DOCSLIB.ORG

The Legal Bases of the Nuremberg Trial of German Leaders

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Legal Bases of the Nuremberg Trial of German Leaders University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-1947 The Legal Bases of the Nuremberg Trial of German Leaders Richard Harrison Doughty Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Doughty, Richard Harrison, "The Legal Bases of the Nuremberg Trial of German Leaders. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1947. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2985 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Richard Harrison Doughty entitled "The Legal Bases of the Nuremberg Trial of German Leaders." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in History. Ruth Stephens, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: J. Wesley Hoffmann, S. J. Folmsbee Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) July 25, 1947 To the Committee on Gradua te Study : I am submitting to lou a thesis wr itten by Richard Harrison Doughty entitled The Legal Bases of the Nuremberg Trial of German Leaders." I recommend that it be accepted for nine quarter hours credit in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, wi th a ma jor in History. We have read this thesis an� re commend its acceptance : / ,._..(\�'.. ,;:r.d<>-r-= �•' t:..�·z14==;Ck - 4·'�4'.?e. Accepted for the Committee THE LEGAL BAS ES OF THE NUREMB ERG TRIAL OF GERMAN LEADE RS A THE SIS Subm itted to The Committee on Gra dua te Stu d� o:t The University of Tenness ee in Pa rtial Fu lf illment of the Requ irements for the degree of Mas ter of Arts ...... ... 4 .. ... •• •HI e . .. ... .. .... ... " " . .... .... by Richard Ha rris on Doug ht� Au gus t 1947 PREFACE The purpose of this study is to examine the legal justi­ fica tion for the trial held at Nuremberg, Germany, of the leading German Nazis. The wisdom of the trial, its possible future effects, its fairness or unfairness are not primarily the con­ cern of this thesis. An exhaustive study of these questions would require a much more ambitious effort than this one pr oposes to be. Here the question is--did there exist before the creation of the Charter of the Tribunal , recogni zed international law on wh ich each of the counts of the Indictment against the Nazis could properly be based? Early in my study I ga ined the impression that adequate, recogni zed interna tional law existed for the charges of war crimes and crimes against humani ty, but I felt that no custom nor convention existed to sustain the counts or conspiracy and crimes against peace. Therefore, I concluded that the firs t two counts of the Nuremberg Indictment were based on !! post facto law. As my study progressed and I read the opinions of many learned jurists and publicists and considered trends between World War I and World War II, I decided that reasonab ly sound bases existed for these counts also , if we bear in mind the following things : (1) until a world govern- ment is created with an adequate legislature, we must continue to depend upon custom , convention, and the crystallization of interna tional thinking for the creation of international law; iii (2) a great many resolutions , a multilateral treaty and the think ing of many pub li ci sts combi ned in condemn ing aggressive war as an international crime before 1939 ; an d (3) for custom to develop there must be a first prec edent and in terna tional law must grow in the same mann er as di d the Anglo-Saxon common law. Sinc e none of the ac c used Germans lost hi s li fe by being convic ted solely on co unts one or two , I am convi nc ed that the Nuremberg trial was the fairest mann er possible for dea ling wi th the Naz i leaders . Materials us ed in this study are of American and British origin and the Judgmen t and Op inion of the Tribu nal whic h tried the Nazis. In va luab le assistance has been rendered by Dr. Ruth Stephens of the University of Tennessee Hi story and Politica l Sc ience Departments. Dr. Stephens suggested the subj ec t an d ai ded in suggestions for coll ec tion of materials and organi­ zation. The writer is indeb ted to Dr. J. Wesley Hoffmann, Chairman of the History Dep artment and Dr. s. J. Folmsbee for reading the thesis and suggesting changes. Richard Harrison Dough ty TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I PREC EDENTS FOR NUREMBERG • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Cases ar ising from the American Revolut ion and the Civil War --Proposals to try German leaders after World War I--The Leipzig Trials . II PRELUDE TO NUREMBERG ••••••• •••• • • • 32 De velopme nt of the movement to try German leaders at the conclus ion or World War II-­ Format ion of the Un ited Nat ions War Cr ime s Commission--The Mo scow Dec larat ion--Ap­ po intment of Robert H. Jackson as Chief Pr osecutor for the Un ited States--The London Agreement and Charter of the Inter­ national Mi litary Tribunal . III THE LEGAL BASES FOR NUREMBERG • • • • • • • • • 66 The Nuremberg Indictme nt--The legality of count one--the charge of the � post facto natur� of the law ot count two--The law governing war crimes and crime s against humanity--The doctrines of immuni ty ot he ads ot states and superior orders-­ Responsibility ot each defendant--Fair­ ness ot the trial. IV NUREMBERG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .104 Comp osition of the Tribunal--The Trial-­ The Judgment and Op inion or the Tr ibunal-- · The Sentences . V CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM NUREMBERG • • • • • • • 17 3 Conclusive pr oof of Nazi guilt--Attitude s of the Big Four--Nuremberg, an American show-­ Fairne ss or the trial--The problem ot eli­ mi�ating war--Effects ot the trial on the German pe ople . BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 181 CHAPTER I PRECEDENTS FOR NUREMBERG There is wide divergence of opinion as to the legality of the trial at Nuremberg of the Nazi leaders. For the first time the leaders of a defeated, aggr essor state have been called to the prisoner's do ck to answer charges for acts committed in connection with war. History ha s no precedent for such a trial and it is difficult to deduce from int erna tional law as it existed in 1939 principles on wh ich some of the charges can be based. There are precedents in the history of the United States for the war crimes count of the Nuremberg indictment . During the Ame rican Revolut ion a trial developed from an incident connected wi th the Battle ·of Saratoga. A certain Colone l David Henley, the officer in charge of guarding the surrendered troops of General Burgoyne at Cambri dge , Massachusetts, was court­ martialed for attacking a British soldier, Sergeant Reeves. Colonel Henley had become incensed at some insulting remarks of Reeves and "pinked the breast" of the Britisher. General Burgoyne demanded tha t Henley be brought to trial, although there were no well-established precedents or laws of war covering this so-called crime. Henley's only defense was a brief wr itten statement, in which he did not recognize the legality of the charges made by Burgoyne. He 2 was not "conscious ot having failed in his duty to his country under trying circumstances" and was "pertectly willing to accept the decision of the court" so conscious was he ot having "acted throughout with humanity. " The trial ended with He nley 's acquittal. General Heath 1n charge ot the court­ martial expressed a wish that th1 s trial would not establish 1 a precedent for the ruture . Out ot the War Between the States, there arose three oases--Coleman� Tennessee, �.� Johnson, and Freeland ·XL Williams , which were also concerned with war crime s. The first case was concerned with a crlmi nal act, and the other two cases with civil ac tions. In Coleman� Tennessee, a Union soldier, Coleman, was charged w1th hav ing committed murder in Tennessee, wh ile serv­ ing there during the rebellion. By a court-martial he was convicted and sentenced to de ath. For some reason the sentence never was carried into effect . After Tennessee was restored to statehood , Coleman was indicted and brought to trial for the same offense. To the indictment he pleaded his conviction before the court-martial, but the plea was over-ruled and he was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death. On writ ot error the case was brought before the United States Supreme 1 Samuel c. Wi lliams, •colonel David Henley," East Tennessee Historical Society's Publications, XVIII , 1946 , pp. 4-7. Court which held, "The State Court had no right to try h1m �or the of�ense, as he, at the time of the action, was not amenable to its laws." Thus the United States Supreme Court declared that officers and soldiers of the Army of the United States were not subject to the laws of the enemy, nor amenable to his tribunals for offenses committed by them during the war.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 16. the Nuremberg Trials: Nazi Criminals Face Justice
    fdr4freedoms 1 16. The Nuremberg Trials: Nazi Criminals Face Justice On a ship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, four months before the United States entered World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill agreed to commit themselves to “the final destruction of Nazi tyranny.” In mid-1944, as the Allied advance toward Germany progressed, another question arose: What to do with the defeated Nazis? FDR asked his War Department for a plan to bring Germany to justice, making it accountable for starting the terrible war and, in its execution, committing a string of ruthless atrocities. By mid-September 1944, FDR had two plans to consider. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. had unexpectedly presented a proposal to the president two weeks before the War Department finished its own work. The two plans could not have been more different, and a bitter contest of ideas erupted in FDR’s cabinet. To execute or prosecute? Morgenthau proposed executing major Nazi leaders as soon as they were captured, exiling other officers to isolated and barren lands, forcing German prisoners of war to rebuild war-scarred Europe, and, perhaps most controversially, Defendants and their counsel in the trial of major war criminals before the dismantling German industry in the highly developed Ruhr International Military Tribunal, November 22, 1945. The day before, all defendants and Saar regions. One of the world’s most advanced industrial had entered “not guilty” pleas and U.S. top prosecutor Robert H. Jackson had made his opening statement. “Despite the fact that public opinion already condemns economies would be left to subsist on local crops, a state their acts,” said Jackson, “we agree that here [these defendants] must be given that would prevent Germany from acting on any militaristic or a presumption of innocence, and we accept the burden of proving criminal acts and the responsibility of these defendants for their commission.” Harvard Law School expansionist impulses.
    [Show full text]
  • Germany, International Justice and the 20Th Century
    Paul Betts Dept .of History University of Sussex NOT TO BE QUOTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR: DRAFT VERSION: THE FINAL DRAFT OF THIS ESSAY WILL APPEAR IN A SPECIAL ISSUE OF HISTORY AND MEMORY IN APRIL, 2005, ED. ALON CONFINO Germany, International Justice and the 20th Century The turning of the millennium has predictably spurred fresh interest in reinterpreting the 20th century as a whole. Recent years have witnessed a bountiful crop of academic surveys, mass market picture books and television programs devoted to recalling the deeds and misdeeds of the last one hundred years. It then comes as no surprise that Germany often figures prominently in these new accounts. If nothing else, its responsibility for World War I, World War II and the Holocaust assures its villainous presence in most every retrospective on offer. That Germany alone experienced all of the modern forms of government in one compressed century – from constitutional monarchy, democratic socialism, fascism, Western liberalism to Soviet-style communism -- has also made it a favorite object lesson about the so-called Age of Extremes. Moreover, the enduring international influence of Weimar culture, feminism and the women’s movement, social democracy, post-1945 economic recovery, West German liberalism, environmental politics and most recently pacifism have also occasioned serious reconsideration of the contemporary relevance of the 20th century German past. Little wonder that several commentators have gone so far as to christen the “short twentieth century” between 1914 and 1989 as really the “German century,” to the extent that German history is commonly held as emblematic of Europe’s 20th century more generally.1 Acknowledging Germany’s central role in 20th century life has hardly made things easy for historians, however.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Nuremberg Trials to the Memorial Nuremberg Trials
    Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Memorium Nürnberger Prozesse Hirschelgasse 9-11 90403 Nürnberg Telefon: 0911 / 2 31-66 89 Telefon: 0911 / 2 31-54 20 Telefax: 0911 / 2 31-1 42 10 E-Mail: [email protected] www.museen.nuernberg.de – Press Release From the Nuremberg Trials to the Memorial Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg’s name is linked with the NSDAP Party Rallies held here between 1933 and 1938 and – Presseinformation with the „Racial Laws“ adopted in 1935. It is also linked with the trials where leading representatives of the Nazi regime had to answer for their crimes in an international court of justice. Between 20 November, 1945, and 1 October, 1946, the International Military Tribunal’s trial of the main war criminals (IMT) was held in Court Room 600 at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. Between 1946 and 1949, twelve follow-up trials were also held here. Those tried included high- ranking representatives of the military, administration, medical profession, legal system, industry Press Release and politics. History Two years after Germany had unleashed World War II on 1 September, 1939, leading politicians and military staff of the anti-Hitler coalition started to consider bringing to account those Germans responsible for war crimes which had come to light at that point. The Moscow Declaration of 1943 and the Conference of Yalta of February 1945 confirmed this attitude. Nevertheless, the ideas – Presseinformation concerning the type of proceeding to use in the trial were extremely divergent. After difficult negotiations, on 8 August, 1945, the four Allied powers (USA, Britain, France and the Soviet Union) concluded the London Agreement, on a "Charter for The International Military Tribunal", providing for indictment for the following crimes in a trial based on the rule of law: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Genocide and Belonging: Processes of Imagining Communities
    GENOCIDE AND BELONGING: PROCESSES OF IMAGINING COMMUNITIES ADENO ADDIS* ABSTRACT Genocide is often referred to as “the crime of crimes.” It is a crime that is very high on the nastiness scale. The purpose of the genocidaire is of course to destroy a community—a community that he regards as a threat to his own community, whether the threat is perceived as physical, economic or cultural. The way this takes place and the complicity of law in this process has been extensively explored by scholars. But the process of destroying a community is perversely often simultaneously an “exercise in community build- ing,” a process through which intra-communal bonds and belong- ing are sought to be strengthened. This aspect of genocide has been entirely neglected by scholars, especially the role of law in that pro- cess. This article makes and defends two claims about communities and belonging in relation to genocide. First, it argues that as per- verse as it sounds, genocide is in fact an exercise in community building and law is highly implicated in that process. It defends the thesis with arguments that are conceptual as well as empirical. The second, and more hopeful, claim is that the international response * W. R. Irby Chair and W. Ray Forrester Professor of Public and Constitutional Law, Tulane University School of Law. Previous drafts of the paper were presented at an international conference at the Guanghua Law School of Zhejiang University (China) and at Tulane Law School faculty symposium. I thank participants at those meetings for the many helpful questions and comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuremberg and Group Prosecution
    Washington University Law Review Volume 1951 Issue 3 1951 Nuremberg and Group Prosecution Richard Arens University of Buffalo Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview Part of the Legal History Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Recommended Citation Richard Arens, Nuremberg and Group Prosecution, 1951 WASH. U. L. Q. 329 (1951). Available at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol1951/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NUREMBERG AND GROUP PROSECUTION* RICHARD ARENSt INTRODUCTION The trial of the Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity involved not only the indictment of individual defendants but also the indictment of the major Nazi organizations. 1 An aspect almost completely ignored in the welter of allega- gations concerning the ex post facto basis of the Nuremberg prosecutions2 is that concerning the infliction of collective or group sanctions through adjudication of group criminality. The question touching on the use of such sanctions for the maintenance of public order has become particularly acute in recent years in democratic society faced with the threat of global violence. An ominous resort to group or collective deprivations was highlighted in the Western world during World War II by deportation of West Coast Japanese-Americans to "relocation centers" in the name of security? A subsequent resort to the infliction of such deprivations has become apparent in the * This is the second of two studies on war crimes prosecutions prepared for the Quarterly by Professor Arens.
    [Show full text]
  • The Trial of Paul Touvier
    A CENTURY OF GENOCIDES AND JUSTICE: THE TRIAL OF PAUL TOUVIER An Undergraduate Research Scholars Thesis by RACHEL HAGE Submitted to the Undergraduate Research Scholars program at Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the designation as an UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH SCHOLAR Approved by Research Advisor: Dr. Richard Golsan May 2020 Major: International Studies, International Politics and Diplomacy Track TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................1 Literature Review.....................................................................................................1 Thesis Statement ......................................................................................................1 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................2 Project Description...................................................................................................2 KEY WORDS ..................................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................5 United Nations Rome Statute ..................................................................................5 20th Century Genocide .............................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Collective Remembrance and Private Choice: German-Greek Conflict and Consumer Behavior in Times of Crisis*
    Collective Remembrance and Private Choice: German-Greek Conflict and Consumer Behavior in Times of Crisis* Vasiliki Fouka† Hans-Joachim Voth‡ January 2021 Abstract How is collective memory formed, and when does it impact behavior? We high- light two conditions under which the memory of past events comes to matter for the present: the associative nature of memory, and institutionalized acts of com- memoration by the state. During World War II, German troops occupying Greece perpetrated numerous massacres. Memories of those events resurfaced during the 2009 Greek debt crisis, leading to a drop in German car sales in Greece, especially in areas affected by German reprisals. Differential economic performance did not drive this divergence. Multiple pieces of evidence suggest that current events reac- tivated past memories, creating a backlash against Germany. Using quasi-random variation in public recognition of victim status, we show that institutionalized col- lective memory amplifies the effects of political conflict on consumer behavior. *For helpful suggestions we thank Alexander Apostolides, Leo Bursztyn, Bruno Caprettini, Luke Condra, Elias Dinas, Ray Fisman, Nicola Gennaioli, Luigi Guiso, Yannis Ioannides, Emir Kamenica, Tim Leunig, Sara Lowes, John Marshall, Guy Michaels, Stelios Michalopoulos, Nathan Nunn, Sonal Pandya, Elias Papaioannou, Luigi Pascali, Giacomo Ponzetto, Dominic Rohner, Alain Schlapfer,¨ Guido Tabellini, and Nico Voigtlander.¨ Seminar participants at Bocconi, CREI, Ente Einaudi, Har- vard, UPF, Columbia, LSE, the Workshop on Political Conflict in Washington University in St. Louis, the 2017 Zurich Conference on Origins and Consequences of Group Identities, the EREH-London conference, and the 12th Conference on Research on Economic Theory and Econometrics in Naxos provided useful advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Viewing, Reading, and Listening to the Trials in Eastern Europe Charting a New Historiography
    Cahiers du monde russe Russie - Empire russe - Union soviétique et États indépendants 61/3-4 | 2020 Écritures visuelles, sonores et textuelles de la justice Introduction Viewing, reading, and listening to the trials in Eastern Europe Charting a New Historiography Nadège Ragaru Translator: Victoria Baena Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/12009 DOI: 10.4000/monderusse.12009 ISSN: 1777-5388 Publisher Éditions de l’EHESS Printed version Date of publication: 1 July 2020 Number of pages: 297-316 ISBN: 978-2-7132-2832-2 ISSN: 1252-6576 Electronic reference Nadège Ragaru, “Viewing, reading, and listening to the trials in Eastern Europe”, Cahiers du monde russe [Online], 61/3-4 | 2020, Online since 01 July 2020, connection on 29 March 2021. URL: http:// journals.openedition.org/monderusse/12009 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.12009 © École des hautes études en sciences sociales INTRODUCTION VIEWING, READING, AND LISTENING TO THE TRIALS IN EASTERN EUROPE Charting a New Historiography Since the end of World War II, the legal pursuit of war crimes before national and international jurisdictions has generated a vast scholarly literature.1 A broad range of multi-disciplinary writings have examined the political and diplomatic stakes of these trials, the legal professionals involved in the proceedings, the juridical advances they delivered, the establishment of proof and sentencing policies, as well as the didactic aims of postwar criminal justice.2 Within this scholarship, the Nuremberg (1945)3 and Eichmann (1960-1961)4 trials have captivated the most 1. The author wishes to thank Vanessa Voisin and Valérie Pozner for their valuable comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this introduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg Stephen J
    University of Baltimore Law Review Volume 46 | Issue 3 Article 4 5-2017 A Court Pure and Unsullied: Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg Stephen J. Sfekas Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr Part of the Fourteenth Amendment Commons, International Law Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Sfekas, Stephen J. (2017) "A Court Pure and Unsullied: Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg," University of Baltimore Law Review: Vol. 46 : Iss. 3 , Article 4. Available at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr/vol46/iss3/4 This Peer Reviewed Articles is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Baltimore Law Review by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COURT PURE AND UNSULLIED: JUSTICE IN THE JUSTICE TRIAL AT NUREMBERG* Hon. Stephen J. Sfekas** Therefore, O Citizens, I bid ye bow In awe to this command, Let no man live Uncurbed by law nor curbed by tyranny . Thus I ordain it now, a [] court Pure and unsullied . .1 I. INTRODUCTION In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the common understanding was that the Nazi regime had been maintained by a combination of instruments of terror, such as the Gestapo, the SS, and concentration camps, combined with a sophisticated propaganda campaign.2 Modern historiography, however, has revealed the
    [Show full text]
  • The Supreme National Tribunal of Poland and the History of International Criminal
    Historical Origins of International Criminal Law: Volume 2 Morten Bergsmo, CHEAH Wui Ling and YI Ping (editors) E-Offprint: Mark A. Drumbl, “The Supreme National Tribunal of Poland and the History of International Criminal Law”, in Morten Bergsmo, CHEAH Wui Ling and YI Ping (editors), Historical Origins of International Criminal Law: Volume 2, FICHL Publication Series No. 21 (2014), Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, Brussels, ISBN 978-82-93081-13-5. First published on 12 December 2014. This publication and other TOAEP publications may be openly accessed and downloaded through the website www.fichl.org. This site uses Persistent URLs (PURL) for all publications it makes available. The URLs of these publications will not be changed. Printed copies may be ordered through online distributors such as www.amazon.co.uk. © Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2014. All rights are reserved. 38 ______ The Supreme National Tribunal of Poland and the History of International Criminal Law Mark A. Drumbl* 38.1. Introduction The Supreme National Tribunal of Poland (Najwyższy Trybunał Narodowy, the ‘Tribunal’) operated from 1946 to 1948. It implemented the 1943 Moscow Declaration. This instrument provided for the repatriation of Nazi war criminals to the countries where they allegedly committed atrocities to stand trial and, if convicted, to be sentenced on the basis of national laws. The Tribunal presided over seven high-profile cases that implicated 49 individual defendants targeted as major perpetrators. This chapter discusses two of the Tribunal’s trials: that of Rudolf Höss, Kommandant of Auschwitz (Oświęcim), described as the site of the 1 largest mass murder in history, and Amon Göth, commander of the * Mark Drumbl is the Class of 1975 Alumni Professor at Washington & Lee University, School of Law, where he also serves as Director of the University’s Transnational Law Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • USHMM Finding
    http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Interview with Benjamin B. Ferencz August 26, 1994 and October 21, 1994 RG-50.030*0269 The following transcript is the result of a recorded interview. The recording is the primary source document, not this transcript. It has not been checked for spelling nor verified for accuracy. This document should not be quoted or used without first checking it against the interview. The interview is part of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's collection of oral testimonies. Information about access and usage rights can be found in the catalog record. http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection PREFACE The following oral history testimony is the result of a videotaped interview with Benjamin B. Ferencz conducted by Joan Ringelheim on August 26, 1994 on behalf of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The interview took place in New Rochelle, NY, and is part of the United States Holocaust Research Institute's collection of oral testimonies. The reader should bear in mind that this is a verbatim transcript of spoken, rather than written prose. This transcript has been neither checked for spelling nor verified for accuracy, and therefore, it is possible that there are errors. As a result, nothing should be quoted or used from this transcript without first checking it against the taped interview. The following transcript is the result of a recorded interview. The recording is the primary source document, not this transcript.
    [Show full text]
  • Milch Casefertig.Rtf
    TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS BEFORE THE NUERNBERG MILITARY TRIBUNALS UNDER CONTROL COUNCIL LAW No. 10 VOLUME II NUERNBERG OCTOBER 1946-APRIL 1949 ________ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $2.75 (Buckram "The Milch Case " CASE NO. 2 MILITARY TRIBUNAL NO. II THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA —against — ERHARD MILCH VII.JUDGMENT........................................................................................................................ 5 A. Opinion and Judgment of the United States Military Tribunal II* ................................... 5 COUNT TWO.................................................................................................................... 5 COUNT ONE..................................................................................................................... 9 COUNT THREE .............................................................................................................. 18 SENTENCE ............................................................................................................................. 22 B. Concurring Opinion by Judge Michael A. Musmanno.................................................... 23 COUNT ONE................................................................................................................... 23 COUNT TWO.................................................................................................................. 23 COUNT THREE .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]