CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED TO LITERATURE 2.1 Language Based on Wardaugh (2015) language is a communication system that has particulars group such as, spoken, written, and communication signing modes. On the other hand, Munjin (2008) claims that language is an expressing of people ideas, it is supported by (Rubiati, 2010) statement: Language is a system for the expression of meaning. Its primary function is for interaction and communication. Language is used by human in order to know and understand each other. As we know that God created human in different condition and character, so they need to interact among people. (p.1) Syarif (2018) states that many people think that language as a communication system is no more only for expressing emotions, expressing the idea, and so on, but the most important is how they can capture the information and messages when communicating. Moreover, language is defined as a science in the form of linguistics. Linguistics is an important thing that will influence the changes in language teaching and learning. The changes in teaching and learning methods will illustrate the development of linguistic theories. The development of linguistic theory brings out 9 several fields of language study such as psycholinguistics, anthropolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, and so on. 2.2. Sociolinguistics According to Abdurrahman (2015), Sociolinguistics is a study that studies variations in language, language character, language functions, and language use in society. A writer usually uses language as a medium to express ideas and convey messages to the public. These ideas come from the literary imagination and intuition of the community's experience. Furthermore, the sociolinguistic goal for language literacy is to provide an overview of the social conditions of the community and its language. Sociolinguistics examines language by taking account of the relationship between language and society, especially the language-speaking community. Moreover, Sociolinguistics is an interdisciplinary study of language that examines the relationship of language with several aspects in society such as cultural, social and situational. Consequently, someone who speaks to other people, they must pay attention to those aspects of language. It will minimize the occurrence of inaccuracies in the use of language when communicating with others, especially in social contexts. Therefore, choosing language variations that are appropriate to their social context is the important thing. Further, language variation will be influenced by age, culture, community environment, gender, social level, and so on (Abdurrahman, 2011). 10 2.3 Language and gender (Male and Female) Gender is one of the factors that build Sociolinguistics. Thus, language and gender have a close relation to linguistics. Gender will influence how people talk and how people use language. Wibowo (2012) observes that gender is the main thing that builds and influence a social construct. It is also not uncommon to be a conversation. Apparently, there is no relationship between gender and the construction of human nature, but gender is owned by everyone. However, the gender differences could not be avoided and everyone certainly looks at the difference between each perception. Therefore, in linguistic studies sometimes women are not treated as informants, because women have a "hypercorrect" nature. So women are feared to be perceived as obscuring the actual situation desired by the researchers. In other cases, women have more awareness of their position than men. Consequently, women will have more sensitivity to linguistic factors related to social class. Whereas, men are connected with the class owner's tutor who will highlight the connotations of masculinity or something that has to do with virility. Therefore, men are tending to choose non-standard forms of language (deviations from good things) than women. That case is supported by the statement that speech of working-class relates to 'violence' which characterizes the life of working-class, and that violence is considered a feature of virility. The diversity of languages between men and women arises as language is a social phenomenon that has a close relationship with social attitudes. Society determine social 11 roles between men and women because they expect that women and men have different behavioral. Therefore, the language used by women is not only different, but also more inclined towards the correct language. The greater and stiffer the differences between men's social roles and women's social role in a society is a tendency for women to prefer forms that are more 'right' than men (Wibowo, 2012). 2.4. Taboo Language Allan & Burridge (2006) disclose that taboos emerge from individual behavior or culture that causes social barriers such as, causing discomfort, and danger or injury. As a further matter, there are several things that will build taboos for example, when people are dealing with sacred objects; saints, holy places; influential people, dangerous creatures and diseases. As a result, people can place their souls at risk of physical, metaphysical, moral, and actions that can harm others because of them (taboo things). In addition, several reasons will become an effect if people violate a matter which is considered taboo, such as illness or death, as well as punishment that is worse than physical punishment, detention, social exclusion or mere disapproval. Even though taboo violations were carried out accidentally, there was still criticism and reproach. The existence of bad effects in taboo violations makes people automatically filter or censor the language used if it indicates as taboo. As a result, they would arrange their language as good as possible for avoiding taboo violations when they communicate either verbally or written (Allan & Burridge, 2006). 12 2.4.1 Taboo Word Taboo word is a part of Sociolinguistics because that word come from a society culture. Unfortunately, taboo words turn out a violation of the norm, and it will also cause disgust and shame for those who listen. Consequently, taboo words become bad or dirty words that are inappropriate for use in everyday conversation. (Shanti, 2014). Moreover, Fairman (2009) has another statement about the taboo word: The English word taboo comes from the Tongan word tabu. In the 1770s, Captain James Cook explored the Pacific islands and observed the behavior of the Polynesian people. In their journals, Captain Cook and fellow shipmates recorded taboo as a significant local word meaning forbidden, such as when a thing was not to be eaten, entered, or touched. Likely due to this origin, taboo is a trait often associated with so-called primitive cultures. This is a mistake. Taboo exists in primitive societies and western contemporary ones alike. (p.27) Jay (2009) also defines that taboo words are used for describing an emotional or even offensive language. The use of taboo words has restrictions and it is even prohibited because of some the harm and hatred that will happen if taboo words are uttered. Even though the taboo word is prohibited, it still exists in several forms, such as a poem, novel, movie, song lyrics, and many more. As the reason that some times 13 taboo words are used by someone because of the difficulties in finding another word to express something. In fact, the reader or the listener come from different cultures, and each culture has a different taboo word. It will build a different perception of the taboo word itself. As (Fairman, 2009) statement: “In every culture, there are things that we’re not supposed to do and things we’re not supposed to say: taboo acts and taboo words” (p.6). Thus, it will be unbecoming when a literary work that contains taboo words and taboo acts are spread globally. Some countries or even some individual might accept it, but the other might criticize the work rather than compliment it. The case may cause a different perception from anyone who catches the taboo word. According to Jay (2009), taboo words will be positive to someone but can be negative for another and vice versa, because they have a different culture, especially in the politeness of the language (positive and negative language) which is one of the factors in the emergence of taboo words. 2.4.2 Taboo Act Taboo is something that comes from a behavior that is prohibited. Apart from being taboo, it is formed in words, and it is also in action. The word taboo is something that should not be said, while the taboo act is something that is not supposed to do. Both of them (taboo word and taboo acts) have a deep relation because taboo acts will 14 have a compatible taboo word. It means that taboo words come from the forbidden action (Fairman, 2009). Likewise, Fairman (2009) also mentions several taboo acts, for example, handling or playing feces; cannibalism; contact with bodily fluids such as urine, pus, and blood; drinking alcohol; having sex; eating or touching effluvia, and so on. Some of them will come up with words that are believed in taboo, for instance, “shit”, “whiskey” and “fuck”. Those words become taboo because they arise from a taboo act, such as the word “shit” arises from the taboo act which relates to feces (handling feces or playing feces), then the word “whiskey” comes from the taboo act i.e drinking alcohol, and the word “fuck” is emerged by having sex. 2.4.3 Kinds of Taboo Word Gao (2013) mentions that some things are believed to be inappropriate if spoken in public in every society, for instance, the words that are considered ridiculous, vulgar, or obscene when it is used to communicate. Those words are usually called "taboo". There are some varieties of taboo words, for example: a. Body excretions Mentioning something that is related to body excretion is believed as taboo, for example, “defecation” and “urination”. They are perceived inappropriate as it is more intended for the hospital.