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Are Ufc Fighters Employees Or Independent Contractors?
Conklin Book Proof (Do Not Delete) 4/27/20 8:42 PM TWO CLASSIFICATIONS ENTER, ONE CLASSIFICATION LEAVES: ARE UFC FIGHTERS EMPLOYEES OR INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS? MICHAEL CONKLIN* I. INTRODUCTION The fighters who compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (“UFC”) are currently classified as independent contractors. However, this classification appears to contradict the level of control that the UFC exerts over its fighters. This independent contractor classification severely limits the fighters’ benefits, workplace protections, and ability to unionize. Furthermore, the friendship between UFC’s brash president Dana White and President Donald Trump—who is responsible for making appointments to the National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”)—has added a new twist to this issue.1 An attorney representing a former UFC fighter claimed this friendship resulted in a biased NLRB determination in their case.2 This article provides a detailed examination of the relationship between the UFC and its fighters, the relevance of worker classifications, and the case law involving workers in related fields. Finally, it performs an analysis of the proper classification of UFC fighters using the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) Twenty-Factor Test. II. UFC BACKGROUND The UFC is the world’s leading mixed martial arts (“MMA”) promotion. MMA is a one-on-one combat sport that combines elements of different martial arts such as boxing, judo, wrestling, jiu-jitsu, and karate. UFC bouts always take place in the trademarked Octagon, which is an eight-sided cage.3 The first UFC event was held in 1993 and had limited rules and limited fighter protections as compared to the modern-day events.4 UFC 15 was promoted as “deadly” and an event “where anything can happen and probably will.”6 The brutality of the early UFC events led to Senator John * Powell Endowed Professor of Business Law, Angelo State University. -
2021 UFC Select Checklist
2021 Select UFC Checklist - By Fighter Fighter Set Card # Team Print Run Al Iaquinta Auto - Octagon Action Sigs + Parallels 24 Lightweight 185 Aleksandar Rakic Base - Concourse 6 Light Heavyweight Aleksandar Rakic Base - Octagonside 226 Light Heavyweight Aleksandar Rakic Base - Premier Level 153 Light Heavyweight Alexander Gustafsson Auto - Octagon Action Sigs + Parallels 25 Heavyweight 285 Alexander Gustafsson Insert - Global Icons 23 Heavyweight Alexander Volkanovski Auto - Signatures + Parallels 40 Featherweight 135 Alexander Volkanovski Base - Concourse 16 Featherweight Alexander Volkanovski Base - Octagonside 246 Featherweight Alexander Volkanovski Base - Premier Level 155 Featherweight Alexander Volkanovski Insert - Global Icons 9 Featherweight Alexander Volkanovski Insert - Phenomenon 21 Featherweight Alexander Volkov Base - Concourse 26 Heavyweight Alexander Volkov Base - Octagonside 266 Heavyweight Alexander Volkov Base - Premier Level 157 Heavyweight Aljamain Sterling Base - Concourse 46 Bantamweight Aljamain Sterling Base - Octagonside 206 Bantamweight Aljamain Sterling Base - Premier Level 151 Bantamweight Aljamain Sterling Insert - Select Grapplers 15 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Insert - Select Strikers 13 Women's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Auto - Signatures + Parallels 16 Women's Featherweight 135 Amanda Nunes Base - Concourse 56 Women's Featherweight Amanda Nunes Base - Octagonside 216 Women's Featherweight Amanda Nunes Base - Premier Level 152 Women's Featherweight Amanda Nunes Insert - Global Icons 17 Women's Featherweight -
2017: Fight Card and Results: Events 386 to 424
2017: Fight Card and Results: Events 386 to 424 Event 424 UFC 219: Cyborg vs. Holm December 30, 2017 Las Vegas, Nevada Weight Winner Loser Method Round Time Women's Featherweight Championship Women's Feather Cris Cyborg © Holly Holm Decision (unanimous) (49‐46, 48‐47, 48‐47) 5 5:00 Lightweight Khabib Nurmagomedov Edson Barboza Decision (unanimous) (30‐25, 30‐25, 30‐24) 3 5:00 Lightweight Dan Hooker Marc Diakiese Submission (guillotine choke) 3 0:42 Women's Straw Carla Esparza Cynthia Calvillo Decision (unanimous) (29‐28, 29‐28, 29‐28) 3 5:00 Welterweight Neil Magny Carlos Condit Decision (unanimous) (30‐27, 30‐27, 29‐28) 3 5:00 Light Heavyweight Michał Oleksiejczuk Khalil Rountree Jr. Decision (unanimous) (30‐27, 30‐27, 30‐27) 3 5:00 Featherweight Myles Jury Rick Glenn Decision (unanimous) (30‐27, 30‐27, 30‐27) 3 5:00 Middleweight Marvin Vettori Omari Akhmedov Draw (majority) (28‐28, 29‐28, 28‐28) 3 5:00 Flyweight Matheus Nicolau Louis Smolka Decision (unanimous) (30‐26, 30‐26, 30‐25) 3 5:00 Bantamweight Tim Elliott Mark De La Rosa Submission (anaconda choke) 2 1:41 For the UFC Women's Featherweight Championship. Event 423 UFC on Fox 26: Lawler vs. dos Anjos December 16, 2017 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Weight Winner Loser Method Round Time Welterweight title eliminator Welterweight Rafael dos Anjos Robbie Lawler Decision (unanimous) (50‐45, 50‐45, 50‐45) 5 5:00 Catchweight 148.5 lb Josh Emmett Ricardo Lamas KO (punch) 1 4:33 Welterweight Santiago Ponzinibbio Mike Perry Decision (unanimous) (29‐28, 29‐28, 29‐28) 3 5:00 Light Heavyweight -
2020 UFC Knockout
BASE FIGHTER CARDS 1 Rose Namajunas Strawweight 2 Joseph Benavidez Flyweight 3 Dan Hooker Lightweight 4 Henry Cejudo Flyweight 5 Weili Zhang Strawweight 6 Khabib Nurmagomedov Lightweight 7 Katlyn Chookagian Flyweight 8 Uriah Hall Middleweight 9 Irene Aldana Bantamweight 10 Maycee Barber Flyweight 11 Maurice Greene Heavyweight 12 Amanda Nunes Bantamweight 13 Petr Yan Bantamweight 14 Daniel Cormier Heavyweight 15 Paulo Costa Middleweight 16 Megan Anderson Featherweight 17 Roxanne Modafferi Flyweight 18 Jennifer Maia Flyweight 19 Alexis Davis Flyweight 20 Holly Holm Bantamweight 21 Marion Reneau Bantamweight 22 Leon Edwards Welterweight 23 Alexander Volkanovski Featherweight 24 Edmen Shahbazyan Middleweight 25 Volkan Oezdemir Light Heavyweight 26 Kamaru Usman Welterweight 27 Santiago Ponzinibbio Welterweight 28 Tony Ferguson Lightweight 29 Gregor Gillespie Lightweight 30 Alistair Overeem Heavyweight 31 Demian Maia Welterweight 32 Omari Akhmedov Middleweight 33 Max Holloway Featherweight 34 Arnold Allen Featherweight 35 José Aldo Featherweight 36 Tatiana Suarez Strawweight 37 Antonina Shevchenko Flyweight 38 Jeremy Stephens Featherweight 39 Zabit Magomedsharipov Featherweight 40 Anthony Smith Middleweight 41 Kevin Lee Lightweight 42 Dustin Poirier Lightweight 43 Amanda Ribas Strawweight 44 Ketlen Vieira Bantamweight 45 Corey Anderson Light Heavyweight 46 Jared Cannonier Light Heavyweight 47 Tyron Woodley Welterweight 48 Kelvin Gastelum Middleweight 49 Aspen Ladd Bantamweight 50 Jack Hermansson Middleweight 51 Khalil Rountree Jr. Light Heavyweight -
2019 UFC Chrome Checklist
BASE BASE CARDS 1 Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 2 Leon Edwards Welterweight 3 Marcin Tybura Heavyweight 4 Frankie Edgar Featherweight 5 Georges St-Pierre Middleweight 6 José Aldo Featherweight 7 Elizeu Dos Santos Welterweight 8 Jessica Andrade Strawweight 9 Abu Azaitar Middleweight 10 Rose Namajunas Strawweight 11 Kelvin Gastelum Middleweight 12 Michelle Waterson Strawweight 13 Santiago Ponzinibbio Welterweight 14 Kamaru Usman Welterweight 15 Gökhan Saki Light Heavyweight 16 Mackenzie Dern Strawweight 17 Alex Oliveira Welterweight 18 Zabit Magomedsharipov Featherweight 19 Kevin Lee Lightweight 20 Vicente Luque Welterweight 21 Marion Reneau Bantamweight 22 Anthony Pettis Lightweight 23 Corey Anderson Light Heavyweight 24 Colby Covington Welterweight 25 Khabib Nurmagomedov Lightweight 26 Max Holloway Featherweight 27 Al Iaquinta Lightweight 28 Shamil Abdurakhimov Heavyweight 29 Tatiana Suarez Strawweight 30 Ilir Latifi Light Heavyweight 31 Aspen Ladd Bantamweight 32 Niko Price Welterweight 33 Polyana Viana Strawweight 34 Jessica-Rose Clark Flyweight 35 Yair Rodríguez Featherweight 36 Ricardo Lamas Featherweight 37 Robert Whittaker Middleweight 38 Scott Holtzman Lightweight 39 Yana Kunitskaya Bantamweight 40 Tai Tuivasa Heavyweight 41 Tony Ferguson Lightweight 42 Alejandro Pérez Bantamweight 43 Alexander Hernandez Lightweight 44 Lucie Pudilová Bantamweight 45 Alexander Volkov Heavyweight 46 Ben Askren Welterweight 47 Cezar Ferreira Middleweight 48 Henry Cejudo Flyweight 49 Justin Willis Heavyweight 50 Daniel Cormier Heavyweight 51 Gerald Meerschaert -
2020 Topps UFC Knockout Checklist
BASE FIGHTER CARDS 1 Rose Namajunas Strawweight 2 Joseph Benavidez Flyweight 3 Dan Hooker Lightweight 4 Henry Cejudo Flyweight 5 Weili Zhang Strawweight 6 Khabib Nurmagomedov Lightweight 7 Katlyn Chookagian Flyweight 8 Uriah Hall Middleweight 9 Irene Aldana Bantamweight 10 Maycee Barber Flyweight 11 Maurice Greene Heavyweight 12 Amanda Nunes Bantamweight 13 Petr Yan Bantamweight 14 Daniel Cormier Heavyweight 15 Paulo Costa Middleweight 16 Megan Anderson Featherweight 17 Roxanne Modafferi Flyweight 18 Jennifer Maia Flyweight 19 Alexis Davis Flyweight 20 Holly Holm Bantamweight 21 Marion Reneau Bantamweight 22 Leon Edwards Welterweight 23 Alexander Volkanovski Featherweight 24 Edmen Shahbazyan Middleweight 25 Volkan Oezdemir Light Heavyweight 26 Kamaru Usman Welterweight 27 Santiago Ponzinibbio Welterweight 28 Tony Ferguson Lightweight 29 Gregor Gillespie Lightweight 30 Alistair Overeem Heavyweight 31 Demian Maia Welterweight 32 Omari Akhmedov Middleweight 33 Max Holloway Featherweight 34 Arnold Allen Featherweight 35 José Aldo Featherweight 36 Tatiana Suarez Strawweight 37 Antonina Shevchenko Flyweight 38 Jeremy Stephens Featherweight 39 Zabit Magomedsharipov Featherweight 40 Anthony Smith Middleweight 41 Kevin Lee Lightweight 42 Dustin Poirier Lightweight 43 Amanda Ribas Strawweight 44 Ketlen Vieira Bantamweight 45 Corey Anderson Light Heavyweight 46 Jared Cannonier Light Heavyweight 47 Tyron Woodley Welterweight 48 Kelvin Gastelum Middleweight 49 Aspen Ladd Bantamweight 50 Jack Hermansson Middleweight 51 Khalil Rountree Jr. Light Heavyweight -
2021 Select UFC Checklist
2021 Select UFC Checklist - By Weight Class Weight Clases Split Between Men (9) and Women (3) Fighter Set Card # Team Print Run Cody Garbrandt Auto - Signatures + Parallels 50 Bantamweight 135 Cody Garbrandt Auto Relic - Auto Memorabilia + Parallels 6 Bantamweight 135 Cody Garbrandt Relic - Select Swatches + Parallels 21 Bantamweight 185 Cody Garbrandt Relic - Sparks + Parallels 6 Bantamweight 185 Dominick Cruz Auto - Signatures + Parallels 22 Bantamweight 135 Dominick Cruz Auto Relic - Auto Memorabilia + Parallels 8 Bantamweight 135 Dominick Cruz Relic - Select Swatches + Parallels 3 Bantamweight 185 Dominick Cruz Relic - Sparks + Parallels 8 Bantamweight 185 Frankie Edgar Auto - Octagon Action Sigs + Parallels 17 Bantamweight 135 Frankie Edgar Auto Relic - Auto Memorabilia + Parallels 20 Bantamweight 185 Frankie Edgar Relic - Select Swatches + Parallels 18 Bantamweight 185 Frankie Edgar Relic - Sparks + Parallels 20 Bantamweight 185 Germaine de Randamie Auto - Octagon Action Sigs + Parallels 31 Bantamweight 285 Henry Cejudo Auto - Signatures + Parallels 19 Bantamweight 135 Henry Cejudo Auto Relic - Auto Memorabilia + Parallels 3 Bantamweight 135 Henry Cejudo Relic - Select Swatches + Parallels 20 Bantamweight 185 Henry Cejudo Relic - Sparks + Parallels 23 Bantamweight 185 Jose Aldo Auto - Signatures + Parallels 8 Bantamweight 135 Marlon Moraes Auto - Octagon Action Sigs + Parallels 23 Bantamweight 135 Marlon Moraes Auto Relic - Auto Memorabilia + Parallels 15 Bantamweight 185 Marlon Moraes Relic - Select Swatches + Parallels 35 Bantamweight -
2019 Topps UFC Chrome Checklist
2019 UFC Chrome Checklist By Weight Class 9 Weight Classes Subject Set Card # Weight Class Amanda Nunes Auto - 2019 Knockout UFCK-AN Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Auto - Fighter FA-AN Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Auto - Fighter Image Variation AV-AN Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Auto - Fire UFCF-AN Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Auto - Octagon of Honor OH-AN Bantamweight Dominick Cruz Auto - Octagon of Honor OH-DCR Bantamweight Marion Reneau Auto - Fighter FA-MR Bantamweight Raphael Assunção Auto - 1984 Topps 84T-RA Bantamweight Sean O'Malley Auto - 1984 Topps 84T-SOM Bantamweight Sean O'Malley Auto - Fighter FA-SOM Bantamweight TJ Dillashaw Auto - Octagon of Honor OH-TD Bantamweight Alejandro Pérez Base 42 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Base 100 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Insert - 2019 Knockout UFCK-AN Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Insert - Base Card Image Variation 100 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Insert - Fire UFCF-AN Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Insert - Octagon of Honor OH-AN Bantamweight Aspen Ladd Base 31 Bantamweight Cody Garbrandt Base 60 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz Insert - Octagon of Honor OH-DCR Bantamweight Germaine de Randamie Base 95 Bantamweight Jimmie Rivera Base 67 Bantamweight Ketlen Vieira Base 53 Bantamweight Lucie Pudilova Insert - Future Stars FS-LP Bantamweight Lucie Pudilova Base 44 Bantamweight Marion Reneau Base 21 Bantamweight Marlon Moraes Base 84 Bantamweight Petr Yan Base 79 Bantamweight Petr Yan Insert - Future Stars FS-PY Bantamweight Raphael Assunção Insert - 1984 Topps 84T-RA Bantamweight Sean O'Malley Base 90 Bantamweight Sean O'Malley -
2019 Topps UFC Knockout Checklist
BASE FIGHTER CARDS 1 Daniel Cormier Heavyweight 2 Tecia Torres Strawweight 3 Cláudia Gadelha Strawweight 4 Tatiana Suarez Strawweight 5 Santiago Ponzinibbio Welterweight 6 Dominick Cruz Bantamweight 7 Tai Tuivasa Heavyweight 8 Germaine de Randamie Bantamweight 9 Chad Laprise Lightweight 10 Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 11 Georges St-Pierre Middleweight 12 Jimmie Rivera Bantamweight 13 Luke Rockhold Middleweight 14 Sijara Eubanks Flyweight 15 Hakeem Dawodu Featherweight 16 Sean O'Malley Bantamweight 17 Francis Ngannou Heavyweight 18 Aspen Ladd Bantamweight 19 Colby Covington Welterweight 20 Henry Cejudo Flyweight 21 Corey Anderson Light Heavyweight 22 Cortney Casey Strawweight 23 Leon Edwards Welterweight 24 Darren Till Welterweight 25 Conor McGregor Lightweight 26 Brian Ortega Featherweight 27 Dustin Poirier Lightweight 28 Jacaré Souza Middleweight 29 Jessica Andrade Strawweight 30 Olivier Aubin-Mercier Lightweight 31 Max Holloway Featherweight 32 Joanna Jędrzejczyk Strawweight 33 Deiveson Figueiredo Flyweight 34 Israel Adesanya Middleweight 35 Kamaru Usman Welterweight 36 Ketlen Vieira Bantamweight 37 Paulo Costa Middleweight 38 Curtis Blaydes Heavyweight 39 Mackenzie Dern Strawweight 40 Cynthia Calvillo Strawweight 41 Gregor Gillespie Lightweight 42 Robert Whittaker Middleweight 43 Stephen Thompson Welterweight 44 Volkan Oezdemir Light Heavyweight 45 Carla Esparza Strawweight 46 Khalil Rountree Jr. Light Heavyweight 47 Mirsad Bektić Featherweight 48 Yair Rodríguez Featherweight 49 Ashley Yoder Strawweight 50 Rose Namajunas Strawweight -
BASE 1 Amanda Nunes Bantamweight 2 Jessica Andrade
BASE 1 Amanda Nunes Bantamweight 2 Jessica Andrade Strawweight 3 Megan Anderson Featherweight 4 Jennifer Maia Flyweight 5 Cláudia Gadelha Strawweight 6 Jessica Eye Flyweight 7 Rose Namajunas Strawweight 8 Henry Cejudo Bantamweight 9 Paulo Costa Middleweight 10 Jack Hermansson Middleweight 11 Thiago Santos Light Heavyweight 12 Zabit Magomedsharipov Featherweight 13 Arnold Allen Featherweight 14 Valentina Shevchenko Flyweight 15 Ilir Latifi Heavyweight 16 Kelvin Gastelum Middleweight 17 Ketlen Vieira Bantamweight 18 Germaine De Randamie Bantamweight 19 Volkan Oezdemir Light Heavyweight 20 Kevin Lee Lightweight 21 Dustin Poirier Lightweight 22 Calvin Kattar Featherweight 23 Vicente Luque Welterweight 24 Uriah Hall Middleweight 25 Darren Till Middleweight 26 Islam Makhachev Lightweight 27 Jared Cannonier Middleweight 28 Colby Covington Welterweight 29 Leon Edwards Welterweight 30 Khalil Rountree Jr. Light Heavyweight 31 Gregor Gillespie Lightweight 32 Yair Rodríguez Featherweight 33 Stephen Thompson Welterweight 34 Conor McGregor Lightweight 35 Justin Gaethje Lightweight 36 Viviane Araújo Flyweight 37 Alexis Davis Flyweight 38 José Aldo Bantamweight 39 Anthony Smith Light Heavyweight 40 Robert Whittaker Middleweight 41 Tyron Woodley Welterweight 42 Robbie Lawler Welterweight 43 Alistair Overeem Heavyweight 44 Marion Reneau Bantamweight 45 Kai Kara-France Flyweight 46 Jeremy Stephens Featherweight 47 Max Holloway Featherweight 48 Alexander Volkanovski Featherweight 49 Jorge Masvidal Welterweight 50 Kamaru Usman Welterweight 51 Francis Ngannou -
2021 UFC Prizm Checklist
2021 Prizm UFC Checklist - By Subject 212 Subjects; 70 with Autographs Fighter Set Card # Team Al Iaquinta Auto - Octagon Signatures 3 Lightweight Al Iaquinta Auto - Sensational Signatures 13 Lightweight Al Iaquinta Base - Horizontal 102 Lightweight Aleksandar Rakic Base - Vertical 16 Light Heavyweight Alex Caceres Base - Horizontal 112 Featherweight Alex Perez Base - Vertical 26 Flyweight Alexander Gustafsson Auto - Signatures 20 Heavyweight Alexander Gustafsson Base - Horizontal 122 Light Heavyweight Alexander Volkanovski Base - Vertical 36 Featherweight Alexander Volkanovski Insert - Color Blast SSP 16 Featherweight Alexander Volkanovski Insert - Fearless 17 Featherweight Alexander Volkanovski Insert - Fireworks 11 Featherweight Alexander Volkanovski Insert - Instant Impact 25 Featherweight Alexander Volkov Base - Horizontal 132 Heavyweight Alexandre Pantoja Base - Vertical 46 Flyweight Alexis Davis Base - Horizontal 142 Flyweight Alistair Overeem Auto - Sensational Signatures 1 Heavyweight Alistair Overeem Base - Vertical 56 Heavyweight Alistair Overeem Insert - Knockout Artists 10 Heavyweight Aljamain Sterling Base - Horizontal 152 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Auto - Champion Signatures 6 Featherweight Amanda Nunes Base - Vertical 66 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Insert - Color Blast SSP 6 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Insert - Fearless 16 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Insert - Fireworks 23 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Insert - Instant Impact 24 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Insert - Knockout Artists 11 Bantamweight Amanda Ribas Base - Horizontal 162 -
1 Final.Indd
Cristóbal Arias ya negocia candidatura fuera de Morena El senador anuncia salida del guinda por “imposición” de Raúl Morón Se reúne con líderes del PRI y Fuerza Social por México; este en Michoacán; acusa que Cárdenas Batel y Leonel Godoy operaron en su 7 último le ofrece abanderarlo; Mario Delgado pide a Comisión de Procesos de elección de contra y afirma que ambos tienen cuentas pendientes con la justicia candidatos impugnados Honestidad terminar con judicialización de procesos pág. 10 www.razon.com.mx MARTES 5 de enero de 2021 » Nueva época » Año 12 Número 3605 PRECIO » $10.00 HOY ESCRIBEN Carlos Urdiales Morena aprieta, cruje… pág. 4 Guillermo Hurtado Populismo vs. partidocracia pág. 9 Montserrat Salomón Trump quema la casa pág. 18 Va Reino “DESAPARICIONES Unido a más drástica ESTÁN TERMINANDO cuarentena CON LA JUVENTUD” BORIS JOHNSON señala que la medida Titular de la Comisión Nacional es hasta mediados de Búsqueda asegura que la crisis fo- de febrero; en men- saje grabado (foto) rense ya alcanzó a ese sector pág. 3 afirma que es frus- Reuters trante la velocidad • Y en Colima sólo ubican a 20% del virus. pág. 17 Foto de los reportados en 20 años; en- cuentran a 94 de 467 pág. 4 MANTIENE LLAMADO DE ALERTA Remesas ya son Aumenta CDMX el 3% del PIB En 11 meses paisanos mandan 738,900 mdp, un máximo histórico; di- camas para Covid, nero alcanzaría para obras de 4T pág. 14 El Presidente afirma que res- palda escenario del gobernador de pero ocupación no Banxico planteado a La Razón pág.