CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED TO LITERATURE

2.1 Language

Based on Wardaugh (2015) language is a communication system that has particulars group such as, spoken, written, and communication signing modes. On the other hand, Munjin (2008) claims that language is an expressing of people ideas, it is supported by (Rubiati, 2010) statement:

Language is a system for the expression of meaning. Its primary

function is for interaction and communication. Language is used by

human in order to know and understand each other. As we know that

God created human in different condition and character, so they need

to interact among people. (p.1)

Syarif (2018) states that many people think that language as a communication system is no more only for expressing emotions, expressing the idea, and so on, but the most important is how they can capture the information and messages when communicating. Moreover, language is defined as a science in the form of linguistics.

Linguistics is an important thing that will influence the changes in language teaching and learning. The changes in teaching and learning methods will illustrate the development of linguistic theories. The development of linguistic theory brings out

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several fields of language study such as psycholinguistics, anthropolinguistics,

Sociolinguistics, and so on.

2.2. Sociolinguistics

According to Abdurrahman (2015), Sociolinguistics is a study that studies variations in language, language character, language functions, and language use in society. A writer usually uses language as a medium to express ideas and convey messages to the public. These ideas come from the literary imagination and intuition of the community's experience. Furthermore, the sociolinguistic goal for language literacy is to provide an overview of the social conditions of the community and its language.

Sociolinguistics examines language by taking account of the relationship between language and society, especially the language-speaking community.

Moreover, Sociolinguistics is an interdisciplinary study of language that examines the relationship of language with several aspects in society such as cultural, social and situational. Consequently, someone who speaks to other people, they must pay attention to those aspects of language. It will minimize the occurrence of inaccuracies in the use of language when communicating with others, especially in social contexts.

Therefore, choosing language variations that are appropriate to their social context is the important thing. Further, language variation will be influenced by age, culture, community environment, gender, social level, and so on (Abdurrahman, 2011).

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2.3 Language and gender (Male and Female)

Gender is one of the factors that build Sociolinguistics. Thus, language and gender have a close relation to linguistics. Gender will influence how people talk and how people use language. Wibowo (2012) observes that gender is the main thing that builds and influence a social construct. It is also not uncommon to be a conversation.

Apparently, there is no relationship between gender and the construction of human nature, but gender is owned by everyone. However, the gender differences could not be avoided and everyone certainly looks at the difference between each perception.

Therefore, in linguistic studies sometimes women are not treated as informants, because women have a "hypercorrect" nature. So women are feared to be perceived as obscuring the actual situation desired by the researchers.

In other cases, women have more awareness of their position than men.

Consequently, women will have more sensitivity to linguistic factors related to social class. Whereas, men are connected with the class owner's tutor who will highlight the connotations of masculinity or something that has to do with virility. Therefore, men are tending to choose non-standard forms of language (deviations from good things) than women. That case is supported by the statement that speech of working-class relates to 'violence' which characterizes the life of working-class, and that violence is considered a feature of virility.

The diversity of languages between men and women arises as language is a social phenomenon that has a close relationship with social attitudes. Society determine social

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roles between men and women because they expect that women and men have different behavioral. Therefore, the language used by women is not only different, but also more inclined towards the correct language. The greater and stiffer the differences between men's social roles and women's social role in a society is a tendency for women to prefer forms that are more 'right' than men (Wibowo, 2012).

2.4. Taboo Language

Allan & Burridge (2006) disclose that taboos emerge from individual behavior or culture that causes social barriers such as, causing discomfort, and danger or injury.

As a further matter, there are several things that will build taboos for example, when people are dealing with sacred objects; saints, holy places; influential people, dangerous creatures and diseases. As a result, people can place their souls at risk of physical, metaphysical, moral, and actions that can harm others because of them (taboo things).

In addition, several reasons will become an effect if people violate a matter which is considered taboo, such as illness or death, as well as punishment that is worse than physical punishment, detention, social exclusion or mere disapproval. Even though taboo violations were carried out accidentally, there was still criticism and reproach. The existence of bad effects in taboo violations makes people automatically filter or censor the language used if it indicates as taboo. As a result, they would arrange their language as good as possible for avoiding taboo violations when they communicate either verbally or written (Allan & Burridge, 2006).

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2.4.1 Taboo Word

Taboo word is a part of Sociolinguistics because that word come from a society culture. Unfortunately, taboo words turn out a violation of the norm, and it will also cause disgust and shame for those who listen. Consequently, taboo words become bad or dirty words that are inappropriate for use in everyday conversation. (Shanti, 2014).

Moreover, Fairman (2009) has another statement about the taboo word:

The English word taboo comes from the Tongan word tabu. In the

1770s, Captain James Cook explored the Pacific islands and

observed the behavior of the Polynesian people. In their journals,

Captain Cook and fellow shipmates recorded taboo as a significant

local word meaning forbidden, such as when a thing was not to be

eaten, entered, or touched. Likely due to this origin, taboo is a trait

often associated with so-called primitive cultures. This is a mistake.

Taboo exists in primitive societies and western contemporary ones

alike. (p.27)

Jay (2009) also defines that taboo words are used for describing an emotional or even offensive language. The use of taboo words has restrictions and it is even prohibited because of some the harm and hatred that will happen if taboo words are uttered. Even though the taboo word is prohibited, it still exists in several forms, such as a poem, novel, movie, song lyrics, and many more. As the reason that some times

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taboo words are used by someone because of the difficulties in finding another word to express something.

In fact, the reader or the listener come from different cultures, and each culture has a different taboo word. It will build a different perception of the taboo word itself.

As (Fairman, 2009) statement: “In every culture, there are things that we’re not supposed to do and things we’re not supposed to say: taboo acts and taboo words”

(p.6). Thus, it will be unbecoming when a literary work that contains taboo words and taboo acts are spread globally.

Some countries or even some individual might accept it, but the other might criticize the work rather than compliment it. The case may cause a different perception from anyone who catches the taboo word. According to Jay (2009), taboo words will be positive to someone but can be negative for another and vice versa, because they have a different culture, especially in the politeness of the language (positive and negative language) which is one of the factors in the emergence of taboo words.

2.4.2 Taboo Act

Taboo is something that comes from a behavior that is prohibited. Apart from being taboo, it is formed in words, and it is also in action. The word taboo is something that should not be said, while the taboo act is something that is not supposed to do.

Both of them (taboo word and taboo acts) have a deep relation because taboo acts will

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have a compatible taboo word. It means that taboo words come from the forbidden action (Fairman, 2009).

Likewise, Fairman (2009) also mentions several taboo acts, for example, handling or playing feces; cannibalism; contact with bodily fluids such as urine, pus, and blood; drinking alcohol; having sex; eating or touching effluvia, and so on. Some of them will come up with words that are believed in taboo, for instance, “shit”,

“whiskey” and “fuck”. Those words become taboo because they arise from a taboo act, such as the word “shit” arises from the taboo act which relates to feces (handling feces or playing feces), then the word “whiskey” comes from the taboo act i.e drinking alcohol, and the word “fuck” is emerged by having sex.

2.4.3 Kinds of Taboo Word

Gao (2013) mentions that some things are believed to be inappropriate if spoken in public in every society, for instance, the words that are considered ridiculous, vulgar, or obscene when it is used to communicate. Those words are usually called "taboo". There are some varieties of taboo words, for example: a. Body excretions

Mentioning something that is related to body excretion is believed as taboo, for example, “defecation” and “urination”. They are perceived inappropriate as it is more intended for the hospital. Further, even it says such "move the bowels" and "pass", they are still inelegant or awkward.

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b. Death and disease

Making words related to fear of death and disease attacks are believed as taboo.

Society usually has some words or sentences to symbolize an utterance of death and disease. The words or things that declare death are often symbolized by certain words or sentences for example, "If something happens to me" which means "if I die", "pass away", "go to his reward", "answer the call of God” and so on. However, a matter about the disease also has a symbol, for example, cancer, which is usually defined as

"Big C" or "terminally ill". c. Sex

In general, everyone agrees that mentioning matters relating to sex still becomes a taboo thing, such as saying “breasts”, “penis”, “vagina”, and other sensitive organs. In this case, people often use other subtler words to symbolize it, for instance,

“pee pee”, “Miss V”, “Mr p”, and so on. d. Four-letter words

Four-letter words are the term used to express words such as "fuck", "tits", and

"damn". Hence, writing the word "fuck" usually is written with "f * ck". e. Swear words

Many languages are often considered as swearing and even a curse. These languages are often used to express emotions, hatred, and surprise. Swear languages

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are usually in the form of single words or short phrases, like, "heck" "dash" and the worst is the word "fuck". Half of them even swear at using words that refer to body parts that are believed taboo. The other half use words like gods, devils, dear lords, by the holy sacrament, heavens, and hell. f. Privacy

Privacy is one of the things that is considered taboo, especially in the English countryside, because they highly uphold privacy. Many several things that are considered taboo: age, weight, income, marital status, politics, religion, and others. So, questions related to privacy will be considered very taboo.

2.5 Translation

Nugroho (2007) states that translation is an attempt to find the matching one equivalent meaning from a text into a second language. In this case, the translators do not only expose meaning to a word, but they also expose in the order of sentences.

Hence, it can be inferred that translation is an activity that rendering the meaning of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). The meaning of the source text must be equivalent to the meaning of the target text, it means translating ST into TT must consider the closest meaning. Besides, translation is the process of interpreting meaning, ideas, or messages into other languages. There are many aspects that must be considered in translation such as the level of accuracy, the complexity of the text, clarity, and the message to be conveyed by the translation. Hence, the most important

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thing about a translation is whether the reader can capture the same meaning or information between ST and TT.

Further, Bassnett (2002) finds that translation is often seen as a secondary activity that has a mechanical process and creative process. However, translators are considered as underrated work, for anyone that is bilingual can do this on their own, not to mention the capability of technology such as the online dictionary, google translate, Grammarly, Etc). Nevertheless, at the beginning of the nineteenth-century translation was considered as an important thing that had serious methods, because translators were very useful and helped them use their original style and their own language. As a result, over time the development of the translators' number increased and generate translation studies. As Munday (2008) observes:

Translation studies is the academic discipline related to the study of

the theory and phenomena of translation. By its nature it is

multilingual and also interdisciplinary, encompassing any language

combinations, various branches of linguistics, comparative literature,

communication studies, philosophy and a range of types of cultural

studies including post colonialism and postmodernism as well as

sociology and historiography. (p.1)

In a nutshell, translation is an activity of transferring ideas, messages, and meanings which is involving two languages commonly referred to as the source language and the target language. Language transfer processing must pay attention to

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the equivalent meaning between the source language and the target language. Thus, translators are required to look for the closest meaning in order to achieve information or idea that does not deviate from the source language.

2.5.1 Taboo Word in Translation Context

Translation will not be perfect without equality of meaning between the source of the text and the target text, because in the study of translation, equality is used as a benchmark for cross-language equations. That case is postulated because the goal of translation is retaining the original meaning. Unfortunately, some items in cross- language do not all have very equivalent meanings (Lie, 2013).

In addition, Vossoughi & Hosseini (2013) observe that the process of translation will also involve culture, and the culture itself already has applicable norms.

That case cannot be avoided by translators, especially if the source language and the target language come from a different culture. Therefore, translators must pay attention to existing norms, for instance, the words that have been banned in certain cultures namely taboo words.

That case gave rise to several theories that discuss the translation of taboo words, such as the study entitled “The Translation of Taboo Words into Indonesian in

The Fast & Furious Tokyo Drift And Fast Five Movies” by (Shanti, 2014) has a result that she did not change a taboo word become more polite, but it is translated into

Indonesian by taboo words also. Moreover, some taboo words in those movies could

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not be translated denotatively or lexically, “it depends on the sentences and also situation of feeling the actor or actress in movie scene. Taboo words can explain the speakers feeling” (Shanti, 2014, p.5).

Likewise, the study titled “Norms of Translating Taboo Words and Concepts

From English into Persian After The Islamic Revolution In Iran” by (Vossoughi &

Hosseini, 2013) also has a study result about translation and taboo words. First, the

Persian translation chosen to try finding another language that more polite to replace a taboo word. Second, “about 78.18 percent of data containing taboo words and concepts were subjected to changes, in order to make them fit the target language values and belief” (p.5).

Furthermore, Anggraini & Hammawati (2017) also take part in a study of the translation of taboo words. The study is titled “Translation Equivalence Swearword in the Walking Dead Comic”. It produced the result that translating swear words need some technics such as the Censorship Technique, Substitution Technique, Taboo for

Taboo Technique, and Euphemism Technique. Also, this study showed some changes in the translation of the taboo word based on those technics, for instance, what a gloomy goddamn day translated by Censorship Technique become sepertinya mendung, Oh fuck! translated by Substitution Technique become Astaga!, fuck you translated by

Taboo for Taboo Technique become dasar berengsek, then Jesus translated by

Euphemism Technique become Ya Tuhan.

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Several studies that have been mentioned made the researcher more curious about the theory of translating taboo words. Hence, the writer will discuss how someone translates taboo words, especially on literary works. Nevertheless, the researcher will be slightly different from previous studies as the researcher will involve gender, namely male and female.

2.6 Song Lyric

According to Cox (2000) lyrics are a collection of words that have rhyme and rhythm. Rhyme and rhythm are the most important things in a lyric. The rhyme is the repetition of the words sounds. It is usually placed at the end of the line. While rhythm in lyrics is presented in the form of a meter. Meter is determined by accented and unaccented on each line of lyrics. Moreover, in presentation lyrics are usually combined with a melody or music. That combination is called a song. As Shen (2009) statement a song is a combination of music and language. In this context, it can be presented in the form of writing called lyrics. Whereas, Yastanti & Setiawati (2018) have this to say:

Commonly, lyric is a collection of verses and choruses which can be

finding in poetry and song. The term lyric originates from Greek

word “Lyre”, French “Lyrique”, Classical Latin “Lyricus” and from

classical Greek “Lyrikos” which those all have meaning an

instrument used by the Grecians to play when reading a poem. By

lyrical, a poets or song writers demonstrate specific moods and

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emotions through words, such as moods to express a range of

emotions about life, love, death, or the experience of life. (p. 4)

All in all, lyrics are a collection of sentence lines which is containing rhymes and rhythm. Each lyric will have a deep meaning. One of the ways to present the lyrics is exhibiting them together with the music, commonly referred to as a song. In short, lyrics that have been presented in the form of songs are also known as song lyrics.

2.6.1 Taboo Words on Song Lyrics

Nowadays, music and song lovers have spread to all populace, like old, young, children, men, women, the rich and the poor, and etc. Those people might love the same song, and others might argue which song is the best. Some people love the song because of the rhythm or even because of the lyric. Unfortunately, not all songs are appropriate for all people. Some song lyrics sound taboo to some people. It is well known that taboo words will have a dangerous effect, although there are some people who respond positively.

According to Ciociola, Carri, Delfino, & Costantino (2010) there are some songs that contain elements of taboo words such as, pussy and fuck in a song entitled

"Pussy" by Chris Brown; dick and fuck, in a song entitled " Big Dick” by Little Dick; damn and bitch in the song entitled "Damn I Love You" by Agnez Mo; bitch and fuck, in the song entitled “Beam Me Up Scotty” by Nicky Minaj, then the one song which has the most taboo words among those songs that have been mentioned, namely "I

Don't Fuck With You" by Big Sean”. It has some taboo words, such as fuck, ass, bitch,

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and damn. This Big Sean song is a song that will be investigated by researchers. The researcher will discuss about how a translator translates the taboo words in the song titled "I Don't Fuck With You”.

2.6.2 Big Sean’s Song

On the authority of MLive (2012), Big Sean is an American rapper with a born name Sean Michael Leonard Anderson. He was born on March 25, 1988. Based on

Wikipedia (2019), in the middle of September, 19th of 2014, he released a song called “I Don't Fuck With You”. This song completed his album titled “Dark Sky

Paradise”. This album is the third album from Big Sean by Def Jam Recordings and

GOOD Music. Several other singers participated in this album such as Drake, Kanye

West, E-40, Ty Dolla Sign, Jhené Aiko, Lil Wayne, and Ariana Grande, and this album was produced by several musicians, for instance, Kanye West, Key Wane,

DJ Dahi and Mustard.

Furthermore, the song lyric of “I Don't Fuck With You” has written by Big

Sean. It has a deep meaning for his life. He wrote those lyrics based on his love story with Naya Rivera. Naya Rivera is Big Sean's fiance. They announced their engagement in October 2013, unluckily Big Sean chose to end his relationship with

Naya in April 2014. This accident was caused by Big Sean's fiance having an affair with an actor named Ryan Dorsey. Then, Naya who has become Ryan's girlfriend married on July 19, 2014, which is the date when Big Sean and Naya Rivera will get married.

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