Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 227-234

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 6 (2017) pp. 227-234 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.027

Biodiversity of in Lambasingi, A.P., India

D. Sai Kumari*, Laxmana Rao Goje and Neeti saxena

Mycology and Plant Pathology Lab, Department of Botany, University College For women, Koti, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India *Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

The present study highlights the lichens, bryophytes species collected from

K e yw or ds the Lambasingi area. It is a small village in Chinthapally mandal, Vishakapatnam district, A.P., India. One hundred and twenty one species Lambasingi, belonging to 16 genera 11 families were identified and presented. Most of

Vishakapatnam, them are foliose, crustose, leprose and bryophytes. Among these species Epiphytic,

Foliose, more number of Lepraria incana, maximum number of Parmelia sulcata, Peltigera canina, Xanthoria elegans, muralis, Flavoparmelia Crustose lichens

Article Info carpeta, Ganoderma lucidium, Polytrichum juniperum, Lecanora rupicola

and Pseudocyphelleria rainierensis , Tetraphis geniculata, Accepted: physodes, Melanalia exaspertula, Everia mesomorpha, 04 May 2017 Available Online: nigrescens, Caloplaca thallincola , Usnea substerilis and least number of 10 June 2017 lichens were recorded. A preliminary survey has been done in Lambasingi. Anatomical and chemical tests have to be done.

Introduction

Lambasingi is a small village in the shelter from the weather. The makes Chinthapally mandal of Vishakapatnam up 90% of whole . Alga contains district of Andhrapradesh, India. It is called as chlorophyll it can produce food by the process Khashmir of Andhrapradesh. It is 1000 meters of photosynthesis (Marijana Kosanić, above from the sea level and the temperatures Branislav Ranković., 2010). The symbiotic are as low as 0ºC in December- January. It is relationship of fungus and alga helps lichens an agency area, 101km far from adapt to life in all kinds of places. Some Vishakapatnam on road. Sunlight appears lichens grow on dead wood, on tree bark or only after 10am and there is heavy snowfall in on the ground and some are grow on rocks winter with thick fog. The location is (Taylor et al., 1995). All lichens need some 17049‟10”N and 82029‟26”E. water to grow but they also exist in dry conditions for long time due to its absorbent Lichens are a symbiotic association of an nature. When rainfall adds moisture to the air algal partner (phyco-biont) and a fungal they absorb most of the water than their body partner myco-biont (Ahmadijan, 1993). The weight. Most of them are growing in spring fungus act as the house for the alga, giving it and rainy season. When the weather is dry

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 227-234 lichens may go dormant stage. They cannot made, anatomical and chemical study has to live in the pollution area due to atmosphere be done. contains sulphur dioxide they may damage the chlorophyll in algal partner. Results and Discussion

Lichens synthesize various bioactive One hundred and twenty one species components, which sometimes constitute belonging to 16 genera 11 families were more than 30% of the dry mass of talus collected from the forest. The species are (Galun, 1988). Although there are about Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis, Tetraphis 20,000 species of them around the world, and geniculata, Hypogymnia physodes, Melanelia even they make 8% of the terrestrial exasperatula, Parmelia sulcata, Peltigera ecosystems, their biological activity and canina, Xanthoria elegans, biological components are not distinguished mesomorpha, Collema nigrescens, Caloplaca very much (Toma et al., 2001). Various thallincola, Usnea substerilis, Lecanora biological activities of some lichens and their muralis, Flavoparmelia carpeta, Lepraria components are known, such as antiviral, incana, Lecanora dispersa, Ganoderma anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, analgetic, anti- lucidium, Polytrichum juniperum, Lecanora pyretic, anti-proliferative, antiprotozoal rupicola were identified. (Lawrey, 1986; Halama et al., 2004; Huneck, 1999). Besides, many species are used for Most of the lichens are foliose, crustose, a human nutrition, animal nutrition, for getting few are leprose lichens. Ganoderma, colors, perfumes, alcohol and in the medicine bryophytes were reported. They are present industry (Kirmizigul et al., 2003). Lichens either on rocks (or) on bark of trees. Their have also, for hundreds of years, been used in appearance is white to brown with yellowish many European countries as a cure for green (or) orange tint. stomach diseases, diabetes, cough, pulmonary tuberculosis, wounds curing, dermatological Lichen species diseases (Baytop, 1999; Huneck, 1999). The usage of some lichens in the traditional Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis medicine for many years was later justified by numerous researches which proved their Old growth specklebelly lichen is a distinctive antimicrobal activity (Cansaran et al., 2006; macrolichen characterized by large, draping Choudhary et al., 2005; Gulluce et al., 2006; curatin lobes. A pale greenish – blue upper Rankovic et al., 2007). surface, rogged, lobulate to isidiate lobe margins and a pale lower surface scattered The present work is a preliminary survey of small white spots (Goward, 1996). lichen flora of Vizag agency area, as it has been unexplored. Hypogymnia physodes

Materials and Methods Monk‟ s-hood lichen is variable in form, usually forming flattened or somewhat erect The collection of lichens was made from the closely attached, gray to blue-gray, long or 28th to 31st December 2016 only at short smooth lobes which are often irregular Lambasingi near areas. The collection was branched at the tips. Lobe tips are hollow, done in the deep forest for future studies. The usually inflated, and hood-like, producing images were taken from their original pale green powdery vegetative granules on locations. Only morphological study was the inside. The lower surface is wrinkled, 228

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 227-234 black, lacking attachment outgrowths. The Peltigera canina fungal layer is white, and fruiting bodies are rare (Rankovic et al 2008). The upper surface of scaledog-lichen has smooth, dull gray, greenish brown to brown, Melanelia exasperatula more or less wavy lobes which tend to become crisp upon aging, and with a thin Lustrous brown lichen has closely attached, wooly covering on the lobe tips. Minute small often oily shiny and centrally dull, olive-green flat regeneration bodies can develop along to olive-brown, smooth, flat to slightly stress cracks and margins. The pale wrinkled lobes, which are sometimes raised at undersurface has a network of slightly raised the tips, or reflected at the margins. No light brown to brown veins, becoming darker powdery or granular vegetative structures are towards the center, and with simple rather present; instead small bumps on the upper long thread-likeout growth. Fruiting bodies surface enlarge into inflated, hollow, shiny, are uncommon (Johnson et al., 1995). club shaped or barrel-shaped structures, with simple or occasionally forked tips, which are Xanthoria elegans miniature vegetative structures. Elegant sunburst lichen is a showy species, The lower side is tan to dark brown, having forming almost circular patches, with many attachment structures. Fruiting bodies radiating, irregular branched, pale yellowish are very uncommon (Brodo et al., 2000). orange to dark red-orange lobes. The lobes are closely attached, rounded, and narrow, Parmelia sulcata lacking vegetative structures. The lower protective surface is white without attachment Hammered shield lichen has blue or ashy bodies. Fruiting bodies are sessile or slightly gray, lobes, becoming almost brown in open stalked, yellow to orange, with flat or convex locations, but becoming a light green when discs the same colour as the lichen body moistened. The lobes are elongated with (Thomson, 1997). entire or notched margins, with a network of sharp raised ridges and depressions with Evernia mesomorpha numerous small white dots caused by breaks in the upper surface, showing white fungal This yellowish green semi pendent or tufted strands breaking through on the surface. lichen, has irregularly thick, abundantly Round or elongate powdery vegetative divided, angular, and longitudinally wrinkled structures can often be seen along these ridges to partly flattened, soft and pliable branches. or on lobe margins. Abundant coarse masses of yellowish to grayish vegetative structures occur on the The underside is black, with numerous simple angular ridges. No fruiting bodies are present. attachment structures, which become The inner fungal layer is white and loose. branched upon maturity. Fruiting bodies are rare, but occasionally produced directly or on Collema nigrescens short stalks upon the upper surface; margins entire, or occasionally with small powdery This is a foliose, small to medium-sized, vegetative structures. The disks are flat and gelatinous cyanolichen. The thallus is 2–5 cm dull brown (De Vries et al., 1998). diameter, but sometimes up to 10 cm; lobes are broadly rounded, 5–10 mm wide. It is

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 227-234 gelatinous when wet, dark olive to brownish rough rock surfaces, apothecia with orange or black, sometimes with yellowish brown discs, rather scattered in the center of the areas. Upper surface with “conspicuous thallus. Generally common on hard, blister-like pustules and ridges” (Brodo et al., silicaceous, coastal rocks (Ester Gaya et al., 2001). Isidia usually absent, but sometimes 2008). with globular to slightly oblong or flattened isidia, marginal and laminal, up to 0.2 mm Usnea substerilis wide. Soredia lacking, Apothecia very common and numerous, often crowded, to 1 Embossed beard is a rather small, usually mm diameter, disk brownish red, without 25mm long and wide, greenish or straw- pruina. Spores 5–13 celled, colorless, needle- yellow colored, erect, pendent species. The shaped with elongate pointed ends, straight or main stem has many rather tufted non-inflated spirally curved, 50–100 μm long x 3–4.5 μm branches, distinctly covered with cylindrical wide Photobiont cyanobacterial (). bumps, which are lacking on the branches, (Brodo et al., 2001; Nash et al., 2004; and has a narrow basal dark zone. Branches McCune and Geiser, 1997). are smooth, appearing at right angles to the main stem, bearing copious small, raised Caloplaca thallincola vegetative structures, containing a very fine whitish powdery substance in localized Thallus egg yellow to bright yellow –orange masses, and often mixed with easily detached and rather shiny, not pruinose, placodioid peg-like structures. Fruiting bodies are absent. with marginal lobes usually long and finger like, but lobing sometimes less evident on

Ganoderma lucidium Xanthoria elegans Usnea substerilis

Hypogymnia physodes Melanelia exasperatula Palmeria sulcata

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Lacanora rupicola Lepraria incana Flavoparmelia carpeta

Lecanora muralis sps

Lecanora muralis Lepraria incana

Thallus crustose, placodioid, closely adnate, Thallusleprose-sorediate, thick or thin, forming orbicular patches upper surface lacking well-defined lobes, whitish green to grayish green, glossy; central lobes areolate, greenish grey, diffuse and forming extensive, marginal parts plane, edges thin pruinose; irregularly spreading patches to 50 cm wide, lower surface ecorticate; apothecia sessile, less commonly in small, irregularly roundish, lecanorine type, exciple dense and intact ± delimited colonies. when young, and disc plane, but when mature, exciple laciniate, disc protrude, Three to five mm wide that eventually yellowish brown to orange (Xin Li Wei et al., coalesce; medulla absent; hypo thallus very 2007). well developed, white or rarely pale greyish white, forming a thick weft covered with Flavoparmelia carpeta soredia except for a soredia-free zone at the thallus margins, composed of branched and This is common green shield lichen, is a occasionally anastomosing hyphae 2.5–4 μm medium to large foliose lichen that has a very thick with smooth or rough walls distinctive pale yellow green upper cortex when dry. Soredia farinose, dispersed over the hypo thallus or forming a thick, continuous layer, ± The rounded lobes, measuring 3-8 mm wide roundish, 16–40 μm wide, surrounded by an usually have patches of granular soredia incomplete „wall‟, sometimes aggregated in arising from pustules. The lobes of thallus round to slightly elongated clumps may be smooth, but quite often have a (consoredia) to 80 μm wide, very rarely with wrinkled appearance. The lower surface is a few projecting hyphae to 15 μm long; black except for a brown margin, rhizomes photobiont chlorococcoid, with individual attached to the lower surface are black and cells 5–8 (–10) μm diametre (Gintaras unbranched (Ioana Vicol, 2013). Kantvilas, 2006).

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Lecanora dispersa male and female stems on separate plants Juniper hair cap moss's leathery leaves are 4 Thallus thin and disappearing or immersed, to 8 mm long. They spread widely when leaving apothecia mostly scattered on the moist, becoming narrower and more upright substrate surface, apothecia small, usually when dry. Leaf margins curve into the stem 1mm diameter, with discs variable in color when dry, which probably reduces water loss but generally grey brown, margins pruinose. and enhances juniper hair cap moss's ability to They are very common on nutrient rich rocks photosynthesize on xeric sites. becoming a ubiquitous urban species. Tetrphis geniculata Ganoderma lucidium Commonly called as four toothed mass. It is an oriental fungus, large dark mushroom, Occurs on the cut (or) broken ends (or) lower with a glossy exterior and a woody texture.it half of large decay rotten logs (or) stumps. is seen throughout the world in temperate and Occassionally on peaty banks. This is a small sub- tropical locations. In nature it grows at green to reddish- brown tufts. Leaves are the base and stumps of deciduous trees, ovate, acute, 1-2mm long with costa ending especially maple. below the apex. It is autoicious with the capsule born a 7-17mm long seta that is Lecanora rupicola twisted, geniculate near the middle and papillose near the bend. The capsule is Crustose, continuousor rimose aerolate to narrowly cylindric, yellow brown 1.5-3.0 mm verrucose, prothallus, not visible or white long with 4 large peristome teeth (Zacharia areoles. Flat, thin or thick, opaque or glossy, and Magombo, 2003). ecorticate surface, whitish gray to gray green to greenish white, smooth, epruinose, with an Lichens occur from sea level to high alpine indistinct margin, esorediate Apothecia. Sub elevations, in a very wide range of immersed when young, sessile. Generally environmental conditions, and can grow on appears on the rocks and on the trees. almost any surface (Speer et al., 1997). Lichens are abundant growing on bark, Bryophytes leaves, mosses, on other lichens (Sharnoff, Stephen, 2014). Different kinds of lichens Polytrichum juniperum have adapted to survive in some of the most extreme environments on Earth: arctic tundra, Juniper hair cap moss is most common on hot dry deserts, rocky coasts, and toxic slag dry, exposed sites. It typically grows in open heaps. They can even live inside solid rock, woods and forests and old fields. It is rare in growing between the grains. moist soils, although it is found occasionally on moist sites such as stream banks and moist One hundred and twenty one species belong woods. Juniper hair cap moss stems are to 16 genera and 11 families were presented upright and unbranched in habit, growing in this survey. Among all these species from 0.4 to 4 inches (1-10cm) tall. The stems Lepraria incana was recorded as highest are a shiny bluish-green, resembling common number of lichen. Parmelia sulcata, Peltigera juniper (Juniperus communis) leaves in color canina, Xanthoria elegans, Lecanora muralis, and shape. Stems are usually densely packed. Flavoparmelia carpeta, Ganoderma lucidium, Juniper hair cap moss is heterothallic, with Polytrichum juniperum, Lecanora rupicola

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How to cite this article:

Sai Kumari, D., Laxmana Rao Goje and Neeti Saxena. 2017. Biodiversity of Lichens in Lambasingi, A.P., India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(6): 227-234. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.027

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