Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83654-8 — Development, (Dual) Citizenship and Its Discontents in Africa Robtel Neajai Pailey Index More Information

Index

accountability, 138, 139, 191, 193, 218 Armed Forces of Liberia, 6, 99, 114, Accra, 3, 7, 22, 23–24, 26, 28–34, 38, 120, 188, 222 52, 61, 62, 64–65, 66–68, 70–73, army, 180, 182, 188, 189, 190 80–82, 83, 93, 97, 102–104, 127, Association for Constitutional 129, 153–154, 156–159, 161, 164, Democracy in Liberia, 6, 44, 129 171, 175, 198, 210 asylum, 123, 144, 149, 150, 151 activist, 47, 72, 76, 126, 214 Atlantic Ocean, 147, 222 actor-oriented analysis, 4, 18–19, 23, authenticity, 146, 166, 177 36–39, 40–42, 46, 49, 138 autochthony, 13, 149 Afghanistan, 198 Ayers, Eli, 110, 140 African American, 156, 171 African Continental Free Barclay Plan, 114, 115 Trade Area, 93 Barclay, Arthur, 114 African Union, 12, 89 Bassa, 68, 111, 113 Afrobarometer, 36, 52, 58, 63, 84, 104 Benin, 90, 92, 167, 208 age of majority, 8, 56, 88, 91, 113, 142, birthplace, 8, 15, 54, 55, 61, 82, 86, 89, 162, 233 142, 162, 177, 232 agency (capacity to act), 36–38, 42, 46, blackness, 60, 61, 82, 89 118, 125, 137–138, 146, 174, 183, bloodline, 54, 56, 61, 82, 89, 142 185, 197, 209, 226 Bosnia, 14, 231 Agenda for Transformation, 186, 196 Botswana, 90, 208 agriculture, 1, 14, 69, 76, 88 brain drain, 150, 205 aid, 78, 128, 206, 207, 209–210, 225, Brima, Thomas, 26, 80, 102, 157 232 Buduburam Refugee Camp, 22, 34, 47, Algeria, 89, 90, 208 72, 158, 175 Aliens and Nationality Law (of Liberia), Bureau of Immigration and 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 19, 25, 50, Naturalisation, 189 54, 55, 56, 83, 87, 88, 142, Burkina Faso, 90, 92, 122, 147, 208 162, 163, 226, 227, 228, Burundi, 90, 199, 208 231, 234 Allen, C William, 25, 65, 187, 205 Cameroon, 12, 54, 90, 91, 208, 229 Allison, Nee, 26, 79 capability, 37, 43, 138 amendments, 9, 10, 90, 227 capacity, 33, 45, 61, 69, 81, 92, 169, American Colonisation Society, 4, 35, 184, 185, 187–188, 190, 191, 194, 110, 147, 218 195, 197, 202, 213 ancestry, 8, 51, 55 capacity building, 53, 67, 71–72, 73, Angola, 90, 208, 231 133, 187 ArcelorMittal, 194, 221 Cape Verde, 89, 90, 92

266

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83654-8 — Development, (Dual) Citizenship and Its Discontents in Africa Robtel Neajai Pailey Index More Information

Index 267

capital (city), 3, 22, 32–33, 48 130, 131, 132, 143, 149, 152, 157, capital (financial and other resources), 177, 178, 181, 185, 198, 204, 206, 45, 59, 82, 88, 93, 105, 107, 115, 208, 212, 219, 226, 229, 232, 233 121, 124, 169, 173, 174, 193, 199, class, 14, 54, 100, 118, 133, 136 205, 209 Coalition of Concerned Liberians, 35, capital flight, 36, 206, 211–213 68 capitalism, 3 colonialism, 13, 91, 115, 223, 232 Caribbean, 2, 5, 59, 113, 147, 148, 156 colony, 115 Central Africa, 2, 90 combatants, 74, 123, 125, 126, 182 Central African Republic, 12, 90, 208, commerce, 1, 201 231 Comoros, 89, 90, 208 Central Bank of Liberia, 206, 211, Comprehensive Peace Agreement, 7, Central Intelligence Agency, 6, 179 138 Chad, 90, 208, 231 compulsion, 48, 103, 146, 164 chief, 60, 110 concession, 136, 194, 214, 221 China, 194, 231 concessionaires, 194 Chinese, 56, 57, 58, 71, 231, 232 conditionalities, 183, 197, 203 choice, 48, 49, 52, 58, 146, 173, 174, conflict, 3–4, 11, 12, 18, 19, 31, 37, 39, 177, 227 44, 46, 48, 72, 100, 106, 109, Christianity, 1, 114, 117 110–112, 121, 122–123, 129–131, Christian, 112, 117 133, 135, 138, 140–141, 143–144, citizen–citizen relations, 18, 19, 70, 150–151, 154, 162, 165, 173, 176, 76–77, 78, 79, 81–82, 89, 111, 181, 184, 189, 196, 215, 223, 226, 128–129, 138, 182, 184, 192, 197, 228, 231, 252 219, 224 armed conflict, 7, 10, 20, 21, 34, 52, citizenship 80, 123, 124–126, 127, 128, 129, active citizenship, 19, 20, 52, 61, 62, 131, 138, 145, 149, 151–152, 65, 186, 219, 223, 224 158–159, 163, 166, 171, 177, 185, citizenship construction, 11, 13, 204, 209, 221, 231, 234 18–19, 21, 33, 42, 49, 85, 105, conflict triangle, 111, 229 111, 149, 181, 185, 202, 208, 220 Congo Republic, 90, 208 citizenship laws, 5, 12, 24, 89, 93, Congo River basin, 2, 147 199, 232 Congress (US), 35, 170 citizenship practices, 4, 14, 66–67, Constitution (1986), 5, 8, 9, 11, 25, 53, 68, 71, 73–75, 77, 78, 83, 206, 226 54, 55, 83, 88, 93, 96, 114, 125, citizenship rights, 6, 86, 87, 118, 180 129, 137, 163, 173, 199, 226, 227, citizenship triad (Liberian), 229–230 228, 231, 233 country of citizenship, 32 Constitution Review Committee, 8 exclusionary citizenship, 11, 157 consumption, 68, 93, 117, 119, 209, non-resident citizenship, 11, 12, 210 19–20, 35, 89, 92 contact tracing, 224, 225 passive citizenship, 19 contestations, 3, 11, 12, 23, 46, 48, 95, transnational citizenship, 12, 16, 37, 111, 143, 163, 206, 230 66–67, 70, 129, 140, 206, 226, 234 continuum, 3, 19, 52, 53–54, 60, 62, Civil Service Agency, 25, 134, 187 65, 66, 82, 146, 162, 177 civil society, 33, 44, 75, 189, 214 contributions, 3, 11, 21, 44, 62–63, 66, civilisation, 1, 116, 117, 132 82, 88, 100, 102, 123, 134, 140, claims, 2, 4, 11, 12, 13, 16–17, 19, 24, 185, 197, 202, 204, 211, 214, 227 25, 31, 37, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, Corkrum, Ellen, 180, 200, 217–218, 62, 86, 87, 93, 95, 109, 111, 120, 219

268 Index

corruption, 101, 105, 191, 209, diasporas, 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16–17, 20, 213–214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 23–26, 31, 34, 35, 37–38, 39, 220, 228 42–46, 49, 69, 72–74, 80, 81, 83, Côte d’Ivoire, 6–7, 12, 14, 34, 90, 92, 87, 89, 92, 94–95, 100, 102, 129, 122, 126, 147, 152–154, 155, 196, 131, 140, 152, 178, 186, 198–199, 208 201, 202–203, 204–205, 206, 208, countries of origin, 13, 16, 42, 44, 80, 210–211, 212, 213, 219, 227, 228, 208 233, 234–235 county, 69, 71, 192, 195, 196, 224 ‘near’ diasporas, 33, 65, 97, 164 Bong County, 76, 84, 190, 205, 225 ‘wider’ diasporas, 33, 68 Grand Bassa County, 148 dichotomy of diasporic Grand Gedeh County, 207 developmentalism, 20, 181, Lofa County, 126 204, 219 Montserrado County, 225 disease, 221, 222, 224 Nimba County, 121, 126, 205, 221 displacement, 145 Sinoe County, 194 divided loyalties, 99, 101, 104–105 sixteenth county, 95, 198–199 Djibouti, 90, 208 coup, 6, 104, 118, 120, 121, 133, 149, Doe, Samuel Kanyon, 6, 120, 179 150, 152, 162, 172 donors, 4, 33, 42, 75, 181–182, 183, crisis, 52, 115, 118, 122, 128, 136, 141, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 193, 196, 169, 195, 223, 226 197–198, 202–203, 207, 213, 222 crisis of citizenship, 111, 135, Drug Enforcement Agency, 189 137–138, 140, 221, 231 Dual Citizen and Nationality Act (of Liberia), 9, 99, 223, 228 Dan, 111 duties, 3, 60, 63, 64, 65, 82, 83, 85, 96, debt, 191 121, 185, 208 Deferred Enforced Departure, 27, 79, 150 East Africa, 90, 145 Dei, 111, 113 Ebola, 20, 190, 195, 220–226, deliverables, 182, 186–187, 188, 206 228, 234 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 12, Economic Community of West African 54, 91, 229 States, 12, 34, 92, 103, 122, 149, dependency, 41, 124, 209 195 deregulation, 185 economic revitalisation, 7, 182, 187, development 191 development actors, 4, 11, 101, 129 education, 6, 30, development intervention, 19, 42, 85, Egypt, 47, 90, 208 101–102, 104, 107, 177 elections, 6–8, 62, 67, 74–75, 101, 118, development policy, 3, 45, 226 122, 125, 190, 199, 229 development practices, 4, 82 electricity, 195–196 economic development, 12, 224, 231 elites, 6, 73, 92, 116–117, 150, 198, post-war development, 19, 34, 35, 199, 203–204 81, 85, 106, 181, 182, 185–186, embassy, 23, 26, 67, 72, 78–82, 97, 191, 195, 198, 203, 204, 208, 213, 126, 150, 158 215, 234 emigrants, 2, 12–13, 16, 24, 92, 157, sustainable development, 209 219 diamonds, 122, 123, 124 emigration, 3, 6–7, 12, 13, 16, 21, diaspocracy, 20, 181, 198, 199, 202, 24, 127, 142–143, 147, 151, 215, 218 152, 154, 162, 171 diaspocrat, 199 eminent domain, 136–137

Index 269

employment, 30–31, 76, 88, 117, 155, Global South, 3, 33, 65, 72, 91, 118, 159, 168, 196, 218 157, 167, 171, 208, 228 Equatorial Guinea, 90, 91, 208, 229, Global Witness, 124 231 globalisation, 15, 19, 85–86, 87, 89, Eritrea, 90, 91, 229 105, 227 eSwatini, 89, 90, See Swaziland Gola, 111, 113 Ethiopia, 17, 90, 91–92, 167, 208, 229 gold, 54, 118, 147 ethnicity, 11, 14, 30, 54, 118, 120–121, governance, 7, 17, 53, 67, 74–75, 138 101, 112, 124, 137, 182, 187, Europe, 11, 33–34, 38, 72, 96, 104, 191, 192, 193, 196, 205, 228, 115, 147, 149, 152–154, 164, 167, 232–233 182, 198, 199, 217 Governance and Economic European Federation of Liberian Management Assistance Associations, 35, 67, 81 Programme, 190 European Union, 134, 167 Governance Commission, 6, 25, 60 exclusion, 3, 13, 20, 86, 125, 218 government–citizen relations, 5, 18, 20, exile, 4, 46, 117, 131, 145–146, 176, 198 70, 75, 78, 79–80, 81–82, 121, extradition, 179–180 124, 126–127, 128, 136–137, 139–140, 183–184, 185, 192, Fernando Po, 115 193–194, 195, 197, 202, 204, 213, ﬁeldwork, 20, 32, 38 215, 224 multi-sited ﬁeldwork, 19, 23 graft, 20, 36, 214, 215 Firestone (Tire and Rubber Company), Grebo, 111, 113, 114 124, 187 Green Card (US), 166, 175, 217 force (compulsion), 48, 174, 177, 227 grievances, 36, 122, 125, 135, 158, 221 foreigner, 55, 91, 103, 154, 157, 159 Guinea, 7, 34, 55, 90, 92, 96, 123, 147, Forestry Development Authority, 200 148, 154, 208, 221, 223 fraud, 101, 105, 214, 218, 220 Guinea Bissau, 90, 92, 208 Freetown, 3, 22–24, 26, 28–34, 38, 51, 52, 61, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70–71, 72, habitus,41 80, 81, 83, 93–94, 95, 97, 102–104, Haiti, 201 153–154, 157, 161, 164, 170, 198 health, 61, 67, 68, 71, 73, 193, 195, 197, 204, 222, 224, 225 Gabon, 89, 90, 208 healthcare, 116, 222, 224 Gambia, 50, 54, 90, 92, 127, 154, 208 public health, 195, 221, 223–224, Gbandi, 111, 114, 146–147 234 gender, 9, 14, 28, 31, 54, 56, 76, 86, 88, heart, 52–53, 58, 60–61, 97–98, 104, 196, 233 128, 144–145, 204, 216, 219, General Auditing Commission, 191 234–235 General Services Agency, 179 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries, 183 genocide, 199, 231 hegemony, 6, 119, 179 Ghana, 3, 7, 22, 23, 26, 34, 44, 47, 65, hinterland, 6, 54, 111, 112–117 71–72, 81, 90, 92–94, 103, 139, homeland, 2, 7, 11, 12, 16–17, 19, 24, 148, 154, 156, 157–159, 164, 167, 27, 31–32, 33, 35–37, 39, 42–43, 171, 173, 175–176, 188, 198, 208, 44–46, 49, 58, 61, 62–64, 65, 68, 210 72–74, 75–76, 77, 83, 85, 89–91, Gio, 111, 113, 121, 122, 146 92, 96, 100, 104, 105–106, 108, global city, 33, 167 132, 133–134, 149, 152, 154, 159, Global North, 33, 34, 56, 103, 164, 164, 198–199, 201, 202, 204–205, 167, 171 208–209

270 Index

homeland (cont.) Jalloh, Alvin Teage, 9, 228 homelanders, 23, 29, 31, 37, 57, 65, Janus-face, 46, 213, 219 74–76, 96, 97, 104, 105, 109, 132, Johnson, Prince, 122, 138 134–135, 164, 171, 202, 204, 205, Johnson, Wesley Momo, 26, 78, 119 213, 218 jus sanguinis, 15, 50, 52–54, 56, 82, 88, hospital, 69, 71, 190, 225 89–91, 98, 101, 142, 145, hostland, 45, 177 160–161, 162, 177, 232–233, 234 House of Representatives (Liberian), 9, jus soli, 15, 32, 50, 53, 54–55, 56, 82, 99, 116 89–91, 96, 98, 101, 142, 145, 152, 160–162, 177, 232, 234 identity, 1, 2, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17–18, 19, justice, 76, 138, 139, 192–193, 196 40, 42–43, 51, 52–53, 60, 66, 78, injustice, 234 82, 92, 102, 106, 138, 144, 148, transitional justice, 74–75, 111, 130, 163–164, 165, 172, 175, 182, 184, 133, 137, 139, 140, 181, 227 223, 227, 229–231, 234 ethnic identity, 30, 86 Kagame, Paul, 199 legal identity, 14, 54, 163 Kaikai, Ansumana Jaia, 93 national identity, 5, 12, 16, 45, 65, Kamara, Shaki, 190, 222 103, 113, 116, 145, 157, 185 Kenya, 50, 90, 92, 96, 162–163, 167, immigrants, 58, 70, 149, 156, 164, 171, 208 231 King Peter, 110, 218 immigration, 13, 21, 57–58, 82, 83, King, Charles DB, 115 142, 147–148, 152, 160, 163, 164, Kissi, 111, 148 170, 171, 173, 175, 177, 230, 232 kleptocracy, 215 impunity, 101, 138, 213, 216, 218 knowledge, 14, 38–39, 44, 61, 72, 97, inclusion, 3, 13, 85, 86, 89 113, 155, 201, 205 income, 30–31, 68, 69, 73, 75, 111, knowledgeability, 37, 43, 138 130, 133–135, 140, 181, 196, 199, Kpelle, 111, 113, 114, 146, 148 209, 227 Krahn, 111, 120, 121 independence, 1, 5, 12, 13, 15, 69, 79, Krio, 30 91–92, 110, 112, 115, 122, 140, 148 Kru, 55, 111, 113, 114, 148 India, 17, 231 Kupee, Sumo G, 9, 93 Indian, 51, 56, 57–58, 231–232 indigeneity, 11 labour, 1, 6, 76, 113, 115, 119, 120, indigenes, 2, 5, 7, 110, 111–115, 196, 218, 228 116–117, 118, 130, 226 land, 2, 58, 59–60, 63, 64, 69, 76, 104, inequalities, 5, 7, 31, 39, 130, 135, 223 110, 111–112, 116, 117, 124, 130, infrastructure, 7, 14, 73, 80, 105, 116, 135–137, 138, 140, 146, 149, 170, 126–127, 182, 187, 193–196, 200, 175, 181, 193, 218, 227, 229 210 communal land, 117, 137 interface, 38–39, 43, 45, 46, 85, 108, customary land, 112, 136 111, 130, 136, 183, 223–224 Land Authority, 136 internally displaced persons, 149 Land Commission, 111, 136 International Monetary Fund, 34, 181 Land Rights Act, 112, 136–137, intersectionality, 54 140, 227 investment, 44, 63, 67, 78, 93, 100, land tenure, 76, 111, 112, 113, 133, 168, 194, 208, 209, 232 135, 136, 137, 140 Iraq, 198 Law Reform Commission, 8, 232 iron ore, 5, 118, 124, 218, 221 lawmakers, 9, 88, 96 Islam, 54 League of Nations, 115

Index 271

Lebanese, 27, 50, 57–59, 132, 137, 131, 153–154, 155, 161, 164, 165, 231–232 166–168, 172, 174, 198, 227 Lebanon, 231 Lorma, 111, 146, 147 Legislature (of Liberia), 9, 84, 99, 113, 116, 195, 199, 229, 232 Madagascar, 91, Lesotho, 89, 90, 208 Malawi, 90, 208, 231 liberalisation, 92, 185 Mali, 54, 90, 92, 147, 188, 208, 231 Liberia Mandingo, 51, 54–55, 111, 127, 147 Liberia Airport Authority, 180, 200 Mano, 111, 121, 122, 147 Liberia Anti-Corruption Mano River Union, 12, 34, 157, 221 Commission, 180, 192 Marxism, 41 Liberia Emergency Capacity Building Massalay, Abel, 9 Support, 133, 187 Mauritania, 90 Liberia Extractive Industries Mauritius, 90, 208 Transparency Initiative, 75, 192 Mende, 111, 147 Liberia Maritime Authority, 200 metaphysics, 146, 163, 177, 260 Liberia National Police, 99, nomadic metaphysic, 143 189, 225 sedentarist metaphysic, 144, 145, Liberia Petroleum and Reﬁning 171, 174 Company, 200, 215 migrants, 1, 33–34, 72–74, 80, 86, Liberia Rising 2030, 67, 81, 146–147, 154, 157, 171, 208, 209, 196, 198 233 Liberia Telecommunications migration, 4, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19–20, 23, Authority, 215 31, 33, 35, 37, 48, 58, 80, 86, 105, Liberia’sofﬁcial seal, 1, 20 107, 109, 118, 131, 135, 141, Liberian Community Association in 142–143, 144, 146–148, 152–154, the Washington Metropolitan 157, 158, 160, 162, 165, 167–168, Area, 26, 79 171, 173–174, 177, 198, 226, 233 Liberian Frontier Force, 114 return migration, 7, 25, 132, 135, Liberian government, 11, 18, 25, 34, 146, 152, 154 39, 67–70, 72–73, 77, 79, 80, military, 6, 17, 66, 89–91, 114, 118, 81–82, 83, 102, 108, 158, 180, 120–121, 122–123, 150, 188, 189 185–186, 191, 196, 197, 206, 213, ministry (Liberian) 221–222, 228 Ministry of Agriculture, 215 Liberian Supreme Court, 91, 228 Ministry of Defence, 190 Liberianness, 27, 34, 55, 61, 66, 82, Ministry of Education, 215 103, 116, 156 Ministry of Finance, 183 Liberians United for Reconciliation Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 50 and Democracy, 123 Ministry of Internal Affairs, 192 Lift Liberia, 98, 181, 182, 186, 188, Ministry of Justice, 214 192, 193, 195, 196, 200, 206, See Ministry of Lands, Mines, and Poverty Reduction Strategy Energy, 215 liberty, 1–2, 113, 139, 146 Ministry of Public Works, 194, 200 Libya, 6, 90, 122, 208 Ministry of State for Presidential life-worlds, 4, 19, 23, 24, 36–37, 38, 40, Affairs, 201 41,43,51,108,111,135,163,223, Minnesota, 79, 149, 198 228 mobility, 15, 142–146, 148, 152, 227 London, 3, 23–24, 26, 28–35, 52, 54, 56, modernisation, 41 59, 60–61, 66–71, 72, 78, 83, 93, 98, modernity, 3 99–101, 103–104, 127–128, 130, Mohamed, Mohamed Abdullahi, 199

272 Index

Monrovia, 3, 10, 23–24, 27–34, 47, Negro descent, 5–6, 8, 57, 58, 89, 51–54, 55, 56–57, 59, 61, 65, 66, 104, 116, 118, 232 69, 71, 73–74, 79, 82, 97, 104, neoliberalism, 232 117, 121–122, 123, 131, 137, 139, New Deal for Engagement in Fragile 142, 143, 144, 161, 162, 164, 166, States, 196, 197 170, 172, 173–174, 176, 190, New Jersey, 79 195–196, 205, 207, 209–210, New York, 32, 79, 149, 225 221–222, 224–225, 227 New Zealand, 165 Morocco, 12, 90, 167, 208 Ngafuan, Augustine, 25, 65, 131, 183 movement, 16, 34, 86, 93, 101, 105, Niger, 90, 92, 208 120, 142–143, 146, 222 Nigeria, 7, 12, 44, 54, 90, 92, 123, 128, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, 154, 165, 172, 188, 208 123 nomadism, 143, 145 Movement for Justice in Africa, 119 non-governmental organisations, 73, Mozambique, 90, 208 85, 211 multinationals, 5, 33, 75, 100, 117, norms, 5, 14, 15, 19, 50, 56, 85, 89, 136–137, 193, 208 105, 108, 114, 177, 226, 234 Muslim, 232 North Africa, 90, 145 North America, 33–34, 35, 38, 72, 96, Namibia, 90, 167, 208 198, 199 nation, 6, 15, 16, 20, 44, 53, 60, 65, Northern Ireland, 231 97–99, 193, 196, 204, 206, 231 nation-building, 3, 53, 61, 110, obligations, 3, 10, 16–17, 29, 64–65, 184–185, 197, 198, 219, 220, 83, 95, 175, 185, 206, 229 222–223, 227, 234 one-size-ﬁts-all, 20, 182, 220 nation-state, 8, 14–15, 16, 20–21, 37, Open Door Policy, 5, 123 43, 64, 103, 105, 110, 115, 126, opposition, 26, 39, 91, 93, 102, 111, 149, 152, 226, 231 119–120, 140, 228 National Elections Commission, 232 Organisation of African Unity, 119 National Investment Commission, 25, 215 palm oil, 113, 118, 136 National Patriotic Front of Liberia, 122 pan-Africanism, 88 National Port Authority, 200, 215 pan-Africanist, 103 National Security Agency, 189 parliament, 17, 93–94, 96 National Transitional Government of parliamentarians, 24, 93 Liberia, 186, 205 passport, 50–51, 66, 97–98, 102, 104, nationalism, 5, 46, 103, 165, 171 163, 165, 167–168 nationalist, 5, 61, 144, 157, 223 patriotism, 53, 61, 63, 157, 174 nationality, 8, 15, 86–87, 93, 144, 163, patronage, 117, 119 171, 175 peace, 1, 11, 29, 44, 46, 53, 58, 73, 112, native, 34, 103, 112, 115–116, 157 123, 128, 150, 154, 170, 182, 184, natural resources, 117, 123, 124 187, 188, 190, 193, 196, 219–221, naturalisation, 20, 47, 48, 50, 52, 87, 222–223, 227, 231, 234 103, 127, 143, 144–145, 146, 150, negative peace, 234 151–152, 160, 162–163, 165, 166, peace-building, 3, 20, 125, 130 167–170, 171–174, 176, 177–178, positive peace, 234 201, 227, 232 Pennsylvania, 79, 149 Negro, 5, 51, 59, 89, 115, 232 People’s Redemption Council, 120 Negro clause, 5, 27, 57–60, 84, permanent residency, 27, 44, 150, 164, 88–89, 224, 231–232 166, 179

Index 273

personhood, 86, 128 privileges, 10, 14, 17, 51, 57, 64, 92, 95, police, 189, 215, 221 99, 101, 105, 108, 109, 115, 118, policy, 2–4, 14, 19, 20, 33, 37, 40, 185, 228–229 43, 45–46, 49, 67, 80, 83, 97, progress, 3, 89, 186, 227 102, 104, 108, 112, 115, property, 5, 10, 14, 63, 64, 67, 69, 152, 159, 177, 181, 196, 70–71, 88, 101, 116, 117, 120, 198–199, 203, 205, 210, 125, 135–138, 170, 233 223, 226–229, 231 Pro-poor Agenda for Prosperity and policymakers, 24–25, 33, 37, Development, 197 94, 108, 177, 184, 185, 193, proposition, 9, 99, 223, 228, 233 228, 233 protections, 3, 14, 83, 185 policymaking, 74, 133, 143, 152, 233 protest, 18, 140, 227 political economy public discourse, 3, 20, 36, 84, 143, 219 political economy analysis, 3 Public Procurement and Concessions political economy of belonging, 3, 4, Commission, 192 10, 17, 19, 20–21, 23, 24, 46, 48–49, 51, 62, 63–66, 70, 76–78, Quiwonkpa, Thomas, 121 79, 80, 81–83, 98, 102, 109, 110, 115, 116, 117, 119–121, 123, 125, race, 11, 14, 51, 54, 55, 57, 59, 86, 127, 128, 130, 133, 135, 137, 88–89, 231–232 140–141, 144, 157, 166, 169, 174, racism, 155–156 177, 181, 182, 183–184, 185, 192, rebellion, 6, 114 193, 194, 197, 204, 206, 208, 213, rebels, 7 215, 220, 223, 226, 227, 229, 233, recaptives, 2, 113, 147 234–235 reconstruction, 8, 11, 20, 178, 181, politics, 12, 15, 34, 44, 73, 85, 86, 91, 182, 184, 186, 193, 197–198, 200, 94, 145, 196 202, 203, 210–211 Poro, 115 national reconstruction, 12 positionality, 19, 23, 49 post-conﬂict reconstruction, post-war recovery, 4, 11, 18, 20, 25, 26, 181–182 37, 48, 74, 89, 102, 109, 132, 134, post-war reconstruction, 4, 105, 130, 140, 178, 184–185, 197–199, 200, 181, 198, 201, 220, 227 202, 204, 211, 213, 216, 219–220, referendum, 8, 9, 99, 223, 228, 233 226–227 refugees, 2, 22, 34, 38, 44, 72, 80–81, poverty, 3, 36, 98, 124, 135, 186, 197, 145, 149–152, 158, 164, 175, 176, 207, 209, 219 182, 199, 205 Poverty Reduction Strategy, 98, 181, reintegration, 125 186, See Lift Liberia remittances, 14, 44, 62, 67, 68, 92, 100, power, 3, 6–7, 37–38, 39, 44–45, 59, 128, 205, 206–213 92, 108, 117, 118, 130, 138, 143, remitter, 206–207, 212 152, 185, 201, 202, 204 republic, 2, 5, 112, 149 practice, 3, 10–11, 14–15, 17–18, resettlement, 150, 164 19–20, 26, 33, 37, 40–41, residence, 17, 27, 61, 63–64, 65, 42–44, 46, 49, 51, 52–53, 85–86, 96, 117, 144, 149, 175, 60, 62, 66, 71, 77, 78, 82, 85, 94, 219, 230 100, 105, 108, 111, 118, 163, 181, residents, 75, 88, 115, 150–151, 213 184, 185, 199, 201, 202, 215, resources, 33, 37, 41, 44, 66, 68, 219, 220, 223, 226–227, 229, 231, 117–118, 123, 130, 180, 185, 232, 234 187, 199, 203, 208, privatisation, 185 219, 224–225

274 Index

responsibilities, 10, 14, 60, 63–64, 66, Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 92 75, 82, 98, 104, 126, 137, 180, Senior Executive Service, 133, 187 209, 228, 234 set of relations, 15, 18, 39, 51, 62, 77, Results-Focused Transitional 223, 229–231 Framework, 186 settlers, 1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 110–113, 114, returnees, 2, 7, 20, 23, 25–26, 36, 37, 116–117, 130, 146, 148, 226 46, 74, 83, 131–135, 180, 187, Seychelles, 90, 167 198, 200–202, 212–214, 215–216, Sierra Leone, 3, 5, 7, 12, 14, 23, 26, 34, 218, 219–220, 227 44, 65, 71, 72, 80, 86, 90, 92–95, circular returnees, 24, 27–29, 32, 73, 102–103, 126–127, 147–149, 154, 146 157, 164, 165, 179, 188, 198, 208, permanent returnees, 24, 27, 31–32, 221, 223, 231–232 105 Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson, 6–7, 25, 180, revenue, 69, 114, 123, 182, 191, 196, 192, 194, 222 200, 228 slavery, 5, 104, 112, 115, 148, 156, 232 Rhode Island, 149, 170 social locations, 4, 19, 23, 24, 31, 36, rice, 56, 113, 119, 124, 140, 174, 218 37–38, 40, 41, 45, 51, 65, 73, 82, Rice Riots, 119, 150 108, 111, 135, 163, 223, 228 Richards, Julia, 26, 81, 156 social services, 78, 116, 121, 154, 182, rights, 10, 14, 15–17, 51, 54, 55, 56–57, 206, 228 60, 64–66, 75, 82, 85, 87–88, 92, socio-economic change, 4, 41, 48, 65, 98, 101, 104, 105, 109, 112, 208, 211, 227, 235 115–116, 124, 126, 154, 170, 175, soldiers, 120, 125, 189, 190 199, 208, 222, 228, 234 Somalia, 90, 149, 176, 198 human rights, 74, 86–87, 89, 108, Somaliland, 95 138, 196, 227 South Africa, 12, 47, 90, 157, 208, 218 roads, 70, 126, 193–195, 197, 218 South Sudan, 12, 90, 231 Roberts International Airport, 124, 180 Southern Africa, 58, 90 rootedness, 131, 143–144, 146, 149, sovereignty, 16, 197 165, 166, 170, 171, 174, 176–177 space, 3, 4, 10, 14, 21, 32, 36, 38–39, rootlessness, 143, 145, 148, 165, 170, 42, 45, 52, 65–66, 82, 91, 97, 99, 176–177 105, 107, 108–109, 118, 141, 162, roots, 55, 57, 58, 69, 94, 144, 145, 177 192, 226, 230, 235 routes, 54, 112, 167, 177 Sri Lanka, 14, 201, 231 rubber, 5, 69, 118, 123–124, 218 stasis, 85, 131, 143, 227 rule of law, 7, 75, 125, 182, 187, state, 3, 5–6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15–17, 18, 20, 192–193, 196, 200 35, 42–43, 44–45, 63, 70, 75, 83, Rwanda, 12, 14, 90, 167, 198, 208, 231 86, 87–88, 89, 94, 96, 101, 111, 113, 115, 116–117, 118, 119, salaries, 119, 124, 133–135, 190, 201 121–122, 124–125, 126, 127, 176, Samukai, Brownie, 25, 188, 200, 215 180, 184–185, 186, 197, 199, 207, Sande, 115 213, 219–220, 222–223, 227, 234 São Tomé and Príncipe, 89–90 state formation, 4–5, 21, 111, 122, Sawyer, Amos, 6, 25, 60 126, 138 security, 7, 12, 18, 92, 98–99, 119, state-building, 3, 4, 110, 114, 124–125, 175, 180, 182, 187, 184–185, 191, 196, 197, 198, 219, 188–190, 196, 200, 221, 222 220, 223 sedentarism, 143 Stockton, Robert, 110, 140 Senate (Liberian), 99, 116 strikes, 96, 119 Senegal, 12, 81, 90–92, 208 structures, 41, 111, 112, 182, 185, 204

Index 275

subaltern, 48, 143 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, subjectivities, 2, 11 6, 75, 100, 112, 138 Sudan, 12, 90 Tubman, William VS, 5 Swaziland, 89, 208, See eSwatini Tunisia, 90, 208

Tah, Christiana, 25, 52, 133, 192, 200 Uganda, 12, 90, 199, 208 talent, 66, 82, 204–205, 219 Uniﬁcation and Integration Policy, 6, Tanzania, 90, 91, 145, 208, 229 57, 116, 117, 140 taxation, 112, 114 Union of Liberian Associations in the hut tax, 6, 114, 120, 140 Americas, 68, 81, 84, 179 taxes, 14, 17, 27, 53, 59, 62, 63–64, Union of Liberian Organisations in the 67, 70–71, 73, 75, 100, 115, 116, United Kingdom, 26, 67, 78, 225 117, 134, 136–137 United Kingdom, 3, 23, 26, 30, 35, Taylor, Charles, 6, 9, 36, 122, 129, 138, 47–48, 49, 50, 56–57, 59, 69, 78, 152, 179, 218, 219 98, 102–103, 119, 149, 154, Taylor, Jewel Howard, 9, 217 155–156, 164, 165, 167, 168, Taylor, Prince, 26, 78 171–172, 174–175, 177, 198, 232 Taylor–Corkrum nexus, 20, 218, 232 United Liberian Association in Ghana, Temporary Protected Status, 27, 70, 26, 68, 81, 156 150 United Nations, 22, 134, 152, 181, 200, territory, 1–2, 20, 53, 85–86, 87, 95, 221 111–112, 115, 145, 146, 177 United Nations Development theory, 14, 40–42, 45, 174, 229 Programme, 81, 133 timber, 118, 122, 124, 136 United Nations High Commissioner time, 3, 4, 8, 14, 21, 27–29, 32, 42, 45, for Refugees, 72, 149 52, 59, 66, 74, 75, 82, 87, 89, 93, United Nations Mission in Liberia, 97, 101, 104, 105, 107, 108–109, 188 117, 118, 119, 125, 128, 129, 131, United States, 1, 2, 3, 6, 23, 25–26, 27, 135, 141–142, 144, 147, 148, 150, 30, 35, 43, 47–48, 49–50, 55, 59, 151–155, 158, 162–164, 166, 64, 79, 84, 94, 102–103, 104, 106, 169–170, 180, 191, 196–197, 200, 110, 113, 118, 119, 122, 132, 139, 203, 204–205, 210, 217, 219, 221, 142, 144–145, 147–148, 150–151, 223, 225, 226, 230–231, 232, 234 154, 156, 160, 164–165, 166, 167, Togo, 90, 92, 154, 171, 208 169–170, 172–174, 175, 176, Tolbert, William R Jr, 6, 118, 179 177–180, 188, 198, 200, 210, trade, 54, 93, 94, 96, 111–113, 115, 216–218, 224, 232 118, 147, 225, 232 University of Liberia, 84, 85, 108, 132, transformation, 7, 40, 41, 52, 139, 141, 195 196–197, 213 socio-economic transformation, 3, Vai, 111, 113, 147 20, 185, 196, 209, 220 victim, 137 structural transformation, 3, 97 victimhood, 138 transnationalism, 13, 202 violence, 110, 121, 130, 139, 143, 145, transnationals, 11, 36, 46, 65, 89, 92, 158, 223, 227, 233 100, 109, 142, 180, 181, 185, 198, physical violence, 158, 181, 234 201, 203, 208, 216, 219–220, structural violence, 19, 111, 181, 234 228–229 visa, 47, 101, 144, 163, 167–168 transparency, 191–192, 193 Von Ballmoos, Rudolf, 26, 81 treasure, 66, 82, 205, 220 voting, 62, 67, 74–75, 92, 101, 116, True Whig Party, 5, 110, 179 139, 208, 228–229, 233

276 Index

war, 1, 3–4, 7, 12, 13, 19–20, 24, 27, West Africa, 34–35, 38, 44, 31, 33, 44–46, 48, 50, 52, 56, 62, 58, 90, 96, 145, 148, 72, 74–75, 79, 97, 100, 106, 109, 150, 154, 157, 172, 198, 111, 122–123, 124–133, 135, 200, 210, 221 137–138, 139–141, 144, 145, 146, West Point, 222 150, 152, 157, 165–166, 180–183, Western Union, 128, 205, 207 184, 185, 190, 191–193, 195, 198, white supremacy, 89, 232 203–205, 206, 209–210, 212, 216, whiteness, 3 219, 221, 222–223, 224, 226–228, Williams, Gabriel IH, 26, 126, 150 230–231 Woods, Samuel Koﬁ, 25, 182, 200 war crimes, 7, 138, 139 World Bank, 34, 119, 134, 181, war to peace transitions, 181, 184, 183, 194, 200, 206, 210 198 World Health Organization, 221 warlord, 124, 179, 217 Wotorson, Cletus Segbe, 9 Washington (DC), 3, 23–24, 26, 27–33, 34–35, 46–47, 52, 55, 61, 64, xenophobia, 13 66–68, 69–72, 79–80, 125, 126, 128–129, 137, 150, 151–154, 156, youth, 77, 126, 138, 196 161, 163–164, 167, 169, 173, 175, 198, 213 Zambia, 90, 208 Weah, George Oppong, 9, 84 Zimbabwe, 12, 90, 154, 208