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Tese Diones Krinski 2014.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ DIONES KRINSKI “ARTRÓPODES ASSOCIADOS AO ARROZ DE TERRAS ALTAS, Oryza sativa, EM NOVO PROGRESSO, ESTADO DO PARÁ: NÍVEIS DE DANOS E ESTRATÉGIAS PARA MANEJO” CURITIBA 2014 DIONES KRINSKI “ARTRÓPODES ASSOCIADOS AO ARROZ DE TERRAS ALTAS, Oryza sativa, EM NOVO PROGRESSO, ESTADO DO PARÁ: NÍVEIS DE DANOS E ESTRATÉGIAS PARA MANEJO” Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – Zoologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências, área de concentração Zoologia. Orientador: Dr. Luís Amilton Foerster CURITIBA 2014 Ficha catalográfica K92a Krinski, Diones Artrópodes associados ao arroz de terras altas, Oryza sativa, em Novo Progresso, estado do Pará: níveis de danos e estratégias para manejo / Diones Krinski – Curitiba [PR], 2014. 326f.: il.; 21x29,7 cm. Tese de doutorado em Ciências (Zoologia). Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia. Orientador: Dr. Luís Amilton Foerster. 1. Zoologia Aplicada. 2. Agronomia. 3. Danos e Estragos nas Plantas. I. Krinski, D. II. Título. CDU – 591.6+632 iii . iv Dedicatória À toda minha família, em especial aos meus irmãos Anderson Krinski e Rodrigo D. Krinski, meus pais, Claudio Krinski e Marlete Florentino e ao meu amigo e companheiro Marcos Rosa da Rocha, por me apoiarem nessa etapa da minha vida. DEDICO! v vi Epígrafe "A ciência trabalha na fronteira entre o conhecimento e a ignorância. Não temos medo de admitir o que não sabemos. Não existe vergonha nisso. A única vergonha é fingir que temos todas as respostas." Neil deGrasse Tyson vii Lista de Figuras Figura 1.1. Mapa da Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA (7°07'45.71"S 55°23'21.13"W). Locais das amostragens de artrópodes em plantação de arroz. Delimitação de cor amarela: área sem aplicação de produtos fitossanitários. Delimitação vermelha: área com aplicação de produtos fitossanitários. Fonte: GoogleEarth com modificações (Diones Krinski)....................................................... 17 Figura 1.2. Mapa das áreas de coletas de artrópodes. Croqui das metodologias de coletas, com armadilha de solo, pano de batida e rede entomológica. Delimitação de cor amarela: área sem aplicação de produtos fitossanitários. Delimitação vermelha: área com aplicação de produtos fitossanitários........................................................ 18 Figura 1.3. Porcentagem (e quantidade de exemplares) de cada gênero de formigas coletado em áreas com e sem aplicação de produtos fitossanitários. Amostragem por armadilha de solo (tipo pitfall). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010- 2011........................................................................................................................... 27 Figura 1.4. Flutuação populacional dos gêneros Acromyrmex, Camponotus, Dorimyrmex e Solenopsis encontrados em áreas com e sem aplicação de produtos fitossanitários. Amostragem por armadilhas de solo (pitfalls). Setas indicam as datas de aplicação de produtos fitossanitários (14/jan/2011: Ally+Herbadox+Pounce; e 5/fev/2011: Parathion+Odin+Priori). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010- 2011........................................................................................................................... 28 Figura 1.5. Flutuação populacional de Oebalus poecilus (linhas pontilhadas) e Oebalus ypsilongriseus (linhas continuas) em área de cultivo de arroz com e sem aplicação de agroquímicos. Amostragem por rede de varredura. Setas: datas das aplicações dos produtos fitossanitários (14/jan/2011: Ally+Herbadox+Pounce; e 5/fev/2011: Parathion+Odin+Priori). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010- 2011........................................................................................................................... 32 Figura 1.6. Flutuação populacional de Mormidea maculata em área de cultivo de arroz com e sem aplicação de agroquímicos. Amostragem por rede de varredura. Setas: datas das aplicações dos produtos fitossanitários (14/jan/2011: Ally+Herbadox+Pounce; e 5/fev/2011: Parathion+Odin+Priori). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010-2011................................................................................ 33 Figura 1.7. Flutuação populacional de Tibraca limbativentris em área de cultivo de arroz com e sem aplicação de agroquímicos. Setas: datas das aplicações dos produtos fitossanitários (14/jan/2011: Ally+Herbadox+Pounce; e 5/fev/2011: Parathion+Odin+Priori). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010-2011........ 34 Figura 1.8. Flutuação populacional de Tibraca limbativentris em área de cultivo de arroz em diferentes metodologias de amostragem (rede de varredura, armadilha de solo e pano de batida). Setas: datas das aplicações dos produtos fitossanitários (14/jan/2011: Ally+Herbadox+Pounce; e 5/fev/2011: Parathion+Odin+Priori). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010-2011............................................................... 35 viii Figura 1.9. Flutuação populacional de Mocis latipes (número médio por semana amostrada) e seus parasitoides (Diptera, Tachinidae) em área com e sem aplicação de agroquímicos. Setas: datas das aplicações dos produtos fitossanitários (14/jan/2011: Ally+Herbadox+Pounce; e 5/fev/2011: Parathion+Odin+Priori). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010-2011............................................................... 40 Figura 1.10. Flutuação populacional de Neoconocephalus sp. em área sem aplicação de agroquímicos. Amostragem por rede de varredura e armadilha de solo (pitfalls). Setas: datas das aplicações dos produtos fitossanitários (14/jan/2011: Ally+Herbadox+Pounce; e 5/fev/2011: Parathion+Odin+Priori). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010-2011................................................................................ 41 Figura 1.11. Flutuação populacional de Tetrix subulata em área sem aplicação de agroquímicos. Amostragem por rede de varredura. Setas: datas das aplicações dos produtos fitossanitários (14/jan/2011: Ally+Herbadox+Pounce; e 5/fev/2011: Parathion+Odin+Priori). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010- 2011........................................................................................................................... 42 Figura 1.12. Flutuação populacional de lepidópteros e pentatomídeos em área de cultivo de arroz com aplicação de agroquímicos. Setas: datas das aplicações dos produtos fitossanitários. Amostragem por rede de varredura (Hemiptera) e pano de batida (Lepidoptera). Setas: datas das aplicações dos produtos fitossanitários (14/jan/2011: Ally+Herbadox+Pounce; e 5/fev/2011: Parathion+Odin+Priori). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010-2011............................................................... 49 Figura 1.13. Flutuação populacional de lepidópteros e pentatomídeos em área de cultivo de arroz sem aplicação de agroquímicos. Amostragem por rede de varredura (Hemiptera) e pano de batida (Lepidoptera). Fazenda Florentino, Novo Progresso/PA, 2010-2011.................................................................................................................. 50 Figure 2.1 Collection area. Farm Florentino, Novo Progresso, Pará State, Brazil... 70 Figure 2.2 Hypatropis inermis. A) Feeding position with the head down; B) Male and female copulating on rice stems; C) Comparison of the size of H. inermis (right) with Tibraca limbativentris.………………...……................................................................ 71 Figure 3.1 Percentage of defoliation used in the experiments.……………………… 81 Figure 3.2 Average number of spikelets per panicles. Bars of the same color followed by same letters between the percentages of defoliation did not differ by Kruskal-Wallis test (p <0.05). Black bars: filled spikelets (H= 227 225, p <0.001); Gray bars: empty spikelets (H= 254 884, p <0.001); Above the bars: total of spikelets (H= 222 582 p <0.001)……………………………………………….……….…………………...……...... 84 Figure 3.3 Mean values, standard errors and linear regression (with R2). a) Number of filled grains per panicle; b) Average number of empty grains per panicle in the different phenological stages and percentage of defoliation…………….…………...……..…… 89 ix Figure 3.4 Mean values, standard errors and linear regression (with R2). a) Average total number of grains (empty and full) per panicle; b) Percentage of damage for each percentage of defoliation and different phenological stages…...………..…………… 90 Figure 3.5 Mean values and linear regression (with R2). a) Average weight of filled grains per panicle; b) Average weight of 100 grains of rice in the different phenological stages and percentage of defoliation…………………………………….……….……… 91 Figure 4.1 Model of the "cage" made with plastic bottles (2-L PET) for use in the experiment (A): 1) Perforated plastic bottle and the clipping regions; 2) veil fabric forming a fabric tunnel; 3) cut plastic bottle; d) fabric tube glued in the bottle; 4) cages placed on rice plants; 5) number of stink bugs that were placed in cages with plants; and 6) tied cage [closed] with a strip of fabric. (B): Cages installed in culture of rice containing stink bugs.…..………………………………………………………………. 103 Figure 4.2 Mean number of filled grains (black columns), empty spikelets (gray columns), and total spikelets per panicle (black columns plus gray columns) after infestation with different amounts of adults of the Tibraca limbativentris. A) V8 stage; B) V12 stage; C) R3/R4 stage. Bars followed by the same lowercase letters between the various infestations do not
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