Promoting Next Generation Vehicles in Japan: the Smart Communities and Their Experimentations Bruno Faivre D’Arcier, Yveline Lecler
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Promoting next generation vehicles in Japan: the smart communities and their experimentations Bruno Faivre d’Arcier, Yveline Lecler To cite this version: Bruno Faivre d’Arcier, Yveline Lecler. Promoting next generation vehicles in Japan: the smart com- munities and their experimentations. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Man- agement, Inderscience, 2014, Sustainable Urban Mobility in Comparison, 14 (3/4), pp.324-346. 10.1504/IJATM.2014.065296. halshs-01092314 HAL Id: halshs-01092314 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01092314 Submitted on 19 May 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. 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Automotive Technology and Management, Vol. X, No. Y, xxxx 1 Promoting next generation vehicles in Japan: the smart communities and their experimentations Bruno Faivre d’Arcier Transport Economics Laboratory – LET, University of Lyon: Lyon 2, (CNRS UMR 5593), ISH – 14 avenue Berthelot, 69007 Lyon, France E-mail: [email protected] Yveline Lecler* Institute of East Asian Studies – IAO, University of Lyon: Sciences Po Lyon, (CNRS UMR 5062), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 15 Parvis René Descartes BP 7000, 69342 Lyon Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract: The development of smart grids opens up interesting perspectives in order to make better use of local renewable energy production, reduce CO2 emissions, giving therefore more emphasis on electrical vehicles. After having briefly described mobility characteristics in Japan and introduced the Japanese context that led to the wide range of new policies implementation aiming at building a low carbon society and at promoting next generation vehicles, the paper concentrates on an extensive programme launched by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in 2010 to promote the development of ‘smart communities’. Taking the case of Toyota city Smart Melit experimentation as a concrete illustration, it discusses the main actions undertaken before examining some preliminary results in terms of users’ behaviour and the consequences that present and expected future changes might have on the mobility ecosystem and on car maker business model. Keywords: Japan; e-mobility ecosystem; next generation vehicles; smart communities; Toyota Smart Melit project; automotive business model. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Faivre d’Arcier, B. and Lecler, Y. (xxxx) ‘Promoting next generation vehicles in Japan: the smart communities and their experimentations’, Int. J. Automotive Technology and Management, Vol. X, No. Y, pp.000–000. Biographical notes: Bruno Faivre d’Arcier is Professor at the University of Lyon 2, Director of the Transport Department at the Faculty of Economics and Management, and Senior Research Fellow at the Transport Economics Laboratory (CNRS). He holds a diploma in Engineering and PhD in Transport Economics from the University of Lyon 2. He specialised in local passenger transport policies and planning, his research activity now concerns the development of sustainable urban mobility plans in cities, with a particular Copyright © 200x Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. 2 B. Faivre d’Arcier and Y. Lecler focus on urban public transport funding and pricing, transport policy assessment, mobility management and travel behaviour analysis. He was recently awarded at the 13th World Conference on Transport Research (WCTR, Rio, July 2013) with Pr. Alain Bonnafous for their paper untitled ‘The conditions of efficiency of a PPP for public finances’. Yveline Lecler is Professor at the University of Lyon, Sciences-Po and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of East Asian Studies (ENSL, CNRS). She holds a PhD in Social Sciences from EHESS Paris. She specialised in Japanese and Asian political economics, she used to study SMEs and subcontracting mainly in car and electronic industries. Her recent researches focus on innovation policies, presently in relation with energy management, low carbon cities and new mobility. She published a lot of papers in journals and wrote or edited several books, among which The Dynamics of Regional Innovation, the Policy Challenges in Europe and Japan, co-edited with Yoshimoto Tetsuo and Fujimoto Takahiro (2012, World Scientific). She has been a Visiting Professor in several Japanese universities. This paper is a revised and expanded version of a paper entitled ‘New e-automotive based services: the Japanese smart communities and their experimentations’ presented at 21st GERPISA International Meeting, Paris, 12–14 June 2013. 1 Introduction In connection with the climatic imperatives, the objective of sustainable development leads to the search of less energy consumption practices, at least in the field of non-renewable resources. In the urban world, the energy consumption is still particularly important in the two areas of housing and transports. There have been attempts to create more energy efficient cities for a long time, as evidenced by many achievements of sustainable districts, or eco-districts (mainly residential areas) in various European countries. However, these new districts have often focused on recycling and on reducing energy consumption by developing new standards in the construction of buildings. In Japan, the government has also initiated many programmes and experiments in this sense: Eco-towns, environmental sustainable transport model project or eco model cities to name only the most important ones, or several schemes more directly dedicated to the promotion of eco-friendly vehicles as will be described later. Today, the development of smart grids is a new technical step which opens up interesting perspectives and gives more emphasis on electrical vehicles, not only in terms of mobility but also in terms of storage. In Japan, the move towards smart grids demonstration has started in the early 2000s as in many other countries, but it is more concerned by achieving a low carbon society through using renewables as main source of energy supply (Ai Ling et al. 2012) than some other countries like France which focused more on better regulating demand to avoid peaks. The emphasis given to renewable energies was reinforced by the 2011 Fukushima accident which increased the awareness of energy consumption. It gave a new impulse to the promotion of low carbon cities namely through smart communities or smart cities projects which boomed recently all over the country whether supported per se by government funding or not. Promoting next generation vehicles in Japan 3 Among the numerous schemes and promotion programmes implemented by the Japanese Government which are often overlapping and can be used simultaneously by the different actors involved in experimentation, the programme called ‘Demonstration of next-generation energy and social system’ (2010) which gave birth to smart communities, is probably the most comprehensive one in that it proposes to test all the elements that compose the urban life under real-life conditions. In other terms, it appears as a tentative to test not only new technologies, new infrastructure and new services but also the interactions and interfaces between all of them, as well as the households’ mobility and energy consumption. This is why this paper focuses centrally on smart communities. But as the whole policy framework also benefits to smart communities which often are cities selected under several programmes, it first gives a short overview over some other schemes (Section 2). Taking the example of Toyota city where firms’ consortium leader is Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC), Section 3 will then describe the main experiments in smart communities before examining some preliminary results in terms of households’ behaviour. To conclude, Section 4 will point out some consequences that current and expected future changes might have on the mobility ecosystem and on the carmaker’s business model. 2 The promotion of next generation vehicles Although promoting next generation vehicles was already on the agenda before, Hatoyama, candidate of Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), created a surprise during the 2009 campaign when he promised to cut CO2 emissions by 25% from the 1990 level until 2020 (Iida and De Witt, 2009). It made necessary to define demanding targets in all sectors including transport. The new growth strategy (see Jones and Yoo, 2011) and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Industrial Structural Vision 2010 have pointed out five strategic fields for the future. Smart-grid and next-generation vehicles were key industries in this sector. The same year, Ministry of Land Infrastructure Transport and Tourism (MLIT) also established its growth strategy, focussing on green innovation to promote modal shift, new-generation vehicles, houses and buildings with higher energy efficiency, and urban planning for a low-carbon city (World Bank and Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2011). 2.1 CO2 emissions