The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering No. 27
Save Our Shores Coastal Hazards & Engineering working to protect our coasts ON THE COVER: One of the engineers who traveled to the affected areas of the New Jersey shoreline after Hurricane Sandy hit in the fall of 2012 was Jennifer Irish, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech. a researcher for seven years at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal and Hydraulics on society’s need to improve and protect coastal infrastructure, Irish has attracted some $3.2 million from mostly government agencies to research coastal hazards. See story on page 12. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Department Head’s Message ...... 3
Research News From the London Bridge to the Bay Bridge – still looking to improve structural safety ...... 4 A pile of energy languishes, just waiting to be used ...... 6 Forty years in the forefront: The Occoquan Laboratory Story ...... 9 Two coastal towns, one seawall, and a critical difference in hurricane damage ...... 12
Faculty News New Faculty ...... 14 Faculty Honors and Achievements ...... 16
Student News Undergraduate scholarships ...... 17 Graduate scholarships and fellowships...... 18 Ph.D. degrees awarded ...... 19
Alumni News ...... 20
CEE Faculty by Program Area ...... 21 Vecellio Construction Engineering and Management Program...... 22 Environmental and Water Resources Program ...... 24 Geotechnical Program ...... 30 Structural Engineering and Material Program ...... 33 Transportation Infrastructure and Systems Engineering Program ...... 36
Via Scholars ...... 39
Via Alumni – Where are they now? ...... 57
Via Donors ...... 66
2013 | VIA REPORT | CEE | 1 Each year the Virginia Tech Steel Bridge Team takes on the challenge of building a scale-sized bridge entirely from structural steel. Team members belong to the Virginia Tech Chapters of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Institute of Steel Construction, who sponsor regional and national bridge competitions. Virginia Tech recently hosted the Virginia Regionals, consisting of colleges in Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, DC. The event includes the annual steel bridge and concrete canoe competitions.
2 | CEE | VIA REPORT | 2013 DEPARTMENT HEAD’S MESSAGE
“The times they are a-changin.” The words of Bob sey Marr, Amy Pruden and Peter Vikesland were promoted Dylan’s 1964 song speak to the changes and challenges to the rank of professor. Drs. Cris Moen and Pam Murray- of the times. I believe they can also be viewed through the Tuite were promoted to the rank of associate professor with lens of growth and opportunity as life changes. These words tenure. Dr. Joe Dove was promoted to the rank of associate certainly resonate within the Virginia Tech community in professor of practice. While we are fortunate to attract new general and the Via Department of Civil and Environmental faculty to our department, we are equally fortunate to be able to revel in the growth and success of our current col- As most Hokies are aware, a search for the next presi- leagues. Please join me when you have a chance and con- dent of Virginia Tech began during the summer following gratulate our colleagues for their deserved and hard-earned President Steger’s announcement of his plans to promotions! - tion in presidential leadership at a university such several of the outstanding research efforts that as ours brings both challenges and opportunities. are in progress within the department. To further The fundamental challenge is of course to replace expound on the theme of opportunity, I would a president that has led the university to levels of note for you that Drs. Zach Grasley and Jen success, as well as national and international vis- Irish were hired in the past two and three years ibility, the likes of which we’ve never experienced. respectively and have brought wonderful new, With this trepidation, comes the excitement of the timely and important teaching and research focus opportunity we have to identify an individual that areas to the department. The work of all of the can lead us to even greater accomplishments and faculty members highlighted is not only support- visibility. The next president will face major chal- ing students in the department but serving the lenges on both the national and state higher edu- EASTERLING Commonwealth and society in general. And as I’ve cation landscape. Identifying a new leader that has said before, rest assured that these are but a few both the knowledge of and appreciation for who we are as a of the many great things in progress! university today and the ability to build upon our strengths The absolute highlight of the document is the section and capabilities going forward, all within ever changing eco- on our Via Scholars. We as faculty have the privilege of nomical and political landscapes, represents a truly exciting getting to know and work with these outstanding students challenge. Stay tuned! on a day to day basis. I hope that the student biographi- cal sketches contained in the report help you as alumni in the midst of challenges and opportunities. We have and friends to get to know them. Hopefully, you’ll have the opportunity to interact with the Via Scholars as well as searches. These are vacancies within our faculty created the many other outstanding students in the department by a combination of an untimely passing, two retirements, through your on-campus visits, professional activities or as and two of our faculty moving to other universities as de- - partment heads. Certainly anytime you lose the collective dents, we as a faculty are reminded just how fortunate we are to be part of the Via Department of Civil and Environ- mental Engineering! am inherently an optimist so I prefer, as I mention above, One thing that doesn’t change with time is my appre- to view these challenges as future opportunities for the ciation for the great work done by members of the depart- department. Bringing talented, enthusiastic new faculty ment and College of Engineering to bring you this docu- members to our ranks will without a doubt open up new ment. There are a number of our staff and faculty that are opportunities for instruction, research, collaboration, and responsible for pulling together various parts of the Via outreach. Report. I want to thank them for the work they do in help- ing bring this document to reality each year. In particular, I want to acknowledge the efforts of Ms. Shelly Key and Ms. that once again reminds me how extremely fortunate and Allie Rubio for their leadership in the process within CEE. proud we are to have been able to attract faculty of such high caliber to our department. There are brief bios includ- for the exceptional job she does each year as editor and - Mr. David Simpkins for his wonderful design work. I know mons. I hope you have an opportunity to interact with each you’ll enjoy the results of their exceptional talent and dedi- of them in the near future. cation to bringing you the 2013 Via Report! With kind regards, increasing excellence and professional growth within the department. During the most recent promotion and tenure cycle, I’m very happy to report that Drs. Russell Green, Lin-
2013 | VIA REPORT | CEE | 3 From the London Bridge to the Bay Bridge – still looking to improve structural safety
“There is currently no way to accurately predict whether the addition of certain mineral changes in system chemistry improve or reduce the likelihood of time-dependent degradation under prolonged mechanical and environmental stimuli.” ~ Zachary Grasley
4 | CEE | VIA REPORT | 2013 ne of the longest spans in the world is the San able to predict these properties. He O will also employ X-ray micro-com- puted tomography scans to construct damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Final three-dimensional maps of the mate- reconstruction of the eastern span did not begin until Grasley said he will be “able to help segment or separate different constit- uents within a sample. Grasley’s co-principal investigator entered into the ducts that contained steel tendons in on this project, Tyler Ley of Oklahoma the skyway section of the new span. award recipient and he is well versed in the use of differential X-ray absorp- Although the effects remain un- said. “However, due to the tremendous tion to segment or separate unique known at this time, pitting and stress amounts of concrete being utilized, its constituents within a sample. often accelerate the corrosion of steel manufacturing instead results in the Grasley is also a recipient of an in concrete. second most carbon dioxide produc- In May of 2013 as reports sur- tion in the U.S.” to conduct research on viscoelastic faced questioning the integrity of the If advances in the properties or and viscoplastic properties of calcium concrete span, calls were made for a performance prediction of materials silicate hydrate to predict certain me- number of independent experts to re- made of cement can be made, then chanical responses for cement pastes. view the structure’s stability, possibly the overall result, according to Gras- His new research is a natural exten- using X-ray examinations to provide ley, will have an “enormous societal sion of this work. clues of any serious corrosion. If concrete is under a constant The Bay Bridge is a striking and and carbon dioxide emissions.” state of stress, it is well-known that expensive example of what might go To make these materials more it will move or “creep” as engineers wrong when the various effects on a environmentally friendly, Grasley said, prefer to say. “In fact, there is ample material and its mechanical properties “the stress and strain state of the evidence that stress induced dissolu- are not understood. material must be predictable through- tion is a plausible mechanism of vis- Zachary Grasley, associate profes- out its service life.” This determination coelastic and viscoplastic behavior in sor of civil and environmental engi- requires a better understanding of the materials made with cement,” Grasley neering at Virginia Tech, is a research- viscoelastic and viscoplastic properties said. er who is attempting to gain a better of the reacting cement paste. When this project is completed, understanding of these properties, “There is currently no way to ac- Grasley predicted the TM2 will provide curately predict whether the addition industry with a tool for the a priori effects related to materials made con- prediction of the evolving viscoelastic other changes in system chemistry and viscoplastic constitutive proper- improve or reduce the likelihood of ties of concrete and the effect of stress Grasley selected cement because time-dependent degradation under on an evolving microstructure. “This this commodity is pervasive as a ma- prolonged mechanical and environ- information is a necessary input terial used in infrastructure. The good mental stimuli,” Grasley said. for structural models to accurately news about using cement is the man- He believes that the material predict stresses and deformations ufacturing “requires much less energy model he is developing, the Thermo- throughout the entire service life of dynamic, Mechanical, and Microstruc- concrete structures,” Grasley said. substantially less carbon dioxide 2 by Lynn Nystrom emissions,” on a mass basis, Grasley computational methodology, will be
2013 | VIA REPORT | CEE | 5 A pile of energy languishes, just waiting to be used
If energy piles are able to de-ice bridges, then Guney Olgun of civil and environmental engineering will help eliminate the need for harmful chemical salts that can lead to accelerated corrosion of the span.
Wouldn’t it be nice to Sounds like someone engineering faculty mem- piles”. The idea is based has a vivid imagination? ber Guney Olgun is among energy?” This idyllic mass Actually, Austria started shallow geothermal energy would not depend on fossil pioneering these efforts on efforts in the United States, stored in the ground for fuels with the adverse ef- “energy piles” in the 1980s, using multi-year grant mon- heating and cooling purpos- fects of their greenhouse gas and several other Euro- es. The technology utilizes a pean countries, including - geothermal heat pump that this theoretical goldmine Germany, Switzerland, and ships formed recently with uses the ground as a heat exhibits a potential cost the United Kingdom, have a number of contractor source in the winter and a savings of as much as 80 followed suit. companies. coolant in the summer. percent over more conven- The technology is Olgun explained that tional sources of energy. civil and environmental literally called “energy Continued on next page
This picture shows a model-scale of a bridge deck slab used in testing for the ability to de-ice 6 | CEE | VIA REPORT | 2013 using geothermal energy. energy piles “make it pos- sible to use shallow geother- mal energy at virtually any ground and climatic condi- tion.” The ground main- tains an almost constant temperature about 20 feet below the surface since insulator. Depending on re- gional climate, this constant temperature varies from a low of 45 degrees to a high of 75 degrees in most U.S. regions. “This relatively constant temperature and thermal storage capacity of the ground can be exploited for heating and cooling pur- poses,” Olgun said. “Energy piles are an innovative technology that combines geothermal heat soils react when supporting energy piles. This one is in Houston, Texas. exchange and structural foundation support. In this characteristics of foundation of the thermal-mechanical Building Council and the hybrid system, geothermal soils and the level of struc- behavior of energy piles loops are integrated into tural loads “are typically the under repeated cycles of are reviewing the data and the deep foundation ele- deciding factors for the selec- heating and cooling,” Olgun providing results to the en- ments, such as piles, piers, tion and dimensioning of pile gineering community. or drilled shafts, that are foundations. The geothermal occurring over a three to MESI is owned by already in place to provide heat exchange capacity of an seven week period, allowing Charles Elks, Jr., a 1960 structural support,” he energy pile is a key consid- for several cycles of heating CEE Virginia Tech alumnus. explained. eration in the design of the and cooling to occur. He is Olgun predicted that Energy piles are most system for heating and cool- also conducting concurrent the successful use of en- feasible when they are ing purposes.” testing, with each set-up us- ergy piles could help in the installed at sites where pile Energy piles have the ing two heat pumps, to en- Presidential mandate to foundations are already advantage of being appli- sure reliability in the tests. reduce the energy use by 30 required so no additional cable in any climate or re- Participating industries percent by 2015 in compari- drilling costs are incurred. gion. However, a number of in the studies are provid- son to the 2003 levels at all They are typically put in challenges remain in terms ing in-kind contributions, federal facilities. with a cast-in-place tech- of how the various types of In March, Olgun or- nology such as a micropile, soils react when supporting tests, and donating materi- ganized an International drilled shaft or continuous energy piles, and Olgun has als, instrumentation, and Workshop on Thermoactive heat pumps. Three engi- Geotechnical Systems for “Low maintenance, long various stages of installa- neering foundation contrac- lifetime, less variation in tion. Seven are in the U.S.: tors, Berkel, Thatcher, and Energy, held in Lausanne, energy supply compared to Blacksburg, Va., Gary, In., Layne GeoConstruction, are solar and wind power, and Baltimore, Md., Houston, installing energy piles and environmental friendliness Tx., Milwaukee, Wi., Still- - sponsor of this event. More are advantages to this form water, Ok., and College ing. Mechanical Equipment than 70 researchers from of energy,” asserted Olgun Station, Texas. The remain- around the world attended who received his doctoral ing two are in Turkey and and Geo-Instruments are this workshop to discuss degree in civil engineering Egypt. Each has different providing heat pumps, pip- pressing issues on energy from Virginia Tech in 2003. soil and climatic conditions. ing for the geothermal loops piles. Olgun, a geotechnical “A major obstacle re- and instrumentation for the engineer, explained that the mains in the understanding by Lynn Nystrom
2013 | VIA REPORT | CEE | 7 New system eliminates need for the use of harmful chemicals to de-ice concrete bridges As Guney Olgun began studying energy piles, he realized that they could be used to collect and store heat energy for deicing the nation’s bridge decks in the winter. The piles or drilled shafts used to support the bridge can be used to store the collected heat energy in the summer. Olgun explained how the process works: “Heat can be collected from the asphalt pavement over the summer and stored in the ground using the deep foundations. During the winter, this stored energy can then be reclaimed to heat and deice the bridge deck.” The stored heat is actually extracted from the ground and can in the bridge deck slab to prevent icing, Olgun, a research assis- tant professor of civil and environmental engineering, added. Current practices of deicing concrete bridges using chemical salts can be “harmful to the environment and lead to accelerated corrosion of the bridge deck and reinforcing steel. Energy piles could eliminate the need for deicing salts on many bridges, extend- ing their service life while providing a safe roadway for motorists,” Olgun said. Heating bridges in this manner would also lessen the environ- mental impacts on water sources, vegetation, and wildlife as they would not be subjected to the saline runoff from the deicing salts. Olgun is working with Cris Moen, associate professor of CEE on this project, and they set up a model bridge deck on the Virginia Tech campus to determine the feasibility of using the energy piles for bridge deck deicing. Allen Bowers, who was an undergraduate in the CEE department when the bridge model was constructed also worked with Olgun and Moen. He became the 2012 class vale- Some of the facets they are investigating include: how long it takes to warm and deice the bridge deck; a cost analysis for the installation and operation of these systems; evaluation of long- term savings when using energy piles as an alternative bridge deck deicing system; the development of control systems for feasible, op- timal performance during icing conditions; and explore alternatives for enhanced heat storage to increase heat exchange performance. Studies have already determined that since the bridge deck only needs to be heated to above freezing, passive heating through that only needs minimal electricity that can be provided with a solar powered battery,” Olgun said. “This is critical in overcoming bridge site.” Some 60 percent of the approximately 600,000 existing bridges in the U.S. were built with either conventional reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete. annual repair and replacement cost of corroded concrete bridges in the U.S. to be some $4 billion.
8 | CEE | VIA REPORT | 2013 Forty years in the forefront: The Occoquan Laboratory Story
Tom Grizzard has served as the director of the Occoquan Watershed Laboratory for 39 years.
As urban areas grow in population, cities. This trend is expected problem: people are increas- to continue through the rest ingly living within the same the provision of safe and plentiful of the current century. One watersheds from which they result is that some forecasts draw their drinking water. In drinking water is among the most project that, by 2050, over the late 1960s, a microcosm important requirements. half the earth’s population of this problem intrigued will experience chronic water faculty of the Via CEE De- Statistics on the avail- ply and demand all over the shortages. partment to start investigat- ability of safe drinking water planet,” said Tom Grizzard, “This changing character ing the situation in northern professor of civil and envi- of human population has Virginia. water, comprised of streams, created tremendous chal- They quickly learned rivers, and lakes, represents at Virginia Tech and director lenges to engineers of all that the Occoquan Reser- less than one hundredth of of the Occoquan Watershed disciplines working to design, voir, constructed in the late one percent of the total water Laboratory. build, operate, and maintain 1950s, was projected to on earth. Globally, human habita- the built environment of serve as an important source Complicating this rela- tion in the last century has the world’s cities. It may be of drinking water for the tive scarcity of fresh water been characterized by an safely said, however, that one Virginia suburbs of Washing- is that some 60 percent of increase in growth of, and of the greatest undertakings ton, D.C. well into the 21st that small amount resides migration to, urban settings. is the work of civil and envi- century. in only three places in the There are now at least 20 ronmental engineers involved “Only a few years after world: Lake Baikal in Asia, megacities on earth along in providing drinking water the impoundment was Lake Tanganyika in Africa, with hundreds of other to the current and future bil- completed, however, it was examples of cities with hu- lions of earth’s inhabitants,” apparent that human activity America. “The remaining man populations exceeding Grizzard said. in the tributary watershed 0.0036 percent is more glob- one million each. In fact, in In the eastern United was contributing to a rapid ally distributed, but even so, States, population growth decline in water quality, and there are many examples of in human history, half the around urban centers was putting the future of the disconnects between sup- earth’s population resided in has created an additional Continued on page 10
2013 | VIA REPORT | CEE | 9 Michael Gaal, a laboratory reservoir as a reliable drinking water specialist, source at risk,” Grizzard explained. Post prepares water World War II development in the Manas- samples at sas – Centreville, Va., area, approxi- the Occoquan mately 20 miles west of Washington, Watershed DC, “had resulted in increased dis- Monitoring charges of conventionally treated waste- Laboratory. water to tributaries of the reservoir.” - tural activity and growing urban areas elsewhere in the watershed, the or- ganic matter and nutrient pollution entering the reservoir from wastewater discharges had resulted in regular excessive growth of a class of organ- isms known as cyanobacter, or more commonly, blue-green algae. Like most algal species, excessive cyanobacterial growths can lead to depletion of dis- solved oxygen, and can be responsible “However, unlike most algae, some cyanobacteria can also produce com- pounds that impart undesirable tastes and odors to water. In addition, some species produce toxins that pose threats to local wildlife, and in some cases, have been shown to have human health impacts,” Grizzard added. study in the late 1960s, local govern- - ties, and representatives of state and federal regulatory agencies decided to adopt a management policy that would protect the reservoir, but would also make unprecedented use of highly treated wastewater. ment the drinking water yield of a major well into his retirement years. He and Authorities designed and built a water supply reservoir. Hoehn led some of the seminal work water reclamation plant to serve the Oc- In looking for a research team to done at the laboratory on the removal coquan Watershed. The plant employed begin the broad range of studies neces- of nutrients from wastewater and the advanced treatment technologies that sary to evaluate the project, and to effects of algae growth on water supply produced water that was “actually supe- develop a research plan for the future, operations. rior in quality to the streams into which In 2012, the Occoquan Laboratory it would discharge,” Grizzard recalled. civil engineering faculty. Beginning in marked its 40th year of service to the “This unique and innovative use 1972, Cliff Randall, working with Bob Commonwealth, the citizens of northern of wastewater was considered such a Hoehn, both professors of civil engi- Virginia, and to Virginia Tech. Grizzard, radical departure from standard treat- who obtained his doctorate in CEE from remote research facilities of the College Virginia Tech, has served as the labora- the creation of a permanent research of Engineering. Called the Occoquan tory director for more than 39 years, Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, the and has led research projects address- assessment of the endeavor,” Griz- Manassas, Va., facility began operations ing a wide range of applied needs in zard said. The resulting project was a with a modest technical staff comple- environmental engineering practice. milestone in environmental engineering ment of three and a laboratory director. The Occoquan practice, and the Upper Occoquan Ser- Randall served as the chair of the vice Authority water reclamation plant Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Sub- Experience committee of the State Water Control With the advent of advanced highly reclaimed wastewater to supple- Board, and has remained in that post wastewater reclamation practice in the
10 | CEE | VIA REPORT | 2013 watershed, Grizzard and his colleagues whom they co-advised, has developed are now well-prepared for the next directed much of their research efforts generation of faculty and students to towards understanding the water qual- barriers for laypersons to interact with continue to build on what has already ity impacts of agricultural and urban such complex simulation systems. been done. stormwater runoff. In studies con- In recent years, Grizzard has re- In the nearly 40 years of his service ducted under the auspices of the En- turned to one of the themes of his own as the director of the Occoquan Labora- doctoral research. Lake and reservoir tory, Grizzard and his colleagues have sediments often serve as a massive developed nearly $50 million in exter- Grizzard, Randall, and Hoehn devel- repository of materials that have been nal funding. Sponsors have included oped techniques to merge the methods discharged into the system over the life the EPA, the US Geological Survey, the of the water body. Under some condi- in order to characterize and control the tions, cycling of nitrogen, phosphorus, the Metropolitan Washington Council loads of key water pollutants generated iron, and manganese from sediments in urban runoff. In these studies, and can degrade water quality for decades Regional Commission, several regula- similar ones conducted in agricultural after external pollution sources have tory agencies of the Commonwealth of areas, the groundwork was laid for local been removed or controlled. Grizzard Virginia, and a variety of local govern- governments to adopt best management ments and public service authorities. practices and land use management As Virginia Tech continues to strategies to control stormwater pollu- professor emeritus of CEE, have ex- - tion. plored ways to use oxidized nitrogen - “Coupled with the earlier approach- from wastewater to maintain conditions quan Laboratory “serves as an excellent es to innovative use of wastewater, the in deep impoundments that cause some example of what can be accomplished Occoquan experience has been widely pollutants to remain bound with the with a physical presence. A research viewed as an example of sustainable sediments instead cycling to the overly- facility in the natural urban laboratory water quality management in an urban- ing waters. The work has highlighted of northern Virginia has afforded the izing water supply watershed,” Griz- another innovative use of a wastewater- department an unparalleled ability to zard said. “In fact, roots of some of the derived constituent to improve water address a variety of problems at the approaches being taken in the Chesa- quality. watershed-scale. Over four decades of peake Bay restoration may be seen in The research, instruction, outreach and the long and successful history of man- Future service have served the university well, agement of the Occoquan Watershed.” and applied research results from the Grizzard’s knowledge gained from As Grizzard nears retirement, laboratory have materially contributed his work with the Occoquan also led the department has continued to to the solution of a range of important him to a long, ongoing association with invest in its principal off-campus water quality management and water the Republic of Singapore, where water research facility. Beginning in 2009, reuse has played an important role in a major renovation and expansion Region,” Grizzard said. meeting its own critical water supply of the facilities of the Occoquan In looking back on his nearly needs. Since 2003, Grizzard has served Laboratory took place. When fully four decades of service, Grizzard often completed in 2011, the facility jokes about “having been in exile from island nation on water resources man- boasted a reconstructed water Blacksburg for his whole career.” But agement. chemistry laboratory with enhanced today he said that “is no longer the The robust hydrologic and wa- case…Virginia Tech’s College of Engi- ter quality datasets produced by over for staff as well as local and visiting neering may be found throughout the four decades of work in the Occoquan faculty; and expanded space for region, serving the Commonwealth and Watershed continue to serve today in graduate student researchers. In realizing the promise of Ut Prosim in the enhancing the understanding of urban- order to further facilitate applied izing systems. Adil Godrej, a research environmental research opportunities, And back to the original reason for associate professor who also serves as the Occoquan Laboratory also the founding of the laboratory - that Grizzard’s deputy, has done widely- grand experiment in water reuse. Ac- recognized work in the development in the Commonwealth to be cording to Grizzard, by the middle of of complexly-linked modeling tools to this century, “the safe drinking water predict the impacts of land use change Virginia Environmental Laboratory yield of the Occoquan Reservoir is and watershed management practices Accreditation Program. That effort expected to rise by over 50 percent. In on water quality in lakes and reservoirs. was successfully led by the laboratory an uncertain hydrologic future in an Godrej and Grizzard have also worked supervisor, Dongmei Wang, and was era of global climate change, realizing to extend the utility of such complex ably accomplished during a period the potential of all water sources will models to non-expert stakeholders. A of extraordinary upheaval during lab be increasingly important.” As Grizzard recent Ph.D. graduate, Saurav Kumar, renovations. The physical facilities summarized, “Stay tuned.”
2013 | VIA REPORT | CEE | 11 Two coastal towns, one seawall, and a critical difference in hurricane damage
Jennifer Irish received a National Science Foundation after Hurricane Sandy hit the Mid-Atlantic coastline.
After Superstorm Sandy demolished parts of the has attracted some $3.2 mil- - New Jersey and New York shorelines, engineers, lion from mostly government cantly – by a factor of two. agencies to research coastal “The difference in the politicians, and government entities have struggled hazards. impact of Hurricane Sandy with how to protect the coastal regions from major Irish, with Robert Weiss between Bay Head and storms. As with most matters, the decisions come of Virginia Tech’s geosci- Mantoloking underscores the ences department, was on urgent need for sustainable - multi-level protection against In June of 2013, outgo- His plans evolved with tion RAPID grant to conduct natural hazards in order to - the help of numerous reports create resilient coastal com- and expert opinions after the Sandy’s devastation. Within munities,” Irish and Weiss - catastrophic event. two weeks of Sandy’s strike, wrote. ing at $20 billion, to erect an One of the engineers who they were on site, gather- Bloomberg’s plan is ex- traveled to the affected areas ing critical information. In actly that – a myriad of pro- levees, and bulkheads along - tectors to insure the integrity its more than 500 miles of tions to quantify damages Sandy, to appear in Coastal coastline. In making his was Jennifer Irish, associate coastline. pitch, Bloomberg alleged that professor of civil and envi- buried relic seawall along the The report by Irish and the costs of a storm similar ronmental engineering at Vir- Weiss, two of their graduate to Sandy in three decades ginia Tech. With her previous of Bay Head that appeared to students, Stephanie Smal- would be a staggering $90 background as a researcher lessen the wave-driven effects legan of Collins, Ga., and Wei billion in damage and loss of for seven years at the U.S. of Hurricane Sandy on this Cheng of Dongying, Shan- economic activity for the Big Army Corps of Engineers community. The researchers dong, China, and Patrick Apple. By contrast, the 2012 Coastal and Hydraulics Labo- compared the difference in Lynett of the University of damage cost was $19 billion. ratory, and her career path the impact upon Bay Head Southern California at Los Climate change is a ma- now focusing on society’s versus its southern neighbor Angeles’s Department of Civil jor factor in Bloomberg’s call need to improve and protect of Mantoloking and noted the and Environmental Engineer- for immediate action. coastal infrastructure, Irish reduction in wave-induced ing, spoke of how they sur-
12 | CEE | VIA REPORT | 2013 veyed high water marks and impacts of climate change 0.36°C and 1.38°C by 2030 with these processes would assessed damage, overwash, and 0.96°C and 5.02°C by be costly in both the short and breaching in both Bay damages, and populations at 2080, damages caused by and long terms. Head and Mantoloking. the coast. The second one, The researchers in this with Weiss as a co-principal - elevations were very similar, cantly increase,” Irish said. pilot sites: Corpus Christi, - to improve the understand- “Without consideration Texas, Gulfport, Miss., and evations, as measured from ing of tsunami inundation in of damage due to direct water lines in the interiors of coastal forests. wave attack, for the current coastal communities protect- homes of 4.6 and 4.2 meters Bloomberg’s allegation population and level of urban ed by barrier islands. above the mean sea level in that a storm equivalent to development, it has been - Bay Head and Mantolok- Sandy would cause $90 bil- found that with a high rate of ies will be to improve the ing, respectively. High water lion in damages in three de- greenhouse gas emissions for public understanding of ac- marks on the exterior of the cades, mostly due to climate storms similar to Hurricane celerating hurricane hazard homes, thereby including - as a consequence of global the effect of individual ocean generalized projection models lation affected, and economic warming and to provide local waves, are between 4.0 and damages might increase by governments with a tool to 6.5 meters. 19 kilometers, 2500 people, evaluate and make decisions “Erosion and damage to wrote, “”Possible acceleration and $30 million by the the oceanfront homes, how- - 2030s, and by 70 kilometers, social costs related to climate ever, were drastically differ- cation of hurricanes as a con- 11,500 people, and $280 change at individual, neigh- ent in the two locales,” Irish sequence of long-term global million by the 2080s…We borhood, local, and regional asserted. warming trends can lead to expect these numbers to rise levels,” Irish said. They found that all of the substantially when damages The Journal of Water- ocean front homes were dam- wave action, and damages, due to direct wave action are way, Port, Coastal and Ocean aged to some degree. How- which in turn can lead to also considered.” Engineering, a publication ever, by using Google Earth future population shifts.” The estimated numbers of the American Society of to evaluate aerial imagery To better understand for Hurricane Bret ranged Civil Engineers, published a several days before the storm this impact, Irish and her from a $5 to $11 million in journal article by Irish and and then again, on Oct. 31, other principal investiga- damages. Donald T. Resio, professor of immediately after the storm, tors, are developing general - civil engineering at the Uni- Irish and her colleagues were mathematical models for the cation, sea level rise and able to show that the major- physical and socioeconomic method for estimating future ity of the homes in Bay Head responses to future hurricane from global warming will invariably affect the social and associated uncertainties. the Gulf of Mexico. dynamics of low lying coastal http://ascelibrary.org/doi/ In contrast, more than half With their simulations, areas in the Gulf of Mexico, abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29 of the ocean front homes in and the widely held assump- Irish asserted. Any failure to WW.1943-5460.0000157 tion that the sea surface form policies to mitigate the as damaged or destroyed. temperature will rise between economic effects associated by Lynn Nystrom “Our hypothesis regard- ing this stark contrast in Hurricane Sandy’s impact in Jennifer Irish stands amid some of the destruction at Bradley Beach. these communities is that the relic seawall dampened wave forces and held the shore- line,” Irish explained. As Irish continues to report on her post Hurricane Sandy work, she is simulta- neously involved in two other large funded projects related to coastal hazards. One is Oceanic and Atmospheric Grant program, focusing on the understanding of the
2013 | VIA REPORT | CEE | 13 NEW FACULTY