Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages Edited by Peter Auer, Frans Hinskens, and Paul Kerswill Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521806879 - Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages Edited by Peter Auer, Frans Hinskens, and Paul Kerswill Index More information

Index

Abstand 24 basilect 14 accent 1, 15, 26, 39, 45, 60, 339, 342, 343, 354 Basque 6, 43 accommodation 5, 7, 19, 39, 40, 44, 45, 200, Belarusian 32 220, 238, 335–357 dialect 237, 245–262 face-to-face / interpersonal 335, 336, 337, ‘Belten High’ study 291 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 348, 350, 356, Bible 357 Danish 177 linguistic 6, 7, 8, 35, 342, 353, 356 Swedish 177 negative 337, 344, 354 bilingual(ism) 30, 34–35, 40, 343 objective 337, 351 border 4, 23, 28, 29–32, 45, 236–262 positive 337, 354 borrowing 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 16, 19, 25, 27, 41, psychological 6, 7, 35, 342, 343, 351 42, 43, 76, 244, 256, 257, 337 short term 5, 6, 24, 40, 44, 51, 335, 336, Brazil 227–229 337, 338, 353 German in Rio Grande do Sul 227–229 subjective 337 Bulgarian 7, 244 accommodation theory 198 acquisition (dialect/language) 12, 21, 32, 40, calquing 12 42, 110 case 136 acrolect 14 reduction 229–230 actuation 41, 51 Catalan 6 adolescents 139, 144–149, 293–302 on the Balearic islands 21 advergence 2, 47, 81–82, 335, 341 categorical 2, 16, 52, 73, 102, 103 Afrikaans 14, 19, 43 centralisation 33, 34, 249 age / apparent time 37, 72, 73, 100, 114, 245, change: see language change 246, 248, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, Chinese: modern standard 343 260, 344, 345, 346, 347 choice of a variant 103, 119, 338 agens / agentivity 9, 25 code Albanian choice 37, 39, 251 dialects spoken in Greece 30 mixing 25, 47, 88–94 dialects spoken in Italy 30 switching 25, 37, 47, 88–94, 338 analogy / analogical change 3, 55 cognition 13, 40, 45, 105, 106, 112, 339, 342 Arabic 11 community 32, 225 Palestinian 242 community of practice 301 attitude 6, 7, 9, 27, 33, 36, 38–41, 45, 105, compromise / intermediate (form / variety / 237, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, area) 10, 11, 23, 25, 31, 36, 46, 51–80, 248, 249, 250, 258, 260, 262, 289–290, 96–134 294, 296–299, 337, 354, 356 consciousness: see awareness atomism 5, 18 constraints 20, 53, 76, 78, 103, 105, 110, 112, attrition: see dialect loss 123, 124, 125, 128, 132, 133 Ausbau 24, 223 faithfulness 20, 53, 71, 72, 76, 78, 79 awareness 44, 45, 253, 292–293 markedness 20, 51, 53, 62, 69, 70, 76, 78

409

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521806879 - Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages Edited by Peter Auer, Frans Hinskens, and Paul Kerswill Index More information

410 Index

contact (language/dialect) 9, 13, 16, 21, 23–24, islands 204–207 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 97, 98, 104, 106, leveling 144, 217 240, 261, 262, 353, 356 loss 11, 12, 23, 45, 46, 47, 242, 247, 253, convergence 152, 153, 221–235, 314 254, 256, 257, 347, 348, 354, 356 dialect-standard 1, 5, 7, 11, 24, 26, 27, 31, mixing 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 46, 74, 244, 36, 42, 81–95, 102, 107, 113, 121, 122, 251, 252, 258, 260 225, 238, 239, 243, 247, 253, 254, 260, primary, secondary and tertiary 82, 224 261, 262, 350, 354, 355 renaissance 36 of dialects 10, 12, 18, 22, 26, 27, 30, 31, 45, shift 11, 23, 47, 238, 243, 245, 338, 351 56, 64, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 79, 110, 113, diasystem 15, 24, 26, 30 115, 121, 122, 224–229, 236, 239, 243, differentiation/diversification/fragmentation 3, 246, 253, 254, 256–257, 262, 348, 350, 5, 8, 21, 32, 33, 34, 51 355, 356 diffuse(ness) 2, 28 definition 1–2, 105, 113, 135–167, 196 diffusion 7, 8, 9, 12, 29, 38, 39, 41, 45, 51, 60, active vs.passive 331 72, 78, 80, 202, 236, 242, 243, 253, downward 6 254, 257, 336, 337, 338, 345, 348, 351, subjective 287–302 352, 356 upward 5 contagious 263 of languages 75, 76, 81–82, 236, 238, 242, hierarchical 263 243, 254 priority of contagious diffusion 264–267 co-occurrence 25, 99, 253 spatial 264–267 covariation 17, 74, 338, 340 diglossia 26, 46, 237, 238, 239, 243 creole / creolisation 13, 43, 46, 98, 201, 220 discourse Czech 245 and grammaticalisation 141 and variation 137 Danish 171–193 features 142–143 and bourgeois society 182–183 forms 154–159 and national identity 182–183, 186 markers 142–143, 154–159 codification 177 strategies and syntax 141 Copenhagen 299 divergence as basis for standard 186 dialect/standard 1, 5, 7, 11, 24, 26, 27, 31, sociolects 186–187 36, 42, 81–95, 102, 107, 113, 121, 122, speech 39, 180, 293 225, 238, 239, 243, 247, 253, 254, 260, in Germany 31 261, 262, 314, 350, 354, 355 Næstved 293–302 cross-dialectal 1–2, 10, 12, 18, 22, 26, 27, public vs.educated colloquial 179–182 30, 31, 45, 56, 64, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, standard 34 79, 98, 102, 110, 113, 115, 121, 122, Dano-Norwegian: see Bokm˚al 236, 239, 243, 246, 253, 254, 256–257, death (dialect/language) 11, 23, 45, 46 262, 348, 350, 355, 356 decentralisation 33 of languages 75, 76, 236, 238, 242, 243, 254 decreolisation 13, 14 subjective 287–302 dedialectalisation 288, 299 domain: see function(al) domain demography 202–204 drift 16, 17, 21, 42, 217, 230 Denmark: see also Danish 171–193, 293–302 Dutch diachronic 20, 56, 58, 59, 64, 74, 75, 113, 244 Belgium 23, 29, 38, 263–283 diaglossia 26, 47 Brabant 16 dialect dialects 30, 39, 242 definition 1, 82–83 Flemish 9, 16, 26, 27 atlas / map 5, 16, 62, 241, 242, 243, 253, 256 Ghent 33 boundary 24 Ghent and East Flanders 271–276 continuum 6, 21, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 112, Haspengouw 9 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, Heerlen 124, 125, 126, 127 262 Katwijk 36 convergence: see convergence Limburg 16, 19, 21, 26, 112–133, 242 divergence: see divergence Nijmegen 19

Index 411

Poldernederlands 25 PRICE vowel 147–149 Ripuarian dialects 29 Reading 144–165 Ripuarian East Limburg transition area Scottish 29, 60, 62 (Rimburg) 10, 28, 29, 344–348 Sydney 62 in sixteenth/seventeenth century 8, 14, 35 T-glottalling 145 standard in the Netherlands 5, 14, 16, 17, TH-fronting 145 23, 36, 38, 43, 114, 124, 125, 127, Tyneside 60, 62, 72 338 urban, in UK 137 West 29, 31 we 144–165 in USA 22 English Fens 203 embedding 41 education(al background) 37, 99, 102, 115, ethnicity 6, 7, 32, 35, 38, 99, 241, 248, 250, 236, 239, 245, 248, 249, 250, 261 251, 341 E-language 112 existential clauses 164 emphatic pronouns 159–164 expansion: see diffusion enclaves: see dialect islands, language islands expletive clauses 164–165 England 135 English 101, 114, 124, 130 family structure 28, 32 ain’t 140 Flemish: see Dutch in Belgium African American 6, 37, 41, 112, 314 focusing 1, 12, 197 American/USA 19, 29, 53, 60, 68, 75, 107, formal theory 17, 18, 20, 42, 54, 56, 63, 64, 242 78 Australian 29 French 137 Belfast 37, 108, 291 Angoulˆeme 27 British 9, 10, 17, 53–54, 55–56, 59–80, 107 Belgian 29, 31 Canadian 29, 242 Canadian 23 Cardiff 6, 60, 73, 339 Franco-proven¸cal 243 Derby 73 Lorraine 243 dialects 21, 29, 45, 102 Occitan 243 Dublin 60, 64–70, 71, 72, 78 Picard 243 East Anglian 264–267 southeast 243 Estuary 26 standard (in France) 9, 16, 23, 43, 114, 125, Falkland Islands 203 243 get-passive 140–141 Vermont 23 Hiberno English 9, 20, 21, 29 Frisian 6, 14, 28 Hull 144–165 Town Frisian 14 I dunno 138 fudging 10, 18, 46, 75 innit 155–158 function 24, 36, 38, 39, 239, 240, 242, 243, Irish 43, 60, 62, 70–71, 72, 73, 74, 75–76, 245, 247, 248, 250, 251, 260 79, 108–110, 132 like 154–155 gender 37, 38, 66, 67–68, 73, 100, 107, 142, London 149, 156, 159–165 143, 144, 153, 165, 246, 341, 343, Maori 341–342 346 Middle/Early Modern generations 205–206 Milton Keynes 12, 25, 32, 35, 144–165, generative 127 196, 206, 207–220, 269 geography 4, 7, 28, 45, 62, 70, 112, 115, 117, Newfoundland 62, 72, 73, 75 120, 127, 129, 131, 236, 237, 240, 247, New Zealand 29, 32, 35, 60, 341 262, 297–298, 335, 336, 337, 344, 345, Nigerian Pidgin English 339 346, 348 Northern Ireland 38, 60, 71–72, 75, 76 German Norwich 6, 339 Alsatian 31 Ocracoke 41 Austrian 29, 35, 243 Oklahoma 8, 264–265 Bavarian 243, 265 Old 58, 111 Berlin 243 Philadelphia 38, 62, 72 Cologne/ Rhineland 10, 112–133

412 Index

German (cont.) identiﬁcation / identity 6, 33, 36, 38–41, 149, in Denmark 31 204, 206, 241, 245, 248, 250, 260, dialects 10, 40, 242 290–292, 300, 337, 339, 343, 352, 356, in GDR 29, 243 357 Lake Constance Alemannic dialects 27 projection 201 low German dialects 226–227, 234–235, ideology 7, 34, 39, 237, 240, 241, 248, 249, 238 (Mennonites) 226 (Mennonites) 262 Middle High German 5, 26 idiolect 3, 336 Mosel Franconian 2 I-language 112 North Germany 270 implicational scales 85 Old High German 350 imposition 9, 25, 251 Pennsylvania 230 indicator 44, 110 Rheno-Franconian 10 in-group 6, 35, 245, 248, 344–347 Ruhrgebiet 343 innovation 8, 9, 18, 19, 33, 41–42, 43, 47, 60, Saarland 27 79, 80, 98, 252, 253, 256, 257, 258, Upper Saxon dialects 353–356 261, 335, 336, 338, 351, 352, 354, 356 Sprachinseln 12, 221–235 in Russia 30, 43, insularity in urban dialects 263, 267–280 224–227 Chortiza Mennonite Low social factors 276–277 German 226 social psychological factors 277–280 standard 5, 10, 17, 29, 30, 35, 36, 51–52, 54, structural-linguistic factors 280–282 130, 221–235, 238, 243 interdialect 88, 199 Swabian 27 interference 12, 47, 228 Swiss 23, 29, 39, 41, 238, 343, 352 interlanguage 13 glocalisation 36 internationalisation 33, 36 Gothic 58 intersystemic 2, 4, 15, 16 Government Phonology 57, 63 intertwining 14 grammaticalisation 154 intralectal parametric variation 105 gravity 8, 28, 29, 282–283, 336 intrasystemic 2, 4, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Greco 22, 42 Irish Greek modern 30, 58–59, 72, 106, 111 dialects 52 Old 59 Cypriot 52–53 West Galway 2 Hellenistic 11 traditional dialects 29 isogloss (bundle) 8, 43, 48, 262, 336 h-dropping 145, 149 isolation 4, 21, 28, 32, 34, 80, 97 in English 269–270 Italian 24–25 in Flemish 263 Florentine 58 initial [h] 149 koines: Milanese, Neapolitan 12 Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar italiano popolare 83–84 105 Lombardian 243 heterogeneity 2, 115, 119, 122, 238, 248 Piedmontese 83–84, 86 high level (phenomena in grammar) 102, 104, standard 24–25, 34 133, 134 Ticino 84–85 history 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, italianisation of dialects 83–89 23, 27, 31, 32, 33, 43, 46, 55, 56, 58, Italy 81–95 72, 73, 75, 76, 98, 104, 105, 106, 248, 255 Kara (Papua New Guinea) 57 homogeneity 1, 11, 34, 112, 115, 238, 245, Karelian 14, 31 247, 347, 348 koine 11, 12, 45, 46, 197, 223, 224, 244, 257 homophones 88, 89–94 immigrant 196 Hungarian (in Austria) 30 koineisation 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 32, 46, 47, hybrid forms 47, 86 84, 199, 207, 217, 262, 269 hyperadaptation 8, 199 hypercorrection 8, 9, 56, 199, 356 Language 221–235 hyperdialectism 9, 36, 46, 56, 356 change 143

Index 413

endogenous 136 mixing (see also code-mixing) 197 from above 292 mobility 24, 33, 34, 236, 250 grammatical 136 morpholexis 138 syntactic 141 morphosyntactic variables 137 motivation/causation 287–288 multi-causality 43, 47 phonetic 136 (see also sound change) conflict 238 national unification 33, 34 contact: see contact naturalness 17, 20, 42 diversification 2 neighbourhood 37, 38, 239, 247 island (Sprachinsel) 22, 30, 43, 45, Neogrammarian(s) 3, 4, 10, 18, 54, 55, 56, 58, 221–235, 353, also see: German 64, 74, 76, 78, 79, 336 mixed 5, 13, 14, 15, 35, 249 networks: see social networks ‘natural’ changes 288 new-dialect formation 35, 45, 196–220 planning 244, 262 new towns: Corby 205–206 repertoire: see repertoire New Zealand 196, 207–220 unification 1, 4, 31, 249–251, 262 Norway 171, 175, 176 Latin 58 northern 204–205 learning (dialect / language) 13, 40, 41 Norwegian 27, 36, 137, 176, 240 Letzebuergesh 2, 6, 7, 40, 242, 348–351 Bergen 211, 270 levelling 135, 197–199, 200, 201, 206 Bokm˚al 37, 193 dialect 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 22, 27, 33, 39, 40, central Norway 270–271 42, 46, 47, 84, 257, 344, 347, 348, Hemnesberget 7 350 Nynorsk 11, 193 paradigmatic 12, 102 Oslo 278 Lexical Functional Grammar 105 spoken standard 195 Lexical Phonology 52, 53, 68 standardisation 193–194, 195 life-modes 316 noun inflection lingua franca 11 reduction 229 loan word 9, 20 low level (phenomena in grammar) 102, 133, occupation 115, 339, 340 134 Optimality Theory (OT) 17, 20, 53, 76, 112 Ortsloyalitat¨ 38, 40 Macedonian 7, 244 out-group 6, 344–347 macro/micro approaches 288–289 macroparametric variation 20, 21 pan-, polylectal 52, 104 maintenance (dialect / language) 236, 237, passive / patiens 25, 26 238, 245, 247, 257, 261 personal pronouns 230–233 markedness 52 pidgin(isation) 13, 46, 98, 201 marker 38, 44, 110, 139, 248, 260, 339 phonological change: see sound change Martha’s Vineyard study 291 phonological variables, variation 137, 138, Matrix Language Frame Model 81, 87, 88, 145–149 89–94 polarisation 9, 44 Mennonites 226–227, 229, 234–235 Polish 32, 245–262 merger 17, 18 dialects 245–262 methodology 15–17, 38, 39, 43, 47, 70, 71, 96, Zaolzie dialects 244 97, 99–105, 111, 112, 115–116, 122, Portuguese 132, 237, 239, 241, 243, 252–253, 258, Brazilian 17 344, 348 European 30 microparametric variation 21, 111 posh/being posh 149 middle class 137, 144, 164 practice 292 working class 140 prestige 1, 24, 38, 39, 44, 97, 239, 262, 337 migration 5, 13, 21, 22, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34–36, overt/covert 292, 294 196, 200, 236, 240, 246–247, 248, 250, primary and secondary dialect features 44 353, 354, 356 Principles and Parameters Theory 20–21, mixed compound 10 105–133

414 Index

productivity 19, 43, 131 as fieldwork strategy 306 prosody 138 indices 320, 334 Proto-Indo-European 3 interactional vs.structural measures pseudo-dialectalism 36 308 interpretive analysis 329–333 reallocation 46, 185, 199 interpretive measures 312–313 reanalysis 136 interpretive properties 304 recipient linguistic system 9, 25 objective vs.subjective measures 308 regiolect 25, 45, 46, 354 quantitative measures 308–311 regional dialect levelling 201 and social class 311, 316 regional standard variety 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 45, in social dialectology 303–334 46, 47, 243, 245, 344 strong and weak interpretations 304–305 in Denmark 187 underdevelopment in variation research regionalisation 33, 34, 36 307 regularisation 12 weak and strong ties 316, 317 religion 226–227 weak correlation with linguistic variables repertoire (linguistic) 2, 31, 46, 47, 121, 241 320–321, 323 restructuring 12 social stratification (see also social class) 2, Romani 14, 40 32, 70, 73, 74, 102, 133, 137–138, 139, roofed / roofless dialect 30, 31, 238, 239, 240, 236, 241, 260, 296–297 242, 245, 261, 262 social style: see style rural-urban 137 Sorbian 22 Russian 32, 53–54, 245–262 sound change (see also: change, language) 3, dialects 245–262 4, 5, 6, 19, 20, 38, 41, 55, 56, 58, 59, 64, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 145–149 salience 6, 7, 19, 39, 43–45, 56, 61, 62, 75, 79, exceptionless 3, 4, 52, 55, 64, 74, 99, 139, 339, 353 78 Sami 176 lexical 52, 53, 79 Sardo 23 lexically diffuse 18, 19, 20, 45, 55, 56, 64, Scandinavia 171–193 78 school 298–299 lexicalised 18, 19, 56, 58 selection 10 postlexical 18, 19, 53 self-image 300 source linguistic system 9, 25, 26 Serbocroatian/Serbian, Croatian 7, 244 Spanish 303–334 sex: see gender andaluz culto 26 simplification 2, 11, 12, 13, 27, 40, 46, 53, in Basque country 42 198 Castilian 26 Slavonic 30, 244 Galician 30 social class (see middle class, working class, Judeo 9 social stratification) 37, 38, 39, 67, 68, Málaga 26, 37, 43, 320, 334 69, 73, 102, 107, 143, 152, 165, 243, Panamanian 52 248, 339, 346 Puerto Rican 17 and discourse 142 Media Lengua 14 social history of speakers 315 standard 30, 43, 52, 58, 106, 125 social identity: see identity in USA 30 social networks 4, 32, 37–38, 40, 43, 65, 67, speech community 6, 26, 27, 30, 44, 51, 52, 240, 247, 291, 336, 338, 351–356 54, 55, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 96, 97, 98, as analytical tool 306–307 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111, clusters 321–322 114, 132, 133, 197, 237, 241, 245, 248, and community type 311–312 258, 260, 336, 338, 351, 352, 354, definitions of 305–306, 334 356 and education 323–326 Spitsbergen 210, 211 and gender 326 split 4, 16, 17, 18 individual linguistic variation within Sprachbund 8, 16, 40, 82 330–333 Sprachinsel: see language island, dialect island

Index 415

stabilisation/stable 10, 11, 24, 26, 32, 46, 133, underspecification 52, 53 256 universal 18, 47, 48, 64, 110, 111, 132, 133 stance 162 Grammar (UG) 20, 41, 42, 79, 105 standard language 171–175 principle 52, 54, 74, 79, 80, 97, 102, 109 standard language ideology 173–174, urban centres 288 influence on geographical diffusion and social change 188–190 263–283 standardization 34, 171–175 urban hierarchy 8, 29, 336 in Britain 172–173 urbanisation 24, 33 Swedish and Danish 192 uvular /r/ in Germany 172–173 spatial diffusion 264, 265 and metropolitan culture 187–188 Norwegian 193–195 values 292–302 in Scandinavia 176 variable rule 52, 102, 103 and the school 188, 194–195 variants, stigmatized 295 of spoken Danish 179–190 variation of spoken language 177–178 morphological 136 stages 172 morphosyntactic 139, 150–154 stereotype 38, 44, 45, 110, 198, 341, 342, 343, phonetic 136 351, 356, 357 phonological 137 stigmatisation 39, 44, 73, 105, 185, 243 syntactic 136, 137, 138–142, 143, 156, structural distance, reduction 82 159–165 style 2, 21, 44, 46, 58, 67, 68, 72, 73, 139, 258, variationist sociolinguistics 291 337, 339 vernacular 2, 6, 26, 29, 32, 37, 41, 46, 62, 102, continuum 58, 66 107, 109, 116, 132, 243, 248, 249, 257, shift 26, 47, 65, 66, 343 262, 354 substrate 28 Sweden 171, 175 wave theory/Wellentheorie 8 Swedish 176, 177 weakening 136 codification 177 Welsh 6, 30 Finland 33 West Germanic 8, 62 standard 34, 35, 240 Continental 238, 242 West Romance 243 tags 155–158, 159–164 word order 136 Thai working class (see also middle class, social transfer 9, 13, 261 stratification) 144 transition (area/zone) 8, 10, 12, 29, 244 Yiddish 30 Turkish as spoken by immigrants 12 Zulu 63