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Full Paper Proceeding ITMAR-2014, Vol. 1, 573-579 ISBN: 978-969-9948-24-4

The implication of the geology concepts in the interpretation

Abdolhosein Kangazian1*, Sara Bahrami2,Akram-Alsadat Mirmomtaz3.

Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch Esfahan, Iran, Iran. Department of

Abstract

Regarding to the principles of the Quran interpretation, geology can help to interpret its related Quran verses. In word were delineated. This study seeks to find answers (األرض) this paper the verses of the Quran with the Earth of these questions: In which one of these verses earth sciences and geology concepts can be used? In the interpretation of these verses, which branch of the geology should be used? Among 112 verses contain "Earth" word, 44 verses don't relate to geology. They shouldn’t be interpreted by geological concepts. The other verses relate to plate tectonic (20 verses), to historical geology (28 verses), to sedimentology and sedimentary rocks (6 verses), to volcanology (1 verses), to geomorphology (3 verses), to hydrology and hydrogeology (4 verses), and to economic geology and mine (4 verses). These verses point to the plates and their characteristics, to the creation and evolution of the earth and its creatures, to producing of the sediments and sedimentary rock cycle, to volcanic events, to the erosion and weathering, to the water flow and water cycle, and to the ore deposits, respectively.

© 2014 The Authors. Published by Global Illuminators . This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific & Review committee of ITMAR-2014.

,Earth , األر ض ,Key Words. : Quran, Geology Concepts, Interpretation

Introduction Quran is a holly book that was descended from Allah for human. Since verses of this book were indited by wise Lord, they have very deep Concepts and definitions. As were indited by very wise Lord, verses of this holly book are full of very deep Concepts and definitions. It’s clear that no one knows the depth of their concepts except Lord, the prophet Mohammad (peace be on him), and his successors. However, from descent Quran to this time Muslims and world scholarships have tried to find the main concepts of its verses and interpretation science occurred by their efforts and endeavors. So “interpretation science is the science of discovery of the meaning of Quran (Raqeb-Esfahani, 1992) or/and expression of the verses meanings and discovery of their aims and Purposes (Tabatabaei, 1981)” (Rajabi, 2004, p11). Interpretations of Quran are differentiated from each other by the interpretation methods and, also, by exegete characteristics. Javadi-Amoli (1994, p 20) classified interpretation methods to three classes included: 1) Quran by Quran, 2) Quran by Sonnat (the prophet’s and his successors’ life style), and, 3) Quran by mind. He believes that

*All correspondence related to this article should be directed Esfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad university.Iran. Email [email protected] © 2014 The Authors. Published by Global Illuminators. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific & Review committee of ITMAR-2014.

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scientific interpretation belongs to Quran by mind class if the exegete do based on the principle of Quran interpretation and scientific laws. Scientific interpretation is inference of Quran based on the science findings (Shateri, 2011, p130). Science can be utilized as an approach (object) by exegete- it is a very important point that has not been paid attention to it enough. This kind of the usage of science causes to improve the exegete’s comprehensions of the verses of Quran and, also, to emit wrong understandings (Rezaei-Esfahani, 2011, p 73). This research has based on this viewpoint. To show the rule of the geology concepts, this word. It be noted that this study (األرض) paper has studied the Quran verses that contain earth is not going to interpret the verses according to geological view but wants to show to Quran researchers that in which one of the verses geological concepts can be used? And, also, which field of geology should be used? So this study is the first case study in this new viewpoint. However, we can find some scatter researchers like Macarem-Shirazi (2000) and Aqazeini (1997) that have interpreted some Quran verses according to geology. Methodology word, were (األرض) First of all, in this research, all the verses contain earth distinguished whit Jame-Al-Tafasir softwar. Then, the meanings of the words of verses were obtained from Arabic to Arabic and Arabic to Persian dictionaries such as Ebn-e-Manzur (1993), Bandar-Rigi (2007), Raqeb Esfahani (1992), and from Quran dictionaries like and related (األرض) Qorashi (1992) and Mostafavi (1981). After that the verses contain earth to starting Doomsday and its characteristics were pretermitted – according to their styles. In fact, these verses cannot be explicated with geological concepts. Some of the remaining verses that there aren’t any relationship between them and geological concepts were pretermitted, too- according to their meanings and styles. Interpretations of 99 remained verses were analyzed based on Najafi-e-Khomeini (1980), Translators (1981), Amin (1982), Tabatabaei (1995), Macarem-Shirazi (1995), Taiieb (1998), Translators (1998a), Translators (1998b), and Babaei (2003). Acoording to the findings from the meaning and the interpretation of the verses, the fields of geology which can help an exegete to better understand were proposed. Results word have repeated 456 times in (األرض) As Qorashi (1992, p 60) has saied the Earth 112 verses of Quran. Arabian philologists (e.g. Damqani 1987) have proposed some word including: 1) Earth sphere, 2) Earth surface, 3) Soil, 4) A (األرض) meanings to Earth geological area, 5) Earth crust, and, 6) Continents. The styles and meaning of the study verses showed that thirteen of them (Table 1) related to Doomsday (e.g. verse No.4 of chapter Al Vaqeah, verse No. 21 of chapter Al Fajr, and, verse No. 21 of chapter Al Zelzeleh) and the other world (e.g. verse No. 48 of chapter Al Ebrahim, verse No. 3 of chapter Al-e-Emran, and, veres No. 107 of chapter Al Hood). word that not only haven’t any (األرض) Therefore, there are 99 verses contained Earth relations to doomsday and hereafter but also relate to the creation and the history of Earth. But, we haven’t studied 31 verses (Table 2) of these 99 verses, because there aren’t any relationships between them and the geological concepts. They related to astronomy (verse No.29 of chapter Al Sejdeh), to pedology (verse No. 164 of chapter Al Baqara), to geography (verse No. 164 of chapter Al Sejdeh), …., and, to Arabic literature (e.g. verse No.31 of chapter Al Rad). 68 remaining verses (Tables 3 to 10) are analyzed here. These verses related to plate tectonic (20 verses), to historical geology (28 verses), to sedimentology and sedimentary rock (6 verses), to volcanology (1 verse), to oceanography (1 verse), to

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geomorphology (3 verses), to economic geology and mine (4 verses), and, to hydrology and hydrogeology (4 verses). Discuss and conclusion Here we will discuss about the relationships between the verses and their related geological concepts that mentioned above: word means earth (األرض) Verses related to plate tectonic: in these verses Earth (1 surface or the upper part of earth. Plate tectonic concepts are developed base of the upper portion of the surface of Earth that called Lithosphere, too. Some of the verses (e.g. verse No. 4 of chapter Al Rad) pointe to fragmentation of the surface of Earth, additionally. Also, plate tectonic concepts occurred based on the fragments of the lithosphere that called plates. Nowadays, there are 12 plates (lithosphere fragments) on the earth surface. On the other hand, three basic concepts of plate tectonic science can be found in these verses including: 1) A subtle movement (e.g. verse No. 45 of chapter Al Zariat), 2) Effects of the movments; like creation of volcano and mountain, (e.g. verse No. 22 of chapter Al Baqara, verse No.3 of chapter Al Rad, verse No. 19 of chapter Al Hejr), and, 3) the movment direction of plates related to each other (e.g. verse No. 26 of chapter Abas and verse No. 4 of chapter Al Hadid).

2) Verses related to volcanology: the verse No.15 of chapter Al Nahl probably points to the manner of volcano producing and to volcano eruption and to the role of the (األرض) volcano in escaping of internal energy of earth. In this verse, the word Earth throw down) in the) ”القی“ means surface of earth, too. On the other hand, the word verse means throwing everything in a visible place (Qorashi, 1371 SAH). So, throwing of the melting and solid material around the volcano area can be understood. It clear that volcanology can help to the better understanding of the verse.

3) Verses related to sedimentology and sedimentary rocks: in these verses, the word means earth surface. Sedimentary processes act on the earth surface (األرض) Earth (earth crust), too. The verses point to producing, transporting, and, deposition of material occurred by erosion of rocks and mountains (e.g. verse No. 41 of chapter Al Rad, verse No. 44 of chapter Al Anbia, verse 39 No. of chapter Fosselat). These processes are studied in sedimentology. Verse No. 2 of chapter points to the diagenese processes, to the rock formation and to their outcropping. Sedimentary rocks cycle and erosion can occur better understanding of Verse No. 4 of chapter Al Hadid and this verse. 4) Verses related to historical geology: historical geology is a portion of geology that study creation and evolution of the earth, and creation and evolution of the fauna and flora on it. So verses such as verse No. 4 of chapter Al Hadid and verse No. 14 of chapter Al Muminun can be understood better with the reliable historical geology has different (األرض) concepts. According to the style of the verses, the word earth meanings. Therefore, in the verses related to the creation and evolution of the world and earth, this word means Earth sphere or earth surface. While, in the verses about the evolution of life on the earth, the word means soil.

5) Verses related to oceanography: the verse No.61 of chapter Al Naml can points to the oceanic currents (like Golf stream and Labrador currents). Having data about oceanic

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و جعل بین “ surface currents can be greatly help to interpretation of Quran phrases like .means continent or surface of the earth (األرض) The word earth .”البحرین حاجزا

6) Verses related to geomorphology: according to the interpretations and to the to (األرض) meanings of the words of these verses, it's better explain the word of earth earth surface because they point to erosion, to weathering and to changing of landscape. Weathering and erosion are processes that causes to destruction of the mountains and earth surface and to transportation of their debris, respectively. These processes are generated by outer ground forces such as water flow, wind, glacier, and so on. Weathering, erosion, and the resulting landforms are the most important topics of geomorphology. Therefore, knowing this science can help the exegete to interpret these verses more accurate and more expressive.

can be (األرض) Verses related to hydrology and hydrogeology: the word earth (7 considered earth surface and earth crust, because some of these verses (e.g. verse No.17 of chapter Al Rad) point to drainage system and some (e.g. verse No. 61 of chapter Al Naml) to groundwater. Verse No.4 of character Al Hadid pointes to water circulation, too. These matters show us that exegetes can find more concepts from these verses by ideas of hydrology and hydrogeology.

8) Verses related to economic geology and mine: verse NO. 24 of chapter Yunos, verse No. 15 of chapter Al Molk, and, verse No. 7 of chapter Al Monafequn point to jewels and mine. Mineral resources, their distribution, and their methods of production are means earth (األرض) the topics of the economic geology and mine. The word earth surface and earth crust in these verses.

TABLE 3: Verses Related To Plate Tectonic Nuh Al Molk Al Rahman Al Zariat Al naml Al Hejr AL Rad Chapter ،Saba 2 19 15 10 48 7 61 19 3, 4, 41 Verse Al Nahl Al Shams Al Qashiah Al Hadid Loqman Al Anbia Abas Al naba 15 6 20 4 10 21, 44 26 6 Verse

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TABLE 4: Verses Related To Volcanology Verse Chapter 15 Al Nahl

Table 5: Verses Related To Sedimentology And Sedimentary Rocks Al Hadid Saba، Al Qashiah Fosselat Al Anbia، Al Rad Chapter 4 2 20 39 44 41 Verse

Table 6: Verses Related To Historical Geology Fater Al Al Al Al Al Ebrahim، Al Yoosof Hood Al Al Chapter Naml Forqan Mumenun Haj Hejr Rade Tubah Baqara 1 61 59 79 5 19 10, 32 3 101 7 36 22, 117, Verse 164 Abas Al Al Nuh Al Al Al Al Qaf Al Fosselat Al Chapter Nazeat Naba Molk Hadid Rahman Zariat Shura Zomar 26 30 6 19 24 4 10 48 7 11 9, 11 46 Verse

Table 7: Verses Related To Oceanography Verse Chapter 61 Al Naml

Table 8: Verses Related To Hydrology And Hydrogeology Al Hadid Saba Al Naml Al Rad Chapter 4 2 61 17 Verse

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Table 9: Verses Related To Geomorphology Verse Chapter 3, 41 Al Rad

39 Fosselat

Table 10: Verses Related To Economic Geology And Mine Verse Chapter 24 Yoonos 7 Al Monafequn 15 Al Molk 7 Al kahf

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