vegetation from three different logical systems analysis was illustrated service provision in three case study re- habitats at lower altitudes for example, with two studies. First, the considera- gions. Our interdisciplinary scientific we assessed the development of forage tion of historical aspects in the analysis achievements were published in a Spe- provision across the patterned land- of landscape changes in wooded pas- cial Feature of Ecology & Society which scape under future warming scenarios. tures showed the interrelated effects of provides a synthesis and a holistic This approach overcomes the restricted climate and socio-economic driving overview of our research activities. predictive power of traditional ap- forces on a highly sensitive ecosystem. proaches to vegetation modeling, which Second, a study that linked all the dis- A Special Feature use calibration data exclusively from ciplines addressed in the MOUNTLAND in Ecology & Society the past. The climate change scenarios workflow revealed that payments for In the introductory article, we describe indicate that structural changes in the environmental services (PES) could our integrative research approach landscape mosaic would, in general, be counteract a detoriation of wooded pas- combining methods from economics slow but inevitable, with a dramatic, tures while respecting historical land- and the political and natural sciences to medium-term breakdown in the use and ecological boundary condi- analyze ecosystem functioning and management in mountain regions. The Overview on scientific achievements various, widely different disciplines col- Scientific publications laborated from the very outset in order No. of peer-reviewed ISI journal publications 67 to achieve a holistic human-environ- No. of peer-reviewed non-ISI journal publications 13 mental perspective. Thus, our research No. of PhD theses 5 did not involve a 'cascade' of different No. of master and diploma theses 21 research findings, but explicitly consid- No. of abstracts, proceedings, presentations, and posters ered feedback effects from changing at scientific conferences, congresses and workshops 65 socio-economic and political conditions Scientific events on land-use and adaptation to climate. No. of conferences and workshops open to an audience The Special Feature comprised ten ar- beyond project partners and participants 3 ticles. The innovation lay in the fact that No. of PhD courses, summer schools, etc. 0 all articles presented truly inter- or No. of other scientific events 16 transdisciplinary research based on an 38 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Figure 1: Visualization of landscape change for a choice experiment in the case study region Visp (Visualization: Thomas Klein, ETH Zurich).

tions. The assessed policy feedback different land-use and climate change ments and methods addressing hetero- process, however, revealed that current scenarios. Second, we addressed the geneity, trade-offs, and feedbacks pro- policy processes may hinder the imple- question how stakeholder involvement vide important policy alternatives in mentation of PES. The implementation can contribute to a better understand- this context. Thirdly, the integration of of policy variables in our modeling ing of the challenges facing mountain stakeholders would permit a focus on chain was based on a further article regions under global change and their capacity building. This is important to which combined different policy sce- linked future development. reduce vulnerability to changing cli- nario analyses with policy network mate conditions, socio-economic de- analysis in agricultural policy. This pro- Synthesis across regions velopments and related risks that we vided a valuable basis for policy makers In our synthesis of the project, we pro- identified. and policy experts working on the de- vide insights from the ecological, so- Beside the publication of this Special sign of future land-use policies under cio-economic, and political sciences Feature, research highlights in peer re- changing ecological, socioeconomic, across our case study regions. Our reviewed journals were a review on dri- and political conditions. Another valu- sults suggest that an institutional ving factors of a vegetation shift from able input for the design of land-use framework focusing on three aspects is Scots pine to pubescent oak in dry policies is the representation of local essential for maintaining and strength- Alpine forests; a study that assessed trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem ening important EGS in mountain re- the relative impacts of climate and eco- management. Results show that in- gions. Firstly, integrative approaches to nomic changes on forest and agricul- creasing the provision of a focal ES in a strengthen cross-sectoral coordination tural ecosystem services in mountain mountain region may result in alternat- should be supported. These approach- regions and that a 2°C increase of the ing trade-offs and synergies, depend- es would allow for a more effective pro- world’s temperature is not safe for ing on the interaction of economic and vision of mountain EGS in the presence ecosystem services in the European technological interdependencies. In of heterogeneity and thresholds. Sec- Alps. In addition, we published results addition, we also published two articles ondly, network management and steer- on the changes in avalanche protection with a strong linkage to our transdisci- ing to strengthen multi-level gover- under climate change as well as new plinary process. First, we showed how nance would permit an adequate modeling results linking avalanche to integrate expert knowledge into EGS integration of (local) stakeholders in with landscape dynamic models in the mapping using a GIS-based Bayesian policy formulation and implementation case study region Davos. network to be able to value EGS under processes. Spatial planning instru- CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 39

Dialog with stakeholders outside the scientific community

The dialog between scientists and stake- the final addressees of MOUNTLAND at Due to funding and time constraints, holders is a crucial integrative activity. In the implementation level. Furthermore, this second phase of the stakeholder in- its prototypical form, a transdisciplinary the steering group reviewed and dis- volvement was implemented in the case process is characterized by joint problem cussed the preliminary results and co- study region Valais only. The MOUNT- framing and dialog on equal footing be- ordinated the involvement of specific LAND project published its most impor- tween representatives from the science stakeholders in the different activities tant findings in two stakeholder-orient- community and key stakeholders. Impor- by selecting interview partners. In addi- ed journals: for the agricultural and the tantly, a transdisciplinary process should tion, these groups were important for forestry sector, we published a Special provide an arena that is not directly relat- disseminating information on MOUNT- Issue of Agrarforschung (June/July ed to day-to-day politics, business com- LAND, particularly regarding the scien- 2012) and of the Swiss Forestry Journal petition, or academic daily routine. tific results in each region. We met the (December 2012). These publications In MOUNTLAND, this process was set steering group in an iterative process to form the basis for a continued dialog up as a task of its own, not separated guarantee an exchange of information with our stakeholders in all three case but included as a cross-sectional activ- and to align the progress in the inter- study regions. It is planned to intensify ity to provide guidance for the research disciplinary workflow with the transdis- the stakeholder dialog in the second process. The stakeholder dialog com- ciplinary dialog. In the second phase, phase of MOUNTLAND by conducting an prised two strongly interlinked phases. regional «transition scenarios» with ex- interactive virtual reality choice experi- In the first phase, a steering group rep- tended stakeholder groups were devel- ment implementing 3D visualization of resenting the core stakeholders was set oped, using a functional-dynamic con- ecosystem services using the Land- up in each study region. They consisted cept of stakeholder involvement. To in- scape Visualization and Modeling (LVM) of six to nine representatives of the typ- form the participants about the findings Lab based at the Institute of Planning of ical stakeholder groups who advised of these workshops, we published an Landscape and Urban Systems (PLUS). the project leaders from a «study region internal report summarizing the differ- This research will bring our results di- perspective». This sometimes included ent scenarios. The insights gained in rectly into the case study regions and al- the specification of goals for certain re- the different parts of MOUNTLAND low for a feedback loop in the sense of search activities from the perspective of served as the basis for these processes. science with society.

Workshops for stakeholders outside the scientific community

To develop our envisioned future toler- of our project, we published an article in Winner of able states in the different study re- the local newspaper to sensitize the transdisciplinary award 2013 gions, stakeholder workshops are nec- general public for our surveys. As a re- The MOUNTLAND project won the essary to arrive at the relevant land- sult, our survey-based choice experi- «swiss-academies award for transdis- scape attributes that will be visualized ment finds good response in the public ciplinary research» in 2013 which in the LVM and modeled in our basic (more than 50% of returned question- prices outstanding research in inter- scenarios. These variables will be used naires). Similar workshops are planned and transdisciplinary research. in a survey-based choice experiment in the other two case study areas in and the interactive virtual reality choice spring 2014. experiment We conducted a first workshop in the case study region Visp in Overview on stakeholder dialog and which we presented our main findings activities for a non-scientific audience from the ongoing project and discussed No. of publications for stakeholders outside the scientific community 9 different landscape attributes (agricul- No. of press articles (newspapers, radio/TV broadcasts) 15 tural land-use intensity, forest develop- No. of courses, seminars, workshops for stakeholders outside ment, settlement activities) to effec- the scientific community 2 tively develop relevant scenarios for our No. of public information events for local/regional authorities choice experiments. Sixteen stakehold- and residents 0 ers from agriculture, forestry, regional No. of courses, events, and activities at schools 11 development, spatial planning, and en- No. of other events for a non-scientific audience 0 vironmental organizations joined the No. of patents 0 workshop. To increase the awareness 40 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Figure 2: Mountland wins the swiss-academies award for transdisciplinary research in 2013 (Photo: Eva Schumacher).

Outlook

The next step of the MOUNTLAND pro- chain will be further improved. The able to provide the forward scenario ject is to integrate the spatially explicit landscape model LandClim, which was analysis for MOUNTLAND-2 in the supply and demand for ecosystem ser- used in the Valais region only, is now summer of next year. In the meantime, vices using a backcasting approach. For being adapted to the other regions. the future tolerable states will be iden- this purpose, the existing modeling First test runs of the model show tified using survey-based and interac- promising results. In addition, and as a tive virtual reality choice experiments. result from the collaboration between While first promising results from the LandClim and WoodPam modelers, the Valais are already available, we will adapted ecosystem model already ac- soon be able to provide representative Project information counts for the interactions of grassland tolerable future states of selected land- Start date: April 1, 2012 and trees. This model development will scape attributes also for the other re- Project duration: 3.5 years improve the interface with the socio- gions. Based on an analysis of recent CCES funding: CHF 1 million economic optimization model ALUAM. policy developments and structures Third-party funds acquired: This model had been extended to an and in collaboration with the stakehold- CHF 1.1 million agent-based model and is currently ers, we will be able to match supply and Principal investigator: tested in the three case study regions. demand of ecosystem services using a Andreas Rigling; The combined model results will be backcasting approach. e-mail: [email protected] Scientific coordinator: Robert Huber e-mail: [email protected] Partner institutions: WSL, ETH Zurich, EPF Lausanne Website: www.cces.ethz.ch/ projects/sulu/MOUNTLAND CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 41

GEOTHERM 1 & 2 Geothermal reservoir processes: towards the implementation of research into the creation and sustainable use of Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Project summary

GEOTHERM (2009 to 2012) and GEOTHERM 2 (2013 to 2016) contribute to the quest for a sustainable energy strategy with low

CO2 emissions by conducting cross-disciplinary research towards the development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). EGS is a technology that will allow the heat resources residing at several kilometers depths to be exploited for electricity and heat production. At present, EGS technology is not mature; two of the key challenges are the difficulty of (1) engineering a lasting heat exchanger with appropriate properties within deep, hot, low-porosity rocks, and (2) the risk of inducing felt and potentially hazardous seismic events during the development and operation of the heat exchanger. GEOTHERM was conceived to provide scientific support to the Basel EGS project in the aftermath of the magnitude 3.4 earthquakes that ultimately triggered the ter- mination of the project. The research activities are grouped in several coordinated modules: reservoir geomechanics; microseismicity studies and risk assessment; modeling fluid–rock interaction during heat extraction; optimal use of geothermal resources in urban areas; and comparative assessment of accidental risks and social acceptance.

Scientific achievements and highlights

The main strength of GEOTHERM 1 & 2 Our results provide important con- It can be increased by injecting water at is the fact that a cross-diciplinary ap- straints on the natural fracture distrib- high pressures into the target rocks. proach to the challenges ahead is ution and stress field that are key inputs This procedure, named 'hydraulic stim- adopted and implemented. Because of to reservoir models. ulation', is the underlying principle of the ongoing ‘Energiewende’ in Switzer- The characterization of the state of all EGS projects. The injection of large land in the aftermath of the Fukushima stress is extended by including an esti- quantities of water at high pressures nuclear accident, but also because of mate of the maximum horizontal stress causes the rock to rupture, usually the unexpected seismicity related to the (SHmax) magnitude from the width of along pre-existing fractures, and is in- 2013 St. Gallen hydrothermal project, breakouts. The SHmax profile suggests variably associated with seismic events. fundamental and applied research on that optimally oriented fractures with a In as much as rock fracturing is an es- deep geothermal energy systems has friction coefficient of 0.65 are verging on sential prerequisite for permeability taken on a new urgency. The GEOT- failure. It also suggests that the stress enhancement, this so-called induced HERM 1&2 contributions in terms of regime is strike-slip above 3700 m tran- seismicity is a necessary and inevitable scientific results, capacity building, and siting to predominantly normal faulting part of the process. Induced seismicity knowledge transfer are a therefore crit- below. This is consistent with the focal can at the same time give important in- ical intermediate step towards suc- mechanisms of natural and induced sights into the evolution of the reser- cessful future Pilot and Demonstration seismicity at Basel. voir. projects. Over 100 focal mechanisms of the Microseismicity studies earthquakes induced by the EGS in Reservoir geomechanics and risk assessment Basel in 2006 and the inverted stress Knowledge of the state of stress and the The creation of a heat exchanger at tensor have been determined with the natural fracture system are essential to three to five km depth in the granitic project and used to estimate fluid pres- model and understand the behavior of basement requires sufficient perme- sures that activated the earthquakes. EGS reservoirs during stimulation and ability for the water to flow from the in- The results suggest that fluid pressures subsequent operation, and are also jection well to the production well. Al- are considerably higher than what is ex- critical to understanding induced seis- though the Earth‘s crust is permeated pected from linear diffusion models. micity. Our analysis is primarily based by fractures and faults of various sizes Earthquake stress drops determined on the Basel reservoir, largely from in- and orientations, the natural perme- for about 1000 events increase by about vestigating borehole logs run in the two ability is usually not sufficient to allow a factor of five with radial distance from wells drilled at the site (OT-2 and BS-1). flow at commercially interesting rates. the borehole, which suggests that 42 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Figure 1: View of the Basel drilling site. The inset shows the UBI fracture image log. The series of high-angle traces are believed to denote drilling-induced tensile fractures, which do not extend far from the well (Photo: GeoExlorersLtd., Insert: Keith Evans).

stress drop correlates with pore pres- quency-magnitude distribution, the b- geomechanical model explains the ob- sure perturbations due to the injection. value. The observed very high b-value served spatial and temporal evolution The induced earthquakes occur in clus- of early-time events near the injection of both the earthquake size distribution ters of similar events. With the goal of point, and a gradual decrease of b-val- and the stress drops. In addition, we forecasting the probability of inducing ues with distance from the injection have tested the ability of various statis- an earthquake that might be felt by the point at-later times, can be correlated tical models to forecast the evolution of public, we have shown how pore pres- with a prediction for the pore pressure injection-induced seismicity. These sure can be linked to the seismic fre- evolution of the reservoir. A proposed models are now forming a solid base- line for developing advanced traffic light systems for future EGS projects. Overview on scientific achievements Scientific publications No. of peer-reviewed ISI journal publications 34 No. of peer-reviewed non-ISI journal publications 9 No. of PhD theses 6 No. of master and diploma theses 8 No. of abstracts, proceedings, presentations, and posters at scientific conferences, congresses and workshops 63 Scientific events No. of conferences and workshops open to an audience beyond project partners and participants 6 No. of PhD courses, summer schools, etc. 1 No. of other scientific events 1 CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 43

Modeling fluid-rock interaction present de facto standard (the Pitzer during geothermal heat extraction model). Chemical reactions between the circu- To achieve close-to-realistic simulation lated fluid and the reservoir rocks can of chemical fluid-rock interaction in lead to mineral precipitation or dissolu- EGS reservoirs, we have coupled trans- tion. The resulting clogging or en- port codes that are capable of repre- hancement of reservoir permeability senting more realistic fracture geome- and the formation of mineral scaling in tries (i.e. OpenGeoSys and CSMP++) the installations affect reservoir perfor- with the advanced geochemical model- mance and sustainability. As these re- ing tool GEMS3K. The GEMS3K code is actions cannot be monitored in situ, based on the Gibbs Energy Minimization computer modeling is the primary tool approach, which allows simultaneous to investigate them and provides infor- treatment of complex fluids and sever- mation relevant for decision making in al non-ideal solid solutions. Due to the reservoir management. This module modular nature of all codes, the cou- comprises research towards more re- pling could be achieved at the source alistic modeling of such chemical reac- code level, which is a performance ad- tions, in order to improve the reliability vantage. Code verification was per- and efficiency of coupled computer formed in collaboration with the GEOT- models. HERM industrial partner AF Colenco We made progress in four aspects: who provided reference solutions ob- 1. The development of more efficient tained with the industry standard tool and consistent thermodynamic TOUGHREACT. The reactive transport treatment of geothermal fluids, no- simulations suggest that the inclusion tably that of salty fluids, which occur of more realistic representations of Figure 2: a) Overview of the Basel induced abundantly in EGS-relevant depths fractures and their intersections are seismicity showing the depth of the 3560 located events (circles) and the location of the crucial to understanding the advance- in Central Europe. seismic stations (triangles). The red plane 2. The production of new experimental ment of geochemical reaction fronts in marks the top of the crystalline basement, data on the pressure-dependence of fractured EGS-type reservoirs. These within which all events occurred. The color scale indicates the recording completeness thermodynamic properties of aspects will be investigated in detail in ranging from Mc 0.7 to 1. b) Close-up of the solutes in geothermal fluids. GEOTHERM 2. events with the overall b-value distribution 3. The development of computer tools based on all events. While values range from that can simulate how reaction Optimal use of geothermal resources 0.8 to 3.5, the color bar is limited from 1 to 2 for a clearer visibility. fronts will propagate in fractured in urban environment reservoirs under EGS-like tempera- The sustainable development of geot- ture-pressure conditions. hermal energy in the urban environ- life-cycle environmental indicators are 4. The initiation of an international ment requires a systematic analysis of in favor of cogeneration systems with a benchmarking initiative to test the the different geothermal heat conver- large district heating system (up to ability of computer programs to sion system configurations as well as 60MWth in terms of installed capacity) simulate the coupled thermal-hy- economic, thermodynamic, and life-cy- using an ORC with an intermediate draulic-chemical-mechanical cle environmental criteria. In our analy- draw-off. These three types of configu- processes in geothermal reservoirs. sis, we identified the most promising rations all have a payback period inferi- GEOTHERM has addressed some of the configurations for EGS in the Swiss con- or to ten years with the used economic fundamental problems behind these text. The results indicate that, at rela- assumptions, the latter strongly im- limitations. A new thermodynamic tively shallow depths (5000-6000m), co- pacted by the drilling success factor. model, rEUNIQUAC, has been devel- generation of electricity and district oped for complex salt solutions from heating (20-35MWth in terms of in- Scientific events organized ambient to geothermal conditions. The stalled capacity per well) from EGS us- Aside from annual GEOTHERM meet- model has a great potential for future ing Kalina cycles should be favored. In ings and from the GEOTHERM 2 kick-off application and extension to more com- the deeper range (8500-9500m), eco- meeting, several scientific sessions plex aqueous solutions because it uti- nomic and thermodynamic indicators have been organized by project part- lizes a much simpler mathematical for- are in favor of single electricity produc- ners in various conferences. In particu- mulation and has only binary interaction using a flash system with a bottom- lar, at the EGU Meeting in 2011 (G. tion parameters, compared with the ing Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), while Kosakowski: Coupled reactive trans- 44 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Figure 3: Illustration of the diffusion of pressure and temperature through a realistic 18 m x 18 m natural fracture network, modeled using the a HFR framework. The fractures have the same hydraulic aperture, and are embedded inside a permeable, porous medium. Heat exchange between the water and the rock has been neglected. The medium and fractures are saturated, and bounded on left and right by constant pressure boundaries of 1.0 MPa and 0.0 MPa, respectively. The image at left shows the effect of the fracture network on the steady-state pressure field. The image at right shows a snapshot of the water temperature during the simulation. Here, water of temperature 30°C (colored blue) enters from the left boundary and pushes water of initial temperature T=200°C (colored red) towards the right boundary.

port: Codes, applications and trends), Benchmarking ternational Partnership for Geothermal at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (S.J. During the development of the coupled Technology, IPGT. The benchmarking Fowler: Natural and Enhanced Geot- simulation codes, we found that code initiative will address a broader range of hermal Systems: Characterization, In- verification and testing were severely geothermal resource types. In an inau- tegration, Stimulation, Simulation, and limited by the lack of established gural workshop, the reservoir simula- Induced Seismicity Risk), at the Gold- benchmarks and standardized test tion working group of IPGT identified schmidt Conference 2011 (F. Hingerl: suites. Hence, as an indirect outcome of four classes of geothermal resources Geochemistry in Geothermal Energy: GEOTHERM, an international initiative as the main targets of current geother- Field Observations, Experiments and for the benchmarking of geothermal mal reservoir simulation code develop- Modeling), and at the AGU Fall Meeting reservoir simulation codes was ments: conventional high-enthalpy sys- in 2012 (C. Bachmann: Induced Seis- launched under the umbrella of the In- tem, low permeability resources (EGS), micty: Hazard). A course on numerical modeling of geothermal systems (T. Overview on stakeholder dialog and Driesner: «Physical hydrology and heat activities for a non-scientific audience transport in geothermal systems») was No. of publications for stakeholders outside the scientific community 6 held in Hengill, Iceland, 2011. No. of press articles (newspapers, radio/TV broadcasts) 0 No. of courses, seminars, workshops for stakeholders outside the scientific community 10 No. of public information events for local/regional authorities and residents 4 No. of courses, events, and activities at schools 0 No. of other events for a non-scientific audience 3 No. of patents 1 CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 45

Figure 4: View of the St. Gallen drilling site (Photo: M. Stauffacher). near-magmatic («supercritical») re- scribed. They cover the whole range will be made available as «IPGT Test sources, and hot sedimentary aquifers. from simple hydrologic benchmarks to Suite for Geothermal Reservoir Model- So far, more than 30 benchmarks and complex, reservoir-scale models with ling» in 2014. test case problems as well as 13 chal- coupled hydraulic, mechanic, thermal, lenge problems were identified and de- and chemical processes. The collection

Outlook

GEOTHERM was successfully conclud- The module on comparative assess- ter on Energy Research «Supply of Elec- ed in May 2012, and was succeeded by ment of accidental risks and social ac- tricity» (SCCER SoE), where deep geot- the follow-on project GEOTHERM 2 that ceptance is a new work package. It ad- hermal energy is one of the three major started in May 2013. A report summa- dresses risk assessment of geothermal themes to be investigated. rizing the results of the GEOTHERM systems with focus on human health ef- project can be downloaded at: fects and environmental impacts. The www.cces.ethz.ch/projects/nature/ge- work on the first task of the module has otherm/GEOTHERM_Final_Report.pdf already started and the deliverable will GEOTHERM 2 consists of six Modules be a comprehensive literature review. that loosely cover the same research The second task includes the definition Project information areas as the five Modules of GEOT- and quantification of relevant risk indi- Start date: May 1, 2013 HERM. However, the content is differ- cators. To achieve a comprehensive risk Project duration: 3 years ent, because many tasks build upon the evaluation of geothermal systems, CCES funding: results of GEOTHERM and address new these tasks are closely coordinated with CHF 0.5 million; challenges, and some entirely new research efforts in risk perception. In CCEM funding: CHF 0.5 million themes have been added. As an exam- the last part of the GEOTHERM 2, a Mul- Third-party funds acquired: ple, the new simulation tools that were ti-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) CHF 1.79 million developed in Module Modelling framework will be developed and im- Principal investigator: Fluid–rock Interaction during Geother- plemented in order to integrate risk in- Stefan Wiemer mal Heat Extraction of GEOTHERM will dicators from the tasks above as well as e-mail: [email protected] be used in GEOTHERM 2 to study the other work packages. Partner institutions: potential impact of mineral-fluid reac- The activites and staff of GEOTHERM 2 PSI, ETH Zurich, EPF Lausanne tions on reservoir permeability evolu- form also an integral element of the Website: www.cces.ethz.ch/ tion. newly founded Swiss Competence Cen- projects/nature/geotherm-2 46 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

RECORD CATCHMENT Coupled ecological, hydrological and social dynamics in restored and channelized corridors of a river at the catchment scale Project summary

The RECORD Catchment project investigates what measures are most effective to influence the river corridor so that river restoration and groundwater flow systems can help in mitigating the effects of floods and droughts, in particular in the context of climate and global change. The study is centered on the Thur catchment. Future management strategies will be developed based on forecasted climate data in close collaboration with river managers of the Thur catchment. The project includes local and catchment-scale studies and will improve our understanding of key processes at these scales. The coupled hydro(geo)logical model to be developed for the Thur catchment will deliver the scientific basis for the decision-making process. This will be done in close collaboration with the river managers. We provide the current RECORD field sites Niederneunforn/Altikon and Widen as well as the pre-alpine Rietholzbach catchment as long-term natural observatories to study water fluxes, and ecological and biogeochemical interactions. They provide field platforms for further studies and come with a comprehensive database and the ability for data transfer and management.

Scientific achievements and highlights

In the RECORD project, we studied, re- extended our research to the entire along the Thur, at Niederneunforn/Al- stored, and channelized sections of the Thur catchment which includes the tikon and Widen, as well as the pre- Thur River corridor. At these intensive- Thur valley aquifer. It is one of the alpine Rietholzbach catchment, and ly instrumented sites, we investigated largest groundwater systems in more effectively archive and distribute geomorphodynamics; subsurface geo- Switzerland. Many abstraction wells our data. These sites are excellent logical structure; river and groundwa- along the Thur River are used to supply long-term natural hydrological, atmos- ter hydrology; soil and groundwater drinking water. The Thur River is the pheric, and ecological observatories for biogeochemistry; and terrestrial biodi- largest river in Switzerland without a the study of water fluxes, as well as versity. Such multidisciplinary efforts retention area, such as a lake or dam, ecological and biogeochemical interac- had never before been applied at a sin- which leads to a very dynamic dis- tions within the setting of climate gle site. RECORD provided an under- charge regime. We investigate the in- change. The wells, sensors, remote standing of river / groundwater ex- fluence of catchment scale processes sensing platforms, and data loggers change at a local scale within a catch- on the local scale and vice versa. Social will play an important role in ongoing ment. In addition, we developed and scientists have joined the team to ad- studies. tested methods and concepts to assess dress different societal concerns about In the following, we describe a selected the impact of restoration on hydrolo- increasing groundwater and surface number of main research findings and gy/hydrogeology, ecology, and biodiver- water interaction within the catchment. important developments over the last sity. Within the past two years, we have We plan to maintain local field sites two years. At the field site in Nieder- neunforn, we performed intensive eco- Overview on scientific achievements logical studies. We were able to show Scientific publications that biodiversity has increased, though No. of peer-reviewed ISI journal publications 51 we have to acknowledge that a single No. of peer-reviewed non-ISI journal publications 11 look at species richness is not enough. No. of PhD theses 15 We have to see if the newly developed No. of master and diploma theses 11 community is stable and strongly re- No. of abstracts, proceedings, presentations, and posters silient in the event of hydrological ex- at scientific conferences, congresses and workshops 74 treme events. We believe that it will Scientific events take many years for such complex No. of conferences and workshops open to an audience changes to fully develop. beyond project partners and participants 6 River bank filtration is an important No. of PhD courses, summer schools, etc. 5 process for drinking water production No. of other scientific events 5 in wells close to rivers. A key parame- ter used by water managers in the as- CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 47

Figure 1: Geoprobe direct push machine for profiling and the installation of piezometers in the subsurface. sessment of bank filtration is the travel and non-parametric deconvolution of ful tools for assessing sources and flux- time of the infiltrated river water during the EC time series. The developed MAT- es of nitrate in riparian systems. In ad- the passage through groundwater. We LAB program allows the determination dition, a «Riparian Soil Model» was de- analyzed time series of electrical con- of travel time ranges between the river veloped that allows modeling of carbon ductivity (EC) in the river and adjacent and the observation well over periods of and nitrogen dynamics in riparian zones groundwater observation wells to in- months to years. including soil-groundwater exchange. vestigate travel times of young hy- We, furthermore, developed two meth- The model was successfully applied to porheic groundwater in Niederneun- ods for isolating nitrate from freshwater reproduce soil respiration, organic mat- forn and Widen. To quantify mixing ra- samples such as river, soil, and ground- ter stocks, and inorganic nitrogen flux- tios and mean residence times, we per- water for nitrogen and oxygen isotope es in the riparian forest of the Nieder- formed a cross-correlation analysis analysis. The latter analyses are power- neunforn site.

Scientific events organized

The RECORD project team organized ing of river restoration. The following computer scientists and modelers to the international River Corridor Re - specific goals stood at the center of this elaborate data needs and data genera- storation Conference 2011 – RCRC11 – scientific exchange: tion strategies that support the devel- at the Centro Stefano Franscini, Monte (i) Researchers that carry out experi- opment of models that predict these Verità, Ascona, Switzerland between mental, laboratory or field-based re- processes and phenomena. March 13 to 18, 2011. RCRC11 gathered search with respect to river restoration (ii) Researchers from different disci- the leading scientists and experts from – including investigation and monitoring plines including hydro(geo)logy, ecolo- various disciplines to obtain different strategies, contaminant transport and gy, environmental chemistry, (eco)toxi- perspectives and better ideas on how to fate, ecological aspects and water sup- cology, microbiology, geophysics, and improve our mechanistic understand- ply issues – were brought together with water supply interacted to develop a 48 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

science-based framework for river poster presentations, the participants corridors from different angles. We re- restoration projects that covers both had the chance to exchange ideas dur- ceived contributions from natural sci- societal needs and ecological impacts ing evening events and the excursion. entists who study ecological functions in the environment. Furthermore, we organized the Session and try to predict flooding regimes, (iii) To ensure a well-balanced view and «Managing river corridors under the from social scientists, including econo- to discuss the scientific aspects in light prospect of climate change: a chal- mists who investigate the planning and of their practical applicability, re- lenge considering conflicting ecosys- political processes of restoration, from searchers were joined by participants tem services» within the framework of engineers who devise restoration mea- from industry and regulatory bodies in- the «Planet Under Pressure» Confer- sures, and from environmental agents volved in river restoration and sustain- ence between March 26 to 29, 2012, in responsible for managing river corri- able water supply. London. In close collaboration with the dors. Our session was very well re- More than 75 scientists and water man- canton of Thurgovia, we intended to ceived and initiated many subsequent agers from 12 different countries par- bring together experts from both de- discussions. ticipated in the RCRC11. Beside the sci- veloped and developing countries who entific program with 45 oral and 16 look at the ecosystem services of river

Stakeholder dialog and activities for a non-scientific audience

Figure 2: Students discussing their results with stakeholders.

In the context of the CCES RECORD both from an ecological and public per- canton of Thurgovia. These two events Catchment project, 16 ETH Zurich stu- ception perspective. Some concerns were also communicated in the local dents from the Master program Hu- were, however, expressed about the newspaper «Andelfinger Zeitung». man-Environment Systems studied the transparency of the financial informa- A booklet for the public with the main success of the river restoration of the tion available to the public. Results and results has been published (see Thur in Niederneunforn (www.uns. project progress have been presented http://www.uns.ethz.ch/pub/tdpub/cs- ethz.ch/translab/cs_former/2012 ). The twice to a stakeholder group with rep- books/CS_2012_Broschuere_V03_Web. results show that the river restoration resentatives from the municipalities of pdf). project can be considered a success, Neunforn, Thalheim, Altikon and the CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 49

Workshops for stakeholders outside Events / activities at / the scientific community for schools (courses)

In 2012, two stakeholder workshops RECORD Catchment. The main project The RECORD project contributed to were held for local and regional author- ideas were discussed and the different CCES@School – The CCES Environ- ities. The first workshop as final event of participating research groups were in- mental Education Initiative. We devel- the RECORD project with more than 60 troduced. It was communicated that oped a learning unit «River Restoration participants aimed at distributing the RECORD Catchment is an umbrella Impacts» with emphasis on hydrology major results of this interdisciplinary where additional questions can be and ecology for pupils at the secondary research endeavour. The second work- brought to the table by researchers and level 1 and 2 (9th and 10th grade). The shop with about 55 participants marked authorities. two-day units were tested with two dif- the kick-off of the follow up project ferent school classes and were very well received. The pupils liked the combina- Overview on stakeholder dialog and tion of preparatory class work, field activities for a non-scientific audience course, and evaluation in the lab. The No. of publications for stakeholders outside the scientific community 4 material for the learning unit is now No. of press articles (newspapers, radio/TV broadcasts) 8 part of GLOBE Schweiz (www.globe- No. of courses, seminars, workshops for stakeholders outside swiss.ch/de/Uber_GLOBE/Schweiz/). the scientific community 4 No. of public information events for local/regional authorities Public information and residents 5 No. of courses, events, and activities at schools 3 events for local / regional No. of other events for a non-scientific audience 3 authorities No. of patents 0 The results of the Master program Hu- man-Environment Systems that studied the success of the river restoration of the Thur in Niederneunforn were also Outlook presented to those communities most affected by the restoration measures in The indicators by which the project will ter at times of abundance and to keep the municipalities of Neunforn, Thal- assess the success of the restoration of surplus supply in reserve for times of heim, and Altikon. This event was well the Thur River include landscape aes- high demand. A key proposition is that received and ended with an aperitif par- thetics, flood protection, and impacts artificial recharge of aquifers with river ty where locals could address further on forestry, agriculture, and housing – water might contribute to this; however, questions to the researchers. as well as effects on water provisioning the researchers recognize that it may and quality, nature, and socio-econom- be difficult for people to accept, as some ic benefits. So far, the project has given may think that river water is not clean positive evidence that the improved, enough. The team acknowledges that wider river provides potentially im- there may be a long way to go, but hopes proved protection against flooding. We that clear communication and the equal acknowledge that, for assessments to involvement of social scientists and pro- Project information be sturdy, primary indicators should be ject stakeholders will help to overcome Start date: October 1, 2012 both specific to the local conditions and any such barriers. Ultimately, we are Project duration: 4 years consistent, and their measurements convinced that tackling these complex CCES funding: CHF 1 million should be taken both before and after issues requires a meticulous and Third-party funds acquired: river restoration. Continued monitoring holistic approach. The development of CHF 2.132 million will also be important to evaluate long- such an approach is the next step with- Principal investigator: term effects. The project has highlight- in the RECORD Catchment project. Mario Schirmer ed the need to temporarily diverge wa- e-mail: [email protected] Partner institutions: Eawag, WSL, ETH Zurich, EPF Lausanne Website: www.cces.ethz.ch/ projects/nature/Record 50 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

ADAPT The African dams project: adapt planning and operation of large dams to social needs and environmental constraints – an integrated water resource management study in the Zambezi Basin (synthesis project)

Figure 1: Participants of the first ADAPT stakeholder meeting in Lusaka, January 2011 (Photo: Bernhard Wehrli/Theodora Cohen).

Project summary

The African Dams Project improved the scientific basis of integrated water resources management in the Zambezi River Basin, Southern Africa. The goal of the final synthesis phase was to generalize methodological developments for managing reservoirs and wetlands, and to validate generated knowledge. Critical reservoir processes were modeled and a broad range of recom- mendations for dam operation were developed. Two forthcoming synthesis publications will further contribute to dam operation rules regarding ecosystem management and water allocation in the basin. The synthesis phase also intensified communication and capacity building. The ADAPT database and an open-source hydrologic model were received with great interest by water experts and were further developed and supported to be applied in the basin. The project has produced one research summary brochure and one final report for stakeholders. Final results and publications have been exchanged at several stakeholder meetings and workshops, and all published information was distributed on USB sticks, as well as on the online database.

Scientific achievements and highlights

The interdisciplinary African Dams Pro- ered scientific information on the im- modeling, concrete suggestions for the ject (ADAPT) focused on research and pacts of dams on the environment, and optimization of dam operation to im- capacity building in integrated water re- on the economy and politics in the Zam- prove downstream water quality were sources management. It included ac- bezi River Basin, Southern Africa. The published (Kunz et al., 2013), and have tors in Zambia and Mozambique and remain goal of the synthesis phase was to received much attention from the inter- search groups at ETH, EPFL, and transform the gathered scientific in- national press (Schultz, 2013). An arti- Eawag. Combined studies at basin and sights into generally applicable models cle summarizing the works of ADAPT sub-basin scale in ecology, biogeo- and concepts. The integration of ADAPT on the basin-wide scale was published chemistry, economy, politics, and hy- works lead to results for scientific and in the proceedings of the international drology formed the basis for optimizing societal practice. The dissemination of conference on hydropower in Africa dam management. The generated results to stakeholders, and capacity (Mertens et al., 2013), where many knowledge and models contributed to building based on developed tools was stakeholders from the African hy- sustainable development by helping to an important part of the final phase. dropower sector were present. Addi- adapt dam operation rules to social and Biogeochemical reservoir-internal tionally, a hydro-economic model has environmental needs. processes have been summarized con- just been finished. It analyzes net ben- In the past six years, ADAPT has gath- ceptually. Based on biogeochemical efits for the Kafue River sub-basin un- CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 51

der different development scenarios, focusing on the expansion of hydropower and irrigation (Casarotto, submitted). Three synthesis publications are still in progress, and will substantially contribute to currently important and ongoing discussions: 1. Environmental flows and ecosystem management in the Kafue sub- basin. The paper links hydrological (Meier, 2012) and ecological findings (Blaser, 2013), and will present rec- ommendations of best dam management practices for a better ecosystem functioning. It increases Figure 2: Final Stakeholder Meeting at the Zambian Water Forum and Exhibition in Lusaka, No- the knowledge for and receives at- vember 2013 (Photo: Jasmin Mertens). tention from currently planned studies of international organizations zambezi.epfl.ch) was developed with ences. Our proposal for a session at the such as WWF, GIZ, and the World data displayed in geographical context. World Water Week in September 2013 Bank in the same area. Reports, scientific articles and other was approved. During one hour, results 2. Role of floodplains on river biogeo- useful data are in the progress to be up- of the project were presented and dis- chemistry. This contribution com- loaded. The database has received very cussed to a range of international water bines the high primary production in positive feedback and interest among professionals from the private and pub- the floodplains (Blaser et al., 2013), national and international organiza- lic sectors. water levels, and nutrient and car- tions such as the Zambezi River Com- The synthesis project ended with a final bon export data from a floodplain mission and the World Bank. Currently, stakeholder meeting in November (Zurbrügg et al., 2013, Wehrli, 2013) three promising institutions are inter- 2013. It was held as a session embed- to generate carbon, nutrient, and ested in hosting the database in the ded in the Zambian Water Forum and phosphorous budgets for the Kafue basin, and dialogs are ongoing. Exhibition, reaching many water user Flats for the rainy and the dry sea- A hydrologic-hydraulic model, the «Soil groups also beyond the established son. and Water Assessment Tool» (SWAT) partnerships of ADAPT. This event in- 3. Water allocation for irrigation and was implemented for the entire basin by cluded the presentation of key results, energy in the Zambezi River Basin. integrating a floodplain function which and small group discussions of scien- This publication contributes to the so far did not exist. It simulates future tific outcomes and implementation question on how to best use water in development scenarios, looking specif- strategies with participants. A work- a sustainable way to improve food ically at hydropower generation. This shop with training in the use of the security and energy production us- model will be made available to stake- database, hydrologic-hydraulic models, ing a detailed SWAT model set up for holders on the database in the near fu- and satellite data was offered the sec- the Zambezi River Basin (Cohen- ture, and interest to use it for training ond day. A stakeholder report summa- Liechti, 2013). purposes comes from the Eduardo rizing the main outcomes on basin- Capacity building has been achieved by Mondlane University in Mozambique, wide and sub-basin scale (Mertens, enhancing communication with and WaterNet in Zimbabwe, and the World 2013b) was distributed to interested training of stakeholders. Three African Bank. groups during the final stakeholder master students of the ADAPT project Communication with stakeholders in- meeting. Suggestions for improved are now employed in responsible posi- cluded knowledge dissemination, dam operation could be summarized tions in the water, ecology, and health workshops, and stakeholder meetings. based on the compiled data of the pro- sectors in Zambia. Furthermore, the In cooperation with all project groups a ject. All published material, such as project collaborators developed short summary brochure was prepared scientific articles, reports, and data promising tools which can be applied in (Mertens, 2013a), of which about 130 have been handed out on a USB stick to river basin management. copies have been distributed within one stakeholders and partners. To address one of the most significant year. challenges, data acquisition and shar- References mentioned in the article can ing at basin-scale, the Zambezi Water The African Dams Project was repre- be found in the electronic appendix of Resources Database website (http:// sented at various international confer- this report. 52 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

TRAMM-2 Triggering of rapid mass movements in steep terrain

Project summary

TRAMM follows up on a first four-year period (2006 to 2010) of collaborative interdisciplinary research of several ETH Domain units with the aim to better understand mechanisms of rapid mass movements. While the first phase contained numerous dedicated field and lab experiments, such as an artificially released landslide on a steep forest slope, the second phase focuses on further developing numerical models to make them usable in future early warning systems. Recent progress has been achieved in accounting for high-resolution precipitation information and hydro-geological impacts in landslide models, as well as in linking the triggering and runout of mass movements. In addition, our recent work has substantially advanced the understanding and use of acoustic emissions as precursors of landslides and snow avalanches. In a workshop with practitioners, we have discussed limitations of current early warning systems (EWS) and how EWS can be further developed for a safe and timely recognition of imminent hazards. TRAMM research has also been presented to a broad audience at Scientifica 2013.

Scientific achievements and highlights

Recent achievements in numerical modeling of landslides and debris flows

1) Accounting for high-resolution precipitation information: In this second phase of the TRAMM project, a new expert team for precipitation radar remote sensing of precipitation has joined the consortium. Using cut- ting-edge simulation tools, a new non- stationary stochastic rainfall simulator has been developed to study the effects of rainfall variability and intermittency (i.e., the alternation of dry and rainy periods) on the triggering of landslides. The simulator takes data from weather radars, satellites or numerical weather Figure 1: Installation of measurement equipment in the upper area of Meretschibach (Agarn, VS) (Photo: Nicole Oggier, WSL). predictions and disaggregates them to finer scales while preserving their main statistical properties (distribution, in- gen, and Rufiberg provided evidence for model (the CODE Bright coupled soft- termittency, and structure). Because it the importance of the water exchange ware) has been validated and further is stochastic, ensembles of realizations at the interface between soil and run to isolate the effects and to com- can be generated for a single input bedrock. This aspect has been further bine them. field. These scenarios have been explored using small scale instrument- passed to soil and landslide models to ed centrifuge model tests under en- 3) Linking triggering and flow: study and identify the most critical rain- hanced gravity. Geotechnical data have Linking the triggering and runout of fall patterns. been generated showing bedrock ef- rapid mass movements has been a key fects below a shallow layer of silty sand objective of this second project phase. 2) Accounting for hydro-geological that explain how the triggering process For example, a multi-phase continuum impacts: was initiated and developed. Guided by modeling approach is currently being The full-scale landslide experiments of the knowledge gained from the control extended to model the propagation and the first project phase in Wiler, Rüdlin- tests on physical models, a numerical deposition of the flow based on the ma- CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 53

Figure 2: Acoustic monitoring of an avalanche release zone in the Steintälli basin above Davos (Photo: Jürg Schweizer, SLF). terial point method. The code uses a For hazard analysis it is also important ment. The model is currently being generalized, hydro-mechanical effec- to be able to predict the increase in vol- tested using the RAMMS debris flow tive stress framework, and it can han- ume of a landslide as it transforms in- runout model from the WSL-SLF. dle both 2D and 3D problems with dy- to a debris flow. The growth of such a namic behavior involving large defor- flow takes place through the incorpora- Advances in the understanding mations at large scale and the inclusion tion or entrainment of saturated sedi- and use of acoustic emissions as of sophisticated soil constitutive mod- ment from the channel bed. Unfortu- precursors of landslides and snow els. This approach allows capturing the nately, the mechanics of debris flow avalanches impact force on objects and construc- erosion remain poorly understood and tions, which would be a required input no generally accepted models are 1) Acoustic emissions during shearing for the assessment of vulnerability in available. We have developed an en- of geologic granular media risk analysis. trainment algorithm based on system- Before a destabilized snow or soil mass Runout and impact of rapid mass atic observations of debris flow events is released, various types of local failure movements are controlled by the loca- of known size at the Illgraben Catch- events occur. Such precursors are as- tion of the initiation and the surface topography, as well as the composition Overview on scientific achievements of the released mass (volume, shape, Scientific publications grain sizes, and water content). To im- No. of peer-reviewed ISI journal publications 26 prove the simulation of landslide No. of peer-reviewed non-ISI journal publications 4 runout, we have combined our SOC- No. of PhD theses 7 based model framework, which was No. of master and diploma theses 10 developed in phase 1 of the TRAMM No. of abstracts, proceedings, presentations, and posters project, with empirical and physically- at scientific conferences, congresses and workshops 55 based calculations of runout distance. Scientific events In a following study, the information on No. of conferences and workshops open to an audience location and constitution of (simulated) beyond project partners and participants 4 landslides will serve as input for more No. of PhD courses, summer schools, etc. 3 advanced and accurate physically- No. of other scientific events 0 based models of debris flow dynamics. 54 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

sociated with the release of elastic (‘fibers’) represent the mechanical be- veloping and improving statistical rela- waves denoted as acoustic emissions. In havior of grain contacts. Two PhD theses tions between avalanche formation and a series of direct shear box experiments related to this work have been success- meteorological data, which nowadays (with glass beads and two gradings of fully completed in 2013. are readily available with high temporal silty sands), the mechanical responses resolution. Based on our data, we were of contractancy and dilatancy were 2) Monitoring of snow avalanche able to show for the first time that there measured simultaneously with acoustic activity in alpine start zones is a lag of a few hours between the rise emissions. The analysis indicated that We instrumented two field sites above in snow surface temperature and the an increase of normal stress results in Davos with seismic monitoring equip- onset of wet-snow avalanching during a an increase of number of acoustic emis- ment to obtain accurate snow avalanche period of intense avalanche activity in sions, and different deformation mech- occurrence data. During periods of high the spring of 2013. Overall, our results anism between loose and dense sample avalanche activity, the waiting time be- show that seismic monitoring can be can be captured by the acoustic emis- tween avalanches decreased, suggest- used to improve our understanding of sion responses in dry soil. The mea- ing that an early warning based on ac- processes involved in avalanche forma- surements were reproduced success- curate and near real-time avalanche tion, and ultimately, improve their fore- fully by a modified fiber bundle ap- activity is possible. Accurate avalanche casting. proach, where the model constituents activity data are also essential for de-

Scientific events organized

An international workshop on the several contributions related to have a great potential for improving the acoustic and seismic monitoring of TRAMM. Approximately 70 participants early recognition of imminent mass bedload and mass movements has from 15 countries discussed recent movements such as landslides, debris been organized in September 2013 with progress in the above techniques that flows, or snow avalanches.

Stakeholder dialog and activities for a non-scientific audience

Collaboration with authorities and water in the subsurface near the initia- debris flow risk in the Valais practitioners at current hot-spots: tion zones. Simulations of landslide (Meretschibach). Two PhD students Spreitlauibach, Meretschibach, Eriz. runout with the software RAMMS were have been engaged over the past made, and provide a useful catalog of months in setting up the field site to link Some of our TRAMM research activities parameters which users need to run the relationship between rainfall and have been in close collaboration with the model, e.g. to support the develop- temperature, rock weathering and in- cantonal authorities at locations with ment of new hazard maps for the region stability, surface erosion of scree, sur- recent or ongoing severe hazard events. or the design of mitigation measures. ficial sliding, vegetation, and the forma- In this way, both the researchers and Second, one of our PhD students is ex- tion of debris flows. This project is cur- practitioners benefited from a mutual ploring the Spreitlauibach in the rently in the early stages. The cantonal exchange of experience. Bernese Oberland, a debris flow chan- and local authorities are following this For example, the Eriz valley in the can- nel that has become very active in the project very closely and contribute with ton of Bern was affected by a large last years endangering a village and a finances for lidar and radar interfer- number of landslides following an ex- major transportation route. The RAMMS rometry monitoring of the initiation ceptionally large rainfall event on July model with erosion will be useful at the area. 4, 2012. Many of these landslides trans- Spreitgraben because entrainment of formed into unchannelized hillslope sediment significantly influences the ITES-Kolloquium December 2012 debris flows. We documented the indi- flow properties and runout distance of A seminar for forest practitioners has vidual landslides with the goal of un- debris flows. Such a model will be quite been held in December 2012 at ETH derstanding the influence of the local helpful when a new debris flow hazard Zurich to report on our findings from geology and hydrogeology on their oc- map is constructed for this region. the TRAMM project. The different field currence. The influence of geology was And finally, a new SNSF-financed mul- experiments and the new landslide found to be quite strong, with subsur- tidisciplinary research project with the model system were presented together face layering of bedrock and weathered involvement of several TRAMM groups with new findings related to the impact bedrock strongly influencing the flow of has been established at a hot-spot of of root reinforcement on slope stability. CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 55

Figure 3: CCES project TRAMM-2 at Scientifica 2013 (Photo: M. Stähli, WSL).

The audience was particularly interest- a position paper that presents their vi- videos on landslide modeling and ex- ed in the potential use of acoustic emission of next-generation EWS. periments. Additional information on a sion measurements for future early poster board gave a short overview on warning systems. In addition, the need TRAMM @ Scientifica 2013 the objectives of TRAMM and the prob- for maps on soil types and water con- Highlights of the TRAMM project have lems related to forecast of fast mass tents was highlighted by the practition- been presented to a broad public with- avalanches. The visitors were mostly ers. in the frame of the scientific exposition attracted by the running experiment Scientifica 2013 at the University of (linking sand avalanches with precur- Workshop EWS Appenberg, Zurich. Three stands visualized (i) the sors detected by acoustic emission January 2013 impact and dynamics of debris flow, (ii) measurements) that initiated many Early Warning Systems (EWS) for Rapid the ‘criticality’ of the triggering process discussions on the potential of early Mass Movements are being used in- with a sand-pile experiment, and (iii) warning systems. creasingly in Switzerland and worldwide. They can point to the imminent occurrence of a local hazard, such as a debris flow or a collapsing slope, as Overview on stakeholder dialog and well as to the general risk of rapid mass activities for a non-scientific audience movements in a given region. In a work- No. of publications for stakeholders outside the scientific community 4 shop with invited representatives of No. of press articles (newspapers, radio/TV broadcasts) 2 cantonal authorities and engineering No. of courses, seminars, workshops for stakeholders outside companies in January 2013, the the scientific community 1 TRAMM project team discussed attrib- No. of public information events for local/regional authorities utes and deficits of current EWS and and residents 4 the necessary developments to fulfill No. of courses, events, and activities at schools 0 the future needs of natural hazard ex- No. of other events for a non-scientific audience 0 perts. As a concrete outcome of this No. of patents 0 workshop, the participants have drafted 56 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Figure 4: A new landslide triggering models based on the concept of self-organized criticality has been further developed during the second phase of TRAMM (Photo: P. Lehmann).

Outlook

The TRAMM project will go on for an- A main goal will be to prepare a basis for data with the effect on steep scree and other one-and-a-half years extending ongoing fruitful collaboration in the field partially vegetated slopes. Finally, we into other collaborative research activ- of rapid mass movements through com- expect to further advance our under- ities on modeling, observing, and man- mon projects, meetings, and strategies. standing of acoustic emissions as pre- aging rapid mass movements. Such fol- The further elaboration of our white pa- cursors of rapid mass movements low-up projects have been established per on early warning systems will be a through additional field and lab experi- already (e.g. two SNSF projects and one concrete contribution to this end. ments. NRP 68 project) or will be planned in the In the remainder of the TRAMM project, The most important findings and tools coming months. our research will specifically focus on that have arisen from TRAMM will be testing our model frameworks that cou- communicated to the Swiss experts in ple triggering and runout. Test areas Natural Hazards (Fachleute Naturge- will be the Eriz valley, the Napf region fahren) in 2015 either in the form of a and different sites in the Valais. We will special issue or at the occasion of their Project information also continue to link the meteorological annual meeting. Start date: April 1, 2012 Project duration: 3 years CCES funding: CHF 1 million Third-party funds acquired: CHF 0.805 million Principal investigator: Manfred Stähli e-mail: [email protected] Partner institutions: WSL, ETH Zurich, EPF Lausanne Website: www.cces.ethz.ch/ projects/hazri/tramm CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 57

Research Platform OSPER/SwissExperiment

Project summary

The SwissEx project lasted for four years, two of which are covered in this CCES Report. This report also covers the first year of the Open Support Platform for Environmental Research (OSPER), the phase II project of the Swiss Experiment Platform.

Over the course of the past five years, SwissEx has achieved most of its targets: it has provided the primary data repository for CCES and has developed new technologies to augment the measurements of CCES projects. The platform continues to be developed under the OSPER project. This project will take the already successful data platform and develop it into a leading edge knowledge and data exploration platform. Many of the products not carried through to OSPER will continue to be developed outside of the project’s framework.

The data platform is now a very stable and extremely capable system. It is no longer ‘just a database’, but has alarms, visualizations and advanced data search capabilities built in, the core of which is provided through metadata – data integration on the basis of a semantic wiki. This technology will provide researchers with the tools to integrate their data into the enviDat data portal.

Scientific achievements and highlights

Figure 1: Tools are under development for in-depth investigation of spatial data and its temporal dependence.

Main Developments The database middleware, GSN of dataset-focused user authentication. Ongoing developments in the SwissEx (goo.gl/02kjQ5), has been significantly This allows multiple data-owners full platform are concentrated around the extended and has now been adopted by control of user access to their specific components of the data system but dur- many groups within ETH, who have datasets via a webapp request system, ing the first phase, significant develop- found that it eases the integration of da- solving many data protection issues. ments were also made in environmen- ta into their databases. A significant de- tal sensing systems. velopment within GSN was the addition 58 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Figure 2: Radar measurements in Davos (goo.gl/G2z8p7) were used in new findings of in-air snow characterization, small-scale precipitation variability, and snow redistribution processes.

GSN has been extended to support to innovate as well as improve in quali- cy data already available, and short- many data types. A main avenue of de- ty and reliability. www.sensorscope.ch term, localized, high frequency, high velopment has been the integration of density data. Many projects took advan- gridded data series, tools to allow their Collaborative working tage of these deployments and scientif- visualization, and export/aggregation of Sharing of existing resources was a ically significant outcomes directly re- subsets of the data. WebGIS-based theme promoted through SwissEx and lated to these measurements were pro- tools (goo.gl/WFIII7) allow the user to many spin-off projects have been vided in many disciplines (goo.gl/ visualize their spatially distributed data formed through the collaborations initi- 5PCf0E). Of note was the work on agri- (in real-time where appropriate) and its ated in SwissEx: infrastructure collabo- culture in Burkina Faso, high-alpine temporal dependence. rations continue in the Matter Valley and snow hydrology in La Fouly, precipita- Our most advanced data query types at Neunforn (goo.gl/OkLPhz); GNSS tion gradients in the Matter Valley, pre- will, in future, require full integration of measurements of snow height and cipitation and snow redistribution in data, sensor metadata, and topograph- snow water equivalent are taking place Davos, and groundwater flow charac- ical metadata to take advantage of ‘sta- at Weissfluhjoch (goo.gl/VN8pZY); col- terization in the Thur River. tic’ information about the position and laborations on remote data acquisition environment when selecting the sensor continue; and many data sharing part- Scientific events data of interest. In order to achieve our nerships have been formed. A workshop/conference on eInfrastruc- goal, we have now enabled our WebGIS tures will take place at the Centro Ste- system to query, filter, and display both Scientific developments fano Franscini on June 29 to July 3, data and metadata from the remote, Besides hardware and software devel- 2014. This conference will bring leading distributed databases. opment, SwissEx aimed to collect data, IT scientists, developers, and environ- in some cases with the prototype hard- mental data providers and users to In the sensor hardware domain, Swis- ware, to look at the relationships be- Monte Verità and offers an in-depth dis- sEx delivered the first Single Photon tween long-term, sparse, low frequen- cussion of infrastructure development. Avalanche Diode (SPAD)-based video disdrometer components. The hard- Overview on scientific achievements ware delivered was able to produce high Scientific publications resolution images at a speed of 500,000 No. of peer-reviewed ISI journal publications 39 fps using only a few watts (goo.gl/ No. of peer-reviewed non-ISI journal publications 13 ao29gj). No. of PhD theses 6 No. of master and diploma theses 17 The SensorScope project played a ma- No. of abstracts, proceedings, presentations, and posters jor part in increasing the temporal and at scientific conferences, congresses and workshops 136 spatial resolution of measurements in Scientific events many CCES projects. This project No. of conferences and workshops open to an audience formed into a spin-off company, which beyond project partners and participants 7 is still operating successfully. Many No. of PhD courses, summer schools, etc. 5 partners are still purchasing hardware No. of other scientific events 5 through the company, which continues CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 59

We have already secured an excellent Scientific partnerships cessfully deployed complex models roster of invited international speakers Within the OSPER project, we have across hundreds of data sources, using from across the field and we will build been working closely with the Swiss the GC3Pie software library to manage upon this to bring a forum for the dis- Academic Compute Cloud Project to the algorithm deployment within the cussion of worldwide environmental work out how to lever the power of cloud. data to our doorstep. For more infor- cloud computing for the average PhD mation, see www.eei2014.org. student or researcher. We have suc-

Stakeholder dialog and activities for a non-scientific audience

Environmental Education The two projects provided many cours- tal data. Environmental Education was a huge es for both students and teachers. Stakeholder involvement success within Swiss Experiment. The These courses took influential scien- Stakeholders have always been at the Seismo-at-school and Climatscope tists to the schools to relate both the center of SwissEx developments, projects provided many children with a science and the life of a researcher, as through its close integration into the stimulating introduction to environ- well as bringing students and teachers other CCES projects. WSL/SLF has al- mental science and left a lasting legacy to the excellent FocusTerra facility, ways been the main stakeholder, and of materials for the education of future where many extra teaching resources continues to invest in the integration of classes. This material is available to are available. much of its long-term field based data any school, and is propagated further and metadata. Wider audiences have by GLOBE CH. In the final year, the Climatscope project been involved in individual components deployed a network of permanent me- of the project, but there has been little Both education projects have websites teo stations at schools across the coun- adoption of the whole system. We are for the propagation of materials, expla- try for the collaborative comparison of now working on raising the profile of nation of their use, and comparison/ex- parameters by school classes. This the system both nationally and interna- ploration of data. These websites are: complements the existing network of tionally. SwissEx partners have been in- www.seismo.ethz.ch/edu/seismo_ seismometers set-up under the Seis- volved in dialog at many levels interna- school/ and www.swiss-experiment.ch/ mo-at-school project and allows the tionally this year, for example with in- index.php/Climatscope_en. students to work with real environmen- volvement in GEO and discussions with

Figure 3: Open resources (Open Street Map shown here) and a new server infrastructure are being prepared for an open access version of our WebGIS-based data platform. 60 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment CCES Report 2011 to 2013

Figure 4: (left) SwissEx deliverables are embedded in pages to show exactly which tasks were carried out under the project. (right) These links provide the reader with all the information on the outcome of the tasks and delivered publications.

the CUAHSI community. future, this will also be possible using Making this content visible in a simple Public data/system access their existing (e.g. Facebook) creden- manner is not a trivial task and indeed, With the exception of the WebGIS sys- tials as the basis against which access work continues: tem, all of the tools available within rights will be logged. All data will be SwissEx are both open source and open published and available using interna- • An improved webpage to the public. In the next year, a public tional standards, such that they may be • Improved visibility of task progress version of the WebGIS will also be de- discovered and queried by worldwide • Improved usage instructions ployed in order to allow any users to ex- data systems (where appropriate). • Use of data collected under SwissEx plore the data geographically. Though in a demonstrational context many of the data sources are protected, We have worked hard over the past year we are working to make as many as to also make the progress of SwissEx In summary, though educational pro- possible open to the public. The avail- developments publicly visible. The jects were limited to the first phase of ability of all data sources within GSN is breadth and depth of work carried out the SwissEx project, the OSPER project now publicly accessible. Any member under the Swiss Experiment platform continues to look outwards through the of the public is also able to create a GSN project means that there is a huge extension, simplification, and promo- account and request access to data. In amount of content to present to users. tion of the products produced in the first phase.

Overview on stakeholder dialog and activities for a non-scientific audience No. of publications for stakeholders outside the scientific community 8 No. of press articles (newspapers, radio/TV broadcasts) 21 No. of courses, seminars, workshops for stakeholders outside the scientific community 9 No. of public information events for local/regional authorities and residents 13 No. of courses, events, and activities at schools 34 No. of other events for a non-scientific audience 8 No. of patents 0 CCES Report 2011 to 2013 Part II: Individual research projects and research platform Swiss Experiment 61

Figure 5: Weissfluhjoch drift experiment using SensorScope technology with high resolution laser snow height sensors attached.

Outlook

The remainder of the CCES OSPER pro- Where domain-specific tools are re- ployment methods and publications ject will see the convergence of system quired, they will be developed using sci- services and will provide all the tools to components, such that all aspects of entific desktop programming language, add context to data. This should be a the data are available in each of the but with a focus on connecting these platform on which data can be stored metadata entry, data query, and webGIS tools seamlessly with the data system. for use alongside data publications. visualization platforms. In addition to Statistical tools, often misunderstood Investigations towards a possible long- this, we will provide enhanced tools for or mis-implemented outside the do- term funding scheme will take place the discovery and investigation of data main of mathematics, will be provided within the OSPER project. This funding sources. All tools will be developed to as vignettes – implemented, docu- scheme will ensure that Swiss Experi- conform to international data sharing mented examples. ment can continue to work together standards, whilst also focusing on in- The platform is to move towards be- with enviDat to form a long-term envi- creasing functionality by introducing coming not just a data platform but a ronmental data platform. new queries and visualization methods. knowledge platform. It will include de-

Project information Start date: September 1, 2012 Project duration: 3 years CCES funding: CHF 1.150 million Third-party funds acquired: CHF 1.6058 million Principal investigator: Michael Lehning e-mail: [email protected] Partner institutions: WSL, ETH Zurich, EPF Lausanne Website: www.cces.ethz.ch/ projects/platforms 62 CCES Report 2011 to 2013 CCES Report 2011 to 2013 XXText

Part III Detailed information on project achievements

Detailed information on scientific achievements and highlights as well as on stakeholder dialog and activities for a non-scientific audience by the individual projects is available as a PDF versionat www.cces.ethz.ch/downloads/ CCES_Report_2011-2013_Appendix.pdf