University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons

Neuroethics Publications Center for & Society

10-8-2012

The Puzzle of and Psychiatric Diagnosis: Technology and Nosology in an Evolving Discipline

Martha J. Farah University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]

Seth J Gillihan University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/neuroethics_pubs

Part of the Diseases Commons, Commons, Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons, Commons, and the Commons

Recommended Citation Farah, M. J., & Gillihan, S. (2012). The Puzzle of Neuroimaging and Psychiatric Diagnosis: Technology and Nosology in an Evolving Discipline. American Journal of Bioethics - Neuroscience, 3 (4), 31-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2012.713072

This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/neuroethics_pubs/104 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Puzzle of Neuroimaging and Psychiatric Diagnosis: Technology and Nosology in an Evolving Discipline

Abstract Brain imaging provides ever more sensitive measures of structure and function relevant to human psychology and has revealed correlates for virtually every psychiatric disorder. Yet it plays no accepted role in psychiatric diagnosis beyond ruling out medical factors such as tumors or traumatic brain injuries. Why is brain imaging not used in the diagnosis of primary psychiatric disorders, such as depression, bipolar disease, , and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? This article addresses this question. It reviews the state of the art in psychiatric imaging, including diagnostic and other applications, and explains the nonutility of diagnostic imaging in terms of aspects of both the current state of imaging and the current nature of psychiatric nosology. The likely future path by which imaging- based diagnoses will be incorporated into psychiatry is also discussed. By reviewing one well-known attempt to use SPECT scanning in psychiatric diagnosis, the article examines a real-world practice that illustrates several related points: the appeal of the idea of image-assisted diagnosis for , patients and families, despite a lack of proven effectiveness, and the mismatch between the categories and dimensions of current nosology and those suggested by imaging.

Keywords biomarker, DSM, , psychiatry, SPECT

Disciplines Diseases | Neurology | Neuroscience and Neurobiology | Neurosciences | Psychiatry

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