APPENDIX 8  ATTACHMENT 1

CityofJoondalup

CentralParkBushland ManagementPlan2014Ͳ2019



99CLordStreet Whiteman Ph:(08)92092767 Fax:(08)92092768 

 www.naturalareaconsulting.com.au 

CityofJoondalup

CentralParkBushlandManagementPlan 2014–2019 

Reportpreparedfor: CityofJoondalup ReportPreparedby: NaturalAreaConsulting 99CLordSt Whiteman,WA6068 [email protected] ReportDate: March2014 

Disclaimer  NaturalAreaHoldingsPtyLtd,tradingasNaturalAreaConsulting(NAC),haspreparedthisreportfor thesoleuseoftheClientandforthepurposesasstatedintheagreementbetweentheClientand NACunderwhichthisworkwascompleted.Thisreportmaynotberelieduponbyanyotherparty withouttheexpresswrittenagreementofNAC.  NAChasexerciseddueandcustomarycareinthepreparationofthisdocumentandhasnot,unless specificallystated,independentlyverifiedinformationprovidedbyothers.Nootherwarranty, expressorimpliedismadeinrelationtothecontentsofthisreport.Therefore,NACassumesno liabilityforanylossresultingfromerrors,omissionormisrepresentationsmadebyothers.This documenthasbeenmadeattherequestoftheClient.Theuseofthisdocumentbyunauthorised thirdpartieswithoutwrittenpermissionfromNACshallbeattheirownrisk,andacceptnodutyof caretoanysuchthirdparty.  Anyrecommendations,opinionsorfindingsstatedinthisreportarebasedoncircumstancesand factsastheyexistedatthetimeNACperformedthework.Anychangesinsuchcircumstancesand factsuponwhichthisdocumentisbasedmayadverselyaffectanyrecommendations,opinionsor findingscontainedinthisdocument.  Nopartofthisdocumentmaybecopied,duplicatedordisclosedwithouttheexpresswritten permissionoftheClient.  Acknowledgement AcknowledgementisgiventotheCityofJoondalupwhofreelyprovidedplans,reporttemplatesand otherdocumentation,extractsofwhichformthebasisofthisplan. CityofJoondalup–CentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014Ͳ2019

   TableofContents   Disclaimer...... i Acknowledgement...... i Acronyms...... v ExecutiveSummary...... vi 1.0 Introduction...... 1 1.1 Background...... 1 1.2 NaturalAreaManagementPlans...... 1 1.3 StudyArea...... 1 1.4 Purpose...... 4 1.5 AimsandObjectives...... 4 1.6 StrategicContext...... 4 1.6.1 LocalGovernment...... 4 1.6.2 StateGovernment...... 6 1.6.3 FederalGovernment...... 7 1.6.4 InternationalConventionsorListings...... 8 1.6.5 StakeholderConsultation...... 8 1.6.6 LandTenureandVesting...... 8 2.0 DescriptionoftheEnvironment...... 9 2.1Geology,SoilsandLandforms...... 9 2.1.1 SoilsoftheSwanCoastalPlain...... 9 2.1.2 AcidSulphateSoils...... 12 2.2 Hydrology...... 12 2.2.1 Groundwater...... 12 2.2.2 Drainage...... 12 2.3 Climate...... 15 2.4 Vegetation...... 15 2.4.1 VegetationComplexes...... 15 2.4.2 FloristicCommunityTypes...... 17 2.4.3 VegetationCommunities...... 17

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2.4.4 VegetationCondition...... 21 3.0 BiodiversityConservation...... 23 3.1 Flora...... 23 3.1.1 FloraSurveyMethodology...... 24 3.1.2 NativeFlora...... 24 3.1.3 Weeds...... 28 3.1.4 Revegetation...... 36 3.1.5 CurrentManagementApproach...... 36 3.1.6 RecommendedManagementActions...... 38 3.2 Fungi...... 39 3.2.1 FungiSurveyMethodology...... 39 3.2.2 CurrentManagementApproach...... 39 3.2.3 RecommendedManagementActions...... 39 3.3 PlantDiseases...... 41 3.3.1 CurrentManagementApproach...... 42 3.3.2 RecommendedManagementActions...... 42 3.4 Fauna...... 43 3.4.1 FaunaSurveyMethodology...... 43 3.4.2 NativeFauna...... 44 3.4.3 NonͲnativeFauna...... 50 3.4.4 FaunaHabitat...... 53 3.4.5 EcologicalCorridors...... 53 3.4.6 CurrentManagementApproach...... 55 3.4.7 RecommendedManagementActions...... 55 3.5 SocialandBuiltEnvironment...... 56 3.5.1 HistoryandHeritage...... 56 3.5.2 SocialValue...... 56 3.5.3 AccessandInfrastructure...... 56 3.5.4 RecommendedManagementActions...... 58 3.6 FireManagement...... 61 3.6.1 RecommendedManagementActions...... 65 3.7 EducationandTraining...... 66 3.7.1 CommunityInvolvement...... 66 3.7.3 RecommendedManagementActions...... 66

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4.0 ImplementationPlan...... 67 4.1 AuditingandInspections...... 67 4.2 KeyPerformanceIndicators...... 67 4.3 RoutineReporting...... 67 4.4 ScientificResearchandMonitoring...... 67 4.5 ManagementPlanReview...... 67 4.6 ImplementationofManagementActions...... 67 5.0 References...... 69 6.0 Appendices...... 73 Appendix1: ConservationCodes(WA)...... 74 Appendix2: VegetationStructuralClasses...... 77 Appendix3: VegetationConditionRatingScale...... 78 Appendix4: FloraSpeciesList...... 79 Appendix5: VegetationQuadratData...... 85 Appendix6: SpeciesQuadratMatrix...... 99 Appendix7: WeedMaps...... 105 Appendix8: WeedControlMethodology...... 114 Appendix9: WeedPriorityRatings...... 116 Appendix10: RecommendedRevegetationStrategyforCentralPark...... 118 Appendix11: FaunaListandTrapLocations...... 125   

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Acronyms 

Acronym/Abbreviation Definition AHD AustralianHeightDatum theCity CityofJoondalup CoJ CityofJoondalup Cwlth Commonwealth DAFWA DepartmentofAgricultureandFoodWesternAustralia DEC DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation DPaW DepartmentofParksandWildlife DSEWPC DepartmentofSustainability,Environment,Water,PopulationandCommunities EWSWA EnvironmentalWeedStrategyofWesternAustralia EPBC EnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservation FCT FloristicCommunityType g gram GIS GeographicInformationSystem GPS GlobalPositioningSystem IBRA InterimBiogeographicalRegionalisationofAustralia L Litre km Kilometres kmh Kilometresperhour mm Millimetres NAC NaturalAreaConsulting NRM NaturalResourceManagement NWCPAG NationalWildlifeCorridorsPlanAdvisoryGroup PMST ProtectedMattersSearchTool SCP SwanCoastalPlain SLIPs SharedLandInformationPlatforms URL UniformResourceLocator WALGA WesternAustralianLocalGovernmentAssociation   

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ExecutiveSummary  CentralParkisareservecontainingbothremnantbushlandandparklandareas.Thesiteislocated withintheCityofJoondalupoccupyingatotalareaofapproximately5.66hectares.Theneedfor NaturalAreaManagementPlanshasbeenhighlightedintheCityofJoondalupBiodiversityAction Plan2009Ͳ2019andtheCentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014Ͳ2019isdesignedto complementthatdocument.Thesitewasassessedforbiodiversityandthreateningprocessesin MarchandApril2012.CentralParkislistedinDistrictPlanningSchemeNo2(DPSS5)forprotection, onthebasisofitsenvironmentalvalues.  Onehundredandthirtyeight(138)plantspeciesfromfortytwo(42)familieswererecordedonsite. Thisincludedfortytwo(42)speciesofmonocotyledons,ninetyfour(94)speciesofdicotyledonsand two(2)cycads.Ofthese,thirtysix(36)specieswereweedsandonehundredandtwo(102)species werenatives.OnespeciesofPriorityFlora(P4)wasfoundwithinthepark(Jacksoniasericea)aswell astwosignificantfloraspecies(LechenaultialinarioidesandHibbertiacuneiformis). Thereservecontains4vegetationtypes,namely: ƒ openTuartwoodland, ƒ limestoneHeath, ƒ Jarrahwoodland,and ƒ openMarriforest.  Vegetationconditionrangedfromverygoodtocompletelydegraded.Themajorityofthesitewas classifiedasingoodconditionratherthanverygoodconditionduetotheeffectsoffireand subsequentweedinvasion.Theimpactthefireshavehadonthereserve,havelargelybeennegated byveryactiveweedcontrolmeasuresundertakenthewintersof2012Ͳ2013.Aproportionofthe bushpocketinthesouthwesterncornerofthesitewasidentifiedasbeinginaverygoodcondition asaresultofnotbeingburntin2011.Weedspecieswereidentifiedtooccurmostlyinperipheral areasofthesitewhichhavebeenaffectedbynumerousdisturbances.  Atargetedfaunasurveyindicatedthatthesitecontainsalowspeciesdiversity,whichcaninpartbe attributedtotherecentfires.Itisbelievedthatasthevegetationregeneratesthediversityof speciesfoundwithinthestudysitewillimprove.  Humanaccesstothesitewasconsideredtobesufficient,withthereserveshowingonlyaminimal amountoflitterandtrackformation.Fencessustainedfiredamagein2011,butsincehavebeen repaired.  ItisrecommendedthatstrategiestoimprovethebiodiversityofCentralParkfocusonsupporting natural‘postfire’regenerationinvolvingthefollowingkeymanagementareas: ƒ weedcontrol ƒ fire ƒ introducedfauna ƒ plantdiseasesandpathogens ƒ parklandreticulationmanagement ƒ revegetation

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ƒ nativefauna ƒ accessandinfrastructure ƒ humanimpacts.  CentralParkisanimportantnaturalspaceandwithsoundmanagementpracticesthenative bushlandcanbeenjoyedbythelocalcommunityandvisitorsintothefuture.  

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1.0 Introduction  1.1 Background TheCityofJoondalup(‘theCity’)issituatedalongtheSwanCoastalPlain,30kilometresfromthe PerthCentralBusinessDistrict.TheCitycoversanareaof96.5kilometreswhichencompassesa diverserangeofnaturalareasincluding17kilometresofcoastalforeshore,achainofwetlandsanda varietyofbushlandecosystems(Figure1).TheCity’ssouthernboundaryislocatedapproximately16 kilometresfromthePerthCentralBusinessDistrict,andisboundedbytheCityofWannerootothe eastandnorth,theCityofStirlingtothesouth,andtheIndianOceantothewest.  Thereareanumberofregionally,nationallyandinternationallysignificantnaturalareaslocated withinandadjacenttotheCity,includingtheYellagongaRegionalPark,theMarmionMarinePark, theNeerabupNationalParkandanumberofBushForeversites,whichcontainspeciesofhigh conservationvalue.TheCityofJoondalupiscommittedtoconservingandenhancingtheCity’s naturalassetstoensurethelongtermprotectionoftheenvironmentforfuturegenerations  1.2 NaturalAreaManagementPlans TheCityisdevelopingNaturalAreasManagementPlanstoprovidestrategicongoingmanagement oftheCity’snaturalareasandprotectnativevegetationandecosystems.Environmentalthreats havethepotentialtodegradenaturalareasandreducebiodiversityvalues.Environmentalthreats addressedintheseplansincludeweeds,plantdiseases,fire,nonͲnativefaunaspecies,human impactsandaccessandinfrastructure.NaturalAreaManagementPlansdescribethepotential environmentalimpactsandrisksofactivitiesandenvironmentalthreatsinnaturalareasandthe associatedmanagementstrategiesthatareimplementedtominimisepotentialimpacts.  1.3 StudyArea ThestudyareafortheCentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014Ͳ2019isCentralPark, Joondalup.CentralParkisapocketofremnantbushlandlocatedwithintheCityofJoondalup occupyingatotalareaof5.66hectares.Itisapproximately24.5kilometresnorthͲwestofthePerth CentralBusinessDistrictinthesuburbofJoondalup.CentralParkisboundedbyGrandBoulevardto thewestandLakesideDrivetotheeast(Figure2).TheCityofJoondalupcouncilofficesarelocated onthenorthsideofthereservealongwiththeciviccentre,theCityadministrationofficesand library.CommercialpropertiesarelocatedonthewestandnorthͲwestside.Totheeastare residentialpropertiesandabushlandlinkagetoLakeJoondalup.TheWestCoastInstituteofTraining istothesouth.  CentralParkisCrownLandmanagedbytheCityofJoondalupandisreservedforthepurposesof ParksandRecreationundertheMetropolitanRegionScheme.ThemainusesofCentralParkarefor passiverecreationalpurposessuchaswalkingordogwalkingortotraveltoandfromthe educationalfacilityandthecommercialpropertiesthatsurroundit.   

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 Figure1:LocationofCentralParkwithintheCityofJoondalup

CentralPark



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Figure2:CentralParkSiteBoundary



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1.4 Purpose ThepurposeoftheCentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014–2019isto: ƒ provideinformationtoassisttheCityofJoondalupinprioritisingmaintenanceschedules ƒ guidethefuturedevelopmentoftheCity’sConservationCapitalWorksProgram ƒ increaseopportunitiesforgrantfundingbyhavingadetailedscheduleofprojects ƒ provideguidancetoCityemployeesandcontractorsandvolunteersoperatingwithinCentral Park.  1.5 AimsandObjectives TheaimsoftheCentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014Ͳ2019areto: ƒ establishabaselinedescriptionoftheenvironmenttoguidefutureenvironmentalplanning andrecommendedmanagementactions ƒ outlinekeyenvironmentalthreatsandmanagementstrategiestominimiseimpactand protectconservationandrecreationvalues ƒ outlinemanagementactionstoaddresskeythreatsincludingmonitoringandreporting.  TheobjectiveoftheCentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014–2019istoprovideaframework protectandenhancebiodiversityvaluesofthenaturalareawhilstmaintainingappropriate communityaccessandawarenessofthenaturalarea  1.6 StrategicContext ToensuretheCentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014–2019complementsother managementinitiatives,relevantlegislation,policies,guidelinesanddocumentswerereviewedand aresummarisedbelow.  1.6.1 LocalGovernment StrategicCommunityPlan TheCityofJoondalupStrategicCommunityPlan2012Ͳ2022highlightsthefocusonpreservation, conservationandaccessibilityoftheCity’snaturalassetsandtheimportanceofengagingwiththe communityandregionalstakeholders.  EnvironmentPlan TheCityofJoondalupDraftEnvironmentPlan2013Ͳ2018providesstrategicdirectioninthedelivery ofenvironmentalinitiativeswithintheCityofJoondalup.  BiodiversityActionPlan TheCityofJoondalupBiodiversityActionPlan2009–2019providesdirectionfortheCity’s biodiversitymanagementactivitiesanddetailsthedevelopmentofindividualNaturalArea ManagementPlansasanaction.TheCityofJoondalupStrategicEnvironmentalFrameworkis outlinedinFigure3.    

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 Figure3:CityofJoondalupStrategicEnvironmentalFramework

2014Ͳ2019

  LocalBiodiversityProgram(formerlyPerthBiodiversityProject) TheCityofJoondalupisoneof32localgovernmentsparticipatingintheWesternAustralianLocal GovernmentAssociation’s(WALGA’s)LocalBiodiversityProgram.TheaimoftheLocalBiodiversity Programistosupportlocalgovernmentstoeffectivelyintegratebiodiversityconservationintoland useplanningtoprotectandmanagelocalnaturalareas.  AspartoftheLocalBiodiversityProgram,theCityofJoondalupassessedallnaturalareasfrom2004 onwardsusingtheecologicalcriteriaoftheNaturalAreaInitialAssessment,resultinginapriority rankingofnaturalareas.TheCityofJoondalupassessesmajorconservation,highpriorityand mediumprioritynaturalareasapproximatelyevery5–7yearsusingthisassessmenttool.  NaturalAreaInitialAssessmentsincludeadesktopassessmentandfieldsurveyanddocument informationsuchas: ƒ vegetationcomplexes ƒ threatenedorsignificantfloraorecologicalcommunities ƒ structuralplantcommunities ƒ weedspecies ƒ vegetationconditionassessment ƒ ecologicalcriteriaranking; ƒ aviabilityestimate ƒ faunaspeciesobserved.  CityofJoondalupDistrictPlanningSchemeNo.2Schedule5

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PlanningforlanduseoccursundertheDistrictPlanningSchemeNo.2.Schedule5(Clause5.3.1)of theDistrictPlanningSchemelistsPlacesandObjectsHavingSignificanceforthePurposeof ProtectionoftheLandscapeorEnvironment. CentralParkislistedasaplacehavingsignificanceforthepurposeofprotectionofthelandscapeor environmentinSchedule5oftheDistrictPlanningSchemeNo2.  PestPlantLocalLaw2012 ThepurposeofthePestPlantLocalLaw2012istoprescribepestplantswithintheCityofJoondalup thatarelikelytoadverselyaffectthevalueofpropertyinthedistrictorthehealth,comfortor convenienceoftheinhabitantsofthedistrict.  Pestplantsaregenerallyhighlyadaptableandwillestablishquicklyafteradisturbanceeventsuchas fire,orthroughunrestrictedaccess.Ifpestplantsareallowedtoestablishtheyhavethepotentialto outͲcompetetheCity’suniquefloralbiodiversity.ThePestPlantLocalLaw2012requirestheowner oroccupierofprivatelandwithintheCityofJoondalupdistricttodestroy,eradicateorotherwise controlscheduledpestplantsonnoticebytheCity.Currentlyoneweedspeciesisscheduledunder theLocalLaw–Caltrop(Tribulusterrestris).CaltrophasnotbeenidentifiedinCentralPark.  1.6.2 StateGovernment RelevantLegislation,PoliciesandDocuments  AboriginalHeritageAct1972 TheActmakesprovisionforthepreservationonbehalfofthecommunityofplacesandobjects customarilyusedbyortraditionaltotheoriginalinhabitantsofAustraliaortheirdescendants. CentralParkisnotlistedonanyStateorFederalIndigenousheritageinventoryorregister.  AgricultureandRelatedResourcesProtectionAct1976 TheActgivesprovisiontodeclareplantsandanimalsthatareknowntobeasignificant environmentalthreatandprovidesforthemanagement,controlandpreventionofthesedeclared plantsandanimalsfortheprotectionofagricultureandrelatedresources.Onedeclaredplantshas beenrecordedinCentralPark,whichisOneͲleafCapeTulip(Moraeaflaccida).  BushfiresAct1954 TheActmakesprovisionfordiminishingthedangersresultingfrombushfiresandforthe prevention,controlandextinguishmentofbushfires.  CatAct2011 TheActmakesprovisionforthecontrolandmanagementofcatsandpromotesandencouragesthe responsibleownershipofcats.  EnvironmentalProtectionAct1986 TheActprovidesauthoritytotheEnvironmentalProtectionAuthority(EPA)fortheprevention, controlandabatementofpollutionandenvironmentalharm,fortheconservation,preservation, protection,enhancementandmanagementoftheenvironmentinWesternAustralia. 

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HeritageofWesternAustraliaAct1990

TheActprovidesforandencouragestheconservationofplaceswhichhavesignificancetothe culturalheritageintheState.CentralParkisnotlistedonanyStateorFederalculturalheritage inventoryorregister.  WildlifeConservationAct1950 TheActprovidesthestatuterelatingtoconservationandlegalprotectionoffloraandfauna  SixfaunaspecieslistedundertheWildlifeConservationAct1950areconsideredtoeitheruseor possiblyuseCentralPark,thesebeing: ƒ Baudin’sCockatoo(Calyptorhynchusbaudinii)(bird)–(Threatened) ƒ BlackͲstripedSnake(Neelapscalonotos)(reptile)–(Speciallyprotectedfauna) ƒ Carnaby’sCockatoo(Calyptorhynchuslatirostris)(bird)–(Threatened) ƒ CarpetPython(Moreliaspilotasubsp.imbricata)(reptile)–(Threatened) ƒ PeregrineFalcon(Falcoperegrinus)(bird)Ͳ(Speciallyprotectedfauna) ƒ ShieldͲbackedTrapdoorSpider(Idiosomanigrum)(invertebrate)–(Threatened)  WAPlanningCommission“BushForever”Strategy2000 TheStrategyidentifiesregionallysignificantbushlandinthePerthMetropolitanRegiontobe retained,managedandprotectedforever.CentralParkisnotlistedasaBushForeversitebut containsthreefloraspeciesconsideredtobenaturallyoccurringsignificantfloraofthePerth MetropolitanRegion,thesebeing: ƒ Hibbertiacuneiformis ƒ Jacksoniasericea–(Priority4) ƒ Lechenaultialinarioides  StatePlanningPolicy2.8–BushlandPolicyforthePerthMetropolitanRegion TheStatePlanningPolicy2.8–BushlandPolicyforthePerthMetropolitanRegionaimstoprovide directionandanimplementationframeworkthatwillensurebushlandprotectionandmanagement issuesinthePerthMetropolitanRegionareappropriatelyaddressedandintegratedwithbroader landuseplanninganddecisionͲmaking.  EnvironmentalWeedStrategyforWesternAustralia1999 TheDepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation(DEC)developedanEnvironmentalWeed StrategyforWesternAustralia(WA)(1999).TheStrategyprioritises1,350weedspeciesusingthe criteriaofinvasiveness,distributionandenvironmentalimpactstorateweedsashigh,moderate, mildorlowpriority.Highratingswereissuedto34weedspecies.CentralParkcontainssevenhigh priorityratedweedsintheEnvironmentalWeedStrategyforWA  1.6.3 FederalGovernment EnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityAct1999 TheActprovidesfortheprotectionoftheenvironmentandtheconservationofbiodiversity,andfor relatedpurposes.FiveEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservation(EPBC)Act1999listed specieshavebeenrecordedinoraspotentiallyoccurringwithinCentralPark:

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ƒ Carnaby'sBlackCockatoo,(Calyptorhynchuslatirostris)ͲEndangered ƒ ForestRedͲtailedBlackCockatoo(Calyptorhynchusbanksiinaso)ͲThreatened ƒ ForkͲtailedSwift(Apuspacificus)ͲMigratory ƒ GracefulSunMoth(Synemongratiosa)ͲEndangered ƒ RainbowBeeͲeater(Meropsornatus)ͲMigratory  Australia’sBiodiversityConservationStrategy2010Ͳ2030 TheStrategyaimstoprotectbiologicaldiversityandmaintainecologicalprocessesandsystems.  NationalWeedsStrategy1997 TheNationalWeedsStrategyprovidesastrategicframeworkformanagingweedsatanationallevel. AspartoftheimplementationoftheNationalWeedsStrategy,32WeedsofNationalSignificance areidentifiedasnationallyagreedpriorityplantspeciesforcontrolandmanagementbasedonthe criteriaofinvasivenessandimpactcharacteristics,potentialandcurrentareaofspreadand economic,environmentalandsocialimpacts.CentralParkcontainsnoknownWeedsofNational Significance.  1.6.4 InternationalConventionsorListings InternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN)RedListofThreatenedSpecies TheIUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies™providestaxonomic,conservationstatusanddistribution informationonplantsandanimalsthathavebeengloballyevaluatedusingtheIUCNRedList CategoriesandCriteria.OneendangeredIUCNRedListspecieshavebeenrecordedforCentralPark, Carnaby’sBlackͲCockatoo(Calyptorhynchuslatirostris).  1.6.5 StakeholderConsultation TheCityhasconsultedwiththeWestCostInstituteofTrainingduringthedevelopmentofthisplan.   1.6.6 LandTenureandVesting CentralParkiscrownlandmanagedbytheCityofJoondalup.



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2.0 DescriptionoftheEnvironment  2.1Geology,SoilsandLandforms 2.1.1 SoilsoftheSwanCoastalPlain CentralParkissituatedwithintheCityofJoondalup,whichislocatedwithintheSwanCoastalPlain. ItischaracterisedbyTuartandheathonlimestonesoils,andBanksiaͲJarrahͲMarriwoodlandon sandysoils.ThemajorityofthesoilsoftheSwanCoastalPlainareformedbymaterialdepositedby riversandwind.Aseriesofdunesystemshasbeenformedwiththeyoungestdunesbeingthe QuindalupDunesnearestthecoast,followedbytheSpearwoodDunesandtheoldestBassendean Dunesarefarthestfromthecoast(Figure4).  CentralParkislocatedwithintheSpearwoodDuneswhichhaveacoreofsandyaeolianitewitha cappingofsecondarylimestone(TamalaLimestone,predominantlycalcarenite)overlainbyyellow brownsiliceoussandswithweakpodzoldevelopment.12TheSpearwoodDunesarebelievedtohave formedaround40,000yearsagoandcompriseofred/brown,yellowandpaleyellow/greysands.3 TheSpearwoodSandPhaseischaracterisedbyundulatingduneswithrockycrestsonaeoliansand overlimestone.  TwomajorsoiltypesoccurattheSite4;theKarrakattasandyellowphaseandtheKarrakattashallow soilsphase(Figure5).TheshallowKarrakattasoiltypeislocatedinthenorthernsectionofthesite andischaracterisedbynumerouslimestoneoutcrops.Adescriptionofeachsoiltypeispresentedin Table1.  Table1:SoilTypes–CentralPark5 MapUnit Name Description 211Sp__Ky Karrakatta UndulatingdunesonaeoliansandoverlimestoneintheSwanCoastalPlain SandYellow betweenWannerooandLancelin,yellowdeepsands,JarrahͲMarriͲTuartͲBanksia Phase woodlandwithdenseshrubs. 211Sp__Kls Karrakatta RockylowhillsandridgesonlimestoneintheSwanCoastalPlainbetween shallowsoils WannerooandLancelin,barerock,yellowͲbrownshallowsandsandstonysoils, Phase denseParrotBushͲHakeascrub.  ThelandcontoursofCentralParkrangefrom48to56metresAustralianHeightDatum(AHD).      

 1DepartmentofEnvironment(2004) 2McArthurandBettenay,(1974) 3Bolland(1998) 4DepartmentofAgricultureandFood(2012b) 5DepartmentofAgricultureandFood,(2012b)

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Figure4:SoilsoftheSwanCoastalPlain(DepartmentofAgriculture,2002)

CityofJoondalupboundary

CentralPark

 

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Figure5:SoilsinCentralPark



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2.1.2 AcidSulphateSoils Acidsulphatesoilsarenaturallyoccurringsoilsandsedimentsthatcontainironsulphides.Theyare predominantlyfoundinlowͲlyingcoastalwetlandsandtidalflatsandareharmlesswhenleft undisturbed.Exposuretoaircausestheironsulphidesinacidsulphatesoilstoreactwithoxygenand waterproducingironcompoundsandsulphuricacid,whichcanleadtoheavymetalsbeingreleasedinto thesurroundingenvironment.6  Acidsulphatesoilsarecategorisedaspotentialacidsulphatesoils(PASS)oractualacidsulphatesoils (AASS).Potentialacidsulphatesoilshavenotbeenoxidisedbyexposuretoairwhilstactualacid sulphatesoilshavebeendisturbedorexposedtooxygenandbecomeacidic.7Theriskofacidsulphate soilsisbasedontheirlikelihoodofoccurringwithinsoilprofilesandhasbeenmappedbythe DepartmentofParksandWildlife(DPaW)usingavailabledeskͲtopinformationandlimitedgroundͲ truthingwithinareaswhereintensiveonͲgroundmappingandsoilanalysisworkhasbeenundertaken. Themappingundertakenhasfoundthatacidsulphatesoilsarenotknownorexpectedtooccurinthe environmentofCentralParkonthebasisoforiginofthegeologicalunitspresent,depthtogroundwater andpartial‘groundtruthing’oronsiteinvestigation.  2.2 Hydrology 2.2.1 Groundwater TheCityofJoondalupislocatedonPerth’slargestsourceofgroundwater,theGnangaraGroundwater System,comprisingfourmainaquifers:superficial(shallow,unconfined),Mirrabooka(deeper,semiͲ confined),Leederville(deep,mostlyconfined)andtheYarragadee(deep,mostlyconfined).The GnangaraMoundextendsacrossmostofthesuperficialaquiferandreferstothewatertablecreatinga moundshape(Figure6).Groundwaterlevelsinthesuperficialaquiferhavebeendecliningoverrecent yearsduetopressurefromextractionandtheimpactsofclimatechange.  DepthtogroundwaterinCentralParkisbetween41–48metresAHDwhilethedepthtothebaseof thesuperficialaquiferformationisbetween18–26metresAHD.8Thisisconsistentwithasitelocated onadunecrest(Figure7).   2.2.2 Drainage Thestudyareahasonedrainagepipewithinitsboundaries.ThisislocatedinthenorthͲeastcornerof thesite(Figure8) 



 6DepartmentofEnvironment(2004) 7DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation,n.d. 8 DepartmentofEnvironment(2004)

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Figure 6: Gnangara Groundwater System9 



Figure 7: Groundwater Depth Explanation10  9DepartmentofWater,n.d. 10DepartmentofEnvironment,2004

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 Figure 8: Stormwater drainage reticulation Central Park 

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2.3 Climate TheCityofJoondalupexperiencesaMediterraneanclimateofhotdrysummerswithanaverage temperatureof31degreesduringthedayandmildwetwinterswithanaveragedaytimetemperature of18degrees.Theaverageannualrainfallfrom2002to2012was679mm.Approximately80percentof theannualrainfallsbetweenthemonthsofMayandSeptember(Figure9).  Figure9:ClimatedataforPerth11 180.0 35.0

160.0 30.0

140.0 25.0 120.0 C) o ( 100.0 20.0  (mm)  Rainfall 80.0 15.0 MaxTemp Rainfall

Temperature MinTemp 60.0 10.0 40.0

5.0 20.0

0.0 0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month   2.4 Vegetation 2.4.1 VegetationComplexes Vegetationcomplexesareclassifiedbythesoilandlandformscontainedinmediumtolargeareasalong theSwanCoastalPlain.RegionalscalemappingshowsthestudyareaisclassifiedashavingCottesloe Complex–CentralandSouth(Figure10).ThiscomplexconsistsofamosaicofTuartwoodlandandan openforestofTuartͲJarrahͲMarrionthedeepersands,withheathsonlimestoneoutcrops12.   

 11BureauofMeteorology(2012) 12Heddleetal(1980)

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 Figure10:CityofJoondalupVegetationComplexes

Central&South

 CentralPark

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 TheCityofJoondalupportionofthepreͲEuropeanextentofCottesloeComplex–CentralandSouthin PerthandPeelwas9%(3,966ha).Approximately35%(15,251ha)ofthisvegetationcomplexcurrently remainsinPerthandPeel,withtheCityofJoondalupproportionofthecurrentextentbeing2%(345ha) andthelevelofretentionisjustunder9%.SeeFigure10.  2.4.2 FloristicCommunityTypes FloristicCommunityTypes(FCTs)aregenerallygroupsoffloraspeciesthatconsistentlyoccurtogether. CentralParkisinferredtohavethefollowingFCTs: ƒ FCT26b–WoodlandsandmalleesonLimestone ƒ FCT28ͲSpearwoodBanksiaattenuataorBanksiaattenuataͲEucalyptuswoodlands.  WhilstFCTscanbeausefulwayofdescribinggroupsoffloraspecies,vegetationcommunitiesaremore commonlyusedtodefineplantcommunities.  2.4.3 VegetationCommunities FourvegetationcommunitieswereidentifiedinCentralPark,asdescribedinTable2andFigure11. VegetationstructuralclassesareprovidedinAppendix2.NoThreatenedorPriorityEcological CommunitieswereidentifiedwithinCentralParkorinnearbybushland. 

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Table2:VegetationcommunitiesinCentralPark Site VegetationCommunity Description Photograph Coverage OpenTuartwoodland OpenwoodlandofEucalyptusgomphocephala(Tuart)overa 22.7% lowwoodlandofmixedBanksiaspecies(B.attenuata,B. grandis,B.menziesii,B.prionotes).Belowthisisa XanthorrhoeapreissiishrublandwithAcaciapulchellaand HakeaprostrataandalowshrublandofHakealissocarpha, HibbertiahypericoidesandPetrophilemacrostachya.Pockets ofveryopensedgelandofMesomelaenapseudostygiawith scatteredoccurrencesofLepidospermasquamatumand Dianellarevolutavar.Divaricataoccurthroughoutthe woodland.

 Limestoneheath OpenwoodlandofEucalyptusgomphocephala(Tuart)overa 34.3% lowopenwoodlandofBanksiaspecies(B.attenuata,B grandis).BeforethefiretallBanksiasessilisshrubland occurredinpatches;Undertheseisanopenshrublandof Calothamnusquadrifidus,Grevilleapreissii,Hakealissocarpha, LeucopogonparviflorusandXanthorrhoeapreissiiwithan openlowheathofAcaciapulchella,Lechenaultialinarioides, Jacksoniasericea,J.CalcicolaandScaevolacanescens.Very opengrasslandofAustrostipaflavescensmixedwithavery opensedgelandcomponentthathaseitherMesomelaena pseudostygiaorvariousLomandraspeciespresent.Avery openherblandwithConostyliscandicansandHaemodorum laxumisalsopresent.ThesoilistypicallybrownͲyellowsands  withoutcropsoflimestonevisibleatthesurface.

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Site VegetationCommunity Description Photograph Coverage Jarrahwoodland AwoodlandofEucalyptusmarginata(Jarrah)withBanksia 20.7% attenuataandAllocasuarinafraserianaoverashrublandof Macrozamiafraseri,Xanthorrhoeapreissii,Hibbertia hypericoides,HakealissocarphaandAcaciapulchella.Avery opengrasslandofAustrostipaflavescensispresentasisan openHerblandwithHaemodorumlaxumandtheintroduced speciesMoraeaflaccida(OneͲleafCapeTulip).

 OpenMarriforest OpenforestofCorymbiacalophylla(Marri)withEucalyptus 22.2% marginataandAllocasuarinafraserianaoveralowopen woodlandofBanksiaattenuataandashrublandof Xanthorrhoeapreissii,Acaciapulchella,Gompholobium tomentosumandHardenbergiacomptoniana.Averyopen sedgelandofDichopogoncapillipesandDesmocladusflexuosa competewithopengrasslandofEhrhartalongiflora(Annual VeldtGrass)andanopenherblandofGladiolus caryophyllaceus(PinkGladiolus)andCarpobrotusedulis (Pigface).

   

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Figure11:VegetationCommunitiesinCentralPark



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2.4.4 VegetationCondition Vegetationconditionassessmentsincludeobservationsregardingthenumbersofnativespecies,weed cover,vegetationstructure,speciesdiversity,amountofunderstorey,healthconditionofmostspecies’ populationsandphysicaldisturbance.TheKeigheryScaleisatoolusedtoratetheconditionof vegetationfrompristinetocompletelydegraded,asdetailedinAppendix3.TheCityofJoondalup conductedNaturalAreasInitialAssessmentsin2004and2009toassessthevegetationconditionatthe site.NaturalAreaConsultingconductedavegetationconditionassessmentin2012.  ThevegetationconditionatCentralParkrangesfromVeryGoodtoCompletelyDegraded.Themajority oftheremnantvegetationisinGoodcondition,withtheVeryGoodconditionbushlandbeinginthe southͲwestcornerofthesite.TheDegradedpatchesarelargelyneartheedgesofthebushlandwhere thereisinfrastructureandpaths.VegetationconditioninCentralParkisshowninTable3andFigure12.  Since2009therehasbeenareductionintheamountofvegetationratedasExcellentandVeryGood withanincreaseintheamountofvegetationratedasGood.Thiscanbelargelyattributedtotherecent bushfiresthathaveoccurredovermuchofCentralParkduringthesummerof2011–2012.  Table3:VegetationconditionassessmentusingtheKeigheryScale Completely Year Pristine Excellent VeryGood Good Degraded Degraded 2004 0 20% 45% 25% 10% 0 2009 0 20% 50% 55% 10% 5% 2012 0 0 7% 76% 16% 1%   

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Figure12:VegetationConditioninCentralPark



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3.0 BiodiversityConservation  CentralParksupportsavarietyofplantandanimalspecies,includingsomespeciesconsidered significanttothePerthmetropolitanarea.ThelongtermprotectionofbiodiversityvalueswithinCentral Parkiscriticaltoensuretheconservationofthisuniquehabitat.Theprotectionandenhancementof biodiversitywithinCentralParkalsobenefitsthecommunitythroughtheprovisionofecologicalservices suchas: ƒ theproductionofoxygenandcaptureofcarbondioxide ƒ noiseandairqualityregulation ƒ coolingofurbanenvironments ƒ supportingseeddispersalandpollination 13 ƒ anumberofrecreationalandculturalexperiences .  ThereareanumberofenvironmentalthreatsthatposearisktothebiodiversityofCentralPark.Thekey environmentalthreatsinclude: ƒ weeds ƒ pathogensanddisease ƒ nonͲnativefaunaspecies ƒ humanimpacts ƒ accessandinfrastructure ƒ fire. Managementstrategiestoaddressthekeyenvironmentalthreatshavebeenestablishedandare discussedinthefollowingsections.  3.1 Flora CentralParkislocatedwithintheSouthwestAustraliabiodiversityhotspot.SouthwestAustralia,from SharkBayinthenorthtoIsraeliteBayinthesouth,isoneof34biodiversityhotspotsintheworldwith over2,900endemicplantspeciesoccurringinthisregion.Approximately30%oftheoriginalvegetation extentofthisarearemains,withhabitatlossbeingprimarilyduetoagriculturalexpansion.14  Florasurveysenablecollectionofscientificdatarelatedtotheoccurrenceanddistributionofflora speciesandvegetationcommunities.Informationobtainedfromflorasurveysisusedasabaselineto monitortheecologicalhealthofflorapopulationsandvegetationcommunities.NaturalAreaConsulting wasengagedtoundertakeadesktopandfieldflorasurveyofCentralParkinMarch2012.   

 13CityofJoondalup(2012b) 14ConservationInternational(2013)

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3.1.1 FloraSurveyMethodology DesktopStudy AreviewwasundertakenofalltheavailableinformationprovidedbytheCityofJoondalupandany additionalrelevantinformationtoprovideadetailedbackgroundforCentralPark.NaturalAreaInitial AssessmentswereundertakenbytheCityofJoondalupin2004and2009andwerereviewedaspartof thedesktopstudy.NaturalAreaInitialAssessmentsincludedocumentinginformationsuchas: ƒ vegetationcomplexes ƒ threatenedorsignificantfloraorecologicalcommunities ƒ structuredplantcommunities ƒ weedspecies ƒ ratingvegetationcondition ƒ ecologicalcriteriarankings ƒ aviabilityestimate.  Externaldatabaseswerealsoconsulted,including: ƒ NatureMap,forlocalspeciespreviouslyrecordedinthesurroundingarea ƒ DECthreatenedandpriorityfloradatabases ƒ DECthreatenedandecologicalcommunitydatabase ƒ ProtectedMattersSearchToolprovidedbyDepartmentofSustainability,Environment,Water, PopulationandCommunitiesforsignificantfauna,flora,threatenedandpriorityecological communitiesataCommonwealthlevel.  FieldSurvey ThedesignoftheflorasurveywasalignedwithmethodologyoutlinedinEPAGuidanceStatementNo. 51:TerrestrialFloraandVegetationSurveysforEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentinWesternAustralia. Themethodologyundertakeninconductingthesurveyincludedtheuseof10mx10mquadratsand opportunisticsamplingofspeciesnotrecordedwithinthequadrats.Aminimumoftwoquadratswere establishedpervegetationcommunity.ThequadratmatrixisprovidedinAppendix6.  Itshouldbenotedthespecieslistwascompiledfromtheoutcomesofthesurveyundertakenduringthe warmermonthsofMarchandAprilandsomenativegeophyticspecies,suchasmembersofthe Orchidaceaefamily(orchids),thegeneraThysanotus(FringedLilies),Drosera(Sundews),herbaceous speciessuchasStylidium(triggerplants)andothersmallherbaceousannualsareunderͲrepresented. Thisappliessimilarlytogeophyticspeciesofweeds,suchastheOneͲleafCapeTulip(Moraeaflaccida) andPinkGladiolus(Gladioluscaryophyllaceus),alongwithannualweedssuchasgrasses.  3.1.2 NativeFlora NativefloraisanimportantpartoftheCentralParkReserveecosystem.Thelossofnativeplantspecies canleadtoalossoffaunathatdependonfloraforfoodandshelter.Atotalof138floraspecieswere recordedonsite,including102(74%)nativespeciesand36(26%)introducedspecies.Alistofspecies

©NaturalAreaConsulting2013 Page24 CityofJoondalup–CentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014Ͳ2019 identifiedispresentedinAppendix4,andhasbeenusedtocompiletherevegetationlistforthearea. ThequadratdataandlocationsusedtosamplethevegetationarepresentedinAppendix5.  Oneplantspecies,Conostyliscandicans,isnativetotheareabutisconsideredtobeintroducedtothe reservethroughplantingactivities.15TherewerethreespeciesofsignificantflorafoundwithinCentral Park(Table4).OnewasaspeciesofPriorityflora,Jacksoniasericea.ThishasaPriority4ratingasitis consideredtobeendemictothePerthMetropolitanArea.AdescriptionoftheConservationCodesof WesternAustraliaisgiveninAppendix1.Thiswastheonlyfloraspeciestobehighlightedinthedesktop reviews.  TheothersignificantfloraspeciesfoundinCentralParkareLechenaultialinarioidesandHibbertia cuneiformis.Lechenaultialinarioidesisthoughttobepoorlyrepresentedinreserveswithinthe metropolitanregionandHibbertiacuneiformisisnearthenorthernlimitofitsrange.Significantfloraare specieslistedinBushForever16asbeingofparticularinterestastheyareeitherrare,poorlyknown, restrictedindistributionorhavesomeotherdistinctivefeature.  Petrophileserruriaewaspreviouslylistedasaspeciesofsignificantflora.ThishasbeenrenamedP. axillarisanditisnolongerconsideredtobeunderthreatintheregion.However,itisrarewithinthe parkboundaries,withonlytwoplantsseengrowinginthesouthwesternpocket.Figure13illustrates thelocationofthesignificantflorainCentralPark.  

 15CityofJoondalup,personalcommunication 16GovernmentofWesternAustralia(2000)

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Table4:SignificantflorainCentralPark Name CommonName ConservationStatus Photograph

Northernextentof naturalrange, Hibbertia CutleafHibbertia SignificantFloraof cuneiformis thePerth MetropolitanRegion

Priority4 Taxaendemictothe SwanCoastalPlain, Jacksoniasericea Waldjumi SignificantFloraof thePerth MetropolitanRegion

Consideredtobe poorlyreserved, Lechenaultia Yellow SignificantFloraof linarioides Leschenaultia thePerth MetropolitanRegion 

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Figure13:DistributionofSignificantflorainCentralPark



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3.1.3 Weeds NonͲnativefloraorweedscanbeexoticspeciesornativespeciesinecosystemsinwhichtheypreviously didnotexist.Weedsarecommonlyintroducedanddistributedwithinbushlandareasthroughthe dispersalofseedbywater,wind,animalssuchasbirds,fire,thedumpingofgardenrefuse,humanor vehiclemovementinnaturalareas.  Weedshavemajoreconomic,environmentalandsocialimpactsinAustraliaandcan: ƒ displacenativeplantspecies ƒ alternutrientrecyclingandsoilquality ƒ harbourpestsanddiseases ƒ createfuelloadsforfires ƒ impactnegativelyonfaunaandfloraandtheirhabitats 17 ƒ competewithnativespeciesforspace,waterandnutrients .  Over28,000knownalienplantspecieshavebeenintroducedtoAustraliawithapproximately10%now beingestablishedintheenvironment.18GardenplantsarethemainsourceofAustralia'sweeds, accountingfor66%ofrecognisedweedspecies.19  Atotalof36weedspecieshavebeenrecordedatCentralPark(Appendix4).Themajorityoftheweed speciesweregrassesfromthePoaceaefamily,geophytesfromtheIridaceaefamilyanddaisiesfromthe Asteraceaefamily.ThemostcommonweedspeciesfoundinCentralParkwerePerennialVeldtGrass (Ehrhartacalycina),OneͲleafCapeTulip(Moraeaflaccida),Pigface(Carpobrotusedulis),Rose Pelargonium(Pelargoniumcapitatum),WildTurnip(Brassicasp.)andGeraldtonCarnationWeed (Euphorbiaterracina).ThereisalsoahighincidenceofNightshade(Solanumnigrum)thathaslikelybeen stimulatedbytherecentfireeventswithinthepark.  NoWeedsofNationalSignificancewererecordedinCentralPark;howeveronedeclaredplant,OneͲleaf CapeTulip(Moraeaflaccida),hasbeenrecorded.SevenweedspeciesrecordedinCentralParkwere ratedashavingahightreatmentpriorityintheEnvironmentalWeedStrategyforWA(1999).Keyweed speciesexistinginCentralParkareshowninTable5andthelocationofsignificantweedspeciesis showninAppendix7.       

 17DSEWPC(2013) 18Groves,BodenandLonsdale(2005) 19DSEWPC(2013)

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Table5:PriorityweedspeciesinCentralPark Conservation Name CommonName Photograph Status Moderate priority

Avenabarbata Wildoats (DEC Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

Highpriority (DEC Brassica Wildturnip Environmental tournefortii WeedStrategy forWA)

Moderate priority (DEC Brizamaxima Blowflygrass Environmental WeedStrategy for WA)  Photos:A.Ireland&K.R.Theile(WAHerbariumn.d.)

Moderate priority (DEC Carpobrotusedulis Pigface Environmental WeedStrategy for WA)

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Conservation Name CommonName Photograph Status

Moderate priority (DEC Cirsiumvulgare Spearthistle Environmental WeedStrategy for WA)

Low priority (DEC Conyzabonariensis Fleabane Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

Mild priority Dittrichia (DEC Stinkwort graveolens Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

Highpriority (DEC Ehrhartacalycina PerennialVeldt Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

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Conservation Name CommonName Photograph Status Low priority Ehrharta (DEC AnnualVeldt Longiflora Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

Highpriority (DEC Euphorbia Geraldton Environmental terracina CarnationWeed WeedStrategy forWA)

Moderate priority Gladiolus (DEC Pinkgladiolus caryophyllaceus Environmental WeedStrategy for WA)

Moderate priority (DEC Lactucaserriola Pricklylettuce Environmental WeedStrategy for WA)

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Conservation Name CommonName Photograph Status

Highpriority (DEC Lagurusovatus Hare’stailgrass Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

DeclaredWeed (DAFWA) Highpriority OneͲleafCape Moraeaflaccida (DEC Tulip Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

Highpriority (DEC Pelargonium Rosepelargonium Environmental capitatum WeedStrategy forWA)

Moderatepriority (NAC Pennisetum Kikuyu clandestinum recommendation) EWSWArating Unavailable



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Conservation Name CommonName Photograph Status

Mild priority Phytolacca (DEC Inkweed octandra Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

Low priority (DEC Ricinuscommunis Castoroil Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

Highpriority (DEC Romulearosea Guildfordgrass Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

Moderate priority (DEC Solanumnigrum Nightshade Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

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Conservation Name CommonName Photograph Status

Moderate priority (DEC Sonchusasper Sowthistle Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)

Moderate priority Trifolium (DEC Hopclover campestre Environmental WeedStrategy forWA)  Photos:K.C.Richardson&K.R.Theile(WAHerbariumn.d.)  OneͲleafCapeTulip(Moraeaflaccida) TheOneͲleafCapeTulip(Moraeaflaccida)isadeclaredplantinWesternAustralia,20itisfoundathigh densitiesthroughoutthesite(Appendix7).Thetreatmentofthisinvasivespecieshasbeenflaggedasa highprioritybytheCityofJoondalup.TheCapeTulipcansignificantlydamagetheecologyofbushland areasbysmotheringnativevegetationaswellasbeingtoxictomanyanimalspecies.Thisplantisa geophyteinthatitisspringactive,sendingoutshootsfromanundergroundcorm(bulb)andflowering afterwinter.Followingthisperiodofactivitytheplantsetsseedanddiesoff.TheCapeTulipcan producecopiousamountsofseed.Theprolificseedproductionmeansthattreatmentcanbedifficult andmanualremovalcanservetospreadtheinfestationthroughthedispersalofseeds(ifnot undertakenbeforeseedset).Inareasofbushlandwithheavyinfestationsofgeophytes,mechanical removalcanseverelydegradesoilstructure,beneficialsoilfloraandtherootssystemsofnativeplant species.Inthesecircumstancestheuseofherbicidesisthepreferredmethodofcontrol.       

 20DepartmentofAgriculture(2012a)

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Figure14: OneͲleafCapeTulip(Moraeaflaccida) 

  ThetreatmentpreferredbytheCityistohandwipetheleaveswithMetsulfuronpriortoorjuston flowering.  3.1.4 Revegetation TheCityofJoondalupencouragesnaturalbushlandregenerationthroughweedmanagementand conservationfencingtoallowthevegetationtoreͲestablishitselfandmaintainspeciesdiversityand populations.Revegetationisconductedondegradedorcompletelydegradedareasusinglocal provenancespecies,asrequired.  3.1.5 CurrentManagementApproach TheCityundertakesanintegratedapproachtoweedmanagement,including: ƒ preventionofintroductionofweedsthroughweedhygienemeasures ƒ regularmonitoringandreportingofweedpopulations ƒ ongroundweedcontrol,includingprioritisationofnaturalareasandpriorityweedstotarget ƒ communityeducationinitiatives ƒ firepreventionmeasures.  WeedmonitoringisconductedmonthlyatCentralParktoestablishtheextentanddistributionofweed speciesandtoidentifypriorityweeds.NaturalAreasInitialAssessmentsareconductedapproximately every5yearsinCentralParktoassesssiteͲspecificecologicalvalues,biodiversitysignificanceand threateningprocessesatalevelthatisconsistentwithregionalscientificstandards.Theoutcomesfrom weedmonitoringinformongroundweedmanagementprograms.Thevegetationconditionassessment (Figure12)alsoinformsweedmanagementasthevegetationinthebestconditioncanbeprioritisedfor weedcontrol.  InaccordancewiththeCity’sBushlandMaintenanceSchedules,ongroundweedmanagementoccurs throughweedsprayingandhandweedingmethods.Inadditiontothis,contractorsareengagedtospray

©NaturalAreaConsulting2013 Page36 CityofJoondalup–CentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014Ͳ2019 weedsandhandweed.CityofJoondaluppersonneluseaweedsprayingprocedureandconducttrials periodicallytoevaluatethemosteffectivemanagementmethods.Resources,suchastheDPaWs FlorabasewebsiteorSouthernWeedsandtheirControl(DAFWABulletin4744),arealsoconsultedin regardstoweedcontrol.  Environmentalweedsareclassifiedaspriorityiftheymeetanyofthefollowingcriteria: ƒ weedofnationalsignificance ƒ declaredplant ƒ highpriorityweedaccordingtotheEnvironmentalWeedStrategyforWA(EWSWA) ƒ pestplantunderLocalGovernmentAct1995 ƒ majorthreattovegetation ƒ majorthreattothestructureofvegetationcommunities ƒ contributetoahighfuelload,forexamplegrasses. AlistofweedsandtheirpriorityratingaccordingtoEWSWA(CALM,199921)andthe(DEC,201122)is providedinAppendix9,withtherecommendedweedtreatmentmethodologyforhighpriorityweed speciesisdetailedinAppendix8.  ACityofJoondalupWeedManagementPlanistobedevelopedin2013/14toprovideanongoing strategicapproachtothemanagementofnaturalareasinordertoreducetheincidenceofweeds. Anumberofeducationinitiativesareundertakentoraisetheawarenessofweedswiththecommunity, theseinclude: ƒ deliveryofgardeningworkshops ƒ development and distribution of two weed brochures – Environmental Weeds and Garden Escapees(availableinhardcopyandontheCity’swebsite) ƒ weededucationworkshopsforLocalFriendsGroups.  

 21CALM,1999 22DEC,2011

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3.1.6 RecommendedManagementActions Tomonitor,conserveandprotectnativeflorainCentralPark,thefollowingmanagementactionsare proposed:  Action Detail WeedSurvey Undertakeafollowupweedsurveywithinthenext5yearstosupplement thepreviousflorasurvey. WeedControl Undertakecoordinatedapproachtoregularweedcontrolbyimplementing BushlandMaintenanceSchedules. Targetedcontrolof MakeCapeTulip(Moraeaflaccida)alocallyimportantpriorityweedand CapeTulipspecies targetitforcontrolinCentralPark. Weed DevelopandimplementaCityofJoondalupWeedManagementPlanto ManagementPlan provideanongoingstrategicapproachtothemanagementofnaturalareas inordertoreducetheincidenceofweeds. Revegetation ConductrevegetationasoutlinedintheRecommendedRevegetation StrategyinAppendix10. NaturalAreas ConductfiveyearlyfollowupofNaturalAreasInitialAssessmentinspringto InitialAssessment monitorecologicalhealthofsite.   

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3.2 Fungi Itisestimatedthatthereare10timesmorespeciesoffungithanplantsintheworld,equatingto approximately140,000fungiand14,000plantspeciesinWesternAustralia.23Theamountofspeciesof fungipresentinbushlandcanbeanindicatorofecosystemhealth.Fungiarestronglyinterconnected withplantsandanimalsasfungiarerecyclersthatbreakdownlitteranddebristoprovidenutrientsfor plants.24Nativeplantssuchaseucalypts,wattlesandorchidshavebeneficialpartnershipswithfungi. Fungialsoprovidefoodand/orhabitatforfaunasuchasbandicootsandbeetles.25  Fungisurveysareimportantinprovidingbaselineinformationandtohighlightchangesinfungi occurrenceovertime.UndertakingsurveysalsoenablescomparisonofecologicaldatawithotherCityof Joondalupnaturalareas.  3.2.1 FungiSurveyMethodology Duringthefloraandfaunasurveycomponents,NaturalAreaConsultingrecordedallincidentalsightings offungiwithinCentralPark.Fourfungispecieswererecordedfromthestudyarea(Table6).Duetotime limitations,thefungisurveywasconductedinlatesummerwheretheweatherhadbeenwarmanddry. Theoptimumtimeforfungisurveysisinautumnorwinteraftersubstantialrainfall.Thosethatwere observedwererestrictedforthemostpartaroundtheparklandareas.Itisprobablethattheirpresence wasduetowaterfromreticulationofthegrassland.  3.2.2 CurrentManagementApproach TheCityofJoondalupcurrentlynotesandrecordsincidentalsightingsoffungiinCentralParkthrough scheduledbushlandmaintenanceoperations.  3.2.3 RecommendedManagementActions TomonitorfungihealthinCentralPark,thefollowingmanagementactionisproposed: Action Detail Fungisurvey Undertakeacomprehensivefungisurveyinautumnorwinteraftersubstantial rain,tosupplementpreviousincidentalfungisurvey,every5years.     

 23Bougher,2009 24Robinson,n.d. 25DEC,n.d.

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Table6:FungirecordedinCentralPark Name CommonName Photograph

Cortinarius GoldenTuartCortinarius ochraceofulvus

Inocybemurrayana Inocybemurrayana

Pycnoporuscoccineus BracketFungi

Sclerodermasp. Puffball (Identityunconfirmed)

 

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3.3 PlantDiseases Organismssuchasfungi,bacteriaandvirusesthatcauseplantdiseasesareknownaspathogens.Whilst somepathogensarenaturallyoccurringwithinsoilpopulations,othershavebeenintroducedtothe environmentthroughthemovementofplantmaterialsandsoils.26Thesymptomsproducedbyplants thatareaffectedbypathogensvarydependinguponthespeciesofpathogen,hostspecies,environment andclimaticconditions.Somepathogenscancauserapiddeathofplantswhilstothersresultinaslow, perennialdeclineinhealth.27  PhytophthoradiebackreferstothediseasecausedbytheintroducedplantpathogenPhytophthora. WhiletherearenumerousspeciesofPhytophthora,themostaggressivespeciesaffectingnativeplants throughoutSouthͲwesternWesternAustraliaisPhytophthoracinnamomi.WhilstPhytophthora cinnamomiisthemostcommonspeciesofPhytophthoradiebackwithinWesternAustraliaasecond speciesofPhytophthora,PhytophthoramultivoraiscommoninurbanareasofthePerth,particularly alongtheinlanddunesystems,andhasbeenidentifiedwithintheCity’sparksareas.Phytophthora multivoraisnamedduetoitswidehostrange,includingBanksiaandEucalyptspecies.Phytophthora multivoracancauserapiddeathofplantsoraslow,perennialdeclineinhealthofthecrownandis commonlyassociatedwithindividualspotdeathsandareasoftreedecline.28  ArmillarialuteobubalinahasalsobeenidentifiedwithinanumberofparkswithintheCityofJoondalup. ArmillariaisasoilͲbornefungusthatcausesrootrotofawidevarietyofplantsincludingmanyspeciesof nativeflora.ThefungusisnativetoAustraliaandcancausemajordamagetonaturalecosystems. Armillarialuteobubalinaiscommonlyknownasthe‘HoneyFungus’duetothecolourofthefruiting bodyseenabovethegroundduringcertaintimesoftheyear(Figure15).Fruitingbodies(mushrooms) arenotevidentatallinfectedsitesandtheirpresenceisusuallyasignthatthefungusiswellestablished inthatarea.29  Figure15:Armillarialuteobubalina



 26 CityofJoondalup,2012c 27CityofJoondalup,2012c 28CityofJoondalup,2012c 29CityofJoondalup,2012c

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AtpresentthereisnoreliablemechanismforthecompleteeradicationofPhytophthoraspeciesandthe controlofArmillarialuteobubalinaisbothexpensiveandlabourintensive.30  Ahighleveloftreemortalitywasobservedduringthesiteassessment;however,thismostlikelyrelates tothefireeventof2011withnoobvioussymptomsofplantdiseaseswerenotedduringthesurvey, howevernosoilorothersamplingactivitieswereundertakentoconfirmthis.Thegeneralhealthofthe vegetationwasdifficulttoassessduetotherecentnatureofthefiredamage.  3.3.1 CurrentManagementApproach TheCityofJoondaluphasdevelopedaPathogenManagementPlantoprotectnativevegetationand ecosystemsbyestablishingthelevelofriskforareastobeinfectedbypathogens,prioritisationofareas anddetailpreventativeandmanagementactionstobeimplementedwithintheCity,including guidelinesfordiebackͲfreeplantpurchasingandahygieneprocedure.   3.3.2 RecommendedManagementActions TopreventpathogenspreadandprotectbiodiversityvaluesatCentralPark,thefollowingmanagement actionsareproposed:  Action Detail Pathogen ImplementrecommendationsfromthePathogenManagementPlanthatare Management applicabletothemanagementofCentralPark. 

 30CityofJoondalup,2012c

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3.4 Fauna Faunasurveysdocumenttheoccurrence,distributionandpopulationoffaunaspecies.Informationfrom faunasurveysisusedasabaselinetomonitorthehealthoffaunaspecies.  3.4.1 FaunaSurveyMethodology ThefaunasurveydesignwasalignedwithEPAGuidanceStatementNo.56:TerrestrialFaunaSurveysfor EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentinWesternAustralia,theprinciplesoutlinedinEPAPosition StatementNo.3:TerrestrialBiologicalSurveysasanElementofBiodiversityProtection,andthe TechnicalGuide–TerrestrialVertebrateFaunaSurveysforEnvironmentalImpactAssessment.  DesktopStudy Aspartofthefaunasurvey,NACrevieweddataprovidedbyCityofJoondaluptocompileacomplete datasetwhichhasbeenutilisedinthedevelopmentofthisplan.DatabasessearchesofNatureMap,the DECthreatenedfaunadatabaseandtheProtectedMattersSearchTool(Cwlth)werealsoundertaken forcomparison.  FieldSurvey NaturalAreaConsultingundertookafaunasurveyofCentralParkinMarchͲApril2012.Thefieldsurvey forfaunawascarriedoutinthreecomponents(Table7).  Table7:FaunaSurveyMethodology Activity Method Opportunisticfaunasurvey Thepresenceoffaunawithinthereservewasassessed opportunisticallywhileconductingfieldwork.Faunawerealso identifiedthroughtheinterpretationofdiggings,scatsandtracks. Targetedfaunasurvey Inordertorecordthepresenceofterrestrialfauna,atrapping programmewasundertakenoverfourdays(12–16March2012). Thisinvolvedthesettingupof20baitedElliottraps,2cagetrapsand 4pitfalltraplines.Thetraplinesconsistedof: ƒ alineofplastictodivertfaunamovement ƒ 1largepitfalltrap, ƒ 2pipetraps,and ƒ 2funneltraps(Figure16). TrapswereinstalledasperDEClicencerequirementsandallwere checkedby9am. Nightsurvey Anightsurveywasundertakentoassessthesiteforthepresenceof nocturnalfaunaon28March2102.Thisinvolvedtraversingthesite for3hourswithhandheldspotlights.   

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Figure16: TrapLineLayout

 3.4.2 NativeFauna Faunaandfloraareinterconnectedincomplexrelationshipswitheachotherandwithfactorssuchas soil,water,climateandlandscape.Thedeclineofnativefaunacancauselossofplantspeciesand changestoecologicalcommunities.31  Atotaloftwentyeight(28)nativespeciesofvertebratefaunawererecordedofwhichone(1)wasa mammal,twentyone(21)werebirds,five(5)werereptilesandone(1)wasanamphibian.Atotalof eight(8)introducedfaunaspecieswererecordedwithinCentralPark.Thebiodiversityofthesitewas consideredtobelowwithspeciesidentifiedtypicallygeneralistsabletocopewithvariable environmentalconditions.Thisprobablyrelatestotheextensivefiresof2011reducingthehabitat suitableformanyspeciesaswellascontributingtohabitatfragmentation.32Alistoffaunaisprovidedin Appendix11alongwiththeapproximatetrappinglocations.  Mammals Despiteatargetedsurveyandanightstalk,theWesternGreyKangaroo(Macropusfuliginosus)wasthe onlymammalrecordedwithintheboundaryofCentralPark.Thepresenceofthekangaroowas identifiedbytracksandscatsobservedwithinthereserve.Itisprobablethatthefreshshootsfrom vegetationresproutingaftertherecentfireeventsandgerminatingplantswasattractingthemtothe parkfromnearbyLakeJoondalup.  ReptilesandAmphibians CentralParkhadalowdiversityofreptilesforareserveofitssize.Thiscanberelatedtothelevelof disturbancefromfire.Therewereatotalof5reptilesand1amphibianrecordedduringthepitfalltrap surveyaspresentedinTable8.    

 31DSEWPC(2012) 32BirdsAustraliaWAandthePerthBiodiversityProject(2003)

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Table8: ReptilesandAmphibians SpeciesName CommonName Photograph Cryptoblepharus FenceSkink plagiocephalus

Ctenotusfallens Ctenotus

Litoriamoorei WesternGreenTreeFrog

Menetiagreyii CommonDwarfSkink

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SpeciesName CommonName Photograph Pseudonajaaffinis Dugite

Tiliquarugosa Bobtail

 AsnakeskinwasfoundunderalogandwaspresumedtobefromaDugite(Pseudonajaaffinis)dueto itssizeandthehabitatinwhichitwasfound.TheWesternGreenTreeFrog(Litoriamoorei)was recordedwithinvegetationassociatedwiththeartificialstream.Thepresenceofthisartificiallycreated habitathasallowedthefrogtooccurinthisareaastheparkcontainsnonaturalwetlands.  Birds BirdsrepresentedthehighestdiversityofvertebratefaunafoundwithinCentralPark,whichis consistentwiththeirabilitytoincorporatetheparkaspartofawiderhabitatrange.Alistofbirdspecies identifiedispresentedinTable9.Thespeciesdiversityofbirdswaslow,whichagaincanberelatedto thelevelofdisturbanceassociatedwiththe2011fires.Themajorityofbirdswererecordedinthewest andsouthwestofthesiteinunburntpockets,withonlyaveryfewanimalsrecordedwithinthefire affectedareasofthesite.  FieldobservationsidentifiedthethreatenedForestRedTailCockatoos(Calyptorhynchusbanksiinaso)to beutilisingtheMarri(Corymbiacalophylla)patchinthesouthwestofthesiteandaflockofthe endangeredCarnaby’sCockatoo(Calyptorhynchuslatirostris)wereobservedflyingoverthesite;

©NaturalAreaConsulting2013 Page46 CityofJoondalup–CentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014Ͳ2019 howeverthecurrentconditionofthebushlandwouldprovidelittlefeedingopportunitiesforthis species.ThesetwospeciesarelistedasthreatenedundertheWildlifeConservationAct1950(WA), whiletheCarnaby’sCockatooislistedasendangeredandtheForestRedͲtailedCockatooislistedas vulnerableundertheEnvironmentalProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAct1999(Cwlth).The southwestofthesiteisbeingutilisedashabitatbytheNankeenNightHeron(Nycticoraxcaledonicus) withjuvenileanimalsindicatingthebirdsarebreedinginthearea,probablyasaresultoftheartificially createdwetlandsandtheinstallationofartificialbirdͲnestinghollows(Figure17).  Figure17:NankeenNightHeron(Nycticoraxcaledonicus)                             

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Table9: BirdsRecorded Species CommonName Anasgracilis GreyTeal Anassuperciliosa PacificBlackDuck Anthochaeracarunculata RedWattleBird Barnardiuszonarius AustralianRingneckParrot Cacatuaroseicapilla Galah Calyptorhynchusbanksiinaso ForestRedTailedCockatoo Calyptorhynchuslatirostris Carnaby'sCockatoo Coracinanovaehollandiae BlackFacedCuckooshrike Corvuscoronoides AustralianRaven Cracticustorquatus GreyButcherbird Falcolongipennis AustralianHobby Grallinacyanoleuca Mudlark Gymnorhinatibicen Magpie Hirundoneoxena WelcomeSwallow Lichenostomusvirescens SingingHoneyeater Lichmeraindistincta BrownHoneyeater Nycticoraxcaledonicus NankeenNightHeron Pardalotusstriatus StriatedPardalote Phylidonyrisnovaehollandiae NewHollandHoneyEater Purpureicephalusspurius RedCappedParrot Rhipiduraleucophrys WillieWagtail  Invertebrates Invertebratesplayacriticalroleintheenvironmentprovidingimportantecologicalfunctionsand representingthemajorityofglobalfaunaspeciesdiversity(Figure18).CentralParkhadalowdiversityof invertebratespecies,comprisedmainlyofgeneralistspecies.Again,thehighestdiversitywasrecorded intheunburntpocketinthesouthwestoftheSite(Table10).Ofparticularimportancewasthepresence oftheMarbledScorpion(Lychasmarmoreus),whichisalonglivedpredatorthatindicatesahealthy localecosystemwithinthispocket.Theburntareasofthesiteweredominatedbygeneralistantspecies includingtheGreenͲheadAnt(Rhytidoponerametallica),withtheirabundanceindicatingreduced ecologicalfunctioningintheseareas.33 

 33Andersonetal(2004)

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Table10: InvertebrateFauna Species CommonName Austracanthaminax ChristmasSpider CoptotermesSp. TermiteSpecies Cryptocheilusfabricolor HuntsmanWasp CryptocheilusSp Unidentifiedwasp Eriophorabiapicata GardenOrbWeaver Linepithemahumile Argentineant Lycosagodeffroyi Wolfspider Myrmeciavindex BullAnt MyrmeleontidaeSp. AntlionLaceWing Nephilaedulis OrbWeavingSpider Rhytidoponerametallica GreenͲheadAnt Lychasmarmoreus MarbledScorpion  Figure18:InvertebrateFauna

AntlionLaceWing Wolfspider

OrbWeavingSpider MarbledScorpion   ThreatenedandPriorityFauna Anumberofthreatenedandpriorityfaunawerelistedduringdesktopsearches.Thespeciesconsidered toeitherbeknowntobeutilisingtheparkorhavethepotentialtooccurtherearegiveninTable11.  

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Table11:ThreatenedandPriorityFauna Likelihoodof Name CommonName ConservationStatus Occurrence Calyptorhynchusbanksiinaso ForestRedͲtailedBlack Schedule1(Wildlife Likely Cockatoo ConservationAct), Endangered(DPaW)and Vulnerable(EPBC) Calyptorhynchuslatirostris Carnaby’sCockatoo Schedule1(Wildlife Likely ConservationAct), Endangered(DPaW)and Endangered(EPBC) Meropsornatus RainbowBeeͲeater Schedule3(Wildlife Likely ConservationAct), Migratory(JapanͲ AustraliaMigratoryBird Agreement(JAMBA)) Falcoperegrinus PeregrineFalcon Schedule3(Wildlife Potential ConservationAct) Apuspacificus ForkͲtailedswift Schedule3(Wildlife Potential ConservationAct), Migratory(JapanͲ AustraliaMigratoryBird Agreement(JAMBA)) Synemongratiosa GracefulSunMoth Priority4(DPaW) Likely Idiosomanigrum ShieldͲbackTrapdoor Vulnerable(Wildlife Potential Spider ConservationAct), Vulnerable(EPBC)  3.4.3 NonͲnativeFauna NonͲnativefaunaimpactnativefaunaandflorathroughpredation,competitionforfoodandshelter, spreadingdiseasesanddestroyinghabitat.Theseimpactscanresultinthediminishingorextinctionof nativespecies.34NonͲnativeanimalssuchascats,foxes,rabbits,mice,birds,millipedesandbeesinhabit theCity’sbushland,wetlandandcoastalareas.  Table12listsintroducedfaunaidentifiedwithintheboundaryofCentralParkandpotentialimpacts theseanimalsmayhaveonthebiodiversityofthereserve.Themanagementoffaunacanbecomplex

 34DSEWPC2012

©NaturalAreaConsulting2013 Page50 CityofJoondalup–CentralParkBushlandManagementPlan2014Ͳ2019 andassuchonlyspeciesthathaveadirectimpactonbiodiversityandarefeasibletocontrolare recommendedformanagement.  Table12: IntroducedFauna Management Species CommonName LifeForm Impact Recommended Competitionfor Apismellifera FeralHoneyBee Insect resources,particularly Yes nesthollows Dacelo Predationofnative LaughingKookaburra Bird No novaeguineae reptiles Gambusia Competitionfor Mosquitofish Fish No holbrookii resources Grazingofvegetation, Oryctolagus erosionfromdiggingand EuropeanRabbit Mammal Yes cuniculus competitionfor resources Competitionfor Streptopelia SpottedTurtleDove Bird resources No chinensis  Streptopelia Competitionfor LaughingTurtleDove Bird No senegalensis resources Competitionfor Trichoglossus RainbowLorikeet Bird resources,particularly No haematodus nesthollows Vulpesvulpes EuropeanRedFox Mammal Nativeanimalpredation Yes  Mammals TheWesternGreyKangaroo(Macropusfuliginosus)wastheonlymammalrecordedwithintheboundary ofCentralPark.Diggingsandscatsofrabbits(Oryctolaguscuniculus)wereobservedthroughoutthesite. Thepresenceofthisanimalindisturbedareasislikelytoimpactupontheregenerationofthereserve. Rabbitsalsocauseerosionfromdiggingsaswellasprovidingastablefoodsourceforfoxpopulations. Thepresenceofthisintroducedherbivorerequiresrevegetationplantingstobeinstalledwithtree guardstoreducegrazingpressureonseedlings.  TheEuropeanRedFox(Vulpesvulpes)hasbeenattributedtothedeclineoffaunaacrosstheAustralian continent.Thisanimalpreysuponnativereptiles,birdsandmammalsbutwillsupplementitsdietwith rubbishandplantmaterial.ThepresencefoxeswithinCentralParkwasnotedbyscatsandtracks.The remainsofabirdwereobservedwithinthesouthwesternpocketthatcouldbeattributedtothe presenceoffoxesorferalcats(Figure19).Itisalsolikelythatdomesticcatsanddogsvisitthesite;these animalsalsohavethepotentialtokillandinjurewildlife.

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Figure19:RemainsofaBirdkillintheSouthwesternPocket

  Birds Duringthesiteassessment4speciesofnonͲnativebirdswererecorded.HighnumbersofRainbow Lorikeets(Trichoglossushaematodus)(Figure20)wereidentifiedwithinthereserveandobserved utilisingnesthollows.Lorikeetscanbeaggressiveandtheirpresencemayrestrictthenestingactivities ofnativeanimalssuchastheRingneckParrot(Barnardiuszonarius),AustralianShelduck(Tadorna tadornoides)andnumerousbatspecies.LaughingKookaburras(Dacelonovaeguineae)useCentralPark ashabitat.Kookaburraspreyuponreptilesand,withthereducedcoverofthesite,hasthepotentialto alterthespeciescompositionoflizards,snakesandamphibians.Thetwointroduceddoves(Table12) arecosmopolitanspeciesabletoliveinurbanareas;theseanimalshaveonlyanindirectimpacttothe biodiversityofthereserve.  Figure20:RainbowLorikeets(Trichoglossushaematodus)



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Fish Mosquitofish(Gambusiaholbrookii)wastheonlyfishspeciesfoundintheartificialstreamlocated withinthelandscapedparkland.Originallyintroducedtocontrolmosquitoes,thisspecieshasspread throughoutaquaticecosystemsdisplacingnativefauna.Managementofthisfishisdifficultandasthis wetlandisartificial,thepresenceofthisinvasivespeciesismostlikelyofminimalconsequencetothe biodiversityofCentralPark.  Invertebrates FeralHoneyBees(Apismellifera),GreenͲheadAnt(Rhytidoponerametallica)andArgentineants (Linepithemahumile)weretheonlynonͲnativeinvertebratestoberecorded.FeralHoneyBeeshavethe potentialtoreducethebiodiversityofthesitebycompetitionfornestinghollowsaswellasposinga threattopublicsafetyandtheabundanceofintroducedantsindicatesreducedecologicalfunctioningin theseareas.35  3.4.4 FaunaHabitat VegetationconditionatCentralPark,intermsoffaunahabitat,rangesfromverygoodtodegraded. WhilstthesiteprovideshabitatforkangaroosandbirdstheinnermetropolitanlocationofCentralPark anditssmallsizelimitsthereservesusebyfauna.ItsproximitytoLakesideParkandYellagongaRegional Parkmeansthereissomeopportunityforfaunamovementinandoutofthepark.  3.4.5 EcologicalCorridors Naturallyconnectedlandscapesandecosystemsaregenerallyhealthier,protectadiversityofspecies, providepathwaysforspeciesmovementandcanstorecarbonmoreeffectivelythandegraded landscapes.36Inurbanareaswherethereisengineeredinfrastructuredividingthelandscape,itmaybe necessarytoprovidewildlifecrossingssuchasunderpasses,tunnels,viaductsoroverpassestoenable wildlifemovement.  CentralParkisapartofanecologicallinkagethread,totheeastisLakesidePark,YellagongaRegional Park,asshowninFigure21.ThepresenceofkangaroosinCentralParkindicatesthattheyareusingthis corridortomoveupfromLakeYellagongatograzeonaregularbasis,despitetheparkbeingfragmented fromthemorecontinuousbushlandinLakesideParkandYellagongaRegionalParkbyLakesideDrive. 

 35Andersonetal(2004) 36NWCPAG(2012)

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Figure21:EcologicalLinkagestoCentralPark

Central Park

Central Park

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3.4.6 CurrentManagementApproach TheCityofJoondalupisimplementinganumberofmanagementactionstomonitornativefaunaand addresstheenvironmentalimpactsofdomesticandpestanimalswithintheCity’snaturalareas. Monitoringofnativefaunaoccursthroughfaunasurveys.ControlofnonͲnativefaunaisundertaken annuallywithinbushland,wetlandandcoastalareas.Controlmethodsemployedincludebiologicaland chemicalcontrol,trapping,baitingandexclusionmethodssuchasfencing.  TheCity’scurrentmanagementpracticeshavegreatlyreducedtheincidenceofpestanimalpopulations withintheCity,howevercontinuedandcoordinatedactionisrequiredtoensurethatpopulations remainatcontrollablenumbersandthattheimpactsonnaturalareasremainataminimum.  TheCityalsopromotesresponsiblepetownershipandencouragesthecommunitytoensurethat domesticpetsdonothaveanegativeimpactofthenaturalenvironment.  3.4.7 RecommendedManagementActions Detail Removeferalbeehives(ifaccessible)andimplementregularfoxandrabbit controltoreducepressuresonnativefaunaandflora. Toencouragefaunatoutilisethesite: ƒ onlyremovingdeadtreeswheretheyposeathreattosafety ƒ continuetoinstallartificialnestinghollows ƒ providehabitatlogsinareastoberevegetated ƒ installationofbatboxes. Undertakefurtherfaunasurveysatappropriatetimeframes,suchasevery fiveyears,toreviewspeciespresenceandabundance.    

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3.5 SocialandBuiltEnvironment 3.5.1 HistoryandHeritage CentralParkisnotlistedonanyStateorFederalIndigenousornonͲIndigenousheritageinventoryor register.37  3.5.2 SocialValue ThemainusesofCentralParkareforpurposessuchaswalking,dogwalkingorasathoroughfarefor peoplewalkingbetweentheWestCoastInstituteofTrainingandtheJoondalupcentralbusinessdistrict. ThelargelyvegetatednatureoftheCentralParkmeansthatrecreationalopportunitiesarelimitedto passiveforms,suchaswalking,photographyandeventssuchasweddingsintheparklandareatothe west.  KeyexternalstakeholdersassociatedwiththemanagementofCentralParkinclude: ƒ WestCoastInstituteofTraining ƒ DFES(formerlyFireandEmergencyServicesAuthority(FESA))  3.5.3 AccessandInfrastructure Parking ThereisnospecificdesignatedparkingforCentralParkbutthereisparkingavailablealongGrand Boulevardtothewest,LakesideDrivetotheeastandaparkingareaservicingthecouncilofficesand centralbusinessdistricttothenorth.  Fencing Fencingisusedtorestrictaccessandprotectareasofbushland.Timberpostandchainmeshfencing surroundsportionsofCentralPark.FencingisrecommendedinthelocationshowninFigure22to preventfurtherdegradationinaportionofthebushland.  Fencingisinspectedonamonthlybasisandrepairsareconductedasrequired.Minimalrepairstofences arerequired.  Signage Signageisimportanttoencouragecommunityappreciationandinformthecommunityoftheecological valuesofthesite.ThereiscurrentlynointerpretiveoreducationalsignagewithinCentralPark. Interpretivesignageusesmapstoindicatetrails.Educationalsignageincreasesawarenessofthe ecologicalvaluesofthebushland.TheCityisdevelopingaSignageStrategyin2013/14toenablethe provisionofinformationandinterpretivemessageswithintheCity’snaturalareas.TheSignageStrategy willbeusedtodevelopandinstallaBushlandSignageSystem.  

 37DepartmentofIndigenousAffairs(2012)

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Rubbish CentralParkdidnotcontainanysignificantareasoflitterorrubbishdumping,withonlysmallamounts oflitterbeingobservedwithintheparklandarea.  AccessPoints CentralParkprovidesahighlevelofhumanaccessfromalldirectionsallowingthebushlandtobecome partofthecommuteforpeoplewithintheCityofJoondalup.Threemajorconcretepathsprovideformal access: ƒ northfromtheCityofJoondalupadministrationbuildingdowntothetertiaryeducation facilities ƒ fromLakesidedriveontheeasternsidejoiningupwiththenorthͲsouthpath ƒ afeedpathfromthewarmemorialparkthatjoinsthenorthͲsouthpath.  Paths PathsinCentralParkareusedforpedestrianaccess,fireaccesswaysandbushlandmanagementand maintenancepurposes.ThepathsinCentralParkaremostlyusedbypedestrians,dogwalkersand cyclists.AccesswithinCentralParkisconsideredtobesufficientwithnoneedforfurthertracks.The wellͲdevelopedsystemofpathsmeansthatinformalaccessandtheformationof‘goattracks’isnota majorissueforthereserve.Oneinformaltrackislocatedinthesouthwesternpocketwithadisused limestonepathlocatedinthenortheasternpocket(Figure22).Thisshouldbecontrolledbyinstalling fencingonthewesternsideofthebushpocket(Figure23).  AccessandInclusion FourmillionAustralians(20%)reportedhavingadisabilityintheSurveyofDisability,AgeingandCarers conductedin2009.Thestudyconsidersdisabilitytoincludeanyimpairments,activitylimitationsand participationrestrictionswhichimpedeeverydayactivitiesforaperiodofatleast6months.In15years timethenumberofWestAustralianswithadisabilityisexpectedtoincreasefrom1in5people(20%)to 1in4people(25%).  TheCityofJoondaluphasanAccessandInclusionPlan2012Ͳ2014,outliningthat‘theCityiscommitted toensuringthatitsactivitiesandservicesareinclusiveofallmembers,includingpeoplewithdisabilities andtheirfamiliesorcarers,andpeoplefromculturallyandlinguisticallydiversebackgrounds’.Thereis adequateaccessforpeoplewithdisabilitytomovearoundCentralParkalongtheconcretedpathways currentlyinplace.  AntisocialBehaviour ThereisnosignificanthistoryofantisocialbehaviourintheCentralParkstudyarea,withrubbishkeptto aminimumandnoknowncubbyhouseshavingbeenbuilt.Monthlyinspectionsarecarriedoutand issuesrespondedtowhenrequired.   

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Water TherearenoconstructeddrainagelinesorstormwatersumpswithinCentralPark.Theparkisonahigh pointinthelandscapewhichencouragesdrainageawayfromthesite.Thenearestdrainsareinstalledin theroadwaystothewestandeast(Figure8).Thereisaconstructedwetlandonthesouthwestsideof theparkthatwasconsideredtobeoutsidethescopeofthismanagementplan.  CentralParkhasextensiveareasofirrigatedparkland.Oversprayfromirrigationhasthepotentialto impactuponbushlandareasadjacenttoparklandbyfacilitatingthespreadofweedsandcreatinga dependencyforanartificialwaterregimebynativebushlandplants.Excesswaterfromtheirrigationcan alsocarrynutrientsandsedimentfromhardsurfacesintobushlandpockets.  3.5.4 RecommendedManagementActions ToenhancethesocialandbuiltenvironmentinCentralPark,thefollowingmanagementactionsare proposed:  Action Detail Installnewfencing Installnewfencingaroundthesouthwestbushlandpocketthatiscurrently unfenced. Maintainfencing Maintainfencingonanasneededbasis(informedbymonthlyinspections)to protectthenativevegetation,floraandfaunafrominformalaccess. Investigateclosure InvestigateclosureandrehabilitationofinformaltrackinthesouthͲwest ofinformaltracks pocketofbushland. Installsignage Installsignageoutliningtheconservationsignificanceofthesite,asdeveloped bytheSignageStrategy. Reviewimpactof Reviewtheirrigationpracticesattheparktoinvestigateifirrigationwateris irrigation enteringthestudyarea.Modifyasappropriate.  

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Figure22:Accessandtracks



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Figure23:ProposedFenceLine

 

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3.6 FireManagement FireisanimportantnaturalfeatureoftheWesternAustralianlandscape.Firehelpstoshapethe diversityofplantcommunitieswithmanynativeplantshavingdevelopedfireͲrelatedadaptationsover time,forexamplefireexpeditesmanyspeciestoflowerorgerminate.Humanactivitysuchasaccidents andarsonhaveresultedinincreasedincidencesoffirewithinmanyurbanbushlandreserves,whichcan haveanegativeeffectonbiodiversityandencouragegrowthofhighlyflammableandinvasiveweeds, suchastheOneͲleafCapeTulip(Moraeaflaccida).  Bushfiresareunplannedfiresthatcanbecausedbyeventssuchaslightning,plannedburning operations,escapefromindustrialactivities,damagedpowertransmissionlines,discardedcigarette buttsordeliberatearson.Bushfirescancausesignificantdamagetopeople,propertyandthe environment.38ManagementofCentralParkistheresponsibilityoftheCityofJoondalup,whichhasa ‘dutyofcare’totakeallreasonableprecautionstopreventanybushfirefromspreadingonto neighbouringproperty.TheCityofJoondalupdoesnotcurrentlyhaveaprescribedburnmanagement regimeforthearea.DFESworkwiththecommunityandgovernmenttoprevent,preparefor,respond toandrecoverfromadiverserangeofemergencies.39  Objectives TheobjectivesoffiremanagementwithintheCentralParkstudyareaareto: ƒ protectlife, propertyandenvironmentin the central business districtofJoondalup,including thecouncilofficesandciviccentre,theWestCoastInstituteofTrainingandadjacentresidential areas ƒ fulfilobligationsundertheBushfiresAct1954(WA) ƒ protecttheecologicalandamenityvaluesofCentralPark ƒ protect landscape values (including flora and fauna) from uncontrolled fire and inappropriate suppressiontechniques ƒ reducethefrequency,impactandareaofunplannedfires ƒ minimisethespreadofdiseaseandweedsduringfirefightingoperationsandwhenestablishing firebreaks ƒ minimiseimpactsonairquality.  FireRisk AfirefuelloadassessmentwasconductedinCentralParkin2013whichindicatedthatthesitehasa moderatefuelloadof10.5tonnes/ha.Thisfigureisgraduallyincreasingastheparkrecoversfromthe firesinearly2011(Table13)Thefuelloadassessmentwasundertakenusingthemethodologydescribed intheFESAVisualFuelLoadGuidefortheScrubVegetationoftheSwanCoastalPlain.40Fuelload assessmentsareconductedannuallyatCentralPark. 

 38EDOWA(2011) 39DFES(2013) 40FESA(2007)

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 Table13:FireFuelLoadsinCentralPark(t/h) 2011 2012 2013 7.0 9.5 10.5  FirePrevention TheCityofJoondalupimplementsanumberofongroundmeasurestoreducetheriskoffire,including undertaking: ƒ controlledaccess ƒ nonͲnativefloraspeciesmanagement ƒ fuelloadassessmentandmanagement  ƒ maintenanceandinstallationoffireaccesstracks(fireaccesswaysandstrategicfirebreaks).   WeedcontrolandmaintenanceoffireaccesstracksareconductedinaccordancewiththeCity’sAnnual BushlandMaintenanceScheduleandWeeklyBushlandMaintenanceSchedules.TheCityofJoondalup willdevelopaFireManagementPlanin2014Ͳ15,outliningtheCity’sstrategyforassessingfirerisk, prevention,responseandrecovery.TherearenumerouswaterhydrantslocatedaroundCentralPark whichareinstalledandmaintainedbytheWaterCorporation.  FireOccurrences CentralParkwasimpactedbytwoseparatefiresinJanuaryandAprilof2011.ThefireinJanuary2011 affectedapproximately2hectareswithafurther2hectaresburntinApril2011(Figure24).41  FireResponse TheclosestbranchoftheDFESislocatedattheJoondalupFireStationat47DroversPlace,Wanneroo, andtheyareresponsibleforsuppressingfireswithinCentralPark.TheWesternAustraliaPoliceare responsiblefortheevacuationofresidentsandvisitors,ifrequired. 

 41NearMap(2012)

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Figure24:RecentFires



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FireRecovery Weedcontrolisrevisedafterfireincidentstoaidregrowthbyselectingappropriatechemicals,targeting weedsifsafetodosofornewseedlings,andsprayinggrassesusingbackpacks.Postfireregeneration acrossthesiteafterthe2011eventsisstillinitsearlystageswithrestrictedepicormicgrowthobserved onEucalyptusmarginata,Eucalyptusgomphocephala(Figure25)andCorymbiacalophylla.ReͲsprouting wasalsonotedfromXanthoriapreissii,Calothamnusquadrifidus,HakealissocarphaandGrevillea preissii.ManyseedlingswereobservedparticularlyBanksiaprionotes(Figure25)andBanksiasessilisas wellasdensethicketsofAcaciapulchella.FireisanaturaloccurrenceinAustralianecosystems; however,whentheyoccuratagreaterfrequencythanthevegetationcancopewithandthereisthe potentialtopromoteweedgrowthandbringaboutchangesinthespeciespresent,whichmay compromisenaturalregeneration.Forexample,postfiregerminationsincethe2011firesshows recognisedinvasiveenvironmentalweedspeciessuchasMoraeaflaccida(OneͲleafCapeTulip), Pelargoniumcapitatum(RosePelargonium),Conyzabonariensis(Fleabane)andvariousintroduced grasses.  IftheintervalbetweenfiresistooshortthenfireͲkilledspecieswillnotbeabletocompletetheir lifecycleandmaintainpopulations.TwoprominentspecieswithinCentralParkthatrespondinthisway areBanksiasessilisandBanksiaprionotes.Firesoccurringmorefrequentlythanpreferredwillprobably resultinasignificantreductioninthepresenceofthesespecies.Firealsofacilitateschangesin vegetationstructurebyselectingspeciesadaptedtofrequentfireevents,includingweeds.These speciesareoftenfastgrowingdisturbancespecialistsandcanformdensemonoculturesasseeninthe highconcentrationsofAcaciapulchellainmanypartsofthesite.Overtimeitisexpectedthata successiontowardsamorediversevegetationcommunitywilltakeplaceprovidingthearearemains unburntforseveralyears.Frequentfiresarealsolikelytonegativelyaffectthebiodiversityoffauna foundwithinCentralParkduetorelatedmortality,lossoffoodresources,removalofshelterfrom predators,andalossofbreedinghabitat.  Figure25:EpicormicGrowthfromTuart(Eucalyptusgomphocephala)andBanksiaprionotesSeedlings

 

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3.6.1 RecommendedManagementActions TopreventfireoccurrencesandminimisetheenvironmentalimpactoffireoccurrencesinCentralPark, thefollowingmanagementactionsareproposed  Action Detail Assessfirefuel AnnuallyassessandreportfirefuelloadusingtheFESAVisualFuelLoadGuide load fortheScrubVegetationoftheSwanCoastalPlaintoinformfireprevention actionsrequired. Maintainfire Maintainfireaccesstracksandfootpaths,includingweedcontrolandpruning accesstracksand ofvegetation,byimplementingBushlandMaintenanceSchedules. footpaths Developand DevelopandimplementaFireManagementPlan,outliningtheCity’sstrategy implementFire forassessingfirerisk,prevention,responseandrecovery. ManagementPlan Monitorfire MonitorfireoccurrencesthroughmappingandupdatingGeographic occurrences InformationSystem(GIS)layersdetailingfireincidentsandfrequencyto informfirepreventionactions. Reviseweed Reviseweedcontrolafterfireincidentstoaidregrowthofnativespeciesby controlafterfire selectingappropriatechemicalsorotherappropriateweedcontrolmethodsas incidents ameansofminimisingtheirproliferationandoutcompetingnativeseedlings.  

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3.7 EducationandTraining 3.7.1 CommunityInvolvement  HistoricallytheCityhasworkedcloselywiththeWestCoastInstituteofTrainingstudentsandlecturers, itisrecommended,theCityapproachtheWestCoastInstiuteofTraining,toprogresstheformationofa formalFriendsofCentralParkBushland,arrangementwithstudentsandteachingstaff. 3.7.2 TrainingandEducation TheCityofJoondalupNaturalAreasteamcurrentlyconductsplantidentificationtraining,including weedmanagement.NewmembersintheNaturalAreasteamundertaketrainingfortheidentification andmanagementofpathogens.  3.7.3 RecommendedManagementActions Toincreasecommunityawarenessandtrainingopportunitiesregardingnaturalareasmanagement,the followingactionsareproposed:  Action Detail Environmental Implementinitiativesofa‘ThinkGreenBiodiversity’campaign(partofthe EducationProgram EnvironmentalEducationProgram)targetingenvironmentalissuessuchas: ƒ pathogens ƒ weeds ƒ fire ƒ flora,fungiandfaunaawareness ƒ preventionofhandfeedingwildlife ƒ responsiblepetownership. NaturalAreas ConductNaturalAreasteamplantidentificationtraining,includingweed teamtraining management. Volunteers InvestigatecontinuedandenhancedcooperationwithWestCoastInstituteon bushlandmanagementandtraininginitiatives.      

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4.0 ImplementationPlan  4.1 AuditingandInspections InspectionsofCentralParkareconductedbytheCityofJoondaluponceevery4weeks.  4.2 KeyPerformanceIndicators KeyPerformanceIndicatorsarenotcollectedforCentralPark  4.3 RoutineReporting AssessingthemanagementofCentralParkwillbeundertakenthroughannuallyreportingprogress againstmanagementofthecompletionofactions.  4.4 ScientificResearchandMonitoring ANaturalAreasAssessmentistobeconductedonCentralParkevery5years.Themostrecent assessmentwasconductedin2009,withthenextassessmentdueforcompletionin2014  4.5 ManagementPlanReview TheCentralParkManagementPlanistobereviewedevery5years.Thenextreviewisduein2018Ͳ19.  4.6 ImplementationofManagementActions Biodiversity RecommendedManagementAction ConservationArea Undertakeafollowupweedsurveywithinthenext5yearstosupplementthe Flora previousflorasurvey Undertakecoordinatedapproachtoregularweedcontrolbyimplementing Flora BushlandMaintenanceSchedules DevelopandimplementaCityofJoondalupWeedManagementPlan Flora ConductrevegetationasoutlinedintheRevegetationStrategy Flora ConductfiveyearlyfollowupofNaturalAreasInitialAssessmentinspringat Flora appropriatetimings ImplementrecommendationsfromthePathogenManagementPlanthatare PlantDiseases applicabletothemanagementofCentralPark Removeferalbeehives(ifaccessible)andimplementregularfoxandrabbit Fauna controltoreducepressuresonnativefaunaandflora Toencouragefaunatoutilisethesite: ƒ onlyremovingdeadtreeswheretheyposeathreattosafety ƒ installationofartificialnestinghollows Fauna ƒ providehabitatlogsinareastoberevegetated ƒ installationofbatboxes

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Biodiversity RecommendedManagementAction ConservationArea Undertakefurtherfaunasurveysatappropriatetimeframes,suchasevery Fauna fiveyears,toreviewspeciespresenceandabundance Installnewfencingaroundthesouthwestbushlandpocketthatiscurrently SocialandBuilt unfenced Environment Maintainfencingonanasneededbasis(informedbymonthlyinspections)to SocialandBuilt protectthenativevegetation,floraandfaunafrominformalaccess Environment InvestigateclosureandrehabilitationofinformaltrackinthesouthͲwest SocialandBuilt pocketofbushland Environment Installsignageoutliningtheconservationsignificanceofthesite,asdeveloped SocialandBuilt bytheSignageStrategy Environment Reviewtheirrigationpracticesattheparktoinvestigateifirrigationwateris SocialandBuilt enteringthereserve Environment AnnuallyassessandreportfirefuelloadusingtheFESAVisualFuelLoadGuide fortheScrubVegetationoftheSwanCoastalPlaintoinformfireprevention FireManagement actionsrequired Maintainfireaccesstracksandfootpaths,includingweedcontrolandpruning FireManagement ofvegetation,byimplementingBushlandMaintenanceSchedules DevelopandimplementaFireManagementPlan,outliningtheCity’sstrategy FireManagement forassessingfirerisk,prevention,responseandrecovery MonitorfireoccurrencesthroughmappingandupdatingGeographic InformationSystem(GIS)layersdetailingfireincidentsandfrequencyto FireManagement informfirepreventionactions Reviseweedcontrolafterfireincidentstoaidregrowthofnativespeciesby selectingappropriatechemicalsorotherappropriateweedcontrolmethods FireManagement asameansofminimisingtheirproliferationandoutcompetingnative seedlings Implementinitiativesofa‘ThinkGreenBiodiversity’campaign(partofthe EnvironmentalEducationProgram)targetingenvironmentalissuessuchas: ƒ pathogens ƒ weeds EducationandTraining ƒ fire ƒ floraandfaunaawareness ƒ preventionofhandfeedingwildlife ƒ responsiblepetownership ConductNaturalAreasTeamweeklyplantidentificationtraining,including EducationandTraining weedmanagement,toincreasetheeffectivenessofweedcontrolactivities TheCitytoapproachtheWestCoastInstiuteofTraining,toprogressthe formationofaformalFriendsofCentralParkBushland,arrangementwiththe CommunityInvolvemnt studentsandteachingstaff.

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5.0 References  Anderson,Fisher,Hoffmann,Richards,(2004),Useofterrestrialinvertebratesforbiodiversity monitoringinAustralianrangelands,withparticularreferencetoants.AustralEcology29,87–92.  ArborCarbon,(2012),DesktopRiskAnalysisofPhytophthoraandArmillariatoParksandNaturalAreas withintheCityofJoondalup,Perth,WesternAustralia.  AustralianPesticidesandVeterinaryMedicinesAuthority,(2012),AgricultureandVeterinaryPermits Search,availableWorldWideWebURL:http://www.apvma.gov.au/permits/search.php,accessedMay 2012.  BirdsAustraliaWAandthePerthBiodiversityProject2003,BirdsurveysinselectedPerthmetropolitan reserves,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://pbp.walga.asn.au/Documents/BiodiversityProject/MemberResources/1809_bird_surveys_metho ds_overview.pdf,accessedApril2011.  Bolland,(1998),SoilsoftheSwanCoastalPlain,Bunbury,WesternAustralia.  Bougher,N.,(2009),FungiofthePerthRegionandBeyond:ASelfͲManagedFieldBook,Western AustralianNaturalistsClub(Inc.),PerthWesternAustralia,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://fungiperth.org.au,accessedAugust2011.  BureauofMeteorology,ClimateandWeatherStatistics,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/,accessedMay2012.  CityofJoondalup(CoJ),(2012),personalcommunication.  CityofJoondalup(CoJ),(2012a),CityWaterPlan2012Ͳ2015,Perth,WesternAustralia.  CityofJoondalup(CoJ),(2012b),CityofJoondalupEnvironmentPlan2007Ͳ2011,Perth,Western Australia.  CityofJoondalup(CoJ),(2012c),PathogenManagementPlan,Perth,WesternAustralia.  CityofJoondalup(CoJ),(2013d),WalkabilityPlan2013Ͳ18,Perth,WesternAustralia.  CityofJoondalup(CoJ),(2013e),WarwickOpenSpaceManagementPlan,Perth,WesternAustralia.  CityofJoondalup(CoJ),(2012f),LilburneParkManagementPlan,Perth,WesternAustralia. 

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ConservationInternational(2013),SouthwestAustralia,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://www.conservation.org/where/priority_areas/hotspots/asiaͲpacific/SouthwestͲ Australia/Pages/default.aspx,accessed1October2013.  DepartmentofAgricultureandFood,(2012a),CapeTulip,oneͲleaf(Moraeaflaccida);twoͲleafCapetulip (Moraeaminiata)availableWorldWideWebURL: http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/pw/weed/decp/capetulip.pdf,accessed 2012. DepartmentofAgricultureandFood,(2012b),SLIPsNRMPortal,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://spatial.agric.wa.gov.au/slip/framesetup.asp,accessed2012.  DepartmentofEnvironment,(2004),PerthGroundwaterAtlas,SecondEdition,Departmentof Environment,Perth,WesternAustralia.  DepartmentofConservationandLandManagement(CALM)(1999),EnvironmentalWeedStrategyfor WesternAustralia,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/pdf/plants_animals/environmental_weed_strategy_wa.pdf,accessed2012.   DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation(DEC),n.d.,AcidSulfateSoils:FactSheet,Perth,Western Australia.  DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation(DEC),n.d.,DepartmentofEnvironmentand Conservation,availableWorldWideWebURL:http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/index.php,accessed3July 2012.  DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation,(2009),DECSwanWeedAssessment,availableWorld WideWebURL:http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/content/view/6295/2358/1/1/,accessedFebruary2012.  DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation(DEC),(2010), SurveyGuidelinesfortheGracefulSunMoth(Synemongratiosa)andSiteHabitatAssessments(Edition 1.2),AvailableWorldWideWebURL:http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/content/view/5695/1813/,accessed 28May2012.  DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation,(2011),ConservationCodes,availableWorldWideWeb URL:http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/content/view/852/2010/1/1/,accessedApril2011.  DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation,(2011),InvasivePlantPrioritisationProcessforDEC–‘An IntegratedApproachtoEnvironmentalWeedManagementinWA’,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/content/view/6295/2358/,accessedFebruary2012 

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DepartmentofIndigenousAffairs,(2012),AboriginalHeritageInquirySystem,availableWorldWide WebURL:http://www.dia.wa.gov.au/,accessedMay2012.  DepartmentofFireandEmergencyServices(DFES),n.d.,FirePreͲplanfortheUrbanBushlandAreaof WarwickOpenSpace,Perth,WesternAustralia.  DepartmentofFireandEmergencyServices(DFES),(2013),TheDepartmentofFireandEmergency Services,availableWorldWideWebURL:http://www.dfes.wa.gov.au/pages/default.aspx,accessed26 February2013.  DepartmentofParksandWildlife(2013),Florabase,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/,accessedOctober2013.  DepartmentofSustainability,Environment,Water,PopulationandCommunities(DSEWPC),(2012), ConservationofAustralia’sBiodiversity,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/index.html,accessed7February2013.  DepartmentofSustainability,Environment,Water,PopulationandCommunities,ProtectedMatters SearchToolReport,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/pmst/index.html,accessedApril2012.  DepartmentofWater,(DoW),n.d.,GnangaraGroundwaterSystem,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://www.water.wa.gov.au/Understanding+water/Groundwater/Gnangara+Mound/default.aspx, accessed31January2013.  EnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAct1999(Commonwealth)  EnvironmentalDefender’sOfficeWA(Inc)(EDOWA),(2011),BushFiresFactSheetNo.35,Perth, WesternAustralia.  FireandEmergencyServicesAuthorityofWesternAustralia(FESA),(2007),VisualFuelLoadGuidefor thescrubvegetationoftheSwanCoastalPlain,Perth,WesternAustralia.  GovernmentofWesternAustralia,(2000),BushForever,Volume2–DirectoryofBushForeverSites, DepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection,PerthWesternAustralia.  Groves,R.H.,Boden,R.&Lonsdale,W.M.,(2005),JumpingtheGardenFence:InvasiveGardenPlantsin AustraliaandtheirEnvironmentalandAgriculturalImpacts,CSIROreportpreparedforWWFͲAustralia, WWFͲAustralia,Sydney,NewSouthWales. 

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Heddle,E.M.,Loneragan,O.W.&Havel,J.J.(1980),VegetationComplexesoftheDarlingSystem, WesternAustralia,In:AtlasofNaturalResources,DarlingSystem,WesternAustralia,Departmentof ConservationandEnvironment,Perth,WesternAustralia.  InternationalUnionforConservationofNatureandNaturalResources(IUCN),(2012),TheIUCNRedList ofThreatenedSpecies,availableWorldWideWebURL:http://www.iucnredlist.org/,accessed27 September2013.  MacArthur,W.M.andBettenay,E.(1974),TheDevelopmentandDistributionoftheSoilsoftheSwan CoastalPlain,WesternAustralia,SoilPublicationNo.16,CommonwealthScientificandIndustrial ResearchOrganisation(CSIRO),Australia,Melbourne  Moore,J.andWheeler,J.(2008),SouthernWeedsandTheirControl,DepartmentofAgricultureand FoodWesternAustraliaBulletin4744  NationalWildlifeCorridorsPlanAdvisoryGroup(NWCPAG),(2012),DraftNationalWildlifeCorridors Plan,Canberra,Australia.  NatureMap,(2012),SpeciesReport,availableWorldWideWebURL: http://naturemap.dec.wa.gov.au/default.aspx,accessedMay2012. Nearmap,(2011),AerialImagery,availableWorldWideWebURL:http//www.nearmap.com,accessed 14April2011.  Robinson,R.,n.d.,ForestFungi:LifestylesofthelittleͲknown,DepartmentofConservationandLand Management,Manjimup,WesternAustralia.  Stenhouse,R.,(2004),‘FragmentationandInternalDisturbanceofNativeVegetationReservesinthe PerthMetropolitanArea,WesternAustralia’,LandscapeandUrbanPlanning68,389–401.  WesternAustralianLocalGovernmentAssociation(WALGA),n.d.,PerthBiodiversityProject,available WorldWideWebURL:http://pbp.walga.asn.au/Home.aspx,accessed23May2013.  WildlifeConservationAct1950(WesternAustralia) 

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6.0 Appendices      

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Appendix1:ConservationCodes(WA)  Conservation Name Description Code Floraorfaunathatisrareorlikelytobecomeextinct (Schedule1oftheWildlifeConservationAct1950)  T Threatened Taxathathavebeenadequatelysearchedforand deemedtobeinthewildeitherrare,indangerof extinction,orotherwiseinneedofspecialprotection, andhavebeengazettedassuch. Floraorfaunathatispresumedtobeextinctinthe wild (Schedule2oftheWildlifeConservationAct1950) X PresumedExtinct  Taxawhichhavebeenadequatelysearchedforand thereisnoreasonabledoubtthatthelastindividual hasdied,andhavebeengazettedassuch. Birdsprotectedunderinternationalagreement (Schedule3oftheWildlifeConservationAct1950)  IA InternationalAgreement Birdsthataresubjecttoanagreementbetween governmentsofAustraliaandothercountries relatingtotheprotectionofmigratorybirdsand birdsindangerofextinction Otherspeciallyprotectedfauna (Schedule4oftheWildlifeConservationAct1950)  S SpeciallyProtected Faunathatisinneedofspecialprotection,otherwise thanforthereasonslistedinotherschedulesofthe WildlifeConservationAct1950.  Schedule1speciesthatarerankedbytheDECaccordingtotheirlevelofthreatusingIUCNRedList criteria Speciesconsideredtobefacinganextremelyhigh CR Criticallyendangered riskofextinctionwithinthewild Speciesconsideredtobefacingaveryhighriskof EN Endangered extinctionwithinthewild Speciesconsideredtobefacingahighriskof VU Vulnerable extinctioninthewild TaxathathavenotbeenadequatelysurveyedforlistingunderSchedule1or2oftheWildlife

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Conservation Name Description Code ProtectionActareaddedtothePriorityListsunderpriorities1,2or3,accordingtothepriorityfor furthersurveyandevaluationoftheirconservationstatus. Poorlyknowntaxa  Taxawhichareknownfromoneorafewcollections orsightrecords(generally<5),onalllandsnot managedforconservation,suchasroadverges, urbanareas,farmland,activemineralleaseand underthreatofhabitatdestructionordegradation. 1 PriorityOne Taxamaybeincludediftheyarecomparativelywell knownfromoneormorelocalitiesbutdonotmeet adequacyofsurveyrequirementsandappeartobe underimmediatethreatfromknownthreatening processes.    Poorlyknowntaxa  Taxawhichareknownfromoneorafewcollections orsightrecords,someofwhichareonlandsnot underimminentthreatofhabitatdestructionor degradation,suchasnationalparks,conservation 2 PriorityTwo parks,naturereserves,Stateforest,vacantCrown land,waterreservesandsimilar.Taxamaybe includediftheyarecomparativelywellknownfrom oneormorelocalitiesbutdonotmeetadequacyof surveyrequirementsandappeartobeunderthreat fromknownthreateningprocesses Poorlyknowntaxa  Taxathatareknowncollectionsorsightrecordsfrom severallocalitiesnotunderimminentthreat,orfrom fewbutwidespreadlocalitieswitheitherlargesizeor 3 PriorityThree significantremainingareasofapparentlysuitable habitat,muchofitnotunderimminentthreat.Taxa maybeincludediftheyarecomparativelywell knownfromseverallocalitiesbutdonotmeet adequacyofsurveyrequirementsandknown

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Conservation Name Description Code threateningprocessesexistthatcouldaffectthem.  Rareornearthreatenedandothertaxainneedof monitoring  Rare:Taxawhichareconsideredtohavebeen adequatelysurveyed,orforwhichsufficient knowledgeisavailable,andthatareconsiderednot currentlythreatenedorinneedofspecialprotection, butcouldbeifpresentcircumstanceschange.These taxaareusuallyrepresentedonconservationlands. 4 PriorityFour  Nearthreatened:Taxathatareconsideredtohave beenadequatelysurveyedandthattonotqualifyfor ConservationDependent,butthatarecloseto qualifyingforvulnerable.  Taxathathavebeenremovedfromthelistof threatenedspeciesduringthepastfiveyearsfor reasonsotherthantaxonomy. ConservationDependentTaxa  Taxathatarenotthreatenedbutaresubjecttoa 5 PriorityFive specificconservationprogram,thecessationof whichwouldresultinthetaxabecomingthreatened withinfiveyears. (Source:DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation,2011)  

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Appendix2:VegetationStructuralClasses   VegetationStructuralClasses LifeForm/Height CanopyPercentageCover Class  100–70% 70– 30% 30– 10% 10–2% Tallclosed Tallopen Treesover30m Tallopenforest Tallwoodland forest woodland Trees10–30m Closedforest Openforest Woodland Openwoodland Lowclosed Lowopen Treesunder10m Lowopenforest Lowwoodland forest woodland Closedtree Opentree Veryopentree TreeMallee Treemallee mallee mallee mallee Closedshrub Openshrub Veryopenshrub ShrubMallee Shrubmallee mallee mallee mallee Closedtall Tallopen Shrubsover2m Tallopenscrub Tallshrubland scrub shrubland Shrubs1–2m Closedheath Openheath Shrubland Openshrubland Closedlow Lowopen Shrubsunder1m Openlowheath Lowshrubland heath shrubland Closed Veryopen Grasses Grassland Opengrassland grassland grassland Closed Veryopen Herbs Herbland Openherbland herbland herbland Closed Veryopen Sedges Sedgeland Opensedgeland sedgeland sedgeland (Source:GovernmentofWesternAustralia,2000) 

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Appendix3:VegetationConditionRatingScale 

Category Description

1 Pristineornearlyso,noobvioussignsofdisturbance. Pristine 2 Vegetationstructureintact,disturbanceaffectingindividualspeciesand Excellent weedsarenonͲaggressivespecies. 3 Vegetationstructurealteredobvioussignsofdisturbance.Forexample, VeryGood disturbancetovegetationstructurecausedbyrepeatedfires,the presenceofsomemoreaggressiveweeds,dieback,loggingandgrazing. 4 Vegetationstructuresignificantlyalteredbyveryobvioussignsof Good multipledisturbances.Retainsbasicvegetationstructureorabilityto regenerateit.Forexample,disturbancetovegetationstructurecaused byveryfrequentfires,thepresenceofsomeveryaggressiveweedsat highdensity,partialclearing,diebackandgrazing. 5 Basicvegetationstructureseverelyimpactedbydisturbance.Scopefor Degraded regenerationbutnottoastateapproachinggoodconditionwithout intensivemanagement.Forexample,disturbancetovegetation structurecausedbyveryfrequentfires,thepresenceofveryaggressive weeds,partialclearing,diebackandgrazing. 6 Thestructureofthevegetationisnolongerintactandtheareais CompletelyDegraded completelyoralmostcompletelywithoutnativespecies.Theseareas areoftendescribedas‘parklandcleared’withthefloracomprising weedorcropspecieswithisolatednativetreesorshrubs.   

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Appendix4:FloraSpeciesList  * Weedspecies # Introducednativespecies (S) Significantfloraspecies  

Family Genus and Species Previous Name Common Name Abundance

Class CYCADOPSIDA (Cycads)

ZAMIACEAE Macrozamia fraseri common Macrozamia riedlei common

ANGIOSPERMAE Class LILIOPSIDA (Monocotyledons)

ASPARAGACEAE Dichopogon capillipes Chocolate Lily common Lomandra caespitosa common Lomandra hermaphrodita common Lomandra maritima common Lomandra preissii common Lomandra suaveolens few Thysanotus arenarius common Thysanotus manglesianus Climbing Fringed Lily Thysanotus sparteus common

ASPHODELACEAE *Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed few

COLCHICACEAE Burchardia congesta Burchardia umbellata Milkmaids common

CYPERACEAE *Isolepis marginata few Lepidosperma leptostachyum few

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Family Genus and Species Previous Name Common Name Abundance

Lepidosperma squamatum common Lepidosperma pubisquameum common CYPERACEAE Mesomelaena pseudostygia common Schoenus clandestinus common Schoenus grandiflorus common

HAEMODORACEAE Conostylis candicans# common Haemodorum paniculatum abundant

HEMEROCALLIDACEAE Corynotheca micrantha common Dianella revoluta var. divaricata Dianella revoluta common Tricoryne elatior common

IRIDACEAE *Gladiolus caryophyllaceus Pink Gladiolus abundant *Moraea flaccida Cape Tulip abundant Patersonia occidentalis Purple flag common *Romulea rosea Guildford grass common

JUNCACEAE Juncus pallidus few Luzula meridionalis rare

ORCHIDACEAE Microtis media Mignonette Orchid common

POACEAE Amphipogon turbinatus few Austrostipa compressa common Austrostipa flavescens common *Avena barbata common *Briza maxima Blowfly Grass common *Briza minor *Ehrharta calycinus Perennial Veldt common *Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt common *Lagurus ovatus Hare’s-tail Grass few *Pentaschistis airoides common

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Family Genus and Species Previous Name Common Name Abundance

*Vulpia sp. common

RESTIONACEAE Desmocladus flexuosus abundant

XANTHORRHOEACEAE Xanthorrhoea preissii Balga common

Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA (Dicotyledons)

AIZOACEAE *Carpobrotus edulis Pigface common

AMARANTHACEAE *Ptilotus polystachyus common

APIACEAE Eryngium pinnatifidum common Trachymene pilosa common

ASTERACEAE *Cirsium vulgare rare *Conyza bonariensis Fleabane common *Hedypnois rhagadioloides Cretan weed common *Helichrysum luteoalbum common *Hypochaeris glabra Flatweed *Lactuca serriola Prickly lettuce common Olearia axillaris rare Podotheca gnaphalioides common *Sonchus asper common *Sonchus oleraceus Sowthistle *Ursinia anthemoides common Waitzia suaveolens common

BRASSICACEAE Brassica tournefortii Wild Radish common *Heliophila pusilla rare

CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia preissii common

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Family Genus and Species Previous Name Common Name Abundance

CARYOPHYLLACEAE *Silene gallica common

CASUARINACEAE Allocasuarina fraseriana Sheoak common Allocasuarina humilis common

CHENOPODIACEAE *Chenopodium ambrosioides few Enchylaena tomentosum few Rhagodia baccata few

CRASSULACEAE *Crassula alata *Crassula glomerata

DILLENIACEAE Hibbertia cuneiformis (S) few Hibbertia hypericoides common Hibbertia racemosa rare

DROSERACEAE Drosera ?menziesii Climbing Sundew Drosera erythrorhiza Sundew

ERICACEAE Astroloma ciliata few Astroloma pallidum Kickbush Conostephium preissii few Leucopogon parviflorus common Leucopogon propinquus common Leucopogon racemulosus rare

EUPHORBIACEAE *Euphorbia terracina Geraldton Carnation Weed common Phyllanthus calycinus False Boronia common

FABACEAE Acacia cyclops few Acacia pulchella Prickly Moses abundant

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Family Genus and Species Previous Name Common Name Abundance

Acacia rostellifera common Acacia saligna common Acacia willdenowiana few Bossiaea eriocarpa common Gompholobium tomentosum abundant FABACEAE Hardenbergia comptoniana Native Wisteria common Hovea trisperma common Jacksonia calcicola common Jacksonia sericea (S) P4 common Jacksonia sternbergiana common Kennedia prostrata Running Postman common *Trifolium campestre common

GERANIACEAE *Pelargonium capitatum Rose Pelargonium common

GOODENIACEAE Lechenaultia linarioides (S) common Scaevola canescens common Scaevola globulifera common Scaevola repens var. angustifolia common

LAURACEAE Cassytha racemosa Dodder few

MYRTACEAE Agonis flexuosa Peppermint Tree few Calothamnus quadrifidus common Calothamnus sanguineus common Corymbia calophylla Eucalyptus calophylla Marri common Eucalyptus gomphocephala Tuart common Eucalyptus marginata Jarrah common

OROBANCHACEAE *Orobanche minor few

PHYTOLACCACEAE *Phytolacca octandra Inkweed common

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Family Genus and Species Previous Name Common Name Abundance

PROTEACEAE Banksia attenuata common Banksia grandis few Banksia menziesii few Banksia prionotes common Banksia dallanneyi Dryandra lindleyana common Banksia sessilis var. cygnorum Dryandra sessilis Parrot Bush common PROTEACEAE Grevillea preissii common Hakea lissocarpha common Hakea prostrata few Persoonia saccata few Petrophile macrostachya few Petrophile axillaris Petrophile serruriae (S) rare

RANUNCULACEAE Clematis linearifolia few Clematis pubescens few

RHAMNACEAE Spyridium globulosum Basket Bush few

RUBIACEAE Opercularia vaginata common

SCROPHULARIACEAE *Dischisma arenarium common Myoporum caprarioides common

SOLANACEAE Anthocercis littorea common *Solanum nigrum Nightshade common Solanum symonii common

STYLIDIACEAE Stylidium brunonianum Stylidium junceum

VIOLACEAE Hybanthus calycinus common 

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Appendix5:VegetationQuadratData



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QuadratNo.: 1 SurveyDate: 03/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, AlexDevine GPSCoordinates: 383554.46,6487109.46 Zone:50 VegetationType: OpenTuartWoodland Soil: BrownͲYellowsand Condition: VeryGood Notes:    NativeSpecies  Acaciapulchella  Acaciasaligna Astrolomapallidum Austrostipaflavescens Banksiadallanneyi Banksiasessilisvar.cygnorum Bossiaeaeriocarpa  Burchardiacongesta Conostyliscandicans Desmocladusflexuosa Dianellarevolutavar.divaricata Eryngiumpinnatifidum Eucalyptusgomphocephala Gompholobiumtomentosum Hakealissocarpha Hibbertiahypericoides Leucopogonparviflorus Leucopogonpropinquus Leucopogonracemulosa InvasiveSpecies Lomandracaespitosa *Carpobrotusedulis Lomandrasuaveolens *Gladioluscaryophyllaceus Mesomelaenapseudostygia *Moraeaflaccida Operculariavaginata *Romulearosea Phyllanthuscalycinus Schoenusclandestinus Tricoryneelatior Xanthorrhoeapreissii   

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 QuadratNo.: 2 SurveyDate: 05/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, AlexDevine GPSCoordinates: 383638.92,6487114.52 Zone:50 VegetationType: OpenTuartWoodland Soil: GreyͲbrownsand Condition: Good Notes:   NativeSpecies  Acaciapulchella  Astrolomapallida Thysanotusarenarius Austrostipacompressa Thysanotussparteus Banksiaattenuata Trachymenepilosa Banksiadallanneyi Tricoryneelatior Banksiaprionotes Xanthorrhoeapreissii Bossiaeaeriocarpa  Burchardiacongesta Conostyliscandicans Corymbiacalophylla Desmocladusflexuosa Dichopogoncapillipes Enchylaenatomentosum Eryngiumpinnatifidum Eucalyptusgomphocephala Gompholobiumtomentosum Haemodorumlaxum Hardenbergiacomptoniana Hibbertiahypericoides InvasiveSpecies Hoveatrisperma Brizamaxima Hybanthuscalycinus Carpobrotusedulis Jacksoniacalcicola Conyzabonariensis Jacksoniasternbergiana Dischismaarenarium Kennediaprostrata Ehrhartacalycinus Lechenaultialinarioides Gladioluscaryophyllaceus Lepidospermapubisquameum Helichrysumluteoalbum Lepidospermasquamatum Hypochaerisglabra Leucopogonparviflorus Moraeaflaccida

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Leucopogonpropinquus Orobancheminor Lomandrahermaphrodita Pelargoniumcapitatum Lomandramaritima Romulearosea Luzulameridionalis Solanumnigrum Mesomelaenapseudostygia Ursiniaanthemoides Scaevolacanescens Scaevolarepensvarangustifolia  QuadratNo.: 3 SurveyDate: 03/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, AlexDevine GPSCoordinates: 383652.75,6487214.23 Zone:50 VegetationType: OpenTuartWoodland Soil: BrownͲgreysand Condition: Good Notes:   NativeSpecies  Acaciapulchella  Acaciasaligna Austrostipacompressa Banksiaattenuata Banksiasessilisvar.cygnorum Bossiaeaeriocarpa Burchardiacongesta  Conostyliscandicans Corynothecamicrantha Desmocladusflexuosa Dianellarevolutavar.divaricata Eryngiumpinnatifidum Gompholobiumtomentosum Haemodorumlaxum Hakeaprostrata Hibbertiahypericoides Jacksoniasternbergiana Kennediaprostrata Lechenaultialinarioides InvasiveSpecies Lepidospermasquamatum Brizamaxima Leucopogonparviflorus Carpobrotusedulis

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Lomandracaespitosa Conyzabonariensis Lomandrahermaphrodita Ehrhartacalycinus Lomandramaritima' Gladioluscaryophyllaceus Mesomelaenapseudostygia Hedypnoisrhagadioloides Petrophilemacrostachya Moraeaflaccida Scaevolacanescens Orobancheminor Schoenusgrandiflorus Romulearosea Solanumsymonii Thysanotussparteus Tricoryneelatior Xanthorrhoeapreissii     QuadratNo.: 4 SurveyDate: 03/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, AlexDevine GPSCoordinates: 383634.71,6487075.12 Zone:50 VegetationType: OpenMarriForest Soil: DarkBrownsand Condition: Good Notes:   NativeSpecies  Acaciapulchella  Banksiaattenuata Banksiamenziesii Corymbiacalophylla Desmocladusflexuosa Dichopogoncapillipes Eryngiumpinnatifidum  Eucalyptusmarginata Gompholobiumtomentosum Haemodorumlaxum Hakealissocarpha Hibbertiahypericoides Hibbertiaracemosa Hoveatrisperma

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Kennediaprostrata Lepidospermasquamatum Lomandrapreissii Luzulameridionalis Mesomelaenapseudostygia InvasiveSpecies Myoporumcaprarioides *Brizamaxima Petrophilemacrostachya *Carpobrotusedulis Phyllanthuscalycinus *Cirsiumvulgare Xanthorrhoeapreissii *Conyzabonariensis *Ehrhartalongiflora *Ehrhartacalycinus *Euphorbiaterracina *Gladioluscaryophyllaceus *Hypochaerisglabra *Lactucaserriola *Moraeaflaccida  *Romulearosea  *Solanumnigrum  *Sonchusoleraceus    QuadratNo.: 5 SurveyDate: 03/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, AlexDevine GPSCoordinates: 383827.96,6487093.14 Zone:50 VegetationType: OpenMarriForest Soil: BrownͲyellowsand Condition: Good Notes:   NativeSpecies  Acaciapulchella  Acaciasaligna Banksiaattenuata Corymbiacalophylla Desmocladusflexuosa Dichopogoncapillipes Eucalyptusmarginata 

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Gompholobiumtomentosum Haemodorumlaxum Hardenbergiacomptoniana Hibbertiahypericoides Hoveatrisperma Jacksoniacalcicola Jacksoniasternbergiana Lomandracaespitosa Macrozamiafraseri Scaevolarepensvar.angustifolia Xanthorrhoeapreissii InvasiveSpecies *Carpobrotusedulis *Conyzabonariensis *Ehrhartalongiflora *Gladioluscaryophyllaceus *Hedypnoisrhagadioloides *Moraeaflaccida  *Pelargoniumcapitatum  *Phytolaccaoctandra  *Romulearosea  *Solanumnigrum  *Sonchusoleraceus  *Ursiniaanthemoides      QuadratNo.: 6 SurveyDate: 03/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, AlexDevine GPSCoordinates: 383803.22,6487128.89 Zone:50 VegetationType: JarrahWoodland Soil: GreyͲbrownsand Condition: Good Notes:   NativeSpecies 

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Acaciapulchella  Acaciasaligna Amphipogonturbinatus Austrostipacompressa Banksiaattenuata Banksiadallanneyi Banksiasessilisvar.cygnorum  Bossiaeaeriocarpa Burchardiacongesta Conostyliscandicans Desmocladusflexuosa Dianellarevolutavar.divaricata Dichopogoncapillipes Eryngiumpinnatifidum Eucalyptusmarginata Gompholobiumtomentosum Haemodorumlaxum Hakealissocarpha Hibbertiahypericoides InvasiveSpecies Jacksoniasericea *Brizaminor Jacksoniasternbergiana *Carpobrotusedulis Kennediaprostrata *Conyzabonariensis Lepidospermaleptostachyum *Ehrhartacalycinus Leucopogonpropinquus *Gladioluscaryophyllaceus Lomandrahermaphrodita *Hedypnoisrhagadioloides Lomandrasuaveolens *Hypochaerisglabra Mesomelaenapseudostygia *Moraeaflaccida Operculariavaginata *Orobancheminor Scaevolacanescens *Pelargoniumcapitatum Scaevolaglobulifera *Solanumnigrum Schoenusclandestinus *Ursiniaanthemoides Thysanotussparteus Tricoryneelatior Waitziasuaveolens Xanthorrhoeapreissii  QuadratNo.: 7 SurveyDate: 03/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, AlexDevine GPSCoordinates: 383820.69,6487175.88

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Zone:50 VegetationType: JarrahWoodland Soil: GreyͲBrownsand Condition: Good Notes:   NativeSpecies  Acaciapulchella  Austrostipacompressa Banksiaattenuata Banksiasessilisvar.cygnorum Burchardiacongesta Calothamnusquadrifidus Corynothecamicrantha  Desmocladusflexuosa Eryngiumpinnatifidum Gompholobiumtomentosum Haemodorumlaxum Hakealissocarpha Hibbertiahypericoides Hoveatrisperma Hybanthuscalycinus Jacksoniacalcicola Lechenaultialinarioides Lomandrahermaphrodita Mesomelaenapseudostygia InvasiveSpecies Operculariavaginata *Brizamaxima Podothecagnaphalioides *Brizaminor Scaevolacanescens *Carpobrotusedulis Scaevolarepensvar.angustifolia *Conyzabonariensis Solanumsymonii *Gladioluscaryophyllaceus Thysanotusarenarius *Hedypnoisrhagadioloides Waitziasuaveolens *Hypochaerisglabra Xanthorrhoeapreissii *Moraeaflaccida  *Orobancheminor  *Romulearosea  *Ursiniaanthemoides    

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QuadratNo.: 8 SurveyDate: 03/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, SharonHynes GPSCoordinates: 383737.59,6487193.57 Zone:50 VegetationType: LimestoneHeath Soil: BrownͲyellowsand Condition: Good Notes:   NativeSpecies  Acaciapulchella  Austrostipacompressa Austrostipaflavescens Banksiadallanneyi Banksiasessilisvar.cygnorum Burchardiacongesta Conostyliscandicans  Desmocladusflexuosa Dianellarevolutavar.divaricata Gompholobiumtomentosum Grevilleapreissii Haemodorumlaxum Hakealissocarpha Hibbertiahypericoides Lechenaultialinarioides Lepidospermapubisquameum Lomandracaespitosa Lomandramaritima Mesomelaenapseudostygia InvasiveSpecies Podothecagnaphalioides *Carpobrotusedulis Scaevolacanescens *Gladioluscaryophyllaceus Scaevolaglobulifera *Heliophilapusilla Scaevolarepensvar.angustifolia *Moraeaflaccida Thysanotussparteus *Romulearosea Xanthorrhoeapreissii *Ursiniaanthemoides    

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QuadratNo.: 9 SurveyDate: 03/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, AlexDevine GPSCoordinates: 383711.03,6487128.85 Zone:50 VegetationType: LimestoneHeath Soil: BrownͲyellowsand Condition: VeryGood Notes:   NativeSpecies  Acaciapulchella  Austrostipacompressa Austrostipaflavescens Banksiadallanneyi Banksiasessilisvar.cygnorum Burchardiacongesta Calothamnusquadrifidus  Conostyliscandicans Desmocladusflexuosa Dianellarevolutavar.divaricata Gompholobiumtomentosum Grevilleapreissii Haemodorumlaxum Hakealissocarpha Hibbertiahypericoides Jacksoniasericea Lechenaultialinarioides Lepidospermapubisquameum Leucopogonparviflorus InvasiveSpecies Lomandrahermaphrodita *Brizamaxima Lomandramaritima *Brizaminor Mesomelaenapseudostygia *Gladioluscaryophyllaceus Myoporumcaprarioides *Moraeaflaccida Operculariavaginata *Orobancheminor Scaevolacanescens *Ursiniaanthemoides Scaevolarepensvar.angustifolia Thysanotusarenarius Xanthorrhoeapreissii 

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QuadratNo.: 10 SurveyDate: 05/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, AlexDevine GPSCoordinates: 383659.40,6487171.51 Zone:50 VegetationType: LimestoneHeath Soil: BrownͲyellowsand Condition: Good Notes:   NativeSpecies  Acaciapulchella  Austrostipacompressa Tricoryneelatior Austrostipaflavescens Xanthorrhoeapreissii Banksiaattenuata Banksiadallanneyi Banksiagrandis Banksiamenziesii  Banksiasessilisvar.cygnorum Bossiaeaeriocarpa Burchardiacongesta Calothamnusquadrifidus Conostyliscandicans Desmocladusflexuosa Dianellarevolutavar.divaricata Gompholobiumtomentosum Grevilleapreissii Haemodorumlaxum Hakealissocarpha Hibbertiahypericoides InvasiveSpecies Hoveatrisperma *Brizamaxima Hybanthuscalycinus *Carpobrotusedulis Jacksoniacalcicola *Ehrhartacalycinus Kennediaprostrata *Gladioluscaryophyllaceus Lechenaultialinarioides *Lactucaserriola Lepidospermapubisquameum *Moraeaflaccida Lomandracaespitosa *Ursiniaanthemoides Lomandramaritima Mesomelaenapseudostygia Operculariavaginata

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Phyllanthuscalycinus Podothecagnaphalioides Scaevolacanescens Scaevolarepensvar.angustifolia Thysanotusarenarius Thysanotussparteus  QuadratNo.: 11 SurveyDate: 5/04/2012 Personnel: JacquieMilner, AlexDevine GPSCoordinates: 383753.62,6487091.09 Zone:50 VegetationType: JarrahWoodland Soil: BrownͲyellowsand Condition: Good Notes:   NativeSpecies  Acaciapulchella  Agonisflexuosa Allocasuarinafraseriana Austrostipacompressa Bossiaeaeriocarpa Burchardiacongesta Calothamnusquadrifidus  Conostyliscandicans Corynothecamicrantha Desmocladusflexuosa Dichopogoncapillipes Eucalyptusmarginata Gompholobiumtomentosum Haemodorumlaxum Hakealissocarpha Hardenbergiacomptoniana Hibbertiahypericoides Hoveatrisperma Jacksoniasternbergiana InvasiveSpecies Kennediaprostrata *Brizamaxima Lechenaultialinarioides *Brizaminor Lepidospermasquamatum *Carpobrotusedulis

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Leucopogonpropinquus *Conyzabonariensis Lomandracaespitosa *Gladioluscaryophyllaceus Lomandrahermaphrodita *Hedypnoisrhagadioloides Macrozamiafraseriana *Hypochaerisglabra Mesomelaenapseudostygia *Isolepismarginata Patersoniaoccidentalis *Moraeaflaccida Scaevolacanescens *Pentaschistisairoides Scaevolarepensvar.angustifolia *Phytolaccaoctandra Solanumsymonii *Solanumnigrum Thysanotussparteus *Ursiniaanthemoides Trachymenepilosa Xanthorrhoeapreissii  

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Appendix6:SpeciesQuadratMatrix  GenusandSpecies Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Acaciacyclops            Acaciapulchella X X X X X X X X X X X Acaciarostellifera            Acaciasaligna XXX X Acaciawilldenowiana            Agonisflexuosa           X Allocasuarinafraseriana           X Allocasuarinahumilis            Amphipogonturbinatus      X Anthocercislittorea            *Asphodelusfistulosus            Astrolomapallidum  X Astrolomaciliata            Austrostipacompressa  X XX X X X X X Austrostipaflavescens XX X X *Avenabarbata            Banksiaattenuata  X X XXX Banksiadallanneyi X XXX X X Banksiagrandis          X Banksiamenziesii    XX Banksiaprionotes  X Banksiasessilisvarcygnorum XXX X X X X Bossiaeaeriocarpa X X XXX X Brassicatournefortii            *Brizamaxima  X X XX XX X X

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*Brizaminor       XXX Burchardiacongesta XXX X X X X X Calothamnusquadrifidus       XX X X Calothamnussanguineus            GenusandSpecies Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 *Carpobrotusedulis X X X X X X X XX X Cassytharacemosa            *Chenopodiumambrosioides            *Cirsiumvulgare    X Clematislinearifolia            Clematispubescens            Conostephiumpreissii            Conostyliscandicans* X X XXX X X X *Conyzabonariensis  X X X X X XX Corymbiacalophylla  XX X Corynothecamicrantha   XXX *Crassulaalata            *Crassulaglomerata            Desmocladusflexuosus X X X X X X X X X X X Dianellarevolutavar.divaricata XXXX X X Dichopogoncapillipes  XX X XX *Dischismaarenarium  X Drosera?menziesii            Droseraerythrorhiza            Enchylaenatomentosum  X *Ehrhartacalycinus  X X XXX *Ehrhartalongiflora    X X Eryngiumpinnatifidum X X X XX X

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Eucalyptusgomphocephala X X Eucalyptusmarginata    X X XX *Euphorbiaterracina    X Gompholobiumtomentosum X X X X X X X X X X X *Gladioluscaryophyllaceus X X X X X X X X X X X Grevilleapreissii        X X X Haemodorumpaniculatum  X X X X X X X X X X Hakealissocarpha XXX X X X X X GenusandSpecies Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Hakeaprostrata   X Hardenbergiacomptoniana  XXX *Hedypnoisrhagadioloides   XX XX Hibbertiacuneiformis(S)            Hibbertiahypericoides X X X X X X X X X X X Hibbertiaracemosa    X *Helichrysumluteoalbum  X *Heliophilapusilla        X Hoveatrisperma  XX XXX X Hybanthuscalycinus  XXX *Hypochaerisglabra  XXX X *Isolepismarginata           X Jacksoniacalcicola  XXXX Jacksoniasericea(S)      XX Jacksoniasternbergiana  X XX XX Juncuspallidus            Kennediaprostrata  X X XXX X *Lactucaserriola    XX *Lagurusovatus           

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Lechenaultialinarioides(S)  X XX X X X X Lepidospermaleptostachyum      X Lepidospermapubisquameum  XX X X Lepidospermasquamatum  XXX Lepidospermasp.            Leucopogonparviflorus X X XX Leucopogonpropinquus X XXX Leucopogonracemulosus X Lomandracaespitosa XXXXX X Lomandrahermaphrodita  X XX XXX Lomandramaritima  X XX X X Lomandrapreissii    X GenusandSpecies Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Lomandrasuaveolens XX Luzulameridionalis  XX Macrozamiafraseri     X Macrozamiariedlei            Mesomelaenapseudostygia X X X XX X X X X X Microtismedia            *Moraeaflaccida X X X X X X X X X X X Myoporumcaprarioides    XX Oleariaaxillaris            Operculariavaginata XX XX X *Orobancheminor  X XX XX *Pelargoniumcapitatum  XX X Patersoniaoccidentalis           X *Pentaschistisairoides           X Persooniasaccata           

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Petrophilemacrostachya   X X Petrophileaxillaris            Phyllanthuscalycinus XXX *Phytolaccaoctandra     XX Podothecagnaphalioides       X XX *Ptilotuspolystachyus            Rhagodiabaccata            *Romulearosea X X X X XX X Scaevolacanescens  X XX X X X X X Scaevolaglobulifera      XX Scaevolarepensvarangustifolia  XXX X X X X Schoenusclandestinus X Schoenusgrandiflorus   X *Silenegallica            *Solanumnigrum  XX X XX Solanumsymonii   XXX GenusandSpecies Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 *Sonchusasper            *Sonchusoleraceus    X X Spyridiumglobulosum            Stylidiumbrunonianum            Stylidiumjunceum            Thysanotusarenarius  XXX X Thysanotusmanglesianus            Thysanotussparteus  X XXXX X Trachymenepilosa  XX Tricoryneelatior X X XXX *Trifoliumcampestre           

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*Ursiniaanthemoides  XX X X X X X X *Vulpiasp.            Wahlenbergiapreissii            Waitziasuaveolens      X X Xanthorrhoeapreissii X X X X X X X X X X X  

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Appendix7:WeedMaps

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Appendix8:WeedControlMethodology  Weedtreatmenttypesandmethodsareprovidedbelow.Treatmentratesweretakenfromthe recommendedratesfromofflabelpermitno.13333issuedbytheAustralianPesticidesand VeterinaryMedicinesAuthority(2012),SouthernWeeds42andFlorabase.43ThefollowingTables providesanindicationoftherecommendedweedtreatmentaccordingtospeciespresentwithin CentralPark.NotethatthesprayingofMetsulfuronisnotrecommendedintheParkduetoits residualeffectinthesoilandassociateddeathofnonͲtargetspecies.44  TreatmentTypes Treatment ApplicationMethodand TreatmentType TargetedSpecies Number Comments 1 Glyphosate Annualandperennialgrass Spotspray–nonͲselective andbroadleafweeds 2 Quizalofop Annualandperennialgrasses Spotsprayor  overallsprayinbroadleafhost situations 3 Metsulfuron OneͲleafCapeTulip WipeLeaveswithspongepriortoor glove/spongewipe justonflowering 4 Triclopyrorpicloram Woodyweedsandtrees Cutandpaintorbasalbark 5 Handweeding CarnationWeeds,Fleabane, Glovesrequiredduetocausticsapof Pigface,andsimilar CarnationWeed (Source:AustralianPesticidesandVeterinaryMedicinesAuthority,2012)  WeedControlMethodology Treatment Species CommonName Timing Number Asphodelusfistulosus OnionWeed 1 AugustͲSeptember Avenabarbata Beardedoats 1or2 JulyͲOctober Brassicatournefortii MediterraneanTurnip 1 June–August Brizamaxima BlowflyGrass 2 JuneͲSeptember Carpobrotusedulis Pigface 1and5 JuneͲOctober Chenopodiumambrosioides Goosefoot 1 June–August Cirsiumvulgare SpearThistle 1 JuneͲAugust Conyzabonariensis Fleabane 1and5 June–September Dittrichiagraveolens Stinkwort 1 SeptemberͲNovember JuneͲAugust(priorto Ehrhartacalycina PerennialVeldt 2 flowerformation) JuneͲAugust(priorto Ehrhartalongiflora AnnualVeldt 2 flowerformation) Euphorbiaterracina GeraldtonCarnationWeed 1,5 JuneͲAugust  42MooreandWheeler(2008) 43DPaW(2012) 44Armstrong(2012)

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Treatment Species CommonName Timing Number Gladioluscaryophyllaceus PinkGladiolus 1,3or5 JulyͲSeptember Lactucaserriola PricklyLettuce 1 SeptemberͲNovember Lagurusovatus HaresTailGrass 2 JuneͲOctober Moraeaflaccida OneͲLeafCapeTulip 3 AugustͲSeptember Oleaeuropaeasubsp.europaea Olive 4 MarchͲMayandOctͲDec Pelargoniumcapitatum RosePelargonium 1 MayͲSeptember Pennisetumclandestinum Kikuyu 1or2 YearRound Pentaschistisairoides FalseHairgrass 2 JuneͲAugust June–August(priorto Phytolaccaoctandra Inkweed 1 fruiting) Ricinuscommunis CastorOil 1,4 SeptemberͲDecember Romulearosea Guilford/OnionGrass 1or3 AugustͲSeptember Sonchusasper Sowthistle 1 MayͲSeptember Silenegallica CatchFly 2 JuneͲAugust manual:JuneͲ 1or5 Solanumnigrum Nightshade November;Herbicide:  JulyͲDecember Trifoliumcampestre HopClover 1 AugustͲSeptember Ursiniaanthemoides Ursinia 1 June–August Vulpiasp. Fescue 2 June–August   ControlofOneͲleafCapeTulip(MoraeaFlaccida) TheOneͲleafCapeTulipisdifficulttocontrolasthecormscanstaydormantformanyyearsand,as such,atargetedlongtermapproachshouldbetakentocontrol.Followingthefiresof2011,Cape Tulipnumbersincreased.Verygoodcontrolhasbeenachieved,wipingtheleaveswithMetsulfuron. Thisistherecommendedfuturemethodofcontrol.Itisalsosuggestedthatthesamecontrol methodbetrialledtocontrolPinkGladiolus(Gladioluscaryophyllaceous).

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Appendix9: WeedPriorityRatings   DECSwanRegionEnvironmentalWeedList Ecological Rateof Generaltrend NAC Impact CommonName ESWAPriority dispersalR: D:decreasing Recommended Species H:high whereapplicable Rating rapid S:stable Treatment M:medium M:moderate I:increasing Priority L:low S:slow U:unknown U:unknown Avenabarbata BeardedOats Moderate H R I High Mediterranean Brassicatournefortii High U R I High Turnip Brizamaxima BlowflyGrass Moderate H R I Moderate Carpobrotusedulis Pigface Moderate H S U High Chenopodium Goosefoot Low U R I Low ambrosioides Cirsiumvulgare SlenderThistle Moderate U R I Moderate Conyzabonariensis Fleabane Low L M I Moderate Cynodondactylon Couch Moderate H R I Moderate Dittrichiagraveolens Stinkwort Mild M R I Moderate Ehrhartacalycina PerennialVeldt High H R S High Ehrhartalongiflora AnnualVeldt Low H R S High GeraldtonCarnation Euphorbiaterracina High H R I High Weed Fumariacapreolata Fumaria Mild H R I High Gladiolus PinkGladiolus Moderate H M I Moderate caryophyllaceous

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DECSwanRegionEnvironmentalWeedList Ecological Rateof Generaltrend NAC Impact CommonName ESWAPriority dispersalR: D:decreasing Recommended Species H:high whereapplicable Rating rapid S:stable Treatment M:medium M:moderate I:increasing Priority L:low S:slow U:unknown U:unknown Lactucaserriola PricklyLettuce Moderate H R I Moderate Lagurusovatus Hare’sͲtailGrass High H R S Moderate Moraeaflaccida OneͲleafCapeTulip High H R I Highpriority Oleaeuropaeasubsp. Olive Unavailable H R I Moderate europaea Pelargoniumcapitatum RosePelargonium High H R I High Pennisetumclandestinum Kikuyu Unavailable H S I Moderate Pentaschistisairoides FalseHairgrass Moderate U R I Moderate Phytolaccaoctandra Inkweed Mild U M I Moderate Raphanusraphanistrum Wildradish Mild U M I High Ricinuscommunis CastorOil Low M R I High Romulearosea Guilford/OnionGrass High U R I Low Silenegallica CatchFly Low L M I Low Solanumnigrum Nightshade Moderate M R I High Sonchusasper Sowthistle Moderate U R S Low Trifoliumcampestre HopClover Moderate U U I Low Ursiniaanthemoides Ursinia Moderate U R I Moderate Viciasativa Vetch Moderate U U I Moderate Vulpiasp. Fescue Moderate H R I High Source:CALAM(1999),DEC(2009),DEC(2011) 

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Appendix10: RecommendedRevegetationStrategyforCentralPark  RevegetationactivitieswithinCentralParkwillservetocomplementthesitesnaturalpostfire regenerationprocesses.Restorationwillfocusontheperipheralareasofthesitewhichareunlikely tohaveasufficientcapacityfornaturalregenerationowingtoalackofnativespecies.Areas recommendedforrestorationareidentifiedaszones1Ͳ4withsuggestedimplementationschedules providedinSection9.0.  Plantdensitiesarerecommendedatarateofbetween1Ͳ0.5plantperm2,dependingonthe amountofvegetationpresentwithinthenominatedzone.Plantsshouldbesourcedfromlocal provenancestockandfromanaccreditednurserytolowertheriskofintroducingpathogensintothe reserve.Plantsshouldbeinstalledwithanativefertilisertabletandprotectedwithtreeguardsto discourageherbivores.  Zone1Revegetation Thisareaislocatedadjacenttoparklandandischaracterisedbyhavingadepletedunderstoreywith littleornonativespecies.Theareawouldbenefitfromrevegetationinprovidingconnectivity betweenthetwobushpocketsandreducingtheavailableareaforweedinvasion. 

 Stage1revegetationareawithgrasstreatmentalreadycommenced  Zone2Revegetation Thissectionislocatedinthenorthwesternbushpocketandischaracterisedbyarelativelyhealthy overstoreybutadepletedunderstorey.Thisareareceiveshighvolumesoffoottraffic,so revegetationwouldimprovethevisualamenityofthesiteaswellasimprovinghabitatforarangeof faunaspecies. 

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Zone3Revegetation Thisareaislocatedinthenorthernpocketadjacenttothecouncilbuildings.Currentlythispartof thesitehasfewnativespeciesandhasahighabundanceofweeds.Itisrecognisedthatan appropriatebufferofaround20mwithalowfirefuelloadingwillneedtobemaintainedforfire safetybetweenthevegetationandbuildings.  Zone4Revegetation Zone4containsanoldlimestonepaththatrunsacrossthebushpocket.Thispathwouldneedtobe removedinordertofacilitateplantingofthearea.Speciesselectedforthiszoneincludesome disturbancespecialistspeciessuchasAcaciastocopewithadverseconditionsandtoassistwith promotinganappropriateecologicalsuccessionovertime. 

 Zone4RevegetationAreawithOldLimestonePath  RevegetationSpeciesList Acompleterevegetationlistforzones1Ͳ4ispresentedinthefollowingtables;eachspecieshasbeen allocatedaformidentifyingitsgrowthhabit.Therevegetationareasshouldreceive1yearofweed treatmentpriortoplantingwiththeexceptionofzone1whichcanbeplantedimmediately.Plants shouldbeinstalledwithtreeguardstoprotectthemfromherbivoresandanativefertilisertablet. Plantshavebeenselectedaccordingtocurrentsiteconditionsandthevegetationtypeinwhichthe revegetationzoneislocated.  Zone1RevegetationSpeciesList–1Plantperm2 Species Form PlantNumbers Acaciapulchella Mediumshrub 100 Acaciasaligna Tree 100 Allocasuarinafraseriana Tree 50 Allocasuarinahumilis LargeShrub 50 Anigozanthosmanglesii SmallClumping 50 Bossiaeaeriocarpa SmallShrub 100 Calytrixfraseri Mediumshrub 100

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Species Form PlantNumbers Corymbiacalophylla Tree 50 Dianellarevoluta MediumClumping 50 Eucalyptusgomphocephala Tree 50 Eucalyptusmarginata Tree 50 Gastrolobiumcapitatum SmallShrub 50 Gompholobiumtomentosum SmallShrub 50 Hakeavaria MediumShrub 200 Hardenbergiacomptoniana GroundCover 100 Hibbertiahypericoides Mediumshrub 100 Jacksoniafurcellata Mediumshrub 100 Kennediaprostrata GroundCover 200 Patersoniaoccidentalis MediumClumping 50 Scholtziainvolucrata SmallShrub 50 Xanthorrhoeapreissii Mediumshrub 40 Total 1690  Zone2RevegetationSpeciesList–1Plant2m2 Species Form PlantNumbers Acaciapulchella SmallShrub 50 Acaciasaligna Tree 50 Austrostipacompressa SmallClumping 50 Banksiadallanneyi SmallShrub 50 Banksiasessilis LargeShrub 50 Bossiaeaeriocarpa SmallShrub 50 Bossiaeaeriocarpa SmallShrub 50 Calothamnuslateralis Mediumshrub 40 Conostylisaculeata SmallClumping 40 Dianellarevoluta MediumClumping 50 Eucalyptusgomphocephala Tree 40 Gompholobiumtomentosum SmallShrub 40 Hakealissocarpha Mediumshrub 50 Hakeavaria LargeShrub 40 Hardenbergiacomptoniana GroundCover 40 Hibbertiahypericoides Mediumshrub 20 Hoveatrisperma SmallShrub 40 Jacksoniafurcellata ShrubLow 50 Jacksoniasternbergiana LargeShrub 50 Kennediaprostrata GroundCover 100 Xanthorrhoeapreissii Mediumshrub 40 Total 990   

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 Zone3RevegetationSpeciesList1Plantperm2 Species Form PlantNumbers Acaciapulchella SmallShrub 50 Acaciasaligna Tree 50 Austrostipacompressa SmallClumping 100 Banksiadallanneyi SmallShrub 100 Banksiasessilis ShrubLarge 200 Bossiaeaeriocarpa SmallShrub 40 Calothamnuslateralis Mediumshrub 100 Dianellarevoluta MediumClumping 50 Eucalyptusmarginata Tree 40 Gompholobiumtomentosum SmallShrub 100 Hakealissocarpha Mediumshrub 50 Hakeavaria ShrubLow 40 Hardenbergiacomptoniana GroundCover 40 Hibbertiahypericoides Mediumshrub 20 Hoveatrisperma SmallShrub 40 Hypocalymmaangustifolium Mediumshrub 40 Jacksoniafurcellata ShrubLow 50 Jacksoniasternbergiana ShrubLow 50 Kennediaprostrata GroundCover 40 Xanthorrhoeapreissii Mediumshrub 40 Total 1290  Zone4RevegetationSpeciesList–1Plantper2m2 Species Form PlantNumbers Acaciapulchella SmallShrub 50 Acaciasaligna Tree 20 Austrostipacompressa SmallClumping 50 Banksiaattenuata Tree 20 Banksiasessilis LargeShrub 50 Bossiaeaeriocarpa SmallShrub 40 Calothamnuslateralis Mediumshrub 20 Conostylisaculeata SmallClumping 40 Dianellarevoluta MediumClumping 40 Eucalyptusmarginata Tree 40 Gompholobiumtomentosum SmallShrub 40 Hakealissocarpha Mediumshrub 30 Hakeavaria ShrubLow 40 Hardenbergiacomptoniana GroundCover 50 Hemiandrapungens GroundCover 20 Hibbertiahypericoides Mediumshrub 40

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Species Form PlantNumbers Jacksoniafurcellata LargeShrub 50 Jacksoniasternbergiana LargeShrub 50 Kennediaprostrata GroundCover 50 Kunzeaglabrescens ShrubLow 50 Xanthorrhoeapreissii Mediumshrub 20 Total 810  MonitoringandSuccessCriteria Inordertomonitorthesuccessofthemanagementstrategies,monitoringinrelationtosetcriteria maybeundertaken.Itisrecommendedinordertobecosteffective,regularmonitoringtakeplace everysixmonthsforafiveyearperiodandtakeintoaccountthefollowingaims: ƒ anaimof75%survivalratesforplantings ƒ improvedspeciesdiversity ƒ noticeablegrowthratesofplantings ƒ weedcoveragetobelessthan20% ƒ weedspeciestocompriselessthan10%ofthetotalspeciescomposition ƒ nowoodyweedstobepresentonsite.  ImplementationSchedule Arecommendedimplementationscheduleisprovidedbelowcontainingtheworkssetoutin Appendix11.Thescheduleissetupforrehabilitationworkstocommenceinthespringof2013with completionofworksin2017.  Year1(2013) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec GlyphosateSpray  QuizalofopSpray   Triclopyrorpicloram             HandWeeding  RevegetationZone1 Informalmonitoring             FenceInstallation  

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 Year2(2014) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec GlyphosateSpray  QuizalofopSpray   Triclopyrorpicloram             HandWeeding  RevegetationZone1(Infill) RevegetationZone2 RevegetationZone3 Informalmonitoring              Year3(2015) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec GlyphosateSpray  QuizalofopSpray100g/L   Triclopyrorpicloram             HandWeeding  RevegetationZone2(Infill) RevegetationZone3(Infill) RevegetationZone4  Informalmonitoring              Year4(2016) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec GlyphosateSpray  QuizalofopSpray100g/L   Triclopyrorpicloram             HandWeeding  RevegetationZone4(Infill)  Informalmonitoring              Year5(2017) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec GlyphosateSpray  QuizalofopSpray100g/L   Triclopyrorpicloram             HandWeeding  RevegetationZone2,3,4(Infill asrequired)  Informalmonitoring              

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 RevegetationZones

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Appendix11: FaunaListandTrapLocations  FaunaIdentified Threatened Introduced SpeciesName CommonName Species Invertebrates Apismellifera FeralHoneyBee  Austracanthaminax ChristmasSpider CoptotermesSp. TermiteSpecies Cryptocheilusfabricolor HuntsmanWasp CryptocheilusSp Unidentifiedwasp Eriophorabiapicata GardenOrbWeaver Linepithemahumile Argentineant  Lychasmarmoreus MarbledScorpion Lycosagodeffroyi Wolfspider Myrmeciavindex BullAnt MyrmeleontidaeSp. AntlionLaceWing Nephilaedulis OrbWeavingSpider Rhytidoponerametallica GreenͲheadAnt  Fish Gambusiaholbrookii Mosquitofish Reptiles Cryptoblepharus FenceSkink plagiocephalus Ctenotusfallens Ctenotus   Litoriamoorei WesternGreenTreeFrog  Menetiagreyii CommonDwarfSkink Pseudonajaaffinis Dugite Tiliquarugosa Bobtail Birds Anasgracilis GreyTeal Anassuperciliosa PacificBlackDuck Anthochaeracarunculata RedWattleBird Barnardiuszonarius AustralianRingneckParrot   Cacatuaroseicapilla Galah Calyptorhynchusbanksii ForestRedTailedCockatoo  Stateand naso Federallisting Calyptorhynchuslatirostris Carnaby'sCockatooStateand Federallisting Coracinanovaehollandiae BlackFacedCuckooShrike  Corvuscoronoides AustralianRaven Cracticustorquatus GreyButcherbird Dacelonovaeguineae LaughingKookaburra  Falcolongipennis AustralianHobby

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FaunaIdentified Threatened Introduced SpeciesName CommonName Species Grallinacyanoleuca Mudlark Gymnorhinatibicen Magpie Hirundoneoxena WelcomeSwallow Lichenostomusvirescens SingingHoneyeater Lichmeraindistincta BrownHoneyeater Nycticoraxcaledonicus NankeenNightHeron Pardalotusstriatus StriatedPardalote Phylidonyris NewHollandHoneyEater  novaehollandiae Purpureicephalusspurius RedCappedParrot   Rhipiduraleucophrys WillieWagtail Streptopeliachinensis SpottedTurtleDove  Streptopeliasenegalensis LaughingTurtleDove  Trichoglossushaematodus RainbowLorikeet  Mammals Macropusfuliginosus WesternGreyKangaroo Oryctolaguscuniculus EuropeanRabbit  Vulpesvulpes EuropeanRedFox 

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 TrapLocation 

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