ODJEL ZA ARHEOLOGIJU, SVEUČILIŠTE U ZADRU Dario Vujević, OBALA KRALJA PETRA KREŠIMIRA IV BR. 2 23000 ZADAR Mario Bodružić [email protected]

ARHEOLOG D.O.O. LUČINO SELO BR. 36 23275 UGLJAN [email protected]

UDK: 903.3(497.5)(210.7 Dugi otok)”633” IZVORNI ZNANSTVENI ČLANAK / ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER PRIMLJEN/ RECEIVED 07. 05. 2012. PRIHVAĆEN/ ACCEPTED 26. 10. 2012.

MEZOLITIČKE ZAJEDNICE COMMUNITIES ŠPILJE VLAKNO OF VLAKNO

Autori donose preliminarne rezultate istraživanja The authors present preliminary results of the research ranomezolitičkih slojeva špilje Vlakno. Ostaci materijalne into the early Mesolithic layer of Vlakno cave. The remains kulture gledani su u širem kontekstu života lovačko- of material culture are viewed in a broader context of the skupljačkih zajednica u periodu mezolitika na području life in hunter-gatherer communities of the Mesolithic istočnog Jadrana. Naglasak je stavljen na značenje period in the eastern Adriatic. The focus is placed on the arheoloških artefakata u životu stanovnika špilje s obzirom importance of archaeological artefacts in the life of the cave na promjene klime i okoliša, kao i privredne podloge u inhabitants, with regard to the climate and environmental sklopu koje se život stanovnika odvijao. Ukratko su izneseni change as well as the economic background in which the i rezultati tehnološko-tipološke analize litičkog materijala population lived. Results are also given of the typological koji ukazuju na intenzivnu produkciju litičkih artefakata i and technological analysis of lithic materials which indicate različite tehnološke aktivnosti stanovnika špilje. an intensive production of lithic artefacts and various technological activities of the inhabitants of the cave.

KLJUČNE RIJEČI: Vlakno, Dugi otok, mezolitik, mezolitički KEY WORDS: Vlakno, Dugi otok, Mesolithic, Mesolithic pokop, litika burial, lithics

9 1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION

Dugi otok jedan je od najvećih otoka naše obale. Dugi otok (Long Island) is one of the largest Okosnicu otoka čini uzdužna kosa s najvećim islands on our coast. The backbone of the island vrhom Vela straža (338 m/nV) i dubokim zaljevima is a longitudinal ridge with its highest peak of Vela na oba kraja. Strmi rubovi rezultirali su velikom straža (338 m above sea level) and two deep bays dubinom mora oko gotovo cijelog otoka.1 U at each end. Steep edges resulted in great depth of krškom okolišu nalaze se brojni speleološki the sea around the whole of the island.1 In the karst

9 - 30 objekti koji predstavljaju veliki potencijal za environment there are numerous speleological istraživanja prapovijesnih razdoblja. Među njima objects which represent enormous potential for se u posljednje vrijeme ističe špilja Vlakno, koja exploring the prehistoric period. Among them se nalazi s unutrašnje strane otoka, na pola puta stands out Vlakno cave, which is located in the između naselja Luke i Savra. Unutarnji špiljski interior of the island between the villages of Luka prostor veličine 40 m2, sa širokim otvorom and Savar. The inside of the cave with an area of okrenutim prema jugoistoku, poslužio je kao 40 m2, and a wide opening facing southeast, was idealno mjesto za boravak manjih zajednica an ideal place for smaller communities of hunter- lovaca-skupljača tijekom gornjeg paleolitika i gatherers to live in during the Upper Palaeolithic vlakno mezolitika.2 and Mesolithic.2 špilje

Mezolitički slojevi u osnovi započinju od same Mesolithic layers basically start from the surface

zajednice itself. In the surface layer (Stratum 1 – Fig. 2), along

površine. U površinskom sloju (Stratum 1 - Sl. 2), uz dominaciju mezolitičkih nalaza, pronalazi se with the predominantly Mesolithic indings, a i manja količina nalaza mlađih razdoblja, što je small amount of indings from later periods was mezolitičke

: posljedica niske stope sedimentacije, ali i čišćenja also unearthed, which is the result of a low rate of prostora u kasnijim razdobljima korištenja špilje. sedimentation, but also of the cleaning of the cave bodružić

Zbog miješanja materijala iz različitih razdoblja taj in the later periods of its use. Due to the mixing of je sloj izdvojen iz analiza donesenih u radu. U radu materials from diferent periods, this layer has been mario , su obrađeni nalazi iz Stratuma 2 (Sl. 2) koji započinje excluded from the analysis presented in the paper. na 30 do 35 cm dubine od površine.3 Uz pomoć AMS This paper deals with the indings from Stratum 2 vujević

analize uzorka kosti stratum je datiran u vrijeme (Fig. 2), which begins at the depth of about 30 to 35 dario oko 7500 kal. god. pr. K. 4 Geološki i klimatološki to cm below the surface.3 With the help of AMS radio je vrijeme samog početka holocena, koje označava carbon analysis of a bone sample this stratum was prekid turbulentne klime posljednjega ledenog dated to around 7 500 cal. BC.4 In terms of geology doba. Već prije 10 tisuća godina temperatura je and climatology this was the beginning of the porasla do mjere slične današnjoj, što je donijelo Holocene, which marked the end of a turbulent climate of the last ice age. As far back as 10,000 years ago, the temperature rose to values as they DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

1 K. Džaja, 2003. 1 2 K. Džaja, 2003. Prema nalazima keramike na rubnim dijelovima, špilja je 2 sporadično bila korištena i u kasnijim razdobljima prapovijesti, a According to the pottery findings at the edges, the cave was pregradni zidovi na vanjskom platou govore o njezinu korištenju i also sporadically used in later periods, and the partition walls on u novije vrijeme. the outer plateau testify to its being used in recent times as well. 3 3 Debljina Stratuma 2 iznosi od 40 do 50 cm. The thickness of the Stratum 2 is from 40 to 50 cm. 4 4 Beta-311088: 2 Sigma kalibracija: Cal BC 7570 do 7450 (Cal BP Beta-311088: 2 Sigma calibration: Cal BC 7570 to 7450 (Cal BP 9520 do 9400) i Cal BC 7390 do 7380 (Cal BP 9340 do 9330); 1 9520 to 9400) and Cal BC 7390 to 7380 (Cal BP 9340 to 9330); 1 Sigma kalibracija: Cal BC 7530 do 7480 (Cal BP 9480 do 9430). Sigma calibration: Cal BC 7530 to 7480 (Cal BP 9480 to 9430).

10 9 - 30 cave

vlakno

of

communities

mesolithic : bodružić

mario , vujević

dario DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

SL. 1. Tlocrt špilje s označenim prostorom istraživanja FIG. 1. The layout of the cave with the marked research area.

11 brojne promjene u okolišu.5 Svakako najvažnija are today, which brought about a sea of changes posljedica rasta temperature je porast morske in the environment.5 Certainly, the most signiicant razine. Nakon početne stagnacije tijekom mlađeg consequence of temperature rise was the increase dryasa (12800 do 11500 god. prije sadašnjosti) in sea level. After the initial stagnation during the započinje naglo podizanje razine mora sa Younger Dryas (12 800 to 11 500 BP) there was a zabilježenim razinama Jadranskog mora od -41,5 rapid rise in sea level, and the levels of the Adriatic m (9200 god. prije sadašnjosti) do -10 m (7800 sea are recorded to have been from -41.5 m (9 god. prije sadašnjosti).6 Iako se podizanje mora 200 BP) to -10 m (7 800 BP).6 Although the rise in

9 - 30 često gleda kroz prizmu gubitka teritorija i resursa, sea level is often viewed through the prism of the u kombinaciji s promjenom klime on je na ovim loss of territory and resources, this occurrence, prostorima doveo do stvaranja mnogih obalnih combined with the climate change, in these areas izvora pitke vode, močvara i laguna bogatih led to the formation of many coastal drinking water hranom.7 U takvim klimatskim okolnostima u sources, marshes and lagoons rich in food.7 In such vrijeme ranog mezolitika Dugi otok je zajedno s climatic conditions during the early Mesolithic, okolnim otocima tvorio znatno veći otok te se špilja Dugi otok, together with the surrounding islands tada nalazila više desetaka metara iznad mora formed a much larger island, and the cave was s vjerojatnim izvorom slatke vode u podnožju i several dozen metres above sea level with possibly vlakno lagunama koje su se stvorile između Dugog otoka, a source of fresh water and the lagoons that were Rave i Iža.8 created between Dugi otok, Rava and Iž.8 špilje

2. PRIVREDA 2. ECONOMY zajednice

Raznolik okoliš osiguravao je dovoljne The diverse environment provided a sufficient mezolitičke

: količine hrane za mezolitičke zajednice, što amount of food for the Mesolithic communities, se primjećuje i u količini pronađenih ostataka which can be noticed in the amount of unearthed

bodružić faune. U manjem postotku pronađene su kosti remains of fauna. In a smaller percentage

sitnih kopnenih životinja, npr. lisice (Vulpes bones of smaller land animals such as foxes mario , vulpes) i kune (Martes martes), uz ostatke većih (Vulpes vulpes) and martens (Martes martes), preživača, prije svega jelena (Cervus elaphus).9 along with the remains of large ruminants, vujević Zastupljenost kopnenih životinja pokazuje especially deer (Cervus elaphus) were found.9

dario da lov nije osnova privrede, ali isto tako nije The representation of land animals shows that niti zanemarena komponenta u prehrani hunting was not the basis of the economy, mezolitičkih zajednica. Izraženo manja količina but it was not a component in the diet of lovnih životinja u odnosu na starije slojeve može Mesolithic communities to be neglected either. biti rezultat promjene privrednih aktivnosti An extremely small amount of game animals kao prilagodbe novom okolišu i klimatskim in comparison to the older layers could be the DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

5 5 U holocenu slijedi amelioracija klime iz hladne i suhe prema In Holocene there was a melioration of the climate from cold and toploj i vlažnijoj klimi. No ovisno o lokalnim karakteristikama dry to a warm and wetter climate. However, depending on the mnoge promjene su započele i prije onog konvencionalnog local characteristics, many changes had started even before the početka mezolitika; W. J. Burroughs, 2005, 47; M. Pluciennik, 2008, conventional beginning of the Mesolithic; W. J. Burroughs, 2005, 335. 47; M. Pluciennik, 2008, 335. 6 6 M. Surić, 2006, 166, 182. M. Surić, 2006, 166, 182. 7 7 M. Pluciennik, 2008, 338. M. Pluciennik, 2008, 338. 8 8 Z. Brusić, 2004, 198. Z. Brusić, 2004, 198. 9 9 Iako je analiza faune tek u tijeku, zahvaljujemo za preliminarne Although the analysis of fauna is only just underway, we give our podatke V. P. Spry-Marques. thanks for the preliminary data to V. P. Spry-Marques.

12 promjenama, ali, kao što se to pretpostavlja result of changes in the economic activities as i za Velu spilu, odgovor možda treba tražiti i u an adjustment to the new environmental and povremenom korištenju lokaliteta, vezanom uz climatic conditions, but, as it is also assumed sezonski ribolov.10 for Vela cave, the answer might be found in the temporary use of the location, connected with Među ostacima prehrane brojnošću se seasonal fishing.10 izdvajaju kosti riba te ljušture školjkaša i puževa. Najbrojniji su nalazi morskog puža Among the remains of food by their great

ogrca (Monodonta turb.) i kopnenog puža number stand out fish bones, shellfish and 9 - 30 vinogradara (Helix sp.) koji su i na drugim snails. The most numerous are the findings of sea lokalitetima obilježje tog razdoblja.11 Najveća snails called winkles (Monodonta turb.) and land koncentracija tih nalaza je uz rubove špilje.12 O snails (Helix sp.) which were also characteristic korištenju puževa vinogradara postoje brojne of other sites of this period.11 The largest teorije, a svakako je najzanimljivija ona Lubella concentration of these can be found along the koji spekulira i s uzgojem puževa za potrebe edges of the cave.12 There are many theories prehrane prapovijesnih zajednica.13 Brojnošću about the use of land snails and the most cave slijede priljepci (Patella sp.) i kamenice (Ostrea interesting is certainly Lubell’s theory, which

also speculates about breeding land snails for vlakno edul.), dok se od ostalih vrsti mogu pronaći

13 of kunjke (Arca noae), dagnje (Mytilus gallo.), the diet of prehistoric communities. Along periske (Pina nobilis), prstaci (Litophaga with the above-mentioned the most numerous litophaga), Jakovljeve kapice (Vola jacobaea), are limpets (Patella sp) and oysters (Ostrea edul.), communities volci (Murex tr.) i vretenasti puževi (Cerithium while among other species there were clamps V.). Od druge morske faune pronađena je manja (Arca noae), mussels (Mytilus gallo.), pen shells

količina ostataka ježinaca i rakova, osobito (Pina nobilis), date-shells (Litophaga litophaga), mesolithic : grmalja (Eriphia Sp.). Velika koncentracija scallops (Vola jacobaea), dye murex (Murex tr.) viličnih kostiju i kralježaka riba, veličine od 0,5 and spindle snails (Cerithium V.). From other bodružić do 3 kg, u najvećem broju pripada oradama marine species a smaller amount of urchins and mario

(Sparus aurata). U manjem broju pronalaze crabs was found, especially shore crabs (Eriphia , se i kosti sipe.14 Slično kao i kod Vele spile15, Sp.). A large amount of jaw bones and vertebrae vujević osim vrsta koje se love s obale, pojedini nalazi of fish, size of 0.5 to 3 kg mostly belong to ukazuju i na pribavljanje morskih vrsta koje gilthead (Sparus aurata). A smaller amount of dario inače žive na većim dubinama. cuttlefish bones have also been found.14 As in Vela cave15, apart from the fish caught from the coast, some findings point to the provision of marine species which otherwise live at greater depths. DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

10 10 D. Radić, 2005, 334. D. Radić, 2005, 334. 11 11 D. Lubell, 2004a. D. Lubell, 2004a. 12 12 Na trenutno istraženoj površini unutar Stratuma 2 pronađeno On the currently explored area within Stratum 2 over 5 je preko 5 tisuća ljuštura kopnenih puževa, 3 tisuće ljuštura puža thousand shells of land snails and 3 thousand shells of winkles ogrca, dok se broj ostalih vrsta kreće u rasponu od nekoliko have been found, while the number of other species ranges from desetaka do nekoliko stotina. several dozen to several hundred. 13 13 D. Lubell, 2004. D. Lubell, 2004. 14 14 Z. Brusić, 2004, 198. Z. Brusić, 2004, 198. 15 15 D. Radić, 2005, 332-333. D. Radić, 2005, 332-333.

13 9 - 30 vlakno

špilje

zajednice

mezolitičke : bodružić

mario , vujević

dario DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

SL. 2. Stratigrafski proil FIG. 2. Stratigraphic proile (Tefra; Floor of rammed soil; Pebbles; Soil and soot; Soil and ash).

14 3. NAKIT 3. JEWELLERY

Među pronađenim ostacima morske faune Among the remains of marine fauna there is a postoji manja skupina koja ne govori toliko small group of them which does not say much o privrednim aktivnostima, koliko o drugim about the economic activities but rather about aspektima života. Riječ je o puževima koji su se other aspects of life. They are snail shells which isključivo prikupljali i upotrebljavali za izradu were collected and used exclusively to make nakita. Najraniji dokaz o korištenju školjki i jewellery. The earliest evidence of the use of shells puževa kao sirovine za izradu ukrasnih predmeta for making decorative items is the 82-thousand- 9 - 30 su 82 tisuće godina stare probušene školjke year-old pierced shell Nassarius gibbosulus from Nassarius gibbosulus iz Grotte des Pigeons Grotta de Pigeons ()16, and according (Maroko)16, a prema novim istraživanjima u to new research in Europe, the production of Europi izrada predmeta od školjki započinje još jewellery made of shells began as early as the time u vrijeme neandertalaca, s velikim porastom of the Neanderthals, with a large increase in their u brojnosti s dolaskom anatomski modernih number and with the appearance of anatomically 17 17

ljudi. U Vlaknu, kao i kod većine drugih modern humans. At Vlakno as well as at most cave mezolitičkih nalazišta na Jadranu, najbrojnija other Mesolithic sites in the Adriatic, the most 18

18 vlakno je vrsta kokica (Columbella rustica). Ona se numerous is the Columbella rustica. It can be of može naći na cijelom prostoru Mediterana pa found throughout the Mediterranean and even on čak i na bližim obalama Atlantika. Upotreba the closer coasts of the Atlantic. Its usage has been je dokumentirana još od orinjasijena, iako su documented as far back as Aurignacian, although communities njeni nalazi u gornjopaleolitičkom kontekstu the indings in the Upper Palaeolithic context poprilično rijetki. Kako je to vrsta umjereno are rather rare. As this type lives in moderately mesolithic toplih voda, logično je da se pojavljuje tek sa warm water, it is logical that it appeared only : zatopljenjem klime i stvaranjem pogodnog with the warming of the climate and creation of a 19 19

suitable environment. With the arrival of the late bodružić

okoliša. S dolaskom kasnog epigravetijena njihov broj stoga raste, a u mezolitiku bilježimo Epigravettien, their number therefore increased, mario iznimno velik broj nalaza na obalnim nalazištima, and from the Mesolithic an extremely large , kao i na područjima daleko od obale.20 number of indings is recorded at coastal sites, as vujević well as in areas far from the coast.20 Unutar Stratuma 2 do sada je pronađen 251 dario primjerak probušenih Columbella rustica, uz 58 Within Stratum 2, 251 specimens of pierced neprobušenih. Zbog postojanja puževa koji nisu Collumbella rustica have been found so far, along probušeni, kao i onih slomljenih prilikom bušenja with 58 unpierced ones. Given the existence of rupe, možemo govoriti o izradi nakita u samoj unpierced snails as well as those which were broken špilji. Analize s drugih nalazišta pokazuju da je, while being pierced, we can talk about making DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

16 16 A. Bouzouggar et al., 2007, 9964. A. Bouzouggar et al., 2007, 9964. 17 17 J. Zilhao et al., 2010; E. Alvarez-Fernandez, 2007, 4, 15. J. Zilhao et al., 2010; E. Alvarez-Fernandez, 2007, 4, 15. 18 18 Do sada najveći broj primjeraka te vrste (89 komada) pronađen By far the largest number of specimens of this type (89) was je u mezolitičkim slojevima Pupićine peći, a u manjem broju found in the Mesolithic layers of Pupićina cave, and a small number probušeni puževi pronalaze se i na drugim nalazištima u Istri, kao i of pierced snails were also found at some other sites in Istria and in u Veloj spili na Korčuli; v. D. Komšo, 2006, 62 i B. Čečuk – D. Radić, the cave Vela cave on Korčula; see D. Komšo, 2006, 62 and B. Čečuk 2005a, 57. – D. Radić, 2005a, 57. 19 19 M. Mussi, 2002, 355. M. Mussi, 2002, 355. 20 20 E. Alvarez-Fernandez, 2008, 106. E. Alvarez-Fernandez, 2008, 106.

15 zbog oblikovanja te prostornog i stratigrafskog jewellery in the cave itself. Analyses from other položaja nalaza, takav nakit nošen kao osobni, sites show that, given the shape and spatial and svakodnevni ukras, i da vjerojatno nije izrađivan stratigraphic positions of the indings, this jewellery za specijalne prigode.21 Osim izrade za osobno was worn as a personal, everyday decoration, and korištenje, velik broj pronađenih primjeraka probably was not made for special occasions.21 ostavlja mogućnosti i za druga tumačenja. Na Besides being made for personal use, a large nekim je manjim nalazištima tirenske obale (Gr. number of the found items leave the possibility for della Madonna, Gr. della Serratura i Riparo Blanc) other interpretations as well. At some smaller sites

9 - 30 primijećeno da broj daleko odskače od lokalnih on the Tyrrhenian coast (Gr. della Madonna, Gr. della potreba, pogotovo kad se uzme da su neka od Serratura, and Riparo Blanc) it was noted that their tih nalazišta mala i sezonski nastanjena, slično number was far above the local needs, especially if kao Vlakno. Postoji stoga mogućnost da su na you take into account that some sites were small tim mjestima školjke prikupljane, pripremane i and seasonally inhabited, very much like Vlakno. It skladištene prije nego što ih se nosilo na drugo is therefore possible that in these places shells were mjesto radi razmjene ili sl.22 Druge vrste puževa collected, prepared and stored before being taken koje su u mezolitiku korištene za izradu nakita su to another place to be exchanged, etc.22 Other Cerithium sp. i Cyclope sp., no selekcija pojedinih species of snail shells which were in Mesolithic used 23 vlakno vrsta ovisi o regionalnim osobitostima. for making jewellery were Cerithium sp. and Cyclope Tek dvije probušene Cyclope neriteae unutar sp. but the selection of some types depended on špilje

Stratuma 2 govore o slabom korištenju tih vrsta regional characteristics.23 Only two Cyclope neriteae u Vlaknu. within Stratum 2 tell us about the poor use of this zajednice species of snail shells at Vlakno. Za izradu nakita od probušenih puževa nije

mezolitičke bila potrebna velika vještina. Većina rupa nije Making jewellery of pierced snail shells did not : pravilno oblikovana, tako da se može govoriti require a great skill. Most of the holes are not o jednostavnom probijanju. Eksperimenti properly shaped, which tells us about simple bodružić

napravljeni prilikom istraživanja nalazišta Abri piercing. Experiments carried out during the mario

, Šebrn u Istri pokazuju da se najčešće koristi excavation of the site of Abri Šebrn in Istria tehnika izravnog udaranja običnim kamenim showed that the most used was the technique of vujević čekićima, čime su se dobivali grubi, veliki direct strikes with an ordinary lint hammer, which

dario otvori, što u potpunosti odgovara i nalazima would result in rough, large openings and which iz Vlakna.24 Tek se na dva primjerka može entirely corresponds to the indings at Vlakno.24 primijetiti stanjivanje stijenke prije probijanja. Only in two specimens the thinning of the wall before piercing may be noticed. Manji broj Columbella iz Vlakna crne je boje od izlaganja vatri. Postojanje vatrišta na dnu A small number of Columbellas from Vlakno are Stratuma 2 moglo je utjecati na to, ali zbog black from exposure to ire. The existence of a udaljenosti nekih primjeraka od vatrišta, ireplace at the bottom of Stratum 2 could have DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA kao i eksperimenata s drugih nalazišta koji inluenced the colour but given the distance of ukazuju da se slučajnim izlaganjem vatri teško some items from the ireplace as well as the results of experiments from other sites which indicate

21 21 S. Benghiat et al., 2009, 734-735; D. Komšo, 2007, 36. S. Benghiat et al., 2009, 734-735; D. Komšo, 2007, 36. 22 22 M. Mussi, 2002, 355. M. Mussi, 2002, 355 23 23 E. Alvarez-Fernandez, 2007, 14-15. E. Alvarez-Fernandez, 2007, 14-15. 24 24 D. Komšo, 2007, 36; S. Benghiat et al., 2009, 734-735. D. Komšo, 2007, 36; S. Benghiat et al., 2009, 734-735.

16 postiže boja i očuvanost puža,25 nije isključena that by accidental exposure to ire it is diicult mogućnost i namjernog izlaganja vatri. Slično je to achieve the colour and preservation of a small već predloženo za nakit izrađen od vrste Cyclope shell,25 the possibility of an intentional exposure neritea iz špilje Franchti, gdje je to rađeno zbog of shells to ire is not excluded. A similar thing has promjene boje, čime se na nakitu stvara kontrast already been proposed for the jewellery of the između tamnih i svijetlih puževa.26 Cyclope neritea species from the cave of Franchti, where this was done because of the colour change, Minimalno ulaganje u vrijeme, tehniku i which thus creates a contrast between dark and 26 tehnologiju izradbe privjesaka, pri čemu je light snail shells on the jewellery. 9 - 30 estetika stavljena u drugi plan, kao i obilje sirovine koju je bilo lako prikupiti na obližnjim The minimum of time devoted to the technique morskim obalama, ukazuje kako ti puževi nisu and technology of making pendants, with the egzotične izrađevine velikih vrijednosti,27 iako aesthetics put aside, as well as an abundance of je, zbog postojanja takvog nakita na nalazištima the raw material which was easy to collect on the udaljenim od obale, jasno da su one ipak bile nearby coast, indicate that these snail shells were dio razmjene između različitih zajednica. not exotic artefacts of great value,27 although, cave given the existence of such jewellery at sites

remote from the coast, it is clear that they were vlakno Nakitni predmeti izrađivani od jelenjih of očnjaka, česti u slojevima gornjeg paleolitika, part of exchange among diferent communities. unutar Stratuma 2 zastupljeni su tek jednim primjerkom.28 Obilježje je to i drugih nalazišta Jewellery artefacts made of deer canines, frequent in communities tog vremena,29 a posljedica je promjene the Upper Palaeolithic, in Stratum 2 are represented ekonomske osnove zbog prilagodbe novim with only one item.28 This is also characteristic of 29 the other sites of the time, and is a consequence mesolithic

klimatskim uvjetima, pri čemu lov više nema : odlučujuću ulogu u životu zajednica uz obalnu of the change in the economic basis due to the adjustment to the new climatic conditions, when liniju, što se očigledno odrazilo i na izradu bodružić nakita. hunting no longer played a decisive role in the life mario of communities along the coastline, which clearly , relected in the making of jewellery. vujević 4. TEHNOLOŠKA I TIPOLOŠKA

ANALIZA ORUĐA dario 4. TECHNOLOGICAL AND TYPOLOGICAL Uz ostatke faune, kao najbrojnija kategorija nalaza ANALYSIS OF LITHIC ASSEMBLAGE unutar Stratuma 2, ističu se nalazi litičke produkcije. Do sada je pronađeno 4119 komada litičkih Along with the remains of fauna, as the largest artefakata. Tehnološka analiza provedena je po category of indings in Stratum 2, are the indings of principu lanca operacija, u neznatno modiiciranom lithic production. So far 4,119 pieces of lithic artefacts have been found. The technological analysis was DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

25 C. Perles – M. Vanhaeren, 2010. 25 C. Perles – M. Vanhaeren, 2010. 26 C. Perles – M. Vanhaeren, 2010, 308. 26 C. Perles – M. Vanhaeren, 2010, 308. 27 D. Komšo, 2007, 36. 27 D. Komšo, 2007, 36. 28 Along with another pierced tooth. 28 Uz još jedan pronađeni neprobušeni zub. 29 Findings of this kind were recorded only in Pupićina and 29 Nalazi ove vrste zabilježeni su samo u Pupićinoj i Nugljanskoj peći, Nugljanska , where a total of 6 pendants were found; see. D. gdje je sveukupno pronađeno 6 privjesaka; v. D. Komšo, 2007, 36. Komšo, 2007, 36.

17 obliku, prilagođenom materijalu iz Vlakna.30 Tako je conducted on the principle of chain operations, in deinirano ukupno 20 kategorija, koje predstavljaju a slightly modiied manner, adapted to the material oblike lomljevine karakteristične za različite stupnjeve from Vlakno.30 Thus a total of 20 categories was obrade sirovinskog materijala i proizvodnju alatki. deined, which represent the forms of knapping Tipološka klasiikacija alatki provedena je prema characteristic of various phases of the crafting of raw tipologiji koju su ustanovili Demars i Laurent.31 material and production of tools. The typological classiication of tools was done according to the Tehnološkom analizom utvrđene su kategorije typology drawn up by Demars and Laurent.31

9 - 30 svih faza proizvodnje alatki osim inicijalne (tzv. nulte) faze pribavljanja sirovine (Tablica 1). Početna The technological analysis identiied the categories of faza odbijanja okorinskog sloja i formiranja jezgre all tool production phases except the initial (i.e. zero) zastupljena je prvotnim i drugotnim oblicima phase of collecting raw materials (Table 1). The initial koji čine oko 10% litičkog inventara. Među njima phase-removal of cortex and formation of cores is prevladavaju odbojci, a sječiva i pločice javljaju se represented in primary and secondary lakes which usputno. Slična je situacija i u inventaru iz sljedeće account for about 10 % of the lithic inventory. Among faze. Odbojci i odbojčići tu čine preferirajući produkt them prevail lakes, while blades and bladelets occur cijepanja (zastupljeni su s oko 40%). Na njima je bilo incidentally. A similar situation exists in the inventory vlakno lako prepoznati osobine tehnike cijepanja tvrdim of the next phase. Flakes and small lakes are here a

špilje čekićem, jer ih se većina odlikuje širim i općenito preferring product of knapping (they account for

većim plohkom, te naglašenim bulbusom. Osim 40%). It is easy to recognise features of the knapping toga, na odbojcima je često prisutan i preuranjeni technique with a hard hammer since most of them zajednice prekid pucanja pri distalnom kraju karakterističnog are characterised by a wider and generally larger mezolitičke : bodružić 30 I. Karavanić, 1992, 15; 2008, 82-89. Among the primary flakes, blades 30

mario I. Karavanić, 1992, 15; 2008, 82-89. Među prvotne odbojke, and bladelets, are pieces on which more than 80% of the dorsal side is , sječiva i pločice ubrojeni su komadi s više od 80% dorzalne covered with cortex, while pieces covered with 20-80% of cortex be- površine prekrivene okorinom, dok su komadi s 20-80% okorine long to secondary flakes. Small flakes of smaller dimensions are speci- vujević svrstani pod drugotne. Od standardnih odbojaka posebno su ally separated from standard flakes (< 2 cm). Size was also the main odvojeni odbojčići manjih dimenzija (< 2 cm). Veličina je bila criterion for dividing blades and bladelets (< 3 cm). All the pieces witho- dario glavni kriterij i pri razdjeli sječiva i pločica (< 3 cm). Među krhotine ut proper knapping properties were categorised among the chunks. svrstani su svi komadi bez pravilnih osobina loma. Posebno je There is a specially added category of indeterminate pieces, which very dodana kategorija neodredivih komada u koje su najčešće often contains tools that due to their fragmentation or unrecognisable ubrojene alatke koje je zbog fragmentiranosti ili pak knapping properties because of intense retouching could not have neprepoznatljivosti osobina loma uslijed intenzivne obradbe bilo been fitted into the basic technological categories. The category of “fra- nemoguće svrstati u osnovne tehnološke kategorije. Kategorija gments of a blade/bladelet” was added for the fragments where it was ulomak sječiva/pločice dodana je za lomljevine kojima nije bilo impossible to determine to which of the two groups they belonged. moguće odrediti kojoj od dviju skupina pripadaju. 31 P. Y. Demars – P. Laurent, 1992. So among end-scrapers, two basic 31 P. Y. Demars – P. Laurent, 1992. Tako su među grebalima groups are singled out, based on their technological characteristics

DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA izdvojene osnovne grupe prema tehnološkim karakteristikama (end-scrapers on flakes and end-scrapers on blades/bladelets). Thin (grebala na odbojku i grebala na sječivu/pločici). Posebno su end-scrapers (thumbnail and circular) are specially separated from the razdvojena tanka grebala (noktolika, kružna) od debelih (kobilična, thick ones (keel-shaped end-scrapers, snout-shaped end-scrapers and njuškolika i blanje). Dubila su promatrana kao cjelina i nisu push planes). Burins are viewed as a whole so there are no subtypes. izdvojeni podtipovi. Od udubaka su kao posebna grupa izdvojeni From notches denticulates are separated as a distinct group. A special nazubci. Posebno je dodana kategorija ulomaka s obradbom koja category of retouched fragments has been added, which relates to se odnosi na ulomke alatki nastale ili lomom odnosno oštećenjem fragments of tools formed either by breaking i.e. damaging the radnog ruba ili namjernim odbijanjem dijela tog ruba u svrhu working edge or by intentional knapping of the entire edge in order to dorade ili modificiranja alatke. Alatke s rubnom obradbom koja retouch or modify the tool. Tools with edge retouching which did not nije pokrivala veći dio jednog od rubova alatke te ih nije bilo cover most of one of the edges of the tool and could not have been moguće smjestiti u postojeće tipove svrstane su u posebnu grupu placed among the existing types are classified into a separate group of komadića s obradbom. Odbojci, sječiva i pločice sa sitnim retouched pieces. Flakes, blades and bladelets with small traces of use tragovima uporabe na (najčešće) oštrim rubovima izdvojene su u (frequently) on sharp edges were singled out as a special group of posebnu grupu kao komadići s tragovima uporabe. Iako izrađena pieces with traces of use. Although drawn up for Upper Palaeolithic, za gornji paleolitik, odabrana tipologija pokazala se prikladnom i the chosen typology also proved to be suitable for analysing the za obradu mezolitičkog skupa alatki iz Vlakna. Mesolithic assemblage of Vlakno.

18 izvijenog oblika (hinged termination).32 Upotreba butt and a prominent bulb in addition, on the lakes, mekog čekića nije sa sigurnošću potvrđena. Nije there is a frequent premature termination at the utvrđeno postojanje speciičnog usnatog plohka distal end of the characteristic hinged form (hinged na odbojcima i sječivima, ali može se pretpostaviti termination).32 We can however assume the use of a njegova upotreba, pogotovo za dobivanje ravnih soft hammer. The existence of a speciic lip butt on sječiva koja općenito imaju manji odnosno uži the lakes and blades has not been determined, but zadak i nenaglašen, gotovo neprimjetan bulbus. we can assume what its use was, especially in making Sječiva i pločice u ovom sloju čine oko 10% straight blades which generally have a smaller i.e.

materijala. Karakterizira ih nepravilan dorzalni narrower butt and an unaccented almost invisible 9 - 30 izgled s negativima različitih oblika. Iako sječiva čine bulb. Blades and bladelets account for about 10% of najrjeđi produkt cijepanja, u ovoj fazi karakterizira the material. They are characterised by an irregular ih vrlo visok stupanj iskorištavanja za alatke (65%).33 dorsal appearance with negatives of diferent forms. Djelomično se to može objasniti pogodnim oblikom Although blades are the rarest product of knapping, sječiva odnosno većim prirodnim radnim rubom, at this stage they are characterised by a high degree zbog čega su češće nego ostali oblici intenzivno of exploitation for tools (65%)33. This can be partly korištena kao neformalne alatke te samim time explained by the suitable form of blades i.e. a larger cave uvrštena u kategoriju komadića s tragovima natural working edge, which is why they were more

uporabe. Međutim, odbojci i dalje čine najbrojniju extensively used than other forms as an informal tool vlakno

of tehnološku skupinu među alatkama (235 komada). and therefore included in the category of pieces with traces of use. However, lakes still account for the largest technological group among tools (235 pieces). communities

Tablica 1 i 2 Table 1 and 2 Stratum 2 - Tehnološka analiza Stratum 2 - Technological analysis mesolithic Tip lomljevine: kom % Type of knapping: pieces % : gomolj 0 0,0% nodule (pebble) 0 0.0% bodružić prvotni odbojak 142 3,4% primary flake 142 3.4%

prvotno sječivo 17 0,4% primary blade 17 0.4% mario , prvotna pločica 12 0,3% primary bladelet 12 0.3% vujević drugotni odbojak 217 5,3% secondary flake 217 5.3% drugotno sječivo 31 0,8% secondary blade 31 0.8% dario drugotna pločica 41 1,0% secondary bladelet 41 1.0% odbojak 865 21,0% flake 865 21.0% odbojčić 873 21,2% small flake 873 21.2% sječivo 173 4,2% blade 173 4.2% pločica 250 6,1% bladelet 250 6.1% ulomak sječiva/pločice 34 0,8% fragment of blade/bladelet 34 0.8% jezgra 25 0,6% core 25 0.6% ulomak jezgre 6 0,1%

core fragment 6 0.1% 26/27 DIADORA krijestasto sječivo/pločica 17 0,4% crested blade/bladelet 17 0.4% dotjerujući odbojak jezgre 7 0,2% core rejuvination flake 7 0.2% odbojak od obradbe 413 10,0% retouching flakes 413 10.0% iverak dubila 22 0,5% burin spall 22 0.5% krhotina 946 23,0% chunk 946 23.0% neodredivo 28 0,7% undetermined 28 0.7% UKUPNO 4119 100,0% TOTAL 4,119 100.0%

32 32 C. Butler, 2005, 37. C. Butler, 2005, 37. 33 33 Stupanj iskorištavanja odbojaka za izradu alatki je 27%, a The degree of the use of flakes to make tools is 27%, and plates pločica 19%. 19%.

19 Stratum 2 - Tipološka analiza Stratum 2 - Typological analysis Tip alatke: kom. % Type of tool: pieces % grebalo na odbojku 15 2,7% endscraper on flake 15 2.7% grebalo na sječivu/pločici 3 0,5% endscraper on blade/bladelet 3 0.5% noktoliko grebalo 14 2,5% thumbnail endscraper 14 2.5% kružno grebalo 2 0,4% circular end-scraper 2 0.4% kobilično grebalo 1 0,2% keel-shaped end-scraper 1 0.2% njuškoliko grebalo 2 0,4% snout-shaped end-scraper 2 0.4% blanja 7 1,3% push plane 7 1.3% 9 - 30 obrađeno sječivo 13 2,4% bladelet 13 2.4% zarubak 16 2,9% truncation 16 2.9% strugalo 20 3,6% sidescraper 20 3.6% strugalica 16 2,9% raclette 16 2.9% svrdlo 9 1,6% borer 9 1.6% dubilo 40 7,2% burin 40 7.2% udubak 18 3,3% notch 18 3.3% nazubak 9 1,6% denticulate 9 1.6% iskrzani komadić 28 5,1% splintered piece 28 5,1% vlakno pločica s hrptom 8 1,4% backed bladelet 8 1.4% špilje

duforska pločica 1 0,2% Dufor bladelet 1 0.2% listoliki komadić 2 0,4% leaf-shaped piece 2 0.4% trokut s hrptom 1 0,2% backed triangle 1 0.2% zajednice ulomak s obradbom 39 7,1% retouched fragment 39 7.1% komadić s obradbom 53 9,6% retouched piece 53 9.6%

mezolitičke komadić s tragovima uporabe 236 42,7% piece with trace of use 236 42.7% : UKUPNO: 553 100,0% TOTAL: 553 100.0% bodružić

mario , vujević

Završna faza proizvodnje alatki posvjedočena je The inal phase of tools production is airmed by dario odbojčićima od obradbe i speciičnim ivercima small retouching lakes and speciic burin spalls dubila koji predstavljaju sporedni proizvod which represent a by-product of the retouching obradbe radnog ruba formalne alatke. Njihova of the cutting edge of a formal tool. Their number brojnost upućuje na to da se završna izrada means that the inal phase of the crafting of alatki odvijala unutar špilje. Analiza horizontalne tools proceeded in the cave. The analysis of the disperzije odbojaka od obradbe pokazala je veću horizontal dispersion of retouched lakes showed koncentraciju u kvadratima na južnom dijelu a higher concentration in the squares on the

DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA istraživane površine. To upućuje na zaključak da southern part of the excavated area. This suggests je taj dio procesa izrade bio intenzivniji na dijelu that this phase of the crafting process was more u blizini ulaza. Među odbojcima od obradbe i intensive in the area closer to the entrance. Among ivercima dubila nađeni su komadi koji s dorzalne the retouched lakes and burin splinters, some strane, na proksimalnom ili lateralnom dijelu pieces were also found, which from the dorsal side, (ovisno o kojoj se kategoriji radi), imaju dobro on the proximal and lateral side (depending on vidljivu sitnu obradbu. Oni su uvršteni u tipološku the relevant category) have a clearly visible small klasiikaciju kao ulomci s obradbom (da bi se dobila retouching. They are included in the typological potpunija slika o ukupnom broju formalnih alatki classiication as retouched fragments (to obtain na lokalitetu), ali je njihova prisutnost zanimljivija a more complete picture of the total number of s tehnološke strane jer predstavljaju odbojke formal tools at the site), but their presence is more nastale doradom i modiiciranjem radnog ruba interesting from the technological point of view

20 postojećih alatki. 34 Ostatak ulomaka s obradbom as they represent lakes created by retouching čine dijelovi alatki nastali lomom, dio kojih je and modifying the cutting edge of the existing nakon oštećenja vjerojatno bio odbačen. Može se tools.34 The remainder of the retouched fragments zaključiti da su u litičkom skupu dokumentirane represent segments of tools formed by breakage, gotovo sve faze „životnog ciklusa“ sirovinskog part of which was probably discarded after the materijala, kako proizvodnje, tako i modiiciranja breakage occurred. It can be concluded that in the odnosno popravljanja postojećih i odbacivanja lithic assemblage all the phases of the “life cycle” of oštećenih alatki.35 raw material are present, both the production and

modiication or repairing of the existing as well as 9 - 30 Izdvojena su 23 tipa alatki, od kojih najveću the rejection of the damaged tools.35 zastupljenost imaju komadići s tragovima uporabe koji čine čak 42% alatki. Radi se o neformalnim 23 types of tools have been singled out, among alatkama, odbojcima i sječivima koji na rubovima which pieces with traces of use are the most (najčešće oštrima) imaju sitne tragove nastale represented accounting for as much as 42% of intenzivnijim korištenjem. Osim njih, u većem the tools. These are non-formal tools, flakes and postotku zastupljeni su i različiti komadići s blades which at their edges (usually sharp) have cave obradbom. Različite vrste grebala zastupljene small traces of intensive use. Apart from them vlakno

su s nešto više od 7% udjela. Među njima se there is also a higher percentage of various of najčešće javljaju noktolika i jednostavna grebala retouched fragments. Different kinds of end na odbojku. Deblja grebala rjeđe su zastupljena, a -scrapers account for a little more than 7%. većinom se radi o blanjama.36 Međutim, za većinu Among them the most common are thumbnail communities primjeraka utvrđeno je da se radi o iscrpljenim and simple flake scrapers. Thicker types of end jezgrama koje su došle u upotrebu kao alatke. Tek -scrapers are rather scarce and appear mostly as 36 manji dio možda je izvorno bio odbijen kao veći push planes. However, most examples are mesolithic : odbojak, ali je također poslužio za proizvodnju believed to be exhausted cores which came into manjih pločica prilikom oblikovanja radnog ruba. use as tools. Only a small part may have been bodružić Različita dubila čine brojniju kategoriju. Najčešće originally detached as a larger flake, but they mario su izrađena na sječivu, nešto rjeđe na odbojcima, were also used for the production of smaller , a većinom se radi o transverzalnim i diedričnim bladelets, while the working edge was shaped. vujević dubilima. Iskrzani komadići javljaju se u dvije Various burins account for a larger category. They varijante: kao odbojci ili kao jezgre reducirane do dario kraja. Od ostalih tipova zabilježeni su u različitim

34 This is a good example of how technological and typological methods are two equally important and mutually complementary 34 To je dobar primjer kako su tehnološka i tipološka metoda dva methodological procedures, although sometimes contradictory. jednako važna i međusobno nadopunjiva metodološka postupka, Viewed exclusively from the technological aspect, retouched iako ponekad kontradiktorna. Promatrani isključivo s tehnološke flakes and burin splinters with the residue of retouching on the strane, odbojci od obradbe i iverci dubila s ostatkom obradbe na dorsal side would be placed only to the final phase of the 26/27 DIADORA dorzalnoj strani bili bi samo svrstani u završnu fazu procesa production process along with the other pieces of the same proizvodnje alatke zajedno s ostalim komadima istih tehnoloških technological features. The artefact would be placed in the context osobina. Artefakt bi bio stavljen u kontekst procesa proizvodnje (s of the production process (with the aim of reconstruction) and not ciljem rekonstrukcije) a ne promatran izdvojeno (F. Blaser – R. viewed separately (F. Blaser – R. Videka-Blaser – I. Karavanić, 1999- Videka-Blaser – I. Karavanić, 1999-2000, 367). Primjenom tipološke 2000, 367). In the application of the typological method other metode uzeti su u obzir drugi kriteriji (položaj retuša), čime su criteria are taken into account (retouch position), which classified komadi svrstani među alatke (ulomke s obradbom). Pritom je the pieces among tools (retouched fragments). Here, their special naglašeno i njihovo posebno mjesto u lancu operacija kao place in the chain of operations as a product of a subsequent produkta naknadne modifikacije alatki. modification of the tool has been pointed out. 35 35 I. Karavanić – J. Balen, 2003, 16. I. Karavanić – J. Balen, 2003, 16. 36 36 Blanje se obično smatraju alatkama bliskim kobiličnim Push planes are usually considered as tools similar to keel- grebalima koje ponekad mogu nastati i njihovim krajnjim shaped end-scrapers which can sometimes be created by their reduciranjem; P. Y. Demars – P. Laurent, 1992, 48. ultimate reduction; P. Y. Demars – P. Laurent, 1992, 48.

21 9 - 30 vlakno

špilje

zajednice

mezolitičke :

SL. 3 Mezolitički pokop (fotoskicu izradio D. Vujević) FIG. 3. Mesolithic burial (photo made by D. Vujević). bodružić

mario , količinama još i obrađena sječiva (s većim were most often crafted on blades, less frequently dijelom jednog ili oba lateralna ruba prekrivena on flakes and are usually transverse and dihedral vujević obradbom), zarupci, udubci, nazubci, strugala, burins. Splintered pieces occur in two variants: dario strugalice i svrdla (većinom manjih dimenzija). either as flakes or cores utterly reduced. From the Među komadićima s hrptom prevladavaju other types there are also records of various jednostavne pločice s hrptom. Osim njih javlja se amounts of retouched blades (with most part of i jedan trokut s hrptom.37 Oni se u funkcionalnom one or both lateral edges retouched) truncations smislu obično tumače kao dijelovi za umetanje na notches, denticulates, side-scrapers, raclettes bacačka oružja, možda manja koplja ili strijele.38 and borers (mostly smaller). Among the backed Sličnu funkciju mogla su imati i dva listolika pieces predominant are simple backed bladelets. komadića.39 There is also a backed triangle.37 In terms of their DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA function they are usually interpreted as parts to be inserted in the throwing weapons, perhaps

37 P. Y. Demars – P. Laurent, 1992, 110. Navedeni primjerak nešto je veći od tipoloških standarda. Obično su izrađeni na pločicama, a dužina primjerka iz Vlakna je 36 mm. Međutim, prednost pri klasifikaciji dana je smjeru, kutu i obliku obradbe. 37 P. Y. Demars – P. Laurent, 1992, 110. The above example is 38 S. Kozlowski, 2009, 40; I. Karavanić – J. Balen, 2003, 45. slightly larger than the typological standard. They are usually made on bladelets, and the length of the piece from Vlakno is 36 39 S. Kozlowski, 2009, 76, Fig 2.4.9. Oba primjerka izrađena su na mm. However, in the classification, the advantage was given to the pločicama. direction of the angle, the angle and the shape of crafting.

22 Navedene litičke kategorije izrađene su od smaller arrows or spears.38 Two leaf-shaped pieces različitih vrsta rožnjaka, u velikoj većini lokalnog could have had a similar function.39 porijekla, koje se i danas mogu pronaći na Dugom otoku.40 Osim korištenja različitih vrsta The above-mentioned lithic categories were made rožnjaka za izradu alatki, u Vlaknu je pronađeno of various sorts of chert, mostly of local origin which 20 manjih (dužine od 3 do 5 cm) i isto toliko većih can still be found on Dugi otok today.40 In addition (dužine od 7 do 10 cm) vapnenačkih oblutaka to using diferent species of chert to make tools, 20 koji nisu kamenje kakvo se inače nalazi u špilji small (3 to 5 cm in length) and the same number

i koji vjerojatno potječu iz obližnjih uvala. Iako of larger (7 to 10 cm in length) limestone pebbles 9 - 30 većina predmeta te vrste iz Vlakna nema prostim were found in Vlakno cave, which are not normally okom vidljive tragove, zaravnjene stranice, found in the cave and which probably came from uglačanost ili pak karakteristična oštećenja the nearby bays. Although most limestone pebbles vrhova na pojedinim primjercima nedvojbeno from Vlakno do not have traces visible with naked ukazuju na upotrebu tih predmeta pri različitim eye, lat sides, smoothness or characteristic damage radovima. Budući da su analize za Vlakno tek u to the tips clearly indicate that these items were procesu izrade, možemo se poslužiti analizama used for diferent kinds of work. Since the analyses cave i eksperimentima s drugih nalazišta, gdje se for Vlakno cave are still being carried out, we can

vidi da je takvo kamenje korišteno za struganje make use of the analyses and experiments from the vlakno

of i trljanje, ali i za aktivno i pasivno udaranje other sites, where it can be seen that such stone was (kao udarači, nakovanj, itd.). Moglo je biti used for scraping and rubbing, but also for both upotrebljavano za obradu kože ili razbijanje active and passive striking (such as strikers, anvils, communities kostiju ili, kao kod nalazišta , za etc.). They could have been used for the treatment mrvljenje pigmenta.41 leather or bone breaking or like at the site of Arena 41

Candida for grinding pigment. mesolithic : Koštane izrađevine čine manju skupinu alatki. Sveukupno je unutar Stratuma 2 do

Bone artefacts are a small group of tools. In Stratum bodružić sada pronađeno 14 primjeraka, a svi se mogu 2, a total of 14 examples have been found so far, and mario uvrstiti u kategoriju ubodnih predmeta. Šest they can all be classiied as stabbing tools. Six of , primjeraka je sačuvano u cijelosti, dok je od them have been entirely preserved, while from the vujević ostalih najčešće sačuvan samo distalni kraj. remainder most often the distal end is preserved. For

Za izradu su najčešće korištene rascijepane their production, the diaphysis of the long bones of dario dijafize dugih kostiju jelena, koje su obrađene antlers were commonly used and they were treated i uglačane po cijeloj površini. Dužina u cijelosti and polished over the entire surface. The length of sačuvanih primjeraka ne prelazi 10 cm. Nema the entirely preserved examples does not exceed igala za šivanje, iako se manji broj šila svojim 10 cm. There are no sewing needles, although a dimenzijama i oblikovanjem približavaju tome, smaller number of awls with their dimensions and tako da bismo ih mogli okarakterizirati kao shape are close to them, so that they could be neperforirane igle. characterised as non-perforated needles. DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

38 S. Kozlowski, 2009, 40; I. Karavanić – J. Balen, 2003, 45. 39 S. Kozlowski, 2009, 76, Fig 2.4.9. Both examples are made on plates. 40 40 Analiza sirovinskih osnova trenutno je u tijeku, a navedeni The analysis of the raw material base is currently in progress podaci su poznati autorima iz usmene komunikacije sa Z. and the authors are familiar with the above-mentioned data Perhočom. through oral communication with Z. Perhočom. 41 41 M. Mussi, 2002, 337-338. M. Mussi, 2002, 337-338.

23 5. LJUDSKI OSTACI 5. HUMAN REMAINS

Uz brojne nalaze materijalne kulture prilikom Along with numerous indings in material culture istraživanja špilje Vlakno pronađeni su i ostaci ljudi while researching the cave of Vlakno, the remains of koji su naseljavali špilju.42 Izvrsno sačuvan je kostur people who lived in the cave were also unearthed.42 muškarca, starosti 30 do 40 godina, koji je pronađen A well preserved skeleton of a male person, aged položen u ispruženom položaju u blizini vatrišta between 30 and 43 was found in extended position na hodnoj površini Stratuma 2 (Sl. 3). Prilikom near the hearth on the walking surface of Stratum

9 - 30 istraživanja na vrhu stratuma nisu bili vidljivi 2 (Fig. 3). During the excavation on the top of the tragovi jame, a blizina stropa na toj razini znatno stratum there were no traces of the pit and near the otežava ukapanje. Također, zemlja neposredno ceiling at this level the burial was considerably more uz kostur bila je u potpunosti identična okolnom diicult. Also, the soil immediately next to the skeleton sloju. Stoga se može pretpostaviti da je pokojnik was completely identical to the surrounding layer. bio položen na površinu na kojoj je i pronađen.43 It can be therefore assumed that the deceased had Direktnim datiranjem jedne od kostiju dobiven je been laid on the same surface where he was found.43 datum 7520 kal. god. pr. K.44 Nisu to jedini ljudski By direct dating of one of the bones, the date of 7 520 ostaci iz Vlakna. Na dnu površinskog sloja (Stratum cal. BC was obtained.44 These are not the only human vlakno 1) pronađeni su fragmenti lubanje i manji broj remains at Vlakno. At the bottom of the surface layer špilje drugih kostiju. Za razliku od prethodnog slučaja, (Stratum 1), skull fragments and a small number of te su kosti fragmentirane, razbacane uz rub špilje other bones were also excavated. Unlike the previous

zajednice i ne pokazuju nikakav jasan uzorak rasprostiranja. case, these bones are fragmented, scattered along

Prema analizi M. Šlausa kosti pripadaju jednom the edge of the cave and do not show any clear muškarcu starosti 35 do 50 godina i jednoj mlađoj patterns of spreading. According to the analysis by

mezolitičke 45

: ženskoj osobi. Za te nalaze još uvijek nisu poznati M. Šlaus, the bones belong to a male aged between rezultati datiranja, ali prema stratigrafskom 35 and 50 years and a younger female person.45 The

bodružić results of dating of these indings are not still known, položaju može se pretpostaviti mezolitičko porijeklo. but the stratigraphic position assumes their possible mario , Mesolithic origin. O odnosu prema pokojniku u razdoblju ranog vujević

mezolitika za sada možemo govoriti samo na The burial of the deceased during the early Mesolithic dario osnovi malobrojnih sačuvanih pokopa, pri čemu can only be looked at on the basis of few preserved ne možemo biti sigurni radi li se u tim slučajevima o burials, where one cannot be certain whether these iznimkama ili o pravilu u ponašanju zajednica. Ako cases are an exception or the rule in the behaviour of izuzmemo nalazišta koja sadrže fragmente kostiju, the communities. If the sites which contain fragments pronađen je vrlo mali broj cjelovitih pokopa, of bones are excluded, then a very small number of complete burials have been found, which leaves DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

42 42 Antropološka analiza izvršena je u Odsjeku za arheologiju HAZU, Anthropological analysis was carried out at the Department of a podaci su poznati autorima prema dostavljenom stručnom CASA, and the data are known to the authors izvještaju (M. Šlaus, 2012). Potpuna znanstvena objava rezultata je according to the delivered professional report (M. Šlaus, 2012). The u tijeku. complete scientific publication of the results is in progress. 43 43 Za potpunu potvrdu takve pretpostavke ipak treba pričekati For the full confirmation of this assumption, however, the final konačne rezultate analize sedimenata. results of the sediment analysis should be waited for. 44 44 Beta-311088: 2 Sigma kalibracija: Cal BC 7570 do 7450 (Cal BP Beta-311088: 2 Sigma calibration: Cal BC 7570 to 7450 (Cal BP 9520 do 9400) i Cal BC 7390 do 7380 (Cal BP 9340 do 9330); 1 9520 to 9400) and Cal BC 7390 to 7380 (Cal BP 9340 to 9330); 1 Sigma kalibracija: Cal BC 7530 do 7480 (Cal BP 9480 do 9430). Sigma calibration: Cal BC 7530 to 7480 (Cal BP 9480 to 9430). 45 45 M. Šlaus, 2012. M. Šlaus, 2012.

24 što ostavlja prostor tek za opće zaključke.46 Iz space only for general conclusions.46 From this period, tog razdoblja na prostoru istočne obale Jadrana on the Eastern Adriatic coast there are almost no gotovo da i nema sačuvanih ljudskih ostataka. preserved human remains. Scattered fragments of Razbacani fragmenti kostura pronađeni su u skeletons were found at Kopačina on the island of Kopačini na otoku Braču, a najbogatiji takvom Brač, and the richest in this kind of indings are the vrstom nalaza su slojevi Vele spile na otoku Korčuli, layers of Vela Cave on the island of Korčula, where gdje je pronađeno 5 pokopa.47 Može se primijetiti 5 burials were found.47 It can be noticed that all the da se svi navedeni pokopi nalaze u špiljama, ali above-mentioned burials were found in caves, but

to i ne treba čuditi s obzirom na općenito slabu this should not be surprising given the generally poor 9 - 30 očuvanost kostiju na nalazištima na otvorenom i state of the preservation of bones at open sites and slabu istraženost nalazišta na otvorenom uopće na a poor degree of open-air exploration in the eastern istočnom Jadranu. Adriatic.

Ljudski ostaci daju nam uvid u izički izgled i Human remains give us an insight into the physical osobine zajednica koje su nastanjivale špilju, appearance and features of the communities that a način tretiranja pokojnika daje mogućnost inhabited the cave, and the manner of treating the cave uvida u njihov duhovni svijet. Sačuvani ostaci iz deceased gives us an insight into their spiritual world.

The preserved remains from Vlakno testify to the vlakno

Vlakna govore o općenito dobrim hranidbenim of i zdravstvenim uvjetima. Prisutan je tek blagi generally good nutritional and health conditions. degenerativni osteoartritis, koji nastaje kao There is only mild degenerative osteoarthritis, which produkt kontinuiranog izičkog rada.48 Ekološka occurred as a result of continuous physical work.48 communities i topografska raznolikost dostupna obalnim Ecological and topographic diversity available to mezolitičkim grupama smanjila je hranidbeni coastal Mesolithic groups reduced the feeding and

i sezonski stres, tako da se često navodi da su seasonal stress, so it is often said that the Mesolithic mesolithic : mezolitičke populacije bile zdravije od onih populations were healthier than the ones. neolitičkih. No ovisno o regijama postoje i suprotni However, depending on the region there is evidence bodružić dokazi. Paleoantropološke studije koje ukazuju to the contrary. Palaeo-anthropological studies which mario na periodične nestašice hrane, ozljede i druge point to periodic food shortage, injuries and other , traume, uz visoku smrtnost djece ukazuju da život trauma, along with a high mortality rate in children, vujević i nije bio toliko jednostavan.49 Slične pokazatelje suggest that life was not that simple.49 There are also imamo i za Velu spilu gdje se vidi da je osoba za similar indicators for Vela cave, where it can be seen dario života bolovala od više bolesti, posebno od onih that the person in his/her lifetime sufered from vezanih uz promjene na zubima, kralješcima several diseases, especially those related to changes i drugim kostima, vjerojatno povezanim sa in the teeth, vertebrae and other bones, probably speciičnim načinom prehrane te prekomjernim i associated with the speciic diet and excessive and kontinuiranim izičkim radom.50 continuous physical work.50 DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

46 46 M. Jochim, 2011, 135. M. Jochim, 2011, 135. 47 47 D. Radić, 2005; B. Čečuk – D. Radić, 2005; D. Komšo, 2006. D. Radić, 2005; B. Čečuk – D. Radić, 2005; D. Komšo, 2006. Apsolutna datiranja slojeva u kojima se nalaze ljudski ostaci dala Absolute dating of the layers containing human remains gave the su slijedeće datume: sloj 7/2 (8230 ± 35 BP – VERA-2344), 7/3 (8200 following dates: layer 7/2 (8230±35 BP –VERA-2344), 7/3 (8200±30 ± 30 BP – VERA-2341) i 7/4 (7200 ± 30 BP – VERA-2340). Po njima, BP – VERA-2341) and 7/4 (7200±30 BP – VERA-2340). According to prva dva bi trebalo odrediti u kraj ranog mezolitika, a posljednji u them, the first two should belong to the Early Mesolithic, and the kraj kasnog mezolitika (D. Komšo, 2006, 72-73). last one to the end of the Late Mesolithic (D. Komšo, 2006, 72-73). 48 48 M. Šlaus, 2012. M. Šlaus, 2012. 49 49 M. Pluciennik, 2008, 352. M. Pluciennik, 2008, 352. 50 50 D. Radić, 2005, 334-335; 2005a, 54-55. D. Radić, 2005, 334-335; 2005a, 54-55.

25 Duhovni svijet mezolitičkih zajednica mnogo je The spiritual world of Mesolithic communities is teže protumačiti. Ljudski pristup smrti poprilično much more diicult to interpret. Human approach varira, a materijalno je izražen na brojne načine to death varies, and materially it is expressed in i ovisan je o brojnim općim, ali i individualnim many ways and depends on a number of general promišljanjima. U brojnim špiljama postoje dokazi and individual considerations. In many caves there o postojanju vremenskog ili barem prostornog is evidence of the existence of temporal or at odmaka između funerarnih i naseobinskih least spatial separation between the funerary and dijelova.51 U Vlaknu je iz sedimentacije slojeva residential areas.51 From the sedimentology of the

9 - 30 primjetno da je nakon pokopa zajednica napustila Vlakno layers it is noticeable that after the burial the špilju, što je donekle i logično ako se uzme da je community left the cave, which seems to be quite riječ o manjem životnom prostoru. logical, considering this was a small living space.

Nalazi iz Vlakna ukazuju i na različite odnose The indings from Vlakno also point to diferent burial prema pokojnicima. Iako je često naglašavano of the deceased. Although it has often been empha- da su stanovnici špilja jednostavno ostavljani sised that cave dwellers were simply left on the cave na podu, treba postaviti pitanje bi li pojedini loor, the question should be asked whether indi- mezolitički kosturi, a među njima i ovaj iz Vlakna, vidual Mesolithic skeletons, including the one from vlakno ostali tako sačuvani a da nisu imali neku zaštitu. Vlakno, would have been so well preserved without

špilje Uz očuvanost, i način kalciiciranja kostiju može being protected in some way. Along with the preser-

ukazivati na to da je pokojnik mogao biti pokriven vation, the way of bone calciication may also indicate tanjim slojem zemlje. S druge strane, razbacanost that the deceased could have been covered with a zajednice ljudskih kostiju u Stratumu 1 pokazuje da thin layer of soil. On the other hand, the scattered hu- su pokojnici ponekad zaista i bili položeni ili man bones in Stratum 1 show the dead were some-

mezolitičke ostavljeni na tlu bez pokrivanja zemljom, i da su times really laid or just left on the ground without be- : naknadnim korištenjem špilje od strane životinja ing covered with soil, and that by the subsequent use ili ljudi njihovi ostaci dislocirani. Na takav odnos ne of the cave either by animals or humans their remains bodružić

treba nužno gledati kao na nebrigu o pokojnicima, were dislocated. This should not necessarily be seen mario

, nego to može biti posljedica brojnih okolnosti, as disregard for the dead; this may have been due to a primjerice drugačijeg poimanja smrti, ili drugačijih number of circumstances such as a diferent concept vujević rituala, a ne treba niti isključiti mogućnosti da su of death, or diferent rituals, but the possibility should

dario pokojnici iz Stratuma 1 bili jedini stanovnici špilje not be ruled out that the deceased from Stratum 1 u to vrijeme i da su jednostavno ostali na mjestu were the only residents of the cave at the time and gdje su umrli a da ih nitko nije pokopao. they simply remained in the place where they died without anyone to bury them. 6. ZAKLJUČNA RAZMATRANJA 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS Na prostoru istočnog Jadrana mali je broj nalazišta sa slojevima iz vremena ranog mezolitika koji se In the area of the eastern Adriatic, there is a DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA mogu usporediti s Vlaknom.52 Najbolja usporedba small number of sites with layers from the Early Mesolithic, comparable to Vlakno.52 The best

51 P. Arias et al., 2009, 654; P. Arias – E. Álvarez-Fernandez, 2004, 51 236. P. Arias et al., 2009, 654; P. Arias – E. Álvarez-Fernandez, 2004, 236. 52 52 Zbog novih analiza špilje Kopačine na otoku Braču koje Due to the analyses of Kopačine cave on the island of Brač, slojevima, nekoć datiranima u vrijeme ranog mezolitika, pripisuju which attribute to the layers, previously dated to the Early kasnoglacijalni i epigravetijenski karakter, trenutno nije moguća Mesolithic, a late glacial and Epigravettian character, it is currently usporedba sa Stratumom 2 iz Vlakna; v. N. Vukosavljević et al., impossible to make a comparison with Stratum 2 of Vlakno; see N. 2011, 12. Vukosavljević et al., 2011, 12.

26 može se povući s nalazištem Vela spila na otoku comparison can be made with the site of Vela Korčuli, gdje bi prema dobivenim apsolutnim cave on the island of Korčula, where according datumima i nalazima, Stratumu 2 najbolje to the obtained absolute dates and inds, layer odgovarao sloj 7/2.53 Privreda s dominacijom riba, 7/2 would best correspond to Stratum 2.53 The školjaka i puževa, uz manju količinu životinjskih economy which was dominated by ish, shellish kostiju (s većim postotkom ostataka sitnih zvijeri) and sea snails, with a small amount of land animal gotovo u potpunosti odgovara stanju u Vlaknu. bones (with a higher percentage of the remains of Jednostavna i dobro obrađena koštana oruđa small carnivores), almost completely corresponds

tipološki i tehnološki odgovaraju onima iz Stratuma to Vlakno. Simple and well-worked bone tools, 9 - 30 2. Jedina veća razlika je u količini kremenih nalaza, typologically and technologically match those koja je u Veloj spili manja, ali unutar tog skupa from Stratum 2. The only major diference is the nalaza može se, kao i kod Vlakna, primijetiti sličan, amount of lithic indings, which in Vela cave is mali postotak obrađenih primjeraka (10%).54 smaller, but within this assemblage of indings, like at Vlakno, a similar smaller percentage of Paralele možemo povući s nalazištem Pupićina peć retouching examples may be noticed (10%).54 u Istri, gdje su slojevi ranog mezolitika potvrđeni cave apsolutnim datumima koji određuju boravak ljudi Parallels can be drawn with the site of Pupićina Cave

in Istria, where the layers of the Early Mesolithic were vlakno u tom nalazištu između 10000 i 7500 godina prije of sadašnjosti.55 Analiza faune upućuje na to da su conirmed by absolute dates which determined that se strategije opstanka temeljile na lovu raznolike people resided at this site between 10,000 and 7,500 divljači, skupljanju kopnenih i morskih puževa, years before present.55 The analysis of fauna suggests communities morskih školjaka i biljaka. Veći postotak lovnih that the survival strategies were based on hunting vrsta razlikuje se od Vlakna, ali posljedica je to various game, gathering land and sea snails, shell-

kako geografskog položaja Pupićine peći, tako i ish and plants. A greater number of hunting species mesolithic : karaktera nalazišta. Naime, za razliku od Vlakna, is diferent from Vlakno, which is a consequence of prikupljeni nalazi upućuju na to da je Pupićina peć both the geographical position of Pupićina cave bodružić bila korištena za dugotrajniji boravak, vjerojatno and the character of the site. Namely, in contrast to mario kao glavno sezonsko stanište šire zajednice Vlakno, the collected indings indicate that Pupićina , unutar regionalnog sistema naselja.56 Razlike u cave was used for a longer stay, probably as the main vujević ekonomskoj osnovi i u karakteru nalazišta odrazile seasonal habitat of a wider community within the 56 su se i na litičku produkciju, kod koje je primjetna regional settlement system. Diferences in the eco- dario mala učestalost šiljaka i pločica s hrptom te visoka nomic basis and the character of the settlement also učestalost transformacijskih alatki. Relativno se relected on the lithic production, where the low inci- često javljaju mikrodubila koja nisu pronađena u dence of points and backed baldelets is noticeable as Stratumu 2 Vlakna. well as high incidence of transformation tools. Micro- burins, not found in Stratum 2 at Vlakno, in Pupićina Još jedno nalazište u Istri je pogodno za cave occur relatively frequently. usporedbu. Riječ je o Abri Šebrn, gdje apsolutne DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA datacije smještaju boravak mezolitičkih zajednica Another site in Istria is suitable for comparison. This is Abri Šebrn, where absolute dates place the stay of Mesolithic communities in the period of around

53 53 B. Čečuk – D. Radić, 2005, 56-57. B. Čečuk – D. Radić, 2005, 56-57. 54 54 B. Čečuk – D. Radić, 2005, 56-57. B. Čečuk – D. Radić, 2005, 56-57. 55 55 D. Komšo, 2006, 60. D. Komšo, 2006, 60. 56 56 D. Komšo, 2006, 62. D. Komšo, 2006, 62.

27 u razdoblje oko 8400-7610 kal. god. pr. Kr.57 8400-7610 cal. BC.57 The comparison between Usporedba Vlakna i Abri Šebrna posebno je Vlakno and Abri Šern is particularly suitable pogodna na razini litičkih artefakata. Primjećuje se at the level of lithic artefacts. Their numbers, sličnost u zastupljenosti, tehnološkim i tipološkim technological and typological characteristics are karakteristikama. U Abri Šebrn prikupljeno je više similar. In Abri Šern, more than a thousand of od tisuću kremenih izrađevina, od čega 10% otpada lithic artefacts have been found, of which 10% are na obrađene primjerke. Od alatki najzastupljenije retouching. Among the tools the most common su one s jednostavnom linearnom obradom, zatim are simple linear tools, then hunting tools and

9 - 30 alatke za lov te grebala, dubila, svrdla, zarupci, scrapers, borers, burins, notches, splintered pieces udubci, iskrzani komadić i kombinirane alatke.58 and composite tools.58

Špilja Vlakno, iako tek u početnom stupnju The cave of Vlakno, although only in the istraživanja, predstavlja vrijedan izvor podataka o initial stage of research, is a valuable source razdoblju mezolitika, koje tek u posljednje vrijeme of information about the Mesolithic period, istraživanjima nalazišta u Istri i na Korčuli dobiva which only recently, with the research in Istria važnost kakvu zaslužuje.59 U daljnjim istraživanjima, and on Korčula, has assumed the importance osim na Vlakno, pažnja će biti usmjerena na it deserves.59 Future research, in addition to vlakno šire područje zadarskog otočja. Na osnovi Vlakno, will focus its attention on the wider area

špilje analiza pojedinih jadranskih nalazišta možemo of the Zadar archipelago. Based on the analysis of

pretpostaviti postojanje dinamičnih mreža, s individual Adriatic sites, we can assume that there nalazištima korištenima za različite specijalizirane are dynamic networks, with sites used for various zajednice svrhe, okupljenima oko naseobinskih nalazišta na specialised purposes gathered around settlement strateškim lokacijama.60 Dakle, Vlakno bi trebalo biti sites in strategic locations.60 Thus, Vlakno should

mezolitičke samo dio jednog većeg sustava korištenja prostora. be just one part of a larger system of the use of : Sukladno tomu sasvim je realno otkrivanje novih space. Accordingly, it seems quite realistic to mezolitičkih nalazišta na Dugom otoku ili otocima discover new Mesolithic sites on the island of Dugi bodružić

oko njega. Niti morska razdaljina nije ograničenje. otok or the islands around it. The sea distance does mario

, Kao što pokazuju nalazi iz Vele spile, pučinska not impose a limit to it. As the indings from Vela plovidba, pa i navigacija između dviju jadranskih Cave indicate, maritime navigation, including that vujević obala, znatno je starija od vremena početaka between the two coasts of the Adriatic is much 61 dario neolitizacije.61 Trenutno dostupne antropološke older than the beginning of Neolithic. Currently analize trebale bi biti upotpunjene analizama available anthropological analysis should be DNA i stabilnih izotopa, što će dati nove podatke o completed by the DNA and stable isotope analysis, životu zajednice, a dobiveni podatci poslužit će za which will provide new data on the life of the usporedbu s ostalim nalazištima i upotpuniti sliku community, and the obtained data will be used o vremenu mezolitika na Mediteranu. to make a comparison with the other sites and complete the picture of the Mesolithic period in the Mediterranean. DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

57 57 D. Komšo, 2006, 67. D. Komšo, 2006, 67. 58 58 D. Komšo, 2006, 67. D. Komšo, 2006, 67. 59 59 D. Komšo, 2006. D. Komšo, 2006. 60 60 D. Komšo, 2009, 294. D. Komšo, 2009, 294. 61 61 D. Radić, 2005, 339. D. Radić, 2005, 339.

28 TABLA 1 / PLATE 1 9 - 30 cave

vlakno

of

communities

mesolithic : bodružić

mario , vujević

dario DIADORA 26/27 DIADORA

29 Literatura/Bibliography

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