International Journal of Island Affairs

UDC: 572. 02(22) Title: Insula: international journal of is1..

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 0F ISLAND AFFAIRS

September 1995 ISSN 1021 - 0814 Year 4 No. l . ¥. ^ -¥. -^ . ¥- ^ ^ DGXIII Bibliothèque/Library j -¥- ^ (SE ^^^ e 7 place cteFontenoy 75352PARIS 07 SP - FRANCE TELE-INSULA ntents HELPINGISLANDS MITIGÂTE THE CONSTRAINTS ARISINGFROM INSULARITY. /^ ^. »w^^ Théproject, supported by thé EuropeanUnion, is basedon thé Editorial provisionof telematicservices applications to a selectedgroup of Pier Giovanni d'Ayala Insula's Guest Europeanislands, from thé North-Sea and thé Baltic to thé Eastern Atlantic islands,from thé central Mediterraneanto thé Greek archipelagos.Thé project is alsobeing extended to far awayUlithi, Interview with Mr. Masahide Ota 48 INSULA'satoll-friend, situated in Micronesiain thé SouthPacifie. News froin and about Islands

A selectedgroup of Europeanpartners coordinated byINSULA are Thé World Conférence on Sustainable Islanders at Work alsoengagea in thé challengingendeavour to provideand test, T î Tourism Lanzarote, 24-29 April 1995 togetherwith thé islanders, a set ofmuch needed services based on telematicswith thé aimofcomplementing thé efforts of thèsesmall Koster Health: Récent Evolution of a communitiesto overcometheir 'insular' constraints.Distance learn- Swedish Interdisciplinary Model for ing and training, tele-medicine,easy access to public services, a Holistic View on thé Condition ofMan 50 improvementoftourism services, access via an electronicmédia to Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourism Guy Heyden a woridwideinformation System, and exchange ofexpériences and l Kourti, Vouniatades, Corfu 53 informationbetween islands are amongthé objectivespursued by Jordan Arzoglou théTELE-INSULA Project. Planning Tourism for thé 21st Century: Thé Carrying Capacity Notion Nodoubt thé expérienceand know-how contributed by thé partners will providethé project with a synergie Prem Saddul Culture and Traditional effect,capable in itselfto generateunexpected innovations. Knowledge LandscapePlanning for Tourism in Tropical Localauthorities hâve alsojoined thé partnership.Thèse include thé Munici- Islands. A CaseStudy of CocoKey, Cuba 12 Sandalwood: a Natural and Cultural palitiesof thé islands of thé French région of Finistère, thé town-hall ofLipari Eduardo Salinas Chavez, Eros Salinas Héritage of thé Maquesas Islands 57 in thé EolianArchipelago northeast of Sicilyand thé HighlandAuthority in Chavez and Eduardo Veiga Jiinenez Stéphanie Sears Scotland,U. K Other partnersare serviceproviders, including TRAINET, belongingtothé powerful Italian STET-TELECOM group, POOL STRATEGIE Ethnie Tourism Insula's Page 63 cooperatingwith France TELECOM and thé régional authorities, thé SAMOS Thé Responsible Way 20 HEALTHINSTITUTE together with thé University of thé Aegean, CITMA in Duccio Canestrini UNESCO and MAB Page 64 théwell-known Portuguese island resort ofMADEIRA and finally AETHRA in Italy,which will contributethé hardware and thé software application. Book Reviews 65 Sustainable Tourism in thé Arctic and Antarctic 24 Letters to thé Editer 67 B. Stonehouse, K. Crosbie and L. Girard Announceinents 69 .< y .n Thé International Resort Industry, Héritage Support INSULA 71 Conservation and Sustainable Deuelopment: Towards an Unprecedented Partnership 32 Application for Membership 72 ^ Hana Ayala International Journal ofIslandAffairs itorial

ISSN 1021 - 0814

September 1995 Year 4 No. l 1 ourism has been thé main focus ofINSULA's activities during thé first semester of1995. Editorial Board l refer of course to thé World Conférence on Sustainable Tourism, which was organized at Editer: thé end ofApril in Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Pier Giovanni d'AyaIa More information about this important event is Co-editor: given in another section ofthis issue. Lino Briguglio Evidently, this topic is of direct concern to Scientific advisory committee: Prof. Salvuio Busuttil, Malta islanders interested in thé many aspects re- INSULA wishes to promote further discussion Dr. Ronald G. Parris, USA, Caribbean lated to sustainable development. on other critical issues regarding islands sus- Prof. Nicolas Margaris, Greece tainable development, in particular on liquid Prof. Patrick Nunn, Fiji Sustainable tourism is in fact a critical aspect of and solid waste management, and thé journal is Prof. G. Prakash Reddy, India thé development process, as many island com- calling for papers on this issues. Prof. Hiroshi Kakazu, Japan munities and countries worldwide, particularly Prof. Orazio Rossi, Italy in developing ones, count on tourisna to raise Regarding solid waste, thé probleins ainong Dr. Henrique Pinto da Costa, incomes and create employment. others, of scrapped cars, used tyres and their Sào Tome e Principe possible re-use for non-conventional applica- Thé impacts on thé physical, biological and Published by INSULA, thé International tions, would be of particular interest. social docu- Scientific Council for Island Development, with environment of tourism are well thé support of UNESCO in collaboration with mented, and thèse impacts tend to be especially Another issue, on which readers' contributions thé Islande and SmaU States Institute of thé relatively large in small islands. would be inost welcome, is thé application of Foundation for International Studies, Malta. telematics for services and communication, ac- A sound environmental policy is fundamental cess to information, sharing expériences in Articles published in this journal do not of necessarilyreflect thé opinionsofINSULA, or of to ensure sustainable development, even in thé areas such as thé environment, health and thé Foundation for International Studies, or of narrow économie sensé, in thé inedium and in éducation which are ail priorities in INSULA's UNESCO. thé long term. and thé islanders' agenda.

Material appearing in this journal cannot b® Ensuring sustainable tourism inter- reproduced without thé prior permission of thé is thus an Also, renewable énergies, their costs, technolo- Editer. national challenge, which requires awareness gies, applications and expériences in spécifie of thé impacts oftourism, exchange ofinforma- island conditions are obviously areas of direct insula, thé International Journal oflsland Af- tion and expériences and a constant dialogue interest to islanders. Hère again relevant pa- fairs, is distributed free to INSULA's individual among ail partners involved. pers are welcome. and institutional members. For subscription and infonnation please write to: To encourage and support such a dialogue is of Last but not least, critical assessments of nu- mSULA course INSULA's goal. We therefore chose to clear energy and safety as well as its peaceful c/o Division ofEcological Sciences once again dedicate thé Dossier ofthis issue of applications would be most welconie. l, Rue MioIIis sustainable tourism. Cuba 75732 Paris, CEDEX 15 thé journal to From France to Mauritius, from thé Mediterranean to thé In this respect, INSULA associate itself with Tel: 33 l 45 68 40 56, Fax: 33 1 40 65 98 97 Polar areas, we hâve tried to présent a large ail islanders of thé world and specifically with array of expériences and hopefully to extend thé peuples of thé Pacifie in protesting vigor- Produced by Formatek Ltd., Malta. "Sayyid Djanied Ali Khan goes hunting", Mogol thé debate on this thème. ously against nuclear bomb testing. School, early XVIII, Bibliothâque Nationale, Paris News from and about Islands

HAETER FOR SUSTAINABLETOURISM

We thé participants at thé World among peuples, creating a consci- Conférence on Sustainable Tour- ence that is respectful of thé di- tect and reinforce thé human dig- ism, meeting in Lanzarote, Ca- versity of culture and life styles. nity ofboth local communities and narylslands, Spain, on 27-28 April tourists. ews roin ajmd a out s am s 1995, Recalling thé Universal Decla- ration ofHuman Rights, adopted Mindful of thé need to establish Mindful that tourism, as a world- by thé Général Assembly of thé effective alliances ainongthe prin- wide phenomenon, touches thé United Nations and thé various cipal actors in thé field oftourism he World Conférence on ustainable burism highest and deepest aspirations United Nations déclarations and so as to fulfil thé hope ofa tourism of ail people and is also an impor- régional conventions on tourism, that is more responsible towards anzarote, 24- April l ' * 5 tant élément ofsocioeconomic and thé environment and thé conser- our common héritage. political development in many vation ofcultural héritage, and on APPEAL to thé international F he major news item in this countries. sustainable development. issue of insula cornes from community and, in particular, Lanzarote, thé well-known tour- Recognizing that tourism is am- Guided by thé principles set forth URGE governments and public in thé Rio Déclaration on thé En- authorities, décision makers and ism resort of thé Canary Islands, bivalent, since it can contribute where thé World Conférence on positively to socioeconomic and vironment and Development and professionals in thé field of tourism, public and private associa- Sustainable Tourism took place cultural achievement, while at thé thé recommendations arisingfrom tions and institutions whose ac- last April. same time it can contribute to thé Agenda 21. dégradation of thé environment tivities are related to tourism, and tourists themselves, adopt thé Thé venue was Jameos del Agua, and to thé loss of local identity, Recalling previous déclarations to on tourism, such as principles and objectives of thé a unique volcanic site transformed and should therefore be ap- thé Manila Déclaration on World Tourism, Déclaration that follows: into a sophisticated blend of na- proached with a global methodol- ture and culture by César ogy. Thé Hague Déclaration and thé IVtanrique, thé famous Tourism Bill ofRights and Tour- "lanzaroteno" artist. Mindful that thé resources on ist Code. Tourisin development shall which tourism is based are fragile be based on criteria of Thé conférence attracted more and that there is a growing de- Recognizing thé need to develop sustainability, which means that a tourisni that meets econoinic must be ecologically bearable than 800 participants from 75 mand for improved environmen- it and long as as countries, including government tal quality. expectations and environmental in thé terni, well economically viable and socially représentatives and thé repre- requireinents, and respects not A session of thé Lanzarote conférence (Photo: Shunsuke Nagashima) équitable local communities. sentatives of ail major interna- Recognizing that tourism affords onlythe social and physical struc- for ture destinations, but also thé lo- tional organizations. This indi- thé opportunity to travel and to Sustainable development is a process envisages cated that there was a need for ence, in which INSULA and its crête support from thé European know other cultures, and that thé cal population. guided which global management of resources such a timely international gath- Vice-Secretary Général Cipriano Union and thé Spanish national development of tourism can help so as to ensure their viability, enng. Marin Cabrera, were main ac- and régional authorities together promote doser ties and peace Considering it a priority to pro- tors, proved to be thé key factor in with thé prestigious sponsorship thus enabling our natural and cultural capital, including pro- Thé organization of thé confer- thé success of thé meeting. Con- of UNESCO, UNEP and WTO, made thé rest. tected areas to be preserved. As a powerful instrument of develop- By proposing thé adoption of thé ment, tourism can and should Charter for Sustainable Tourism participate actively in thé sus- to thé Conférence, INSULA and tainable development strategy. A thé co-organizers kept in mind requirement of sound manage- thé outcomes of thé UN Global ment of tourism is that thé Conférence on Sustainable Devel- sustainability of thé resources on opment of Small Island Develop- which it dépends must be guaran- ing States, organized a year be- teed. fore in Barbados (see thé Decem- ber 1994 issue of insula). Thé Charter therefore reflects thé in- Tourism should contribute to terests ofislands. Its adoption by sustainable development and be thé UN Général Assembly will integrated to thé natural, cultural undoubtedly confirm its value as and human environment; it must respect thé fragile balances that an overall stratégie documentfor Thé conférence venue Jameos del Agua (Photo: Shunsuke Nagashima) Participants arriving in Lanzarote (Photo:Shunsuke Nagashima) islands sustainabledevelopment. characterise many tourist desti-

l SU Thé World Conférence on Sustainable Tourisin at Lanzarote News froni and about Islands nations, in particular small is- This implies a change ofconsump- lands and environmental sensi- tion pattems and thé introduc- tive areas. Tourism should en- tion of pricing methods which al- sure an acceptable évolution as low environmental costs to be in- regards its influence on natural ternalised. resources, biodiversity and thé capacity for assimilation of any Governments and multilatéral or- impacts and residues produced. ganizations should prioritize and strengthen direct and indirect aid to tourism projects which contrib- Tourism must consider its ute to improving thé quality of thé effects on thé cultural héritage environment. Within this context, and traditional éléments, activi- it is necessary to explore thor- ties and dynamics of each local oughly thé application ofinterna- community. Récognition of thèse tionally harmonised économie, local factors and support for thé Thé huge auditoriuin at Jameos del Agua, set in a volcanic cavern, where légal and fiscal instruments to identity, culture and interests of thé Charter for Sustainable Tourism was presented and approved ensure thé sustainable use of re- thé local community must at ail sources in tourism. L, *i>i'¥

measures be promoted to permit a tourism and environmentally ri.- - Particular attention with regard to thé contents and more équitable distribution of thé sound sustainable tourism tech- should be paid to thé rôle thé and objectives of thé Lanzarote Con- A sculpture by César Manrique (Photo: Shunsuke Nagashima) benefits and burdens of tourism. nologies. environmental répercussions of ference.

6 s Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourism

thé ones which are most threat- is a prédominance of fine, sunny tourist industry to be profitable, ened. and comfortable weather with av- thé occupancy rate for hôtels must erage températures ranging from be around 70 percent with an av- Today, thé need for environmen- 22 degrees Celsius to 33 degrees erage of 13,000 tourists a day. tal protection and careful plan- Celsius. On average, there are Judged by world tourism growth ossier: sland Sustainable urism ning in thé tourism sector with a about 220 days with favourable rates, Mauritius is one of thé fast- view to pave thé way towards sus- weather conditions for tourists in est growing tourism destination. tainable tourism is a must in many Mauritius. This compares favour- countries. It is now generally ac- ably with Las Palmas (Canary Today, tourism is a vital sector of cepted that thé way towards Islands) which has only about 180 thé national econoiny. It contrib- achieving this goal is through a days/year which can be classified utes around 5 percent of M.auri- careful and scientific assessment as favourable from a touristic point tius' Gross Domestic Product and lanningr ourism for thé 21st entury: oftheir carrying capacity-i. e. thé ofview. (Besancenot, 1987) it is responsible for a substantial threshold of tolérance (environ- part of thé country's foreign ex- . he arrying Capacity otion mental, social and cultural) so change earnings. It is interesting much needed to ensure appropri- Tourism Developinent to note that investment in thé Prem Saddul ate environmental protection and in Mauritius hôtel sector during thé period 1987- to offer guarantees for a long-term 91, has been ofthe orderofUS$194 économie prosperity. Thé latest In 1950,there was only one tourist million and around US$140 mil- documents of UNEP and WTO hôtel of international standard on lion during thé period 1992-94. define thé carrying capacity for thé island. Thé Mauritius Tourist Introduction ence) for thé safeguarding of thé many areas of thé world - both in tourism as : In Mauritius, more than 90 long term quality of thé island's developed and in developing coun- "thé inaximum number of percent of thé 400,000 tour- Tourism is today thé third largest resources. tries. In many of thèse saturated DevelojMtaent of tourism in Mauritius people that may visit a corne spend holi- industry in thé world, contribut- areas, thé environinent, which ists to their tourist destination at thé days because of thé sea, thé ing about 12 percent of thé world Sustainable Tourism once attracted tourists'en masse , same time without. caus- sand and thé sun. Because GNP. According to Worid Tour- has becomeunattractive to today s Year No. of Tourist % Developinent ing destruction of thé tourism is viewed as one of ism Organisation, it may become ecologically sensitive tourists. hôtels arrivais growt physical, économie and thé main sectors contribut- thé largest industry by thé year It is noted that thé uncontrolled Small island states, especially socio-cultural environ- ing to thé expansion of thé 2010 when some l billion tourists development ofmass tourism dur- along coastal belts, which hâve 1968 11 15,500 ment, and an unaccept- economy, will be on thé move in search of suffered from intensive and dy- 1970 22 27,000 74.0 Mauritian thé vol- ing thé past two décadeshas led to able decrease in thé qual- unie of tourist arrivai will exotic destinations. Bythattime, namic tourism development, are 1975 34 74,500 175.0 thé point of tourist saturation in ity of thé visitor's satis- continue increasing in thé tourism development in small is- faction". 1977 37 102,500 37.6 land states will hâve reached a 1980 43 115,000 12.2 years ahead. Apart from thé (Dragicevic, favourable tropical mari- significant proportion, with a 1985 55 148, 000 28.6 1991) time cliraate, foundation gréât impact on thé natural and 1994 92 400,000 36.9 thé island's success cultural environment. of thé in tourisin is its natural scenic Thé Case of Mauritius Office was set up in 1957 and thé Thé Lanzarote World Conférence beauty, its beaches and its ina- island's National airline - Air on Sustainable Tourism held in nne environment. Thé development of tourism in Mauritius - started opération in April 1995, could not hâve corne small tropical islands is closely 1967, one year prior to independ- Mauritius has a coastline of 321.5 at a more opportune time. Thé linked to several factors - a tropi- ence. Tourismwasintegratedinto km, 86 percent thé conférence has provided an in- of which of cal to subtropical climate which is thé stratégie development plan of valuable opportunity for différent may be classified as "Pas highly favourable to tourism, long Mauritius in thé years following Géométriques" i.ebelongingtothe countries, private sector and thé stretches ofwhite coralline sand, independence. Since then, tour- ail those involved in thé tourism State and 14 percent is privately a calm blue lagoon encircled by ism has, year after year, contrib- owned. About 32.9 percent thé sector, to take stock ofprogress in of coral reefs and a diversity of its uted to consolidate thé country's coastline occupied iinplenientingthe Rio Déclaration is by buildings physical and human landscape. économie base and to increase its as follows: and to move ahead in thé practi- Ail thèse form a powerful force of socio-economic wealth. Thé table Bungalows 16.1% cal application 21, 52 km of AGENDA attraction - an invitation to travel. above illustrâtes clearlythe rapid identifyingpartnerships atworld- Hôtels 0.9% 30 km development oftourism in Mauri- Building sites 7.8% 25 km wide level, to plan towards sus- Mauritius (location 20 S ; 56 E) tius from thé year of independ- tainable tourism ( a concept which offers ail ofthem. It is considered ence (1968) to date. Almost ail thé hôtels hâve devel- has really dominated reflection as an exotic, long haul beach des- oped along coast at- and discussion during thé confer- thé where tination. Thé figure next page After 1991, thé number oftourist tractive beaches are available. gives an idea of thé monthly arrivais crossed thé mark of This development has happened Professer Prem Saddul heads thé weather characteristics in JVtauri- 300,000 and thé figure 400 000 Department of Social Sciences at thé Coastal developinent in an island resort. Is enough attention being of in a somewhat unplanned man- Mauritius Institute of Education given to thé liinited carrying capacity of small island states? tius. Throughout thé year, there was reached in 1994. Still, for thé ner following a dangerous dyna-

8 9 Planning Tourisin: Thé Carrying Capacity Notion Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin

eagerness 2000 AD i. e. a ratio oftourists to mism triggered by an 100' to develop thé tourist sector "by population of l to 3. ail means". However, during a récent National \ . Port Louis In 1975, hôtel coinplexes occu- 75 Forum on Tourism held in May pied 10 km (3.26 percent) of thé 1992, this figure was challenged. island's most attractive coast- Qy Thé arguments put forward were line in terms of beaches. This as follows: \ 50 Q figure triple d to 30 kin i.e: 9 (a) thé ceiling for tourism expan- percent in 1990. With thé com- -&- . sion in Mauritius cannot be pletion of other "big" hôtel com- reduced to a simple mathematical plexes andthe defreezingofsome Î5 concept; B (b) thé figure proposed in 1988 hôtel construction projects , this -^ ;." Indian Océan figure is bound to increase. Thé ^>- -^ would restrict thé industry to a rapid prolifération of bungalows ^ ^ growth rate ofabout 2 to 3 percent Location Map of Mauritius has gone hand in hand with tour- FMAMJ JASOND yearly. This will be much below ist development. In 1975,bunga- thé International growth rate of lows with direct access to thé Thé weather characteristics of Mauritius 10 percent; on a zonal basis as each coastal or being set on a région or unit basis beach occupied some 51 km of (e) A high percentage of tourists island zone is more or less a sepa- (i. e. each hôtel area). own coast (16.8 percent of thé total place, to ensure sustainable tour- 1994,he signed a decree suspend- stay in private bungalows and in rate identity with its stretch) ofwhich 13.5 km are on ism development. ing thé granting of licences for cheap accommodation, rendering specificity as regards thé natural, A careful and scientific process of thé best beaches of thé island. new tourist vessels and for hôtel it rather difficult to carry out such physical and socio-cultural enti- eco-auditing for each and every In this regard, one could refer to construction in order to curb tour- a study, since most bungalow ties. hôtel is possible and a System of thé formula put forward by thé ist development on thé Galapagos owners do not déclare their in- green award or "green tokenisin" Towards Sustainable ECOMOST project of thé Inter- Archipelago. Thé objective be- corne from tourist activities to Thé coastal zones should be care- could be adopted in order to en- Tourisni Development national Fédération of Tour Op- hind this was to help préserve thé évade income tax. fully chosen, taking into consid- courage hôtel complexes to think erators based on thé Mallorca case. islands' unique flora and fauna eration thé following three sets of environinental. At this stage, it is appropriate to Accordingto ECOMOST,to pave and to ensure thé long term fu- One may refer to thé situation in broad parameters (Klaric, 1995): ask ourselves thé following ques- thé waytowards sustainable tour- ture of thé existmg tourist indus- other small island states on this . Physical, ecological and tions: ism, we must see to it that : try. question. In Singapore, Hong infrastructuralparameters, which Références com- (i) thé population should con- Kong, thé Maldives, thé Sey- refer to ail fixed and flexible . How best can we set up a system tinue to remain prosperous and Visitors to thé Galapagos are re- chelles, and thé Canary Islands ponents of thé natural environ- Besancenot, J. P. "Iles et ment as as infrastruc- of coordination and coopération maintain its cultural values and quired to pay an $80 entry fée thé number of tourist arrivai per well to thé Tourisme en Milieu Tropical et between thé Mauritian authori- identity; which goes towards maintaining year far exceeds thé total indig- ture Systems; Subtropical, " Collection Iles et ties and thé Mauritian hôtel (ii) thé place should remain at- thé national parks and réserves of enous population are worth noth- . Socio-démographie parameters, Archipel, No.10; 1987 which refer to ail éléments which groups in order to achieve objec- tractive to tourists for many thé country. This example can be ing. How do thèse islands cope Cleverdon, R. Tourism Devel- tives related to cultural and envi- générations; followed by many small islands with a much larger number of concern social communities arid opment: Impact Assessmentand ronmental conservation? (iii) nothing should be done to where thé flora and fauna are tourists? population dynamics; Options. Mauritius: Ministry damage thé ecology. threatened by irrational tourism . Political-economicfactors which ofTourism; 1992. . How do we go about planning for development. As stated, in Mauritius, there are include anticipated investment Dragicevic M.. Carrying Capac- an ecologically rational and To achieve thé three objectives, conflicting views regarding opti- and économie measures for tour- ity Assessment for Tourism Ac- culturally sustainable tourism an effective political framework is inum carrying capacity. Accord- ism development. tivities. VNEP. 1991. programme in thé island and needed. This includes laws to Carrying Capacity in ing to local authorities, Mauritius Klaric, Z. "Thé Influence of thé serve it as a model for others? protect thé principles of Mauritius cannot afford to raise its présent Although many of thé parameters Carrying CapacityAssessment sustainability, integrated plan- number of tourist hôtels. Others for calculating carrying capacity on thé Concept of Sustainable are observable and hence meas- . How do we go about calculating ning procédures and coordination Thé notion of carrying capacity argue that we can still afford from Tourism Development". Paper thé optimal carrying capacity for involving différent authorities has not yet been properly defined 700, 000 to l million tourists per urable, there are some important presented at thé Lanzarote tourists in thé différent coastal who hâve a say in tourism devel- in Mauritius. This is perhaps also year by 2020. Thé Minister of ones, which are not easy to quan- Conférence on Sustainable zones of Mauritius? opment. Public enquiries and thecaseinothersmallislands. In Tourism recently quoted thé fig- tify. Thèse include flexible and Tourism; 1995. transparency in thé issue of de- Mauritius, several firms hâve ure of 600, 000 tourists a year as dynamic factors, in particular Mauritius. Towards New Dimen- In Mauritius, and perhaps in velopment certificates for thé con- been approached to conduct a thé limit of tolérance in order to those referring to cultural iden- sions for Tourism. Mauritius: many other small island states, struction of hôtels is an important study and to advise thé Mauritian ensure sustainable tourism. tity, attitudes of thé locals and thé MinistryofTourism; 1992. there is an urgent need for a finer requisite in such a framework. authorities accordingly. So far process of deculturisation. Mauritius: Thé National Devel- définition of thé "carrying capac- none has been able to corne up opment Plan for Mauritius: ity" notion in order to set a thresh- Thé daring and commendable with an acceptable forinula. In Soine Proposais It is therefore highly recom- 1992-1994.Volume l. Ministry old of tolérance on thé influx of move ofEcuador's président Sixto 1988,thé White Paper on Tourism mended that a flexible approach of Economie Planning and De- tourist arrivais at a particular Duran Ballen is worth mention- prepared by thé governinent, set Thé task of carrying capacity as- be adopted, with niaximum and velopment. Mauritius: Port thé minimum limit of tolérance point in time and at a particular ing in this context. In September thé ceiling at 400, 000 by thé year sessment should be undertaken Louis; 1993

11 10 Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin

Landscape Potential Figure l 'V Location study area of thé Thé results of landscape evalua- . andscape lanning for ourisin opical in tion in Coco Key permitted thé intégration of this territory into slands. A Case Study of Coco ey, uba CAYOGU1LLERMO ^ thé development plan of ail thé Eduardo Salinas Chavez, Eros Salinas Chavez and Eduardo Veiga Jimenez . CAYO 'Cayeria Norte Resort', which will >PAREDONGRONDE ®ONO facilitate thé investment process for thé next few years.

. ^agunade ^ therefore ana- est island of thé Cuban archi- lèche ^. uring thé last two décades It is important to Landscape évaluation was carried increase tour- Scale there was an pelago (370 Sabana- : in lyse and evaluate thé landscapes km) is in thé l 900 000 out on thé basis of 10 indicés of thé small islands, with thé aim ism in small tropical and sub- Camaguey group, which is made namely (l) degree of modification tropical islands. For thèse islands of improving thé utilisation and up of more than 2500 islands and La'Habana'Maîanzas (2) conservative value (3) aesthetic tourism has become a proinising management ofresources in thèse keys, and extends along thé north . ^Q Moron . value (4) functional value (5) ac- option socioeconomic develop- territories. coast of Cuba for more than 480 Qegode Avila for cessibility (6) transitability (7) ment, since thèse territories in km. Around 40% of thé territory ^0 area (8) stability of thé landscape inany caseslack natural resources Coco Key of Coco Key (approximately 150 (9) touristic carrying capacity and and do not hâve sufficient land km. ) (See Scale is firm land Fig. l) 1^6000000 (10) productivity. Thé types of area to develop agriculture to meet Thé Cuban main island together relations between thé criteria of thé demand of thé native popula- with its shelf, where more than Coco Key coincides with a raised évaluation and of thèse with tour- tion. Tourism development such 4000 islands and keys are located, tectonic structure ofsedimentary in peratures are between 25 and 28 Thé main natural resources of ism are shown in Figures 4 and 5. islands is attractive because thèse constitute a closely related unit, rocks on a little dissected low degrees Celsius and thé average importance for touristic develop- territories can offer thé tourists from thé paleo-geographical point plain (average altitude 3 meters annual rainfall is generally less ment, in Coco Key are: Thé highest landscape potential direct contact with nature and an of view. At thé same time, thèse with a maximum of 12) divided than 1000 mm, with a strong sea- . more than 20 km of beaches, values according to this evalua- fea- sectors, abra- insular" feeling - qualifies which islands présent individual into three namely sonal and yearly variability. Thé with excellent quality and beauty. tion were found in thé beaches, developed tures which make possible to sive-cumulative marine in thé those coming from ur- it range of evaporation surpasses . thé barrier coral reef, thé long- dunes lagoons (see Fig. 6). ban areas look for. groups north, karstic centre and differentiate four insular at thé thé rainfall and thé average rela- est in Cuba and thé second in thé sub-archipelagos, namely Los western, or lacuno-palustre in thé tive humidity is 85% of thé an- world; For thé évaluation of thé beaches Tropical islands constitute a spe- Colorados, Camarreos, Jardines south and eastern sides. nual average (see Fig. 2). . sandy dunes, surpassing 10 in of spécial indices were used, with de la Reina and Sabana- cial case of development due to altitude, exclusive of this région thé purpose ofobtaining informa- their particular natural and geo- Camaguey. Thé climate is hot and partly dry Thé hydrography of thé territory and very good natural "miradors"; tion about their natural potential features and, many with non-sufficient and unstable graphical in is complex, with no existing su- . large number of birds, espe- CocoKey, tem- cases, their cultural background. which is thé fourth larg- humidity. Thé mean annual perficial runoff, and drainage is cially flamingos with thé inost important population in thé Figure 2. mainly underground. In général Cliinatic diagrain Ecologically and economicallythe thé water table is fragmented and Cuban Archipelago; Table l Cayo Paredon Grande options for sustainable develop- shallow. Thé soils are sparse, . gréât floristic diversity and ment small islands are limited, Geographical and Economical Data of Selected Trcypical Islands Lat 22° 28'; Long 78° 10' W; Altitude 2m in little developed and young. relatively high endemism. thé provision of public services is 1984 (or most récent estimâtes available) difficult and expensive and hu- mm Land Popul- Density GNP Gross Tourists Thé territory is covered by differ- inan resources are scarce . ent végétative formations in natu- Landscapes Area ation Total PC Receipts 32 300 (l) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) rai and semi-natural states, with resources may . /-' '\. Thé lack ofnatural a gréât floristic diversity and high Thé landscapes of Coco Key 28 constrain thé absorptive capacity Bahamas 13935 221 960 4260 782 L562 endemism. are littoral and partly dry, ofan island and furthermore, thé 16 24 Barbados 431 252 586 1100 4340 505 tôl young in evolutionary terms \. 200 productivity ofits resources would Comoros 1862 381 205 89 233 5 13 Thé fauna is poorer than in thé and generally poorly differen- 20 be weakened if they are not ad- 18274 679 37 1250 1840 198 251 Fiji Cuban main island because of thé tiated. Thé agents that deter- 16 equately functionally related to Jamaica 10991 2304 210 2480 1080 593 715 simplicity of thèse habitats and mine their differentiation are: thé landscape. Maldives 298 204 680 76 432 70 158 12 More relief, thé abrasive-cumulative 100 2045 1031 504 1100 thé geographical isolation. Mauritius 1100 183 263 activity, drainage and thé in- Samoa 2842 159 56 98 619 55 than 100 speciesofmolluscs, 40 of 19 fluence oftrade winds. Seychelles 280 74 264 160 2430 91 86 Amphibicus and reptiles and more 9 than 150 birds (31% ofwhich are Dr. Eduardo Salinas Chavez: Solomon 28446 269 152 588 4 9 Trinidad 5130 1167 227 8350 7140 85 194 endémie) hâve been collected. Physically and geographically, Facultad de Geografia,Universidad de >) FMAMJJASOND la Habana, Cuba. and Tobago Coco Rey is formed of three Dr. Eros Salinas Chavez: Instituto Thé waters around thé island hâve higherunits andl51owerunits Mean monthly précipitation Nacionalde Turismo, La Habana,Cuba. (l) Land area in Km2 (2) Populatioa ia thousands plenty offish and important coral oflandscapes, each differenti- Maximum mean température Lie. Eduardo Veiga Jimenez: (3) Density is inhabitants per Km2 (4) GNP Total in US$ million Mean température Direcciôn Provincial de Planificaciôn reefs with ail thé marine flora and ates through relief., drainage, - (5) GNP Per capita m US$ (6) Grossreceipts from tourism in US$ - . - Minimum mean température Fijsica, Ciegode Avila, Cuba. (7) Tounsts in thousands million fauna associated with them. soil and végétation (seeFig. 3).

12 SI 13 Landscape Planning for Tourisni in Coco Key, Cuba Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourism

and their physical carrying ca- oftouristic resources. Thé most important, and fre- Figure 3 pacity. Thèse indices included quently used, measure to evalu- Cuba Landscapes of Key Coco, quality of thé beach, stability and By means of zoning thé type of ate thé physical carrying capacity width of thé sand fringe, visual management which should be as- in thé Keys is thé beach sand 1.2 !2 aesthetic aesthetics of thé land- signed each area according to 1.4 " 1.2 to fringe, assumingthat only a small

l IJ6 l. scape, area suitable for lodging, its natural, historical, cultural and number of bathers used this re- 2.1 1.6 and average length /width of thé socio-economical features, can be source simultaneously. Thé stand- 2.1 c^ 2.6 ?-^- beach. 1.4 '-6 2.6 ff identified. In addition, an evalua- ard used in thé case of Coco Key 2.6 tion is made of différent recrea- was 6 to 15m2 per bather and thé 3-2 ».. '.° 2.2 , <»,.6 2-' ,. 2.6 Functional Zoning tive activities and thé touristic criteria to détermine this stand- carrying capacity. 3 \. ' ard were width and stability of Tourism planning is a rational sand fringe, thé quality of bath- QD décision making process that Carrying capacity is a controver- ing-place and thé possibilities to Q. " takes into account thé économie, sial issue because there are no build in adjacent areas of thé social, cultural, political and eco- definite criteria for thé applica- beach, as well as thé type oftour- ff^ logical conditions, and their im- tion of formulae to establish thé ism proposed for thé area accord- pact on land use. Zoning is a stage amount oftourists per territorial, ing to quality of resources and ^=._ t7(^ in thé planning processthat per- or landscape, unit. However it is touristic policy of development. Q \\ ^ 3. 3 ^3.2 mits thé rational organisation of possible to give some indicators of thé use of space and is thé end carrying capacity. Thé main touristic-recreative ac- result of surveys and évaluations tivities that will be carried out in Coco Key are: . In thé sea: "seafari", sport fish- Legend Figure 6 ing, diving, snorkeling,sailing and l. "Coastalplain abrasive-cumulativelow (lessthan 12m)on consolidated sands and calcarentites. others. 1.1 - Sandy beach from 10 to 20 m ofwidth. Matrix of Landscape Evaluation with regard 1.2 - Low abrasive terrace (less than 2 m). to Tourisin in Key Coco . On land: walking, flora and 1.3 - High abrasive terrace (more than 2 m). 1.4 - High dune (5-12 m) cover by herbaceous végétation. fauna observation, visits to natu- 1.5 - Chains oflow dunes (1-3 m) with palm trees and shrubs. ABCDEFBHIJK rai and historical places and so 1. 6 - Lagoon. DSCAPE on. 2. LowKarsticplain(2-5m). 1.1 2.1 - High surface(more than 5 m ) with low xeromorphicshrub. Ol 2.2 - Médium surface(2-4m) with microphyllum dense-forest,through relief, drainage,soil and végétation, (seefigure 3). 1.2 2.3 - Low surface flooded occasionally. In spite of thé length of thé terri- 2.4 - Low surface flooded seasonally. 1.3 tory, human activity will not be 2.5 - Elongateddépressions flooded seasonally. 2. 6 - Internai lakes. 3. Lacuno-Palustrevery low plain (lessthan l m ) on sandyand marshy deposits. 1.4 permitted to concentrate alongthe 3.1 - Very low surface(less than l m) floodedseasonally with salty végétationand bare areas. l.S roads because this will give thé 3.2 - Permanently flooded surface with mangrove. 3.3 - Swamp lakes. impression ofa significantly trans- 1.6 formed landscape. It is assumed 2.1 Figure 4 Figure 5 that it would be better to allow Relations between 2.2 concentration of human activity Types of Relations between thé Criteria of Main thé Criteria of E Landscape Evaluation on Key Coco Landscape Evaluation on Key Coco 2.3 in spécifie areas while maintain- Productivity 2.4 ing wide bands of land along thé Stability roads free from human interven- 2.5 .^ tion. In this way, thé "natural" .^ 2.6 ^ .^ appearance of thé island is pre- 3. l . ^^ served and its fragile ecological ^ 3.2 equilibrium is protected. và/ ^ ~^ 3.3 MODIFICATION DESREE On thé basis of thé natural poten- .1 HIGH LDW CONSERVATIVE VALJUE GREAT s".IALL tial value of thé landscape and in GOOD Legend AESTHET1CS VAUffi récognition of thé natural features A - Degree of modification proposed FUNCTIONAL VALUE i B - Conservative value of thé territory, it was ASSESBILITY °nd/or G - Aesthetic value thé territory should be divided TRANSITABILITY D - Functional value ..f into différent zones of use which SINSULARrrV ^ E - Accessibility and transitability F - Singularity will include diverse catégories of AREA G -Area .^ management, as shown in Fig. 7. ^ H - Stability of thé landscape STAHUTY u^. l - Touristic carrying capacity CARRYINS CAmcnv ^ Functional J - Productivity Carrying Thé différence in thé meaning Value K - Natural potential of thé landscape for tourism development PRODUCTIVITY Capacity between intensive use zones and

. Strong relation; -Weakrelation; -Norelation. Note: Thé numbersof thé landscapecorrespond with those of Figure 3. extensive use zones, shown in Fig.

,0. D

14 15 Landscape Planning for Tourism in Coco Key, Cuba Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin

7 is in order hère. recently, rearing of livestock. From thé 1970s on thèse activi- Intensive Use Zone. Thèse include ties were abandoned and thé keys beaches, dunes and subaquatic were deserted. landscapes in thé north coast shelf located in shallow waters. Thèse In 1981, studies to establish thé coïncide with most of thé areas of potential of thé land for touristic touristic récréative activities and development were initiated, and they can take high nunibers of in 1984 thé first master plan was visitors and allow for niodifica- published. In 1985 some roads tions and changes in thé land- were built accordingto thé projects scape since they are thé main sup- approved. In thé middle of 1986, porter of development and con- thé construction of a viaduct was cern lodging and service infra- begun and it was finished in 1988, structure. thereby connecting Coco Key to thé Cuban main island, render- Thé Guitart Cayo Coco Hôtel ing possible a fast development of Extensive Use Zones. Thèse are thé construction process. thé natural and semi-natural for- with touristic interest including nient and handling. This is nec- ests and shrubs, internai lakes thé barrier coral reef; Floristic essary not only because of its ex- At thé end of 1990 thé building of and mangroves that hâve floristic, Réserve for thé middle-north sec- tension but also because ofits di- thé first "five star" hôtel was faunistic and forestal importance tor with high floristic diversity verse resources, geographical iso- started in Playa Larga Beach with and constitute detached éléments and endemism; Natural National lation and thé strong relation be- 458 rooms belonging to thé because of their protective and Monument for thé high dunes tween thé landscape components. Cubanacan Corporation. Its de- regulative function in thé land- and a Fauna Refuge to protect thé sign is in line with récent tenden- scapes. thèse territories spe- flamingo colonies and other im- des, with relatively low élévation In Thé extensive sandy beaches are thé main touristic resources of Coco Key cial activities are allowed, includ- portant birds in their natural habi- Actual Touristic (maximum 3 floors and average of ing diving, photo-hunting, walk- tats. Developnient 2) and spatial organisation similar to that found in a town with ing, etc. Legend Touristic use: In thèseareas thé developmentof Because of its own geographical street service zones. It is proposed also that for thé l - Intensive use zone ecotourism will be possible by isolation, Coco Key was deprived 2 - Extensive use zone whole territory thé zoning catego- Protection: means of a road network and of thé socio-economical develop- Thé proposed touristic develop- ries for protection purposes should 3 - Intégral management area "miradors" properly indicated, ment prevailing in inainland ment in Coco Key will be rela- include an Intégral Management 4 - Floristic réserve and an environmentalinterpreta- Cuba. Since thé beginning of thé tively large. According to a report 5 - Natural national monument last century, it was only inhab- carried in thé Spanish newspa- Area, complementedbyothercat- 6 - Fauna refuge tive centre. egories, such as: Touristic Natu- 7 - Touristic natural area ited temporarily by small groups per El Pais (May 2, 1993), thé rai Areas for north coastal zone Other: Réhabilitation zone. Thèse are of persans, devoted mainly to thé Spanish corporation, registered as 8 - Réhabilitation zone zones which underwent a strong procuring fire-wood and produc- Gigatel, together with Cubanacan Figure 7 human modification in thé socio- tion of sait. They also carried out SA, will build thé mixed enter- Functional Zoning of Landscape to Tourisin econoinical assimilation process. subsistence activities such as prise Paraiso Cayo Coco, with an Réhabilitation would take place hunting and fishing, and more initial capital ofabout US$25 mil- LDMA DELRJERTO by means ofimprovements in, for PLAYA TO CAYO . PLAYA LARGA GU1U-ERMO FLAMENCO example, old quarries and defor- -.^ 2 PUWA tûS PBîRCfî ested areas. LA JAULA ^ ^7 PLAYA 2 '-.J. 2 2 LAS COU3RADAS 2 ® BAUT1STA f Spécial Use Zones.Thé infrastructure to support tourism will be located in such areas. They may also hâve other functions of productive, social or scientific character.

^. TOCATOROMANC Thé functional zoning for Coco 'es, tt-9)- DIFFERENTUSE (SEE ANEX LEGEND) AND PAREDON Key just described présupposes ROADS multiple use ofnatural resources A GUITARTHOTEL /- CENTER OFCOASTAL ECOSYSTEM RESEARCHES based on a rational policy that /:' takes into account ail thé territory Thé new roads in Coco break thé natural landscape and constitute a ro MORON e as an intégral unit for its manage- new landinark of socio-econoinic developnient in this island.

9 Spécial use zone

16 17 Landscape Planning for Tourism in Coco Key, Cuba Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin lion. Thé paper also reports that Thé main centre supporting thé Ecological Impact arising from building of access Planning could also enable thé Salinas, Ed. Analisis y besides other business in Havana development of tourism in Coco roads, temporary lodging for thé host island to enhance thé rela- evaluaciôn de lospaisajes en la and Varadero, thèse corportions Key will be thé city ofMoron, thé Thé project, becauseof its rela- workers, dredging of thé littoral tions and co-operation between planificaciôn régional en Cuba. will build a hôtel in Coco Key, second in importance in thé prov- tively large magnitude, will hâve and lakes and so on. thé différent projected touristic Tesis Doctoral. La Habana; with an approximate cost of ince, located 55 km from thé Key. a multifaceted impact on thé en- installations with thé aim of en- 1991 US$60,000 per room. They will A secondary town will also be de- vironment, in particular on thé In thé second stage some perma- larging thé supply ofrecreational Salinas, Ed. and Salinas, Er. also build 2500 additional rooms, veloped in Turiguano, only 35 km landscapeand on thé natural re- nent structures will be carried activities and decreasing duplic- Las islas tropicales como destina with thé number of rooms reach- from Coco Key. A high degree of sources of thé island. out. ity of services and installations, Turistico. Conferencia ing 3000 by thé year 2000. daily movement of workers will thus making thé investments less impartida en el Taller sobre be generated, because permanent Thé project will also give rise to Thé impacts are difficult to pre- expensive and economically more Turismo en Areas Naturales According to thé same report, thé settlements in thé island will be other impacts beyond Coco Key dict without a detailed study, but viable. celebrado en Ciego de Avila, enterprise will carry out ail thé forbidden, so as to decrease thé itself, some of which cannot be thé action will be concentrated in Cuba en Junio de 1993. opérations of thé hôtels including négative impact on thé environ- predicted so far. thé north coast of thé island. It In addition, planning would en- Salinas, Ed.. Matteo, J. Salinas, thé existing Guitart Cayo Coco, ment. will probably related to touristic able thé authorities of thé islands Er. and. Machado, R. property of Cubanaca SA. Other urbanization, waste disposai, for- to establish and exécute environ- "Estudios geogrâficos y enterprises from Spain, including Social Impact Stages of Development estry, chemical andbiological con- mental management programmes clasificaciôn de los paisajes en ENDESA, will take part in thé trol of pests and so on. to render possible biodiversity Cuba. " In Latinoamerica construction of hôtels in CocoKey Thé social impact will therefore Taking in considération thé ac- conservation and ecosystemmain- Territorios y Paises en el and will build, in association with be associated with two main fac- tiens of impacts on thé landscape Thé impact in thé last stage is tenance, and permits thé con- Umbral del siglo XXI. l thé National Tourism Institute tors, namely: ofCocoKey, thé following stages more localized and in général will tinual monitoring of thé impacts Congreso Nac. de Geografia (INTUR), 3000additional rooms. . increase in labour demand and will take place: be of low intensity. It will prob- provoked by touristic develop- sobre Latinoamerica Edit. naturally migration of population . préparation for implementation; ably hâve thé least damaging im- ment. Mapfre Ainerica, Tarragona, from neighbouring territories. . implementation; pacts on thé environment. Thé Espana pp. 401-411; 1993. Econoniic, Social and This will hâve an impact on local . exploitation. expected activity in this stage will Further Reading Salinas, Er. Fundamentos Ecological Iinpacts population. probably include occupation of thé geogràficos-paisajisticos de la . thé impact of tourism on thé Thé first stage will be character- beach by tourists, free walking in Coletivo de Autores. Estudio organizaciôn del turismo en From thé économie point ofview, local population, given that this ized by thé first impacts on thé thé forest, nautical activities in de los grupos insulares y zonas Cuba. Tesis doctoral, Univ. thé proposed touristic develop- activity is a new expérience to territory. In général négative im- lagoons and in thé sea, relatively litorales del archipielago Estatal de Kiev, Ucrania, 204 ment in Coco Key has induced a them. pacts will prevail with an inten- high noise levels in some places cubano con fines turisticos. - pp. (en ruso); 1986 substantial change in thé economi- sity ranging from high to médium with high concentration of tour» CayoCoco,GuillermoyParedon Salînas, Er. and Salinas Ed. cal structure of thé province, ists, and visits to natural areas. Grande. Centra de Geodesîa. - Features of thé nature and mainly in thé north coast, where Gartografâ y Teledetecciôn del landscapes." In Hamnier, K. , diverse industrial and agricul- ICGC. La Habana; 1990 Esquivel, M. and Knupfer, H. tural activities are expanding. In Conclusions DPPF, IPF, ACC and (eds) Origin, Evolution andDi- addition there is considérable eco- Universidad de la Habana, versity ofCuban Plant Genetic nomic activity related to thé pro- As stated in thé introduction, land- Pronôstico de desarrollo de Resources, Vol. l, Editores , curement of building materials, scape planning for tourism in Cayo Coco. . DPPF. Ciego de Gatersleben, Germany pp. 12- transport and other activities sup- tropical islands (such as CocoKey) Avila. 80 pp., 1984. 25;1992. porting thé rapidly growing is very important. There is a need Equipa Hispano-Cubano. Salinas, Er. and Casas, 0. "La touristic development. for integrated physical and eco- Esquema de Desarrollo de Cayo zonificacion funcional y la nomic planning, so as to maxim- Coco. (segunda version). Ciego planificaciôn turistica en âreas Regarding thé social dimension, ise thé économie benefits oftour- de Avila; 1990. protegidas. " InReuista de Flora thé development ofthis resort will ism and at thé same time mini- Guzman. J. Mateo, L. J. and y Fauna y Areas Siluestres, generate nearly 16,000 new jobs mising thé négative environmen- Salinas, Ed. Evaluacion de las FAO, Santiago de Chile. pp. 10- directly related to tourism and tal and social impacts. condiciones de Cayo Coco. Su 12;1992. more than 6,000 to support thèse usoyconservaciôn. LaHabana. Stoddart, D. R and Ferrari, J. D. activities. Thé majority of thèse In addition, such planning could IPF-JUCEPLAN; 1985. "El atolôn de Aldabra un workers will be perform special- take into account thé récent or Salinas, Ed. "Methodical contri- asombroso triunfo de la ised functions and therefore need expected developments in thé in- bution to landscape analysis conservaciôn. " In La specialised training. Taking into dustry. One should expect, for and évaluation for territorial Naturalesa y sus Resursos Vol. considération thé limited labour example, that in thé future, tour- planning with thé spécial ref- XIX No. l. pp. 20-28; 1993. force réserve in thé province, there ists would spend less time on thé erence to Key Coco, Cuba." In Wanhill, S.R. "Turismo insular - will very probably be an increased beaches,exposedto thé sun's rays, Ecosystem Management in De- el caso de la isla Mauricio." migration ofworkers from neigh- due to its harmful effects, and veloping Countries. Vol. II. RevistaEstudios Turisticos, No. bouring territories. This will give non-beach recreational activities UNEP, Berlin, pp. 305-326; 81. pp. 71-78; 1984. rise to an increase in demand for Swimming pool and part of thé services should therefore be planned. 1989. new houses and services. complex in Guitart Cayo Coco Hôtel.

18 19 Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourism Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin

in love with nature - hâve re- thnic ourism cently been seeking more and more distant destinations, in r he esponsible \ ay search of virgin nature and re- mote fascinating landscapes. In Duccio Canestrini some cases small groups ofindig- enous people hâve become touristic attractions, just because they live in scenic places, or next to natural ecotouristic attractions. or more than twenty years though, that only someaspects of is absolutely necessary for thé This is what can be referred to as now, ethnologists and anthro- ecotourism may qualify as con- health and balance of our planet. thé indirect discovery. Although pologists hâve beenobservingthe sistent with sustainable tourism. thé place is thé attraction, thé new tribes oîHomo turisticus, and Originally, ecotourismdid not con- M.ore recently tourists hâve de- people associated with it become their cultural, économie and so- tain an adéquate social diinen- veloped an interest in thé ethnie also abjects ofcuriosity. cial impacts on thé hosts' land sion, even though environment aspects of thé host countries, in and cultures. Thé term "sustain- and nature are not thé only re- an attempt to make their experi- Thé créationofa natural park can able tourism" has been coined to sources that deserve thé travel- ence more authentic. This type of therefore harm or causes difficul- indicate a type of tourism which ler's considération. Social and cul- tourism also is not without its ties to native minorities. To use a attempts to minimise thé nega- tural dimensions are also impor- dangers. It can be of two main metaphor once again, in many tive effects oftourism. It is based tant resources and must be con- types, namely direct and indirect. cases Adam has been chased out on thé paradox, typical of thé free sidered in thé context of tourism of thé Garden ofEden, in thé name market économie model, and aims because human diversity is part Thé Indirect discovery. Tour- of ecology and ecotourism. This to overcome its disadvantages. and parcel ofthat biodiversity that ists - and not only those who are has happened for instance to thé Penan people in Mulu Park in To use a common metaphor, thé Sarawak. And to thé Bushmen in goosemay hâve becomefat enough thé Kalahari Park in Botswana, to crush its golden eggs, as well as where thèse last hunters and gath- its nest. We ail realize that in thé erers are not allowed to hunt any long-term, tourism, ifnot sustain- more. able, would destroy thé founda- tions of its own existence. From Recently l had thé opportunity to hâve been traditionally excluded and smells of paternalism. What thé touristic point of view, thé visit a few natural réserves and froin school éducation and wild- ethnie communities, living next paradoxical risk of polluting thé national parks in South Africa. life management. Thé benefits to thé natural parks, need are as yet uncontaminated destina- Their case is paradigmatic and were and are only for foreign partnerships. Thé long term for- tions is very serious. It is in thé shows precisely thé limits ofclas- ecotourists - an arrangement mula for success is indigenous interest of tourism itself, there- sical ecotouristic itineraries. Ru- which is of course unsustainable. controlled opérations, otherwise fore, to protect its own attrac- rai coinmunities - thé so called Givingjob opportunities, forjus- poaching will not be eradicated. tions. "neighbouring communities" - tifyingthe business, isnotenough, And wildlife as an ecotouristic resource will be endangered again. Ecotourism has become a buzzword in this regard. While In some other cases indigenous waiting for an acceptable defini- people are just part of thé tour tion, ecotourism has tended to be package. Sometimes they décide used synonymously with sustain- to be so themselves, being so to able tourism. It should be clear, speak "naturally business oriented" like thé Brazilian Kayapo. Much more frequently, however, Duccio Canestrini is Professor of it is thé national governments that Tourism and Anthropologyat thé Uni- /. -^ force them to act as entertainers. versity ofTrento and an eaviroiunental Their identity becomes a humili- ".s, joumalist. ating ethnie "side show". This This is an edited version of a paper X. happened in many places, ail over presentedat thé World Conférenceon '\ thé world: from Chinese ethnie SustainableTourism, Lanzarote,April minorities, to Masaai people in 1995. Kenya, from "tamed" Amazon Thé illustrationsshown in this paper Indios to European niountain peo- are reproducedfrom Homo Turisticus, pie: they ail dance in thé hôtel Studio Andromeda/Glénat ItaUa, 1993.

21 20 .. s^. Ethnie Tourism - Thé Responsible Way Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin lobby, before supper, to entertain world famous climber, has thé tourists. launched a warning: while mass tourism cornesup, alpine natives Direct discovery -Ethnie Tour- go down. ism. As is well known, thé inter- There are even more extrême est in ethnie expressions (music, dance, traditional costumes, taies cases. For a Nepalese Sherpa, mountain tops once were not to be and legends, ecology, cosmogony climbed, but to be respected as etc.) is increasing. This has led to sacred. Now thé Sherpa has inter- a type of tourism with direct in- nationally become synonymous terest in ethnie minorities, where with a porter. Furthermore, many people become a touristic attrac- Himalayan fields are now uncul- tion as such. tivated: thé men who once farmed Sometimes ethnie tourism is clas- them, hâve become porters for climbing expéditions. sified as a branch of ecotourism, as if thé people of thé host country Thé négative touristic im- can be observed as spécimens of list of pact on local cultures very long. nature - like animais in thé zoo. A pertinent question to ask with Thèse abjects relate more to is "fakelore" folklore. Obvi- In thé island of Bali, Indonesia, This is of course a disrespectful regard to ethnie tourism relates than to attitude towards thèse ethnie mi- to how much tourist money goes ously, there are aspects ofhuman indigenous people nowadays hâve to celebrate their fanerais in hid- norities. Ail peuples, even thé into native pocket. Thé World life which should never be put for ing, to avoid thé numerous tour- most technologically primitive, Bank and Survival International sale.There is a dignity, especially ists taking pictures and shooting hâve developed a culture, which ( aLondonbasedorganization that for ethnie minorities, that needs with handy videocameras. No deserves acknowledgment and re- takes careofindigenous rights ail encouragement and protection wonder that thé communities of spect. over thé world) give différent fig- from commercialisation, and in- ures. AccordingtoSurvivalInter- corneshould not be always consid- thé Ucayali river in Peru, finally declared: "We totally reject thé Thé famous Lonely Planet Guides national only around ten per cent ered as thé overriding objective. appearance tourist companies cerned, really dépends on (books and phrase books) for in- of thé total incarne goes to natives. of Anthropology of Tourisin it ail because we are not tourist ob- we stance, known to travellers as - and not even to thé native com- l was born in thé Italian Alps, and thé pattern of development Touristic Bibles, are now publish- munity as a whole, but most prob- l hâve witnessed thé touristic de- jects, but human beings". Anthropology may make an im- are thinking of. There are many. Sustainable, true, false, func- ing a séries of language survival ably to those who can most quickly velopment - or should l say deg- portant contribution to thé de- It is also true that tourists in some tional, imperialistic, etc. Some kit containing essential words and avail themselves of thé opportu- radation-inmymountains. Dif- bâte on sustainable tourism. cases could become thé natives' phrases to communicate with na- nities offered by tourism. ferent environmentalist organi- types of development favour lib- best allies, acting as spokes- others tive peuples.Thé peoplesincluded zations hâve by now spread thé their In my opinion, thé anthropology eralism, solidarity. men. very délicate rôle few or are Burmese, Thailand Hill alarm: thé Alps are becoming a A that of tourism helps to disprove two Whether tourism brings one travellers actually hâve played. thé other, remains debatable. Tribes, Hindi, Korean, PapuaNew Iinpact giant entertainment park. Tour- current sayings "Tourism helps Guinea, Philipino, Quechua, and ists expect highways to finish in One could hardly expect a tourist cultures meet" and "Tourism ush- others. This demonstrates a Ethnie tourism has various kinds front of skylifts! Facilities that to engage in dangerous political ers in development". In many Responsible Tourisni broader interest in communica- of impacts, including, économie, never existed in thé mountains matters during a vacation! Op- cases,thèse statements are false. pressive but touristically greedy tion (and an attemptto gain deeper structural, psychological, social are developed for thé tourists. In Rather than a meeting of cultures, Thé key adjective to accompany governments however are cau- knowledge) than in thé past. and cultural ones. It introduces short, tourists expert inountain tourism, including thé ethnie va- tourism should be "responsible" tious not to discourage tourists, new values, new hiérarchies, and villages to become cities, a devel- riety, often gives rise to a cultural Responsible tourism ineans re- even when thèse take up matters Anthropology, which is an aca- a new mentalities, such as thé opment which is hardly sustain- shock. Holidays are too short, and spect for thé environment and for in faveur of thé locals. demie and field discipline, teaches business attitudes we wealthy able. In thé Alps you can often see given thé time constraint - cultures. us that ethnie people possess - western travellers carry ail aver traditional activities dying and touristic encounters cannot be Cuna Indians of Panama, for in- although this is not always dem- thé world. young people despising their fa- long, by définition - and one can To be sure, we can promote stance, hâve learned to use tour- onstrated to foreigners - a coher- ther'sjob. Manyyoungsters throw hardly expect an authentic meet- sustainability, by rethinking in ent and sacred centre which our Demand often créâtes its own themselves into touristic business, ists as sponsors for their cultural ing of cultures. Unfortunately ethical terms both thé tourism and économie independence. In alienated societies hâve unfortu- supply, which in thé context of just to earn quick money, forget- genuine cultural ineetings need industry and individual behav- socio-biological terms we may see natelylost, erasedby routine, pro- tourism is often not genuine and ting their own history or using its long dialogues. Besides, most tour- iour. In thé touristic context, as a symbiosis: thé tourists are duction rhythms, consumerism, not authentic. Commercializa- stereotyped version as abait. Most it ists on holidays seek an escape, where incarne plays a major rôle, télévision and so on. That is why tion of folklore is a good example. of them abandon little mountain attracted by thé Cuna coloured leisure, récréation and not cul- thé concept of ethics, duties and clothing, thé Cuna take advan- some anthropologists talk about Take for instance thé souvenir villages when thèse are not com- tural stimuli. respect are not often given ad- tage tourists' strength and ethnie tourism as a form ofregen- industry known as "airport art" mercialised enough for touristic of thé equate importance We must re- political immunity. A very rare eration tourism, among people displaying as "typical", abjects purposes. As far as development is con- verse this tendency. phenomenon. who hâve a différent and a more that are manufactured out of thé genuine way oflife. host country, often in Hong Kong. Reinhold Messner himself, thé

22 23 Sustainable Tourisni in thé Arctic and Antarctic Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin

sovereign states that hâve long been controlled from southera cen- Sustainable r ourism in thé Arctic and Antarctic très. Many of thé indigenous Stonehouse, Crosbie populations are currently becom- B. K. and L. Girard ing autonomous, able to control their natural resources more directly than before.

conomic development is developedon thé edgeofa beauty- expenditure of natural assets in Throughout thé Arctic, thé need deemed sustainable ifit uses spot. Somenatural beauty is lost, thé name of sustainable develop- for resource development has long resources in ways that meet thé and some lesser forms ofdegrada- ment, without an ecological con- been accepted. Concepts of needs of thé current génération tion may be introduced when thé straint, will sooner or later degen- sustainability in development without compromising thé needs campsite is built. But if thé amen- erate to non-sustainable develop- hâve evolved, with shifting em- of future générations. Resources ity enables more people to visit ment. Developers, includingtour- phases of government, from in both polar régions include, and thé site and enjoy substantial re- ist operators who provide facili- precolonial and colonial exploita- to some degree are dominated by, maining beauty, then arguably, ties for people to travel and enjoy tion, through paternalism, toward such natural assets as wilderness, thé value of thé whole to mankind natural assets, are equally aware autonomy. Each régime has wildlife, scenery, and ecosystems would increase. Should thé camp- that some aspects oftheir work - traded-in a proportion ofits natu- that many regard as fragile. site be poor or ill-favoured, de- especially wilderness and adven- rai assets - thé Soviet govern- tracting seriously from thé scène ture tourisin - will be curtailed if ment ofSiberia with a gréât deal, To ardent conservationists, thèse or encouraging pernicious devel- thé conservationist view alone is thé Danish government ofGreen- values to be protected from ail but opments in its wake, then thé to- considered. Nevertheless there is land relatively little - to secure thé mildest incursions. They can- tal value would decrease. M + R an underlying principle for ail to development. Natural resources not be violated, and they must be would be less than V, and future use with goodwill. Thé model, with ofwilderness and unspoilt tundra maintained at ail costs for future générations would be worse off. ail its limitations, is useful when hâve been invaded and, to some générations. considering sustainable tourism degree, displaced by airstrips, Thé word "value" is subject to in polar régions. roads, harbours, campsites, ho- An alternative model, more flex- many interprétations, and so sim- tels and lodges, thé infrastruc- ible and in practice more widely- pie a model of sustainable devel- tures for defence stations, mines, used, allows for part of a natural opment is open to abuse: it may be Arctic and Antarctic Tchouktche woman cutting up a seal, north-eastern Siberia, August 1993 research laboratories, labour (Photo: Laurence Girard) resource base to be expanded so flaunted by developers and dis- Similar but Différent. camps, settlements and other de- long as an équivalent asset, prob- missed out ofhand by protection- velopments. Each régime has pro- ably man-made, can thereby be minded conservationists. Never- Both thé Arctic and thé Antarctic bring snow, sleet and rain. Differ- and cities, and an important resi- vided its own methods of meas- gained. In a trade-off within thé theless thé model contains an un- are cold and ice-bound, profoundly encesfollow from their geographi- dent human population. urement and assessment of bal- bounds of sustainable develop- derlying principle for ail to use seasonal, with long winter nights cal diversity. Tourists at thé South ance. Conservationists déplore ment, thé value of thé remaining with goodwill. and long suinmer days. Both are Pôle stand on a high plateau 2,800 Resource manageinent and con- many of thèse past developments, natural asset, plus that of thé dry and anticyclonic, ringed by meters above thé sea, on ice that servation problems of thé two re- pointing out thé legacy or pollu- man-made asset, cannot be less Conservationists may fear that warmer, invasive air niasses that is itselfalmost 2,800 meters thick. gions are again siinilar but also tion arising from mining, smelt- than thé original value At thé North, they stand on slowly- différent. Sustainable developing and defence activities. Econo- (McKercher, 1993). If thé original shifting pack ice close to sea level, ment, covers such issues as tour- mists and global strategists disa- resource has value V, thé man- in thé centre of a wide océan ba- ism, is a common concern with thé grée, stating that thèse were es- made development has value M, sin. same basic cause: man's eager- sential uses of thé Arctic, fully and thé remuant resource has ness to explore and develop natu- justified in their times, no more value R, then M + R must equal or Both régions hâve meagre natu- rai resources. However, thé per- and no less reprehensible than exceed V. rai resources. Thé Antarctic Cir- ceptions and management re- Britain's use of its coal réserves clé rings a désert continent fringed gimes controlling thé two régions and fish stocks. Thus thé nature An example might be a campsite by océans: thé continent is with- differ widely, and tourism and ofsustainable development in thé out trees, shrubs or continuous other environmental issues are Arctic remains a live and debat- Bernard Stonehouse and Kim Crosbie ground cover, populated only by handled quite differently at thèse able issue. operate at thé Scott Polar Research Insti- transient scientists and their sup- two ends of thé earth. tute, Umversity of Cambridge, Lensfield port staff (perhaps totalling 8,000 administrators see Road,Cambridge, UK and Lauranne Arctic usually Glrard at thé Instatute de Recherche et or more in Summer, diminishing IVIanagement and tourism as a welcome econoinic d Etudes Supérieures de Tourisme, to a few hundreds in winter. Thé Developinent development, not surprisingly in Université de Paris l - Sorbonne. Arctic Circle encloses an océan régions where resources are lim- This paper is extracted from another basin, fringed by lands more gen- The-Arctic ited and expensive to utilise, and paper presented at thé October 1993 erously endowedwith forests, tun- more revenues are constantly re- Royal Geographical Society Conférence Slow and silent pénétration into thé Quervain Bay, in front of thé Tools for Sustainable Tourism", Lon- Paul Emile Victor Glacier, western coast of Groenland, July 1995 dra, mines, industrial develop- Arctic lands and thé seas around quired to improve thé living stand- don, U.K. (Photo: Ejninanuel Hussenet) ments, native settlements, towns them are northern extensions of ards - to pay thé fuel bills and

24 SlL 25 Sustainable Tourism in thé Arctic and Antarctic Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin

lands, and thé island of South ments, no posted routes for walk- hunting and fishing expéditions support thé small luxuries - of Georgia, for example, show many ing, on educational resource cen- in northern Canada, and rising populations. Native communities are less unanimous, but remains of thé whaling industry très with ecological recommenda- shipborne sightseeing in Alaska that flourished in thé first half of tion and information. and Spitsbergen. Thèse activities thé inévitable trade-offs are gen- thé century. Thé whole Antarctic were advertised in newspapers erally accepted. Despite conser- région is dotted with more than Some services ofthis kind are now andjournals long before thé start vationist warnings, most Arctic 100 scientific stations and refuges, being developed on sub-Antarctic of thé présent century. According countries are eager to spend more some occupied, empty or islands, example South Geor- a survey and of their natural assets to attract, other for to récent (Beirer control and benefit froni thé tour- derelict, dating mainly form thé gia and Masquarie Island, where Girard, 1992) well aver 35,000 1940s onward. their ability to organise and moni- tourists northern Canada, ists who are already heading their visit tor tourism is slowly being appre- some 16,000 visit Spitsbergen, way. Although scientific research has ciated. Ail such islands are owned about 7,000 visit Greenland, and Antarctica been thé primary objective of thèse by sovereign states which are ca- growing nuinbers each year take stations, their impacts was not pable of (though not necessarily icebreaker cruises in thé North- negligible. Most stations spread skilled in) making appropriate east and Northwest passages and Antarctica is managed quite dif- aver less than a hectare - some législation, controlling tourist Bering Sea, a few hundred cross- ferently. Most of thé continent hâve achieved thé size of sinall nunibers and landings, providing ing thé Arctic basin to reach thé and ail thé neighbouring island towns and villages, with airstrips wardens and other infrastructure, North Pôle itself. groups are claimed by seven states and docks, thé équivalent of hôtel and monitoring tourist behaviour. - Argentina, Australia, Britain, Chile, France, New Zealand and facilities, and flourishing support Many tourists visit Arctic North industries. A few include accom- Two arguments are commonly America each year by air, sea and Norway. Thé daims of thèse states modation for familles, with shops, used against development for tour- land routes. Thé rush to Canada's are not universally recognized: schools, post offices and churches. ism inAntarctica. Thé first is that Northwest Territories began in some overlap, and ail hâve, in any Each year, new stations or ref- development will spoil a pristine thé 1960s with thé development case, been frozen by thé Antarctic uges appear and old ones into area and thé second is that devel- of thé JVtackenzie Highway sys- Treaty, which currently provides fall disuse. Like thé developmental opment tourist services serves tem, and expanded de- government for thé continent and of with thé infrastructure Arctic, thèse neighbouring lands south of60°S of thé merely to encourage an undesir- velopment of air transportation are man-made assets repre- able industry. Those favouring thé in thé 1970s. Greenland's Home latitude. Thé Treaty System (in- thé Antarc- first need to take into considera- Rule government seeking to cluding thé Treaty itself, drawn senting past and current is tic development, for which wil- tion thé fact that development for increase tourism approximately up in 1959, and thé instruments derness and other natural assets other reasons has already oc- 2005 subsequently arising from it), is sixfold by thé year hâve been traded. curred Antarctica, is currently (Christensen, 1992). accepted by signatory nations. willingly in 4l In thé landofBaffin, Canada, August 1995 (Photo: Emmanuel Hussenet) An inner circle of26 nations, that continuing, and seems likely to stage continue into thé foreseeable fu- are or hâve been involved in sci- It is pertinent to ask at this Many scientific, mining and in- whether or not in Antarctica M + ture. organizations north- entific research within thé Treaty tion of thé Antarctic environment ail other activities must be dustrial of R has exceeded V ? Environmen- Russia, governmen- area, are consultative parties with "...including its wilderness and plannedandconducted... soasto ern hitherto talists draw attention to thé dam- Those second argument agencies executive status. aesthetic values... " is assured. accord priority to scientific reusing thé tal but now rapidly pri- search and to préserve thé value âge inflicted and tend to say no, may be charged with evading thé vatizing, are currently diversify- arguing Antarctica has been reality that, despite officiai atti- tourist activities : a par- Thé Antarctic région has no na- Activities, such as tourism, are of Antarctica as an area for thé that ing into and posterity has been tudes ranging from indifférence ticularly strong future predicted tive populations, only interested not excluded by thé Protocol, but conduct ofsuch research... ". ruined is for "scientific tourism" in Russia scientists, administrators and neither are they welcome. Those short-changed. Scientists point or hostility to cautious acceptance, well-wishers concerned in vari- seeking to develop Antarctic re- There is an underlying assump- beyond their installations and tourism in Antarctica is growing and indeed throughout thé refuse-piles to a century's apace - parallel with its growth circumpolar north. indications ous ways with thé management of sources for tourism - or indeed for tion amongthe Treaty parties that half Ail worth ofhardwon scientific data, elsewhere in thé world. There is resources ofthis vast région. Un- science or any other purpose - are development in Antarctica has suggest that tourism throughout arguing that once thé mess has surely a case for new develop- thé Arctic is growing, and is being der thé Treaty régime, develop- warned that "Thé protection of been minimal, and that further been cleared up thé benefits to ment, carefully considered in encouragea by ail interested par- mentis notaprimeobjective. Since thé Antarctic environment, of thé developmentmustbe discouraged terms Protocol, simul- thé mid-1960s thé Treaty area dépendentand associatedecosys- in an area that has so far re- humanity will be indisputable. of thé that ties to continue growing as rap- Where, after ail, was thé ozone taneously enhance and constrain idly as possible. has been accepted by participat- tems, and thé intrinsic value of mained relatively pristine. hole first detected ? industry. ing governnients as a "Spécial Antarctica, including its wilder- thé ConservationArea", withthe clear ness and aesthetic values and its In reality, however, thé start of It is clearly important to know value as an area for thé conduct of thé présent century, and particu- None of this development within what tourists themselves seek intention ofmaintaining its envi- Arctic Tourisni ronmental integrity. Under thé scientific research... shall be fun- larly since thé 1950s, Antarctica thé Antarctic Treaty area has been from their expérience, and used support tourism. less whether their demands differ sig- recently-negotiated Protocol on damental considérations in thé has been developed substantially. to Still evolved tour-opera- Environmental Protection to thé planning and conduct of ail ac- It romains thé continent ofwhich has it been used to organise thé Tourism has differently nificantly from what at thèse two ends of thé earth. tors provide for them. Project Antarctic Treaty, Antarctica is tivities in thé Antarctic Treaty man's influence is least évident tourist sector and bring it under control. There are no tourist-wel- Thé Arctic, close to thé major cen- Antarctic Conservation (PAC), further designated a "natural re- area. Thé scientists forwhomAnt- but it is far from pristine. Thé coming parks, recreational re- très ofhuman habitation, has for based at thé Scott Polar Research serve, devoted to peace and sci- arctica is reserved safeguard their Antarctic Peninsula, thé South serves or interprétation arrange- long attracted adventure tourism: Institute, Cambridge, is develop- ence", and thé continuing protec- position : tourism in commonwith Shetland and South Orkney Is-

27 26 si;! Sustainable Tourism in thé Arctic and Antarctic Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisni ing tourist préférence studies at Antarctic Tourisni consultative meetings, which sig- Thé new Environmental Protocal both ends of thé world. Of thé natories incorporated into their covers, not specifically tourism, many possible approaches to Arc- Antarctica is a relatively newtour- own domestic law, none dealt spe- but ail human activities includ- tic vacationing, most tourists ist venue. Thé first tourist air- cifically with tourism and only a ing tourism. It has yet to be seen travel by air to custom-designed craft, a Chilean DC6B, overflew few treated it directly. Thus Ant- whether this broad-brush ap- Peninsula on 23 De- facilities, for hunting, fishing and thé Antarctic arctic tourism developed in thé proach is appropriate for so vola- other outdoor pursuits. Some cember 1956.Thé first tourist ship, absence of any but thé most gen- tile an industry, with such rapid spend periods of ten to 14 days Les Eclaireurs", an Argentine eral local régulation. To thé as- growth and - despite its good experiencing native lifestyles in naval transport carrying paying tonishment of some and disbelief record in Antarctica - such an or close to real native settlements passengers, visited thé same area ofmany, it has been regulated by enormous potential for environ- and wilderness areas. Shipborne twice in January and February tour operators themselves, with a mental damage. Though thé tourism, hitherto catering for a 1958. Last season (November 93 - degree ofresponsibility that puts Treaty systein long ago made pro- small ininority, is currently in- March 94) some 10,000 tourists other long-term users of Antarc- vision for sites of Spécial Tourist creasing. are estimated to hâve visited thé tica to shame. Today on thé Ant- Interest, designed to bring tour- place, mostly as shipborne pas- arctic Peninsula, after three dec- ists together in places where their An unpublished preliminary sur- sengers. Compared with thé Arc- ades and increasing number of impacts could be monitored, no vey by Kim Crosbie of88 shipborne tic, this is a small total. However, annual visits, it is virtually im- such sites were ever designated. tourists in north Canadian wa- aver 90 % of it is concentrated in possible to see where thé tourists Instead, tour operators are free to been. ters indicated that two thirds gave thé Peninsula sector below South hâve land their clients aïvywhere in Ant- wildlife, history and éducation as America, and thé number repre- arctica that is not a scheduled their primary reasons for visit- sents a doubling and redoubling In contrast, thé environmental ira- scientific réserve. Over 70 landing, while one third were there within thé past eight years. pacts of whaling, and even inore ing sites are now known to be primarily for récréation and pho- of scientific activities, are very used in thé Peninsula area alone. tography. Wildlife and scenic Thé Cambridge Project is devel- much in évidence. And not ail Some hâve received several visits beauty were particular attrac- oping tourist studies at both ends manifestations ofearlier develop- per year for aver 30 years. Yet tions, more sothan aspects oflnuit of thé world. A spécial study of ment are négative. Expédition none has so far been formally as- culture. On visits to local commu- Antarctic tourism estimâtes that huts dating from thé first two or sessedfor environmental damage, nities, only about halfbought ar- by thé end of thé century aver three décades of thé century, for or for its vulnerability to future tifacts, most spending a little over 20,000 tourists may be visiting example those of Scott, ShacMeton damage from fréquent tourist vis- $300per head on local crafts. As a thé Antarctic Treaty area each and Mawson, hâve become shrines its. group of passengers were conser- year. which tourists visit with rever- vation-conscîous: about halfwere ence. Derelict whaling installa- Although environmental damage members of conservation socie- What do Antarctic tourists seek ? tions hâve thé potential ofindus- or dégradation due to Antarctic ties, and 65% felt that more pro- Unpublished surveys among trial archaeological muséums. tourism so far appears minimal, tected areas were needed in thé shipborne tourists by Debra there is no guarantee that worse Will it be able to cope with thé invadors? Arrivai of thé IVIarco Polo Enzenbacher, Pamela Davies of However, later scientific huts in will not happen. Antarctica is open Arctic. Opinions were equally di- liner with its 500 passengers on thé Antarctic coast, December 1993. vided on whether their kind of (Photo: Laurence Girard) thé PAC team suggest that tour- thé Peninsula sector, dating from equally to well-informed, respon- tourism was environmentally ists assign high priorities for wild- thé 1950s onward, hâve stood in sible operators and to thé cowboys damaging. Many felt that their priorities for protection and well- ception. While it is generally wel- life, scenery and historical asso- damper climates and deteriorated i. e. to those who know and ob- strongest impacts were on com- tested régulations, to deal with comed and encouraged, native ciations. In thé absence of native more quickly than those of thé serve thé rules and to those who munities rather than on natural thé annual influx ofvisitors step- communities, in particular, rec- communities, tourists love to visit earlier explorers. Surrounded by do not even know that rules exist. resources.Thesewere experienced ping ashore from ship, coach or ognize that thé forces controlling scientific stations, though under- rubbish and decay, many are now Nigel Sitwell, a Britain who has tourists, one third ofwhom, sur- aircraft. Each has its tours-pro- tourism, includingarbitraryfash- standably, they are not always unsafe to visit, and remain as been sailing thé Antarctic seas for prisingly, had already visited moting organizations, and infra- ion and fad, lie far beyond their welcome by busy scientists. Thé monuments to environmental in- a long time, in 1993 recorded that Antarctica. structure oftourist agencies, cen- own control. PAC's own small research sta- sensitivity. récent visits from one ship with très, hôtels and other facilities - tions on Cuverville Island (during no experienced personnel on What régulâtes this substantial not always well developed, often Visits that bring wealth today may thé 1992-93 season) and in Treaty signatories hâve new re- board, one with no charts, landing and expanding industry? Thé Arc- ill-coordinated, but usually well- stop tomorrow, making long-term Hannah Point (Livingston Island, sponsibilities under thé Protocol some 400 passengers to trample a to deal thèse relies, and ef- tic s sovereign states - Norway, intentioned, expanding, and striv- investment in infrastructure un- South Shetland) diverted many with Site of Spécial Scientific Interest. Russia, Canada, US and Green- ing to improve. wise. Moreover, goodtourism with visitors from thé neighbouring forts are being made by several Nor can we be sure that observing land - are well armed with na- supportive infrastructure attracts penguin colonies that they had countries to clear up or refurbish thé rules is a guarantee of safety. tional, provincial and local regu- Any issue in thé north involving more tourists and quickly reaches corne to see. those for which they assume re- We do not know, for example, lating powers to deal with tour- land use or inanageinent ofother thé limits ofsustainability. Arctic sponsibility. Some could with lit- whether or not there are detri- ism, as with any other industrial natural assets is likely to be coin- regulatory mechanisms need to Thé Antarctic Treaty, drawn up tle difficulty be converted into mental long-term effects of well- enterprise or development.Each plicated by conflicting fédéral, be tuned to recognize thèse prob- when tourism had barely begun, tourist amenities, for example his- organized tourist visits to pen- nation has its philosophy of con- state, local, and even international lems, and deal with them as they made no direct mention of thé toric resource and information guin colonies, végétation, historié servation, it's national parks, re- interests, and bureaucracies tend anse new industry. Of many dozens of centres, at far less cost than their sites and other attractions. In- serves and protected areas, its to proliferate. Tourism is no ex- recommendations from Treaty complète removal. deed we are not always able to

28 29 Sustainable Tourisin in thé Arctic and Antarctic Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisni

Arctic country. Each country is has to a remarkable degree, dem- vast, heterogeneous range of in- well endowedwith protective leg- onstrated environmental aware- formation that is available, par- islation, though several lack thé ness. To impose arbitrary or bu- ticularly from thé north, and mak- information that would allow reaucratic constraints that do not ing it more readily accessible and them to judge when sustainable take into account thé practicali- usable for management at both levels of tourism hâve been ties of thé industry would be both endsof thé world. St Petersbourg, achieved.Ifdevelopmentfortour- insulting and counter-productive. Rovaniemi and Oxford institutes ism brings needed revenues to are interested in taking part in growing populations whose cur- Project Antarctic Conservation is this "polar centre". We are now rent renewable resource bases are concentrating on issues in Ant- looking for someFrench support .s failing, and if thé environmental arctic tourism, but drawing par- to gather thèse pro-active institu- costs of developments bear some allels and distinctions, where pos- tions and launch this database. relation to advantages received, sible, with Arctic tourist experi- tourism could be sustainable, and ence. At neither end of thé world posterity may judge its develop- is there sufficient information ment kindly. readily available for responsible, effective manageinent - in par- Références Antarctic assets too hâve been ticular for assessing limits to thé traded in thé past for industrial sustainable growth of thèse Beirer K. and Girard L., and scientific development, trans- linked, ebullient industries. Tourisme enArctique : l'activité actions in which McKercher's M + touristique dans l'Arctique, ses R hâve,at least to généralappear- To provide thé information needed impacts sur l'environnement et ance, fallen far short of V. Possi- for sensible planning and effec- des propositions pour enrayer First contact with thé autochtonous populations of penguins in Salisbury bly as a conséquence,trading-in tive management, we see first of ses effets pervers. Mémoire Bay, Southern Georgia, December 1993 (Photo: Laurence Girard) to accommodate or even to control ail thé need for intensification of présenté pour l'obteniïon de la thé new industry of tourism is long-term field studies oftourism maîtrise de Tourisme, detect and distinguish visitor-in- els of sustainability are limited, accommodation, information cen- acceptedless willingly. Those who - such as those fulfilled by thé Université de Paris l Sorbonne, duced changes froin thé normal and problems will proliferate as très, and facilities for camping, manage Antarctica, rightly try- Project Antarctic Conservation - Institut de Recherches et long-term changes that occur numbers ofships, aircraft and pas- backpacking, trekking, mountain- ing to stop thé gross dégradation and tourist impacts in both Arctic d'Etudes Supérieures de naturally. To this end PAC is de- sengers increase. Self-regulation, eering, birdwatching - ail now of past décades, seem concerned and Antarctic. Tourisme; 1992. veloping new techniques for rapid though commendable, may need commonplace in thé Arctic but so not to encourage a consuiner- Christensen, T. Greenland assessinent of visited sites to be reinforced by regulatory far unknown in thé south ? Is thé driven industry with a well-docu- Secondly we seek more direct con- wants Tourism". Polar Record (Stonehouse, 1992 and 1993) and measures imposed from outside Protocol flexible enough to handle mented capacity for damaging thé tacts and discussion betweenArc- 28 (164): 62-63. studyinglong-term, low-intensity thé industry. thèse developments ? environment. However, by con- tic and Antarctic researchers and Crosbie P. Kiin, Resource utili- impacts ofvisitors on penguin colo- tinuing to allow thé industry to managers, to compare and possi- zation in thé national parks of nies (Nimon and Stonehouse, Thé Antarctic tourist industry, develop at its own pace and its bly standardise techniques, meth- thé CanadianArctic, M'Phil the- 1994). US and Argentine scien- some 95% shipborne with a very Conclusions own way, they may be missing ods and approaches both to re- sis in University of Cambridge, tists are developing related stud- small airborne component, has so opportunities for helping to ra- search and to management. U.K. ;1992. ies of long-term changes in fre- far kept its demands on Antarc- We know ofno clear guidelines for tionalize tourist uses of Antarc- Laurence Girard already organ- McKercher Bob, "Thé unrecog- quently-visited penguin colonies. tica modest. Those concerned with estimating limits to sustainable tica, and bringing tourism itself ized one international symposium nized threat to tourism : can administering thé Environinen- tourism in either thé Arctic or thé under more effective control. in Colmar in 1992, gathering re- tourism survive 'sustain- Antarctic tourism's record ofseem- tal Protocol seem confident of its Antarctic. In view of thé rapid searchers, managers and admin- ability'. " Tourism Management ingly successful self-regulation capacity to deal with ail current increase in tourism at both ends So long as Antarctic tourism re- istrators in conservation and tour- 14(2).pp. 131-36;1993. aver thé past three décades is no developments of thé industry. of thé world, it seems imperative mains small and mainly isin fields linked with polar areas. Niinon A. and Stonehouse B., guarantee for thé future. Cur- However, tourism hère as else- that such guidelines be developed shipborne, Treaty policies and It was a success and ail partici- Penguin responses to humans rently most tourists ships are where is largely consumer-driven, as quickly as possible. management mechanisms seem pants were eager to continue thé in Antarctica ; some issues and small, carrying 50 to 150 passen- and PAC is considering problems adéquate to deal with it. It re- discussion and enhance thé expe- problems in determining dis- gers and operating under a pat- arising from possible - indeed In thé Arctic, where it has for long mains essential that thé consulta- rience through other meetings. To turbance caused by tourist par- tern of management developed probable - new demandsas cur- been taken for granted that natu- tive parties keep abreast ofgrowth this end we are planning work- ties. " In Dann P., Norman I. originally by Lars Eric Lindblad, rent tourist numbers double or rai assets be consumed to sustain and changes within thé industry, shops and conférences, possibly and Reilly P. (eds) Récent Pen- which has served both industry treble. Will eniphasis shift from human activities, few areas re- and, if possible, take a pro-active to start in Cambridge, covering guinResearch. Melbourne, Sur- and Antarctica well. This method shipborne to airborne tourism, as main pristine. Tourism is a wel- rôle in providing for future devel- thé interests ofresearchers, tour rey: Beatty and Son; 1994 is less successful in larger ships of it has in thé rest of thé world, corne development and tourist in- opments. In doingso they would operators, administrators and Stonehouse B., "Ecotourism in up to 450 passengers, thé num- bringing more tourists ashore for frastructure has already de- be well advised to take into ac- dedicated tourists. Antarctica. " In Gâter E.A. and bers ofwhich are now increasing. longer periods ? Ifso, will there be manded many environmental count thé views ofthose who know LowmanG. A. (eà.s) Ecotourism Alternatives need to be sought. demands for facilities ashore - for changes. Thé predicted expansion Antarctic tourism best. They are Thirdly we see thé need for a da- - a Sustainable Option? Lon- Other developments within thé infrastructure in thé forin ofparks of tourism in thé north will re- fortunate in dealing with a forin tabase of information on polar don: Belhaven; 1994. industry indicate that current lev- and recreational réserves, hôtel quire more asset-trading in every oftourism that, aver many years, tourism, bringing together thé

30 s . 31 Héritage Conservation and Sustainable Developinent Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin

Thé International profits from its agricultural ex- A Reality Check he nternational esort ndustry, eritage Ecotourism Alternative ports and with thé désire to spread économie development through- There are some notable similari- onservation and Sustainable Developinent: Partnerships built around tour- out thé country, thé governinent ties among many of thé stratégies owards an LTnprecedented artnership ism are implicit in thé argument of Papua New Guinea is in thé that hâve been einployed, or are that if thé Caribbean is to protect process of prioritizing tourism favoured, to foster countries' con- its environmental quality and re- within national econoinic devel- servation and sustainable devel- Hana Ayala main compétitive in thé global opment stratégies (Milne, 1991). opment through ecotourisin. A marketplace, it has to move to- Thé archipelago's unique scenery, low-volume, high-value type of wards ecotourism or new tourism wildlife and indigenous cultures tourism industry is thé choice that will link agriculture, indus- are thé focus of thé shifting devel- made by thé government ofBelize Tourism: A IVIissing No tourism-environment partner- thé more extensive exploration of try, services and training into a opment policy. In Laos, plans are in thé country's new development Dimension of Agenda 21 ship appearsin New Partnerships energy coopération, telecommu- total System of économie develop- underway for thé development of policy, which concentrâtes on Be- in thé Americas: Thé Spirit of Rio nications and information infra- ment(Douglas, 1992; Poon, 1989). thé ecotourism industry as a new lize's comparative advantage for Dubbed thé Earth Summit, thé (New Partnerships Working structure and other subject mat- Comparable with thé changing sustainable base for thé national nature- and culture-oriented tour- 1992 United Nations Conférence Group, 1994), released on thé oc- ters featured in thé document perspective on thé environment economy. Thèse plans anticipate ism and seeks to strengthen link- on Environment and Development casion of thé 1994 Summit of thé under thé section dealing with and development in thé Carib- tourism revenues sufficient not âges between tourism and other in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, embraced Americas in Miami. This docu- économie intégration and free bean island région is thé growing only to fund thé inaintenance of sectors of thé economy (Doggard, thé mammoth task ofreconciling ment contains an analysis of thé trade. récognition in Latin America of thé whole envisioned network of 1993). économiegrowth and environmen- Earth Summit-inspired collabo- thé potential socioeconomic ben- national parks and protected ar- tal protection with thé goal of rative efforts for sustainable de- Tourism is entirely absent from efits from investment in conser- eas, but also to contribute sub- According to Sarukhan and achieving a more secure, sustain- velopment in thé United States, thé stratégies suggested to guar- vation via ecotourism. stantially to community develop- Soberon (1993), small scale and able and équitable future. Inte- Canada, Mexico, thé Caribbean, antee sustainable developinent ment (Laird, 1993). small density are among thé at- gration and partnerships are key and Central and South America. and conserve natural environment In Brazil, ecotourism is viewed as tributes of ecotourism that make words of Agenda 21, which was Thé Plan of Action (Summit of thé for future générations. Yet, con- thé opportunity for sustainable While Laos and neighbouring Vi- this industry a clear alternative adoptedby some 180 govemments Americas, 1994), which was current with thé implementation development and préservation of etnam increasingly open their for thé productive yet sustainable at thé conférence as a global blue- adopted by thé leaders of thé West- of action plans adopted at thé Rio thé country's tremendous diver- markets, stunning discoveries of use of Mexico's ecological re- print for sustainable development ern Hémisphère at thé Miami and IVIiami Summits, a growing sity of ecological resources unknown ancient specieshâve resources. As Laos struggles with into thé 21st century. Summit, mentions thé subject of number of national and régional (Schieneman, 1993). Belize is vealed thé global importance of continuing environmental prob- tourism only in passing as a means plans and initiatives single out currently assigning ecotourism thé two countries' ecosystems for lems from deforestation, Laotian Among thé agreed upon objectives of promoting prosperity through international tourism-and spe- thé principal rôle among a variety conservation and thé study ofevo- authorities are giving their back- of Agenda 21 are: national strate- économie intégration and free cifically its fastest growing seg- of means for achieving sustain- lution ofbiological diversity. Thé ing to small scale, sélective tour- gies for biodiversity conservation, trade. However, thé one-sentence ment, international ecotourism- able économie development imminent challenge of making ism in an attempt to manage na- thé intégration ofthose stratégies description of thé coinmitment of as thé catalyst and sponsor ofcon- (Gonzales, 1993). Thegovernment conservation ofthis irreplaceable tare for financial reward and to into national development plans, thé governments to "undertake servation and a priority for sus- of Costa Rica formalized its com- patrimony profitable, and thus turn ecotourism into a long-term and coordination of international initiatives to stimulate tourism in tainable socioeconomic develop- mitment to using ecotourism as a défendable and implementable, contributor to thé national trade and environment policies thé Hémisphère" contrasts in its ment. catalyzing agent for other sectors falls to thé proposed schemes of economy (Laird, 1993). into a mutually supportive rela- brevity and non-specificity with of sustainable development with tourisin-conservation teamwork. tionship that favours sustainable thé proposai of, and pledge ofcom- Restricting thé number of development. pliance with, a tourism chapter And there are other countries and ecotourists is also recoinmended for Agenda 21. Theproposedchap- régions where thé urgent task of to counteract thé ecological deg- A flow of new financial resources ter, which was unveiled on thé reconciling conservation and eco- radation and destruction in thé to developing countries as well as occasion of thé symposium "Del nomic utilization of héritage, Northern Région of thé Central strengthened research on conser- Basque a la Sociedad" in San José whose importance transcends po- AfricanRepublic (Plumier, 1992). vation and sustainable manage- in May 1994, characterizes a tour- litical and geographical bounda- This scénario, inoreover, incorpo- ment oflandscape ecosystems are ism for sustainable development ries, will hâve to be dealt with rates a broadly-shared argument recognizediïiAgenda21 asessen- as encompassingthe stewardship largely in terms of tourism-envi- in favour of ecotourism, namely, tial for realizing thèse objectives. of nature, thé development of lo- ronment partnerships. For ex- that this form oftourism is much There is no référence to tourism cal communities, and thé capac- ample, thé tourist potential of thé more affordable to thé host coun- iïiAgenda 21's présentation of thé ity to be self-sustaining while pro- magnificent aquatic and coastal try since it is not conditioned by aforeinentioned goals and means. viding support for other impor- ecosystems of thé Red Sea serves luxury accommodations. In her tant programmes in national de- as thé defining factor of thé devel- article in thé April 1994 issue of velopment. opinent concept for this désert sea insula, Bookman notes that many Dr. Hana Ayala, formerly with (Dickey and Dennis, 1995), whose island nations share thé beliefthat thé School of Social Ecology at thé Thé international ecotourism al- isolation has resulted a wealth ecotourism is an excellent way to University ofCalifomia, Irvine, is in Président of EcoResorts Intema- ternative is gaining momentum of endémie marine life: one-fifth attract tourists to thé natural tional - Researchand Development Thé natural héritage of an island: thé niagnificent coral reefs that lace thé also in thé Asia-Pacific région. of its species are found nowhere beauty of thé place with little ini- in Irvine, California, U.S.A. shore of thé Qamea Beach Club, Qamea Island, Fiji (Photo: Hana Ayala) Under thé pressure of declining else in thé world (Doubilet, 1993). tial capital expenditure.

32 33 Héritage Conservation and Sustainable Developinent Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin

Current approaches to ecotourisni jor geological forces that hâve tation requires infrastructural world. In Israël, nuinerous sites, comprehensive assessment ofdes- thé fragile sites. It is unrealistic grosslyunderestiinate thé invest- moulded thé beauty and interest support that may intégrale inter- called makam, comprised ofmoun- tinations' potential and carrying to basenational and régional strat- nient of both capital and skills of New Zealand's landscapes, gla- pretive centres, interpretive ex- tains, trees, rocks and water, hâve capacity for ecotourism. An asso- egies for économie development that will be needed to integrate dation and vulcanism (Hall, hibits and thé like. It has been been revered aver thé centuries ciative cultural landscape be- that faveurs conservation on a tourism, conservation and sus- Springett and Springett, 1993). demonstrated that a well-de- and are believed to be specially cornes part of thé global héritage small sample of tourists. As tainable developinent into a vi- Such thème can successfully mar- signed and equipped visitor cen- connected with thé divine, with of humankind "by virtue of thé Garrett(1991: 205)putitbluntly able interactive Systemthat is self- ket thé same destination to both tre can satisfy thé curiosity and life and with mystical forces powerful religious, artistic or cul- in thé context of thé ecotourism sustaining aver thé long term . Thé overseas and short-haul visitors educational interest ofmany tour- (Stein, 1987). Because of their tural associations of thé natural megaproject of thé IVtaya World, challenge lying ahead is not only who differ in their préférences and ists and is, therefore, invaluable sacred status, thé makam hâve eleinent rather than material cul- which spans five Latin American to add value to natural and hu- travel motivations. Aspiring as a zoning tool. A failure to been preserved as microcosms of tural évidence, which may be in- countries, thé Maya région will be man environments, but also to ecotourism destinations should appreciate thé différence between thé natural IVtediterranean land- significant or even absent a better place in thé future only if induce a multiplying effect take into account that long-haul a destination's "raw material" of scape, allowing today a rare (Rossler, 1994). Thé Tongariro enough tourists go there to inake throughout a national economy, travellers typically perceive their héritage resources and a héritage glimpse of thé remains of thé once National Park in New Zëaland, conservation an attractive alter- while keeping thé tourist con- foreign destination within much product that adds ecotourism wide-spread ancient forests. Thé whose volcanic landscape has de- native to destruction. sumption of héritage attractions broader spatial scale than do value to thèse resources and, at makam is neither a purely natu- fined thé mythology and spiritual within thé limits of thé destina- short-haul travellers and are of- thé same time, can protect their rai nor a merely cultural resource. life of thé Maori people, was rec- There is every indication that thé tion's ecological and social carry- ten motivated by characteristics integrity, would undermine any ognized, in 1993, as thé firstWorld size of thé international ing capacities. pertaining to a country, a région ecotourism initiative. Thé nega- An interesting parallel can be Héritage Site within thé new cat- ecotourism inarket is not likely to or a continent (Leiper, 1990). tive conséquences of such a fail- drawn between thé makam and egory. figure as a constraint on national There is a growing number ofstud- ure for thé destination could be thousands of sacred graves that and régional ecotourism initia- ies that caution against a simplis- There exists plentiful évidence very serious if it occurred on thé hâve been established through- Thé appeal, educational impact tives. This observation is based tic équation between promotion that lack ofinterpretive guidance, level of a national or régional out Africa on thé basis ofcultural and prospect ofsustainable man- on a new trend that redefines thé of ecotourism and augmentation which results in thé traveller's ecotourism strategy. and religious beliefs. Thèse pro- agement of any one of thé above- tourist demand as a growing con- of thé value of destination's eco- direct and unprepared exposure tected areas represent not only mentioned landscapes, as an vergence of international tourism Systems. Thé fragility and physi- to unknown environments and valuable pools of biodiversity, ecotourism attraction, would be and international ecotourism cal inaccessibility of many areas cultural traditions, easily spoils Cultural Landscape worthy of inclusion into conserva- diminished if thé focus was exclu- (Ayala, 1995; Ayala in press). of ecological importance are per- thé tourist expérience and greatly tion networks, but also important sively on thé landscape's natural International tourists are increas- ceived as major limiting factors to diminishes thé quality of thé tour- Ecotourism tends to be confined éléments of local cultural herit- élément. Thé opportunity for thé ingly sensitive to, and motivated thé appréciation of thé value of ism product. Interprétation, to nature travel that contributes âge. Conservation of thé African local population to participate in, by, thé quality of destination land- thèse areas through ecotourism which comprises sélection, pack- to thé conservation ofnatural re- sacred forests as natural resources and benefit from, thé ecotourism scapes,in terms ofenvironmental (see,forexample, Lindberg, 1991). aging and présentation of herit- sources. Yet, thé evolutionary is integrally associated with cul- product development would be health as well as of thé diversity Moreover, thé increasing desir- âge resources, is a knowledge-de- process of interaction between tural conservation that would diminished as well. There is a and integrity of héritage re- ability ofadopting thé zoning con- mandingprocess. It relies on both societies and their natural envi- keep alive those traditional prac- gréât need for well-researched sources. Authenticity of thé des- cept in planning ecotourism des- modem research data and tradi- ronment has often blurred thé line tices that are ecologically benefi- interprétation of thé héritage re- tination expérience and thé op- tinations raises thé need to recon- tional beliefs and practices to de- between thé natural and cultural cial. Similarly, a strong identifi- sources, integrating indigenous portunity to be actively engagea, cile thé growth ofecotourism with fine thé interest and distinctive- resources that give distinctive- cation of thé indigenous people knowledge and engaging indig- to discover and learn in thé proc- a voluntary exclusion of some ar- ness of thé ecotourism product. In ness, interest and conservation with their island environments enous peuple as a condition of ac- ess ofgainingthis expérience, are eas from any tourist use. its présentation stage, interpre- value to landscapes around thé makes conservation of thé natu- cessibility of thèse resources to thé expectations ofa growing pro- rai and cultural resources insepa- their full appréciation through portion of international leisure A lack of physical access, how- râblé in thé South Pacifie. For ecotourism. Thèse examples also travellers, and of thé large major- ever, does not exclude contextual example, thé natural environinent add a cultural dimension to thé ity of those bound for overseas access, achievable through inter- is thé key component ofnumerous ecological reason why thé vacations. Thé préférences and pretation. A skilful interpreta- sites ofhistorical and cultural sig- ecotourism-for-sustainable devel- expectations of international tour- tion can add ecotourisin value to nificance that exist throughout opment model will hâve to absorb ists progressively overlap with inuch larger areas than those ac- thé Fijian archipelago, such as zones with no or restricted tourist those that are often attributed to tually visited by tourists, by tak- thé sacred Masomo Lake on thé présence. ecotourists, and thé degree ofthis ing advantage of visual accessi- island ofVanua Balavu where thé overlap appears to be correlated bility oflandscapeéléments or by fîsh-rising ritual is perfornied. with thé distance travelled, thé establishing referential connec- Thé héritage value of thé sacred Thé International highest corrélation being in long- tion even with landscapes that ecosystemsin Africa and thé South Ecotourist haul tourisin. are notdirectly observable. Itcan Pacifie island région is both natu- provide a "multilayered" appre- rai and cultural. Visitor volume is another factor Thé prominence of destinations ciation of thé destination, by link- that will pressure host countries nature and culture in tourist de- ing a particular site to naturalor UNESCO's récent décision to ex- to seek solutions to thé problems mands is shiftingthe focus ofqual- cultural thèmes that are distinc- tend thé prestigious World Herit- of restricted physical access by ity product development in inter- tive to an area, a country or a âge désignation to "associative providing contextual access to national tourism towards niedi- cultural landscapes" represents a their héritage resources through ating a place exposure that is région. For example, thé "ice and Thé striking limestone cliffs of thé Vatulele Island écho thé educational en- fire" thème captures thé two ma- evolutionary legacy of thé Lau Group, Fiji (Photo: Hana Ayala) much needed stimulus for more interpretive présentationsoutside meaningful, and

34 SIL 35 Héritage Conservation and Sustainable Development Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourism joyable, and that can be accom- solid business reason for invest- ofwhich are moving into multiple tions inthe future (Douglas, 1992; responsible entrepreneurship that nation's landscapes will enhance plished within a few days' tourist ing in conservationand sustain- resort locations. However, no Blommenstein, 1993). It over- were set forth in Amenda 27. Un- thé ecotourism value of thèse land- visit. High-qualityexhibits, quali- able development of thé destina- national or régional stratégies are looks thé tremendous potential of der its Section 3, Agenda 21 ap- scapes. It will be invaluable for fied field guidance and other tion. Thé need for such a shift in in place that would realize thé thé region's rich natural and cul- peals to business and industry, thé continuous upgrading of in- means that médiate place expo- emphasis is immédiate and glo- international hôtel industry s tural resources,including a high including thé transnational cor- terest and appeal of thé ecotourism sure and place expérience call for bal in scope,in view of thé growth ambitious expansion potential to level ofbiological diversity, to of- porations, to recognize environ- product, and thus for enticing re- training, technical skills and sub- pattern of thé international hôtel mobilize resources for conserva- fer resort networks a setting that mental management as among thé peat visits. Moreover, such re- stantial financial investment industry and thé capital being tion of thé héritage assets that are would catalyze visitors' exposure highest corporate priorities and search will reveal how thé same given thé increasingly better edu- moved into thé same countries thé very reasons for optimism to and enjoyment of thé destina- to employ technologies and proc- landscape attractions can be pre- cated, better travelled and more and régions that idealize thé about Latin America's tourism in- tion's unique attributes, act as esses that utilize resources more sented to a range of target mar- demanding market of interna- sustainability and prosperity dustry. Thé Red Sea is being sin- stepping stones ofecotourism itin- efficiently through waste reduc- kets with differmg demands on tional tourists. fundedbylow-volume, small-scale gled out as another important re- eraries, and carry out a most mar- tion and reuse and recycling of thé complexity ofnatural and cul- ecotourism. gion for international resorts. Thé ketable pledge to protect thé qual- residues (United Nations, 1993: tural expériences. Thisverysame Thé merger between international superlative désert setting and thé ity of place expériences that com- 237-239). research is of relevance to thé tourism and international richness and rarity of thé marine pétition cannât match. improvements in efficiency of re- ecotourism proceeds both ways. Thé Competing Perspective life that has evolved in this gigan- While very important for incorpo- source utilization and sustain- In Central America, for example, tic "aquarium" separating Africa However, thé Caribbean island rating sustainability into produc- ability ofland manageinent prac- where nature-based tourism is International ecotourism is not fromAsia, representan outstand- nations themselves are partly to tion Systems in général, thé ap- ticesinthehostcountries. Ashift predicted to exceed thé économie just poisedfor massivegrowth in ing opportunity for a tourism blâme for thé mismatch between proaches to environmental re- towards expérience manageinent worth of ail other nature-based infrastructure. It will, and al- masterplan that would target thé their wish to utilize tourism to sponsibility and product steward- opens thé way for an unprec- industries combined, thé number ready does, trigger optimism in international ecotourist through protect thé environment and thé ship by business and industry edented contribution by thé inter- of pure ecotourists willing to sus- thé resort hôtel industry about thé authenticity, quality and edu- industry's outlook for thé Carib- address only partially thé possi- national resort industry to con- tain low comfort levels and utilize thé growth opportunities that are cational value ofa one-of-the-kind beau tourism. As Jackson (1992, bilities that exist for thé develop- servation and sustainable devel- miniinal facilities is small, and envisioned particularly in pris- place expérience, while system- quoted in Blommestein, 1993) ment of "greener" and "cleaner" opment of destinations, as a by- diminishes every year (Ashton and tine, far-away and emerging des- atically generating safeguards of observes, most countries in thé tourism products. Among thé op- product of thé industry's invest- Ashton, 1993). In thé context of tinations. Vietnam, Laos, this expérience. This opportu- région lack thé policies and a com- portunities that are distinctive to ment in quality tourist experi- international travel, ecotourisin Myanmarand Cambodia, together nity, however, is suppressed as mitment to invest money and hu- thé greening of thé tourism prod- ences. as well as adventure tourism are with remoter parts of Thailand, thé resort development proceeds man resources necessary to de- uct are provisions for: sensitizing evolving towards "soft" forms, in thé Philippines, Malaysia and to establish thé Red Sea as a win- velop and manage héritage re- thé visiter to thé destination's And there is another aspect of thé sensé of adventure and dis- Indonesia are thé principal target ter san" destination. And it is also sources. unique features; maximizing thé resort-destination interaction that coverywithoutrisk(Tinard, 1992) areas for new resort developments increasingly lost as thé ongoing learning impact of thé place expe- is yet to be addressed in terms of supported by hôtels with high in Asia, with many hôtel corpora- boom of hôtels begins to be corre- rience; enhancing thé tourist en- its planning and management im- standards of comfort and service tions taking a stance on thé related in some destinations with Réserves of thé joyment of héritage resources in plications for thé resort industry. (Sorensen, 1993). gion as a whole. Untouched for- thé death of thé coral reefs (Dickey "Greening" Trend ways that do not physically im- As resorts seek to redefine their ests, emerald green rice fields and and Dennis, 1995). pact thèse resources; and trans- compétitive edge as ecotourism In a discussion of ecotourism for unspoiled beaches figure promi- To its crédit, thé international ho- forming visiter satisfaction into a expériences, their control aver island nations, Bookman (1994) nently in thé positioning of Viet- Thé Caribbean, too, is thé subject tel industry has widely adopted stimulus for conservation spon- product quality diminishes. This offers a perspective that fully ap- nam abroad as thé investment of considérable interest to thé in- new policies to make its opera- sorship. Realizing thèse opportu- argument can be well illustrated plies to most of thé countries that opportunityofthe 1990s(Hobson, ternational hôtel industry, be- tions more environmentally re- nities will dépend critically on by examining thé IVtaya région of hâve opted for thé ecotourism- Heung and Chon, 1994). But re- cause of thé untapped opportuni- sponsible and, thus also, inore engaging thé resort infrastructure Latin America, where resorts com- driven model of development. sortproj ects, which emphasizegolf ties this island région is thought marketable. EnvironmentalMan- in héritage product development, pète as gateways to thé tourist Bookman suggests that generous courses and marinas and are al- to offer in thé tier of luxury re- agement for Hôtels, a workbook since thé growing majority of in- expériences ofthe Mayan archaeo- initial spending will be required ready at various stages of plan- sorts. IVtega-resorts and chain- produced by thé International ternational leisure travellers will logical wonders and their diverse on thé ecotourism infrastructure ning or completion (Sheridan, affiliated hôtels with large meet- Hôtels Environment Initiative be accessing their expérience of landscape settings. Thé long-term with thé possible exception of 1995), do not set thé stage for thé ing spaces, casinos, health spas, (1993), articulâtes thé industry's thé destination from thé base of conservation of thèse outstand- those sites located near major much neededpatronage that tour- marinas and golf and tennis fa- global campaign for upgrading resorts and their grounds. ing héritage resources will only be transportation hubs where thé ism could offer to Vietnam's cilities, which set thé tone of thé hôtels' environmental perforin- achieved ifit can engage and ben- level of infrastructure develop- unique landscape héritage. Caribbeanresortniarket, are seen ance in terms ofenergy and water Martin (1995) observes that re- efit-as an économie alternative ment is already advanced. Thé as offering this inarket thé capac- conservation, improved waste sort hôtels already attempt to to logging, looting and thé illégal current emphasis placed on thé Baum (1994) defmes thé gréât po- ity to compete with resort meet- management and other measures move from being "service provid- harvest ofendangered species- potential ofecotourism to expand tential of Latin America for hôtel ing and convention destinations that maximize thé environmental ers" to becoming "expérience man- thé Maya communities that are in beyond resorts -where little of thé and resort development in terms throughout thé world (Canner, benefits of reusing, recycling, ra- agers." A successful resort man- thé process of destroying their profits filter down to thé local of its wide range of distinctive 1991). This perspective ignores tionalizing and recovering. agement of natural and cultural patrimony (Lobato, 1993). It is a économies and local conservation attractions, from rainforests to studies indicating that both mar- expériences, however, will de- business imperative that resort efforts-needs to be replaced by a glaciers to indigenous cultures. ket forces and global compétition Thé international hôtel industry's mand skills that are not part of development and management différent emphasis. Thé new em- Thé région is viewed as one of thé are singling out thé availability of environmental policies and guide- thé hospitality industry's exper- philosophies be reconsidered in phasis raust be on building into most promising markets by inter- thé ecotourism product as a major lines are in tune with thé objec- tise. Forexample, researchonthe terms of resort-destination part- thé new génération of resorts a national hôtel corporations, many déterminant of visitor destina- tives of cleaner production and ecologyand évolution of thé desti- nerships, built around thé shar-

36 37 Héritage Conservation and Sustainable Developinent Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourism ing of contributions to, and ben- treat an ecoresort project as an sion of thé cultural héritage in riences (Ashton, 1991). An alter- larlywithinthe Caribbean,South- ture, industry, services and train- efits from, conservation and thé overall System of resort-destina- ways that strengthen thé eco- native zoning concept values thé East Asia and Latin America, in- ing, it cannot continue to pursue ecologicallysound development of tion interaction from thé earliest nomic base for local communities. outer zone as an intégral part of dicates that multi-resort networks thé pattern that has occurred in landscapes located beyond thé phase of thé project's conceptual ecotourism product development will increasingly set thé tone of many Caribbean islands and else- resort property line but within masterplan, if thé sustainability Thé ecoresortmasterplan recog- and emphasizes building into this theindustry'sgrowth. Atthesame where, namely, thé poorer thé thé radius of thé guests' destina- and quality ofthis interactive sys- nizes that thé élément of spatial zone thé capacityto accommodate time, thé ever strongerecotourism performance ofother experts and tion expérience. A systematic in- tem are to be maximized. Thé séparation can be an opportunity, thé greater part of tourist activ- orientation of international lei- other sectors of economy, thé vestment in sustaining and en- current concept ofresort planning rather than a limitation. For ex- ity. This concept will become es- sure travel is likely to prompt thé greater thé emphasis on tourism. hancing thé resourcesthat sup- already favours an évaluation of ample, a panoramic view is condi- sential as thé demand for launch of more resort-sponsored Even thé very few recoinmenda- port thé destination's ecotourism thé économie, sociocultural and tioned by thé viewer's setback from ecotourism expériences grows. ecotourism circuits. Thé motivations by Agenda 21 that inention expérience must become an inte- environmental costs and benefits thé landscape attraction. Thé This demand is already exceeding tion for several resorts to partici- tourism are inore conducive to an gral part of thé économiesofqual- in selecting thé optimum develop- value ofthis view in ecotourism is thé carrying capacity of many pâte in such ecotourism itinerar- "either-or" relationship than to a ity expérience management. l am ment plan for thé resort site. Thé both in its scenicquality and in- ecotourism attractions around thé les is thé prospect of enticing central catalyzing rôle in which convinced that thé international growing effort within thé interna- formation content. An interplay world. guests through an invitation to tourism builds sustainable na- resort industry has thé potential, tional resort industry to identify of thé overall lay-out, hôtel archi- sample a country's or a région s tional économies. In its directives and will increasingly hâve thé thé resort product with thé lecture and grounds design, and Thé third core principle of thé natural and cultural contrasts or for promoting sustainable agri- motivation, to becomeglobally thé ecotourism expérience of thé des- interpretive exhibits allows thé ecoresort masterplan, a "layered to pursue spécial interests along culture, Agenda 21 includes tour- strongest conservation force. And tination calls for a complemen- resort to "explore" thoroughly thé approach to product develop- themed héritage itineraries. Thé ism solely as one of on-farm and l would arguethat thé closeinter- tary évaluation of planning ap- view and to transform it into a ment, " takes into account thé seg- offer of "eco-touring" throughout off-farin einployment opportuni- relationship between interna- proaches that would combine thé héritage attraction in its own mentation of thé ecotourism mar- thé Pacifie région, which involves ties that should be identified and tional ecotourism and sustainable objectives of quality expérience right. Coordination of planning ket as well as thé hierarchy of Sélect Hôtels and Resorts Inter- developed where intensification developmentmay well bethé most and minimum disturbance to thé and design in diluting thé bound- spatial scales involved in national, is a good example. Re- offarining Systems is not possible compelling-and timely-incen- héritage resources in thé develop- ary between thé resort-owned and ecotourism planning. While in- sort "eco circuits" hâve so far been (United Nations, 1993: 118). tive for thé introduction of new ment of thé resort-mediated borrowed" éléments of thé set- creasingly united by thé demand structured primarilythroughjoint formsof international coopération ecotourism product. ting would give thé resort project for héritage expériences, interna- marketing. Thé trend, however, As international tourism progres- towards a more secure, sustain- a strong sensé of place and thé tional tourists exhibit différent présents a novel chance for coun- sively redefines itself into inter- able and équitable future. Thé ecoresort masterplan fully en- capability of identifying closely depths ofinterest in a destination tries and régions that possess a national ecotourisin, thé poten- dorsesthé desirability of building with thé destination's appeal(see and differ as well in their ability diversity of potential ecotourism tial it holds for thé host countries resorts as self-contained develop- also Ayala, 1991). Moreover, it and willingness to undertake attractions but lack their effec- extends far beyond employment Thé Ecoresort Masterplan ments and closed Systems in thé would make thé resort's commit- physical effort in pursuit oftheir tive protection to subordinatethé opportunities. Da Costa (1995) senséofreuse, recycling and mini- ment to thé conservation ofherit- interest. By providing opportuni- incentives for attracting resort conditions thé future of science in Presentedin détail in a separate mized demand on thé destination's âge resources within thé radius of ties for place expériences from its infrastructure to thé layout of thé Latin America, which is inter- study (Ayala, in press), thé non-renewable or scarce re- thé ecotourism product niost en- promises, an ecoresort will also be envisioned network of protected twined with thé future of educa- ecoresort masterplan offers a con- sources. But at thé same time it gaging for thé guests. able to cater to thé older travel- areas. An offerof maximum con- tion, technology and industry, on ceptualframework for resort plan- seeks to achieve thé greatest pos- lers who, in terms ofresources as textual access,rather than physi- a massive investment in basic and ning, design and management sible openness and communica- Resort planning and design that well as motivation, are one of thé cal access, to thé resources that applied research in thé région. that takes into accountthé chang- tionbetweentheresort-asastag- deliver a supportive setting for most important markets for in- warrant protection should guide He emphasizes thé existence of ing profile of international touring area for thé ecotourism expe- thé placeexpérience open a differ- ternational ecotourism destina- this strategy. Thé South Pacifie thé Amazon forest as a compel- ism and thé growing business rience-and those éléments of a ent perspective on thé exécution tions. Thé same ecoresort will island région, with its wealth of ling reason to invest in a variety of ramifications of environmental broader landscape setting whose of thé zoning concept, in contrast remain equally well positioned to vulnérable natural and cultural fields because research in this un- conservation and sustainable de- ecotourism value canbe enhanced to thé current séparation of thé supply supportive setting for a resources, alarmingly few pro- paralleled natural laboratory will velopment. This "prototype" on thé resort pré mises. That ap- accommodation infrastructure more intense place expérience, tected areas and an interest in lead to unique and exciting re- masterplan compléments thé plies particularlyto thé landscape from thé ecotourism expérience. which could incorporate excursion increasing thé numbers of inter- sults. What is missing in Da Cos- guidelines provided by thé Inter- éléments reachable froin thé re- Thé confinement of accommoda- trips or a multidestination itiner- national tourists is in thé position ta's assessinent of thé Ainazon s national Hôtels Environment Ini- sort through panorainic views and tions, particularly oflarger hôtels ary. Thé ecoresort masterplan to benefit from an infrastructural potential to attract international tiative with thé goal ofgiving new during excursions. A closely re- and resorts, to a zone outside na- recognizes coopérative master- masterplan that would spell out investment in research that would resort developments thé ability lated second principle of thé ture réserves, World Héritage planning of several ecoresorts as thé économie justification for a benefitmedicine, agriculture, for- andbusiness reason to accomplish ecoresort masterplan, "an ex- Sites and other types ofprotected a distinctive mode of ecotourism comprehensive conservation net- estry and other sectors of thé re- thé ecological, cultural and social panded capacity to assiinilate," areas, is typically controlled by product development, which work. gion's economy is that exciting sustainability cfa resort-destina- encompasses building into thé thé considération of thé least in- would give thé cooperating prop- and ongoing discoveries about thé tion partnership. ecoresort development thé capac- trusive or thé least undesirable erties thé capability to generate a nature of thé Amazon resource Thé ecoresortconcept intégrâtes ity to catalyze thé place experi- location for thé development of flow of tourism along héritage Thé Case for "Héritage will be as important as thé very three coreprinciples: (a) "resort- ence; to sensitize thé guests to thé thé bedroom capacity that can thèmes and pool thé benefits of Destination" existence of this resource for thé plus" scopeofmasterplanning; (b) spécial qualifies of thé destina- service thé incoining visiter vol- environmental sponsorship. development of a quality an expanded capacity to assimi- tion; to act as a pre-excursion "fîl- urne. Thé acconimodation facili- Poon (1989) rightly stresses that ecotourism product. This point late; and (e)a layered approachto ter, " to enhance and protect thé ties of thé outer zone are expected Thé focus of inany hôtel groups if new tourism is, indeed, to be needs to be emphasized at thé product development. Thé first authenticity of expériences; and to send their guests to inner zones current expansion plans on inul- developed as a system that links time when thé international tour- principle articulâtes thé need to actively to mitigate against ero- to participate in ecotourism expe- tipleleisure destinations, particu- together and stimulâtes agricul- ism and hôtel industries target

38 39 Héritage Conservation and Sustainable Development Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourism thé ecotourism potential ofBrazil practical application establishes tected areas. l propose that an throughout thé South Pacifie is- and other countries that share thé desirability and viability of active and systematic pursuit of land région. thé outstanding héritage attrac- investment in one ecotourism des- national or régional benefits of tions of thé Amazon forest. tination over another. It would international ecotourisin, carried be a gréât lossfor Panamaas both out in a manner that procures Ecological Théâtre and In his keynote address at thé 1994 a country and as a tourism desti- excellence in thé quality of thé Héritage Bank Central American Environmen- nation not to take up an offer by tourism product development,be tal Summit in Managua, Nicara- thé Smithsonian Tropical Re- adopted as a new category of in- An immédiate priority for Fiji gua, Président Figueres Olsen of search Institute to participate ternational récognition, that of a should be thé establishment of a Costa Rica called for an immedi- actively in transforming Panama's Héritage Destination. network of national parks, re- ate attention to biodiversity in- spectacularforest and niarine eco- serves and other protected areas. ventories as a condition for tap- Systemsinto a model of tropical Co-sponsorship ofthis récognition ping Mesoamerica's wealth of biologicalresearch, conservation, by UNESCO, thé World Tourism Thé process of selecting héritage biodiversity to both générale in- environmental éducation and Organization (WTO)and possibly resources, andwhat management corne and foster research that ecotourism, which would bring other international organizations model will be utilized, will be de- could enhance national and re- significant social benefits to thé of thé United Nations network on cisive for both thé international gional wellbeing. This call is be- peopleof thé région (Smithsonian thé one hand, and by thé interna- récognition of Fiji as a destination ing echoedin a growing number of Tropical Research Institute, tional hôtel industry-repre- ofWorld Héritage quality and for countries, particularly in thé 1992). Committed to sharing sented perhaps by thé Interna- international support ofFiji's con- Utilisation of local materials and building techniques can blend a resort develop- servation effort. ment into thé cultural context of thé place (above) in Vatusogosogo Village and Third World, that look for ways to knowledgewith studentsthrough- tional Hôtel Association (IHA)- (below) in Qamea Beach Club, both at Qamea Island, Fiji (Photos: Hana Ayala). combine an access to better knowl- out thé country as well as with on thé other, would open unprec- l propose adoption oftwo distinc- edge about their héritage re- international tourists to Panama, edented opportunities for mobi- tive, yet mutually interlinked, sources with an access to funds thé Institute has already initi- lizing financial and intellectual thèmes as catalysts of thé selec- that would support protection of ated thé development ofa Marine resources needed to préserve thé tion process: thèse resources. Education Centre. Since thé Cen- natural and cultural héritage of (l) Fiji as a microcosm and a her- tre will draw upon leading-edge mankind for future générations. itage bank of thé South Pa- Biodiversity prospecting - thé research in tropical ecosystems, cific island diversity; and screening of plant and animal spe- conducted by thé scientists from (2) Fiji as an ecological théâtre. cies for commercially valuable both thé Institute and thé Univer- A Vision and a Strategy genetic and biocheinical re- sity of Panama,its exhibits will be for thé Fiji Islands Thé first thème reflects thé fact sources- has becoine a widely rec- unique,dynamic and continuously that thé Fijian archipelago ognized model of conservation changing (Smithsonian Tropical Thé following outlines my pro- uniquely captures and showcases partnership amongmultinational Research Institute, 1993), as posai of a new tourism-cum-con- in a nutshell thé rich diversity of pharmaceutical companies, indig- would be any ecotourismproduct servation masterplan for Fiji. thé South Pacifie island environ- enous and local peoples and re- that would grow from a partner- First introduced at thé 1993 Fiji ments-a diversity that no other search institutions that include ship co-sponsored by thé Insti- Tourism Convention (Ayala, island région in thé world can Costa Rica's National Biodiversity tute. 1995), thé proposai is currently match. Fiji contains high vol- Institute and thé University of under considération by thé Fiji canic islands with sharply pro- Suriname. International A masterplan for new tourism government. Thé basic argument nounced différences between lee- stages of thé Earth's evolutionary Taveuni was identified by thé World Conservation Union ecotourisni has yet to be appreci- must be pro-active, placing thé that will drive thé masterplan's ward and windward sides; uplifted history, areas of exceptional sce- as one most ated as another, complementary, pursuit oftourism quality and des- préparation is as follows: Thé limestone islands with striking nie beauty and habitats with spe- (IUCN) of thé Pacific's cies of universal value from thé but potentially much morewidely tination quality into a mutually unique geological, ecological and forms of eroded limestone cliffs, important islands in terms ofbiol- and readily applicable partner- supportive and reinforcing rela- cultural diversity of thé Fijian caves and islets; and coral atolls. point of view of science and con- ogy and conservation. ship that can bridge thé business tionship. It must also recognize archipelago is in a sharp contrast servation. Forexample, theNorth and conservation value ofresearch thé importanceofinterpretive and with thé poorly developed System Thé archipelago also harbours an Astrolabe Reef in thé Kadavu Thé second thème reminds us that thèse island environments are not and ignite sustainable develop- accommodation infrastructure in ofprotected areas. Thé outstand- excellent display of ail three types Group provides supporting evi- nient. thé enjoymentand security of thé ing conservation value of thé coun- of coral reefs: barrier reefs that dence for thé Darwinian theory of static, but evolving. They are part ecotourism expérience, in stlmu- try's héritage resources is what are closely related to atolls; fring- thé origin of atolls. Thé scenery in of an evolutionary play that un- Unlike conventional tourism, lating investment in conservation gives thèse resources outstanding reefs, attached to thé shore thé eastern Lau Group features folds on thé stage of thé ecological ecotourism dépends on ongoing and in zoning thé tourist consump- ingtourist value. Fiji is uniquely and extending seaward; and plat- iinpressive examples of thé re- théâtre and involves culture as a research to satisfy thé key charac- tion of héritage attractions. And positioned to design its conserva- form reefs confined to shelf wa- peated uplifting of thé limestone factor of diversity, interest and teristics of ecotourism: complex- it must intégrale a long-term tion strategy as a tourism strat- ters. In my opinion, Fiji could rock, of thé "sculpturing" effects héritage value. Relatingthe South Pacifie island microcosm to thé ity, authenticity and educational strategy of upgrading and diver- egythatwould add socio-economic supply outstanding examples in of sea level changes, and ofvari- value. From thé tourism and ho- sifying thé ecotourismproduct so considérations to thé goals ofpro- ail four catégories of thé criteria ous stages of thé évolution of thé spécifie socio-cultural context of tel industries' perspective, thé as to systematically strengthen tecting thé integrity and enhanc- used by UNESCO to détermine coralreefecosysteins. ManyLau Fiji energizes thé idea of pooling existence ofa research institution thé destination's research capac- ing thé appréciation of héritage natural sites for thé World Herit- landscapes, moreover, support a thé strength of Fiji's natural and richness of cultural associations. héritage assets. or a university interested in link- ity and enhanceboth thé ecologi- sites. This model will realize its âge List. It is particularly rich in cultural ing scientific investigation and cal and économie value ofits pro- full benefit when extended sites that represent important Elsewhere in Fiji, thé island of

4l 40 Héritage Conservation and Sustainable Development Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin

Thé criteria used by UNESCO to advantageofresorts' conventionand tion by thé Fiji Development Bank and American Expressto raise funds grant World Héritage récognition conférence capabilities in directing for Lau's island of Vanua Balavu for conservation projects in Central will be utilized by thé masterplan to Fiji towards becoming thé hub for could becomea flagship model of a America and thé Pacifie; and dona- direct identification of thé most international meetings with thé staging area for a conservation strat- tions to World Wide Fund for Na- prominent héritage sites through- "new tourism" thème. egy fuelled by quality tourism. Thé ture from eco-touring itineraries co- out Fiji. Simultaneously, thé site's potential for developing con- sponsored by thé Sélect Hôtels and masterplan will guide thé estab- Thé conceptual blueprint that will textual links with thé distinctive Resorts International and Qantas lishment of an additional network guide future resort developmentwill héritage of thé Lau Group is mag- airline, arejustthree proofs ofthis. of marine and landscape ecosys- be closely tied with thé proposed nificent. Thé masterplan for Fiji goesbeyond tems so as to complément sites of conservation strategy. It will aim management and marketing initia- World Héritage value in creating a at creating staging areas across Fiji Guidance offered for both existing tives. It focuseson design-manage- héritage bank of thé islands' geo- to facilitate contextual access to thé and future developments will be ment approaches that would tie re- logical, climatic and ecological di- héritage resources, by utilizing used to stimulate a prestigious and sort-sponsored conservation with versity. In thé process, it will take views as prime access channels. highly marketable patronage ofFi- on-site interprétation and presen- advantage of information provided Planning, design and management ji's héritage resourcesby thé resort tation. Thé underlying objective is by pilot international projects on models will be offered that will il- industry. Thé conceptof patronage to ensure a coordinated growth of island diversity that were completed lustrale benefits ofclosely tying to- will encompass not only financial thé industry, in which each new in Fiji, but never related to tourism gether resort lay-out, views and contribution to conservation, but development enhances thé quality, or conservation stratégies. Particu- excursions in représentative but less also ecological and cultural sensi- diversity and conservation value of A rare display of palm species endémie to Fyi on one of relevant product. larly is thé Eastern Fiji thé Sovu Islands in thé Lau Group (Photo: Hana Ayala) sensitive parts of thé destination. tivity and utilization of local skills Fiji's tourism Project, which was launched in 1974 Thé staging areas will be meaning- and material resources in a focused underthe auspicesof UNESCO and fui not only in thé spatial sensé,but effort to provide an économie justi- Thé resort-environment partner- thé United Nations Fund for Popu- ploratory and educational experi- Interpretive support would greatly they will also serve as supportive fication for thé continuation of local ship could become thé single most lation Activities (UNFPA) and ence of nature and culture, with thé increase thé enjoyment and educa- settings for ecotourism expériences traditions and to encourage links important source offunding for con- which disclosed a remarkable, pre- emphasis on authenticity and com- tional expérience that thé abun- that cover much greater areas than between thé tourism and other sec- servation, thé lack of which has viously unknown ecological diver- plexity of thé expérience (Yacoumis, danceofindigenous assetsenclosed tourists will visit. This will allow tors of thé country's economy. This been a key factor hindering thé es- sity within thé traditional catego- 1989; Stolznow Research Pty Ltd, inside thé resorts' boundaries, or Fiji to set aside, in a systematic concept gives new momentum to tablishment of protected areas in ries of continental, high-volcanic 1992;King, 1992). found in their immédiate vicinity, fashion, ecologically and culturally, conservationpartnerships that hâve Fiji. Thé success of this ambitious and low-lying islands. could offer to thé guests, while en- thé most sensitive island environ- already been suggested by some vision will be greatly influenced by Thé implications of thèse findings forcing conservation. Thé magnifi- ments without depriving thèse en- resorts, such as thé "user-pays" two factors. Since over 80% of thé Thé concept of thé island héritage are twofold. Firstly, thé existing cent coral reefs that envelop many vironments of thé benefits ofspon- model proposed for thé création of country's land is held under com- bank and ecological théâtre will resorts will hâve to assume a much resorts are a prime example ofher- sorship by thé tourism industry. thé Cakaudrove Marine Park and munal tenure by land-owning guide thé development ofa compre- more active rôle in mediating thé itage resources that cry for protec- Such a strategy would be invalu- Réserve. Thé international hôtel groups (mataqali) of ethnie Fijians, hensive System of protected areas guests' exposure to thé destination tion. able in bringing thé superlative industry increasingly recognizes thé thé development of future parks and sites. Additionally, thé empha- and find ways to shift thé emphasis héritage resourcesof thé Lau Group marketing effectiveness and busi- and réserves will be contingent upon sis on héritage thèmes that in- oftheir vacation product offer from Quite a few resort areas in Fiji fea- and other highly sensitive areas ness value of donations to environ- génération ofbenefits for thé land- volve-and cross-reference-natu- a sun-lust to a sun-plus expérience ture héritage resources that bear into thé overall strength of Fiji's mental causes.An "optional dollar" owners that would outweigh short- rai and cultural landscapes and that emphasizesthé component of similarities to those in need of strict ecotourism product without over- fund-raising scheme, which char- term financial gains from alterna- marine ecosystemswill integrate a "wonder. " Secondly, Fiji would protection in other parts of thé ar- loading thé very limited carrying acterizes thé Going Green Environ- tive land uses, such as logging. significant tourist value into this greatly benefit from a pro-active chipelago. Thé Vatulele Island, capacity of thèse areas for tourism mental Program by thé ITT Shera- Another factor to consider is that distinctive conservation network. strategy for future resort develop- which hosts thé Vatulele Island development and excursion traffic. ton hôtels in Africa; thé joint effort thé new emphasis on "experienc- This strategy will set thé stage for ments that would pursue thé tour- Resorts, is in many respects a mi- A resort project under considera- of thé Ramada Hôtels and Resorts ing" and contextual accesswill gen- an infrastructural masterplan that ist value of thé country's héritage crocosm of thé ecologically and cul- erate a gréât demand for more and will be conceptualized as thé "cen- resources within thé context of a turally sensitive Lau Group of is- better information about Fiji's eco- trepiece" of a country-wide conser- broad strategy for thé systematic lands that are largely off limits to Systems. vation scheme. and well-orchestrated protection of visitors. Besides being one ofFiji's thèse resources. Currently, Fiji, few limestone islands outside thé Resort-Conservation which seeks to further increase tour- Lau Group, Vatulele is also sur- Biosphère Réserves Network ist arrivais and where new resort rounded by mushroom-like islets developments are being built and that écho thé islet groupings for Since1984, when UNESCO adopted Thé current tourism masterplan for planned, has no long-term strategy which parts of thé Lau are legen- an Action Plan for Biosphère Re- thé Fiji Islands (Coopers and to guide thé expansion of thé resort dary. A unique opportunity exista serves, there has been a growing Lybrand Associâtes, 1989) bases infrastructure. for thé Vatulele Island Resort to emphasis on building biosphère re- further development of thé existing develop a System of interpretive serves as new, multifunctional mod- core resort areas, as well as desig- With regard to repositioning and guidance that would extol thé els of protected areas that bridge nation of additional ones, on their upgrading thé existing resorts, thé Vatulele-Lau connection. Such conservation and sustainable de- capacity to accommodate thé "bulk masterplan l propose will direct guidance would enrich thé guests' velopment. This makes biosphère of sand, sea and smiles" tourists spécial attention to tapping thé po- expérience of thé destination and réserves valuable management from thé main sourcemarkets. Yet, tential ofmany resorts' grounds to encourage thé resort's very market- models for new tourism destina- tourism research increasingly re- serve as a "middle ground" between able patronage ofoutstanding her- tions - a strategy that will be elabo- veals that thé demand from thé thé hôtel and thé destination, thus itage assets elsewhere in Fiji. rated on by thé proposed tourism-generating markets for Fiji enhancing thé sensé of place and Sigatoka Sand Dunes on Fiji's largest island ofViti Leva are of gréât masterplan. Thé goal will be to is strongly biassed towards an ex- expérienceof thé place for thé guest. Further, thé masterplan take interest as a unique landscape and iinportant archaeological site couvert thé protected areas into will (Photo: Hana Ayala)

42 43 Héritage Conservation and Sustainable Developinent Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin multiuse areas that are structured Another proposai, directed at thé thé tourist demand, encourages thé Tourism Council of thé South Pa- around thé zoning conceptand man- University, will suggest that thé right markets, and provides an edu- cific (TSCP), alert us to severalcon- aged through tourism-destination current course offering be devel- cational and exciting introduction cerns that can be raised across thé partnerships that stimulate and oped to build thé intellectual capa- to thé place expérience. island région. A limited contact reward thé involvement of thé Fi- bilities needed to manage new tour- exists between thé tourism authori- jian people in sound resource man- ism for thé benefit of thé country Thé proposed masterplan for Fiji is ties and thé protected area agen- agement. Thé benefits for both thé and thé région. Current courseson not a tourism masterplan in thé cies. Thé network of protected ar- destination and thé industry from island geography, human ecology, sensé of thé traditional définition of eas is only rudimentary and ill- sharing responsibilities in resource tropical forest ecology,resource con- sectoral responsibilities and execu- funded. It is beyond thé financial conservation and resource manage- servation and management are tion of sectoral policies. It is struc- and human resource capabilities of ment are not limited to naturalre- among those that could be com- tured around thé définition of op- thé existing relevant agencies to sources. An inspiring example bined with "traditional" tourism portunities that changing consumer deal with thé very large number of cornes from thé island state of courses into hybrid curricula that demand and thé growing business areas that deserve immédiate at- Vanuatu in thé South Pacifie would stimulate, in a pro-active value ofenvironmental stewardship tention for their conservation value. (Sofield, 1991). By assuming re- manner, interdisciplinary ap- open for a joint-and mutually ben- A progressing depletion of natural sponsibility for control and man- proaches to national and régional eficial-pursuit oftourism quality, resources and ecologically disas- agement of a traditional ceremony development planning. Thèse conservation and sustainable re- trous effectsoflogginghave recently in thé présence of tourists, thé vil- courses would also prépare thé source management. It aligns thé been added to thèse concerns lage peopleare able to give thé tour- highly qualified professional guides tourism strategy with thé objective (Wallace, 1995). ists greater understanding of thé who will be needed to staff thé new of establishing an effective parks national parks and protected areas. and protected area System as for- Thé barren beauty of a sinall volcanic island in thé Yasawa Group, Fiji event's symbolic importance and a Thé spatial pattern of international (Photo: Hana Ayala) sensé of participation rather than Thé GalapagosNational Park well mulated in thé National Environ- tourism is most relevant to an iden- observation, which significantly illustrâtes thé returns on investment Strategy, which was endorsed tification ofopportunities for bring- enhances tourist satisfaction. Thé ment into a comprehensive train- by thé Cabinet of thé Government ing tourism and conservation into a found only on a single group of is- income, which is channelled into ing System that intégrâtes univer- of Fiji in 1993. teamwork. A substantial and a Thé Prospect of a Re- lands and often on only one island. community projects, does not re- sity éducation. growing proportion of international gional Héritage Bank Mangrove ecosystems are confined ward a staged event, but encour- Thé national perspective of Fiji as a tourism is multidestinational in to thé western part of thé région; âges a contact between différent prospective Héritage Destination, character. Thé multidestination Thé overwhelming emphasisoftour- they are not met east of Tonga and cultures, carried out on thé basis of Thé Value of "Synergy" however, is not separable from thé mode of leisure travel is most ism planning and marketing in thé Samoa. Remains of primary rain partnership, respect and reciproc- régional perspective, which reveals strongly pronounced in overseas South Pacifie on "tropical island forest exist, for example, on larger ity of gains. Fiji as an ecologicalthéâtre and an thé full value of thé model in which trips (for supporting références,see paradise" has homogenized and Fiji islands and in Samoa. Most of island héritage bank are not mar- tourism and conservation would be Ayala, 1993). Thé themed nature of standardised thé extraordinary di- thé leeward sides ofislands are to- Within régions involving a number keting thèmes. They are concep- masterplanned to grow together. héritage product development, versity of thé region's biological, day covered by savannahs and of smaller countries, UNESCO en- tuai constructs that will guide thé which invites thé linking together scenic and cultural diversity. From grasslands; however, relies of dry courages sélection ofsuch locations intégration of tourism and conser- of multiple sites for thé benefit of thé point ofview ofboth conserva- evergreen forest survive in Fiji and for future biosphère réserves that vation planning within a broader South Pacifie thé product's interest, appeal and tion and tourist interest, this diver- in thé Marquesas. are not only représentative of thé land use-plan. Thèse thèmes will Héritage Destination immunity to compétition, will fur- sity offers a wealth of complemen- région or biogeographical province, serve also as a foundation ofa mar- ther heighten thé importance of tary expériences among sites in More chapters can be added to thé but also where thé functions of thé keting strategy. But this strategy Thé 1990 Guidelines for thé Inte- multidestination itineraries in both various parts of thé région. While already fascinating story that Fiji biosphèreréserves as "laboratories" will be defined within thé context of gration of Tourism Development demand and "supply" for interna- thé région, as a whole, contains a reveals about thé geological history of sustainable development can be thé overall masterplan, as a form of and Environmental Protection in tional tourism. high number of endémie species, of islands, including coral islets- best carried out. Fiji has a better management that assists in zoning thé South Pacifie, published by thé each of thèse species is typically adorned barrier reefs that frame a information base on its natural re- lagoon where low volcanic hills still sources than do most other South rise above surface, as in thé Gambier Pacifie island nations and, impor- Islands in French Polynesia. Thé tantly, is thé main seat of thé Uni- manifestations of cultural history versity of thé South Pacifie. Thé are no less complementary across masterplan will supply incentives thé région. Huahine's outstanding for thé création ofpartnerships that eariy Polynesian sites and numer- engage thé relevant units of thé ous archaeological remains in thé University, land owners and thé Marquesas in French Polynesia; resort industry in transforming man-made rock formations on parts of thé protected area network Sawai'i in Western Samoa; fortifi- into laboratories of sustainable ag- cations associated with a time of riculture, forestry and other activi- Melanesian population migration ties of national and régional inter- into Fiji; and thé distinctive cul- est. Information generated in thèse tural milieu of thé Lau Group that field laboratories will, in turn, be dérives from thé Tongan influence utilized for an on-going upgrading are just a few examples. ofFiji's ecotourism product as well as for thé promotion ofenvironmen- This by no means exhaustive list of tal éducation in Fiji. A unique collection of liinestone islands in thé Qilaqila Bay of Islands, ^e-old cérémonies in Fiji at thé installation of Tui Levuka examples indicates thé potential Vanua Balavu, Lau Group (Photo: Hana Ayala) in Ovalau Island, October 1993 (Photo: Hana Ayala) and desirability of extending thé

44 45 Héritage Conservation and Sustainable Developinent Dossier: Island Sustainable Tourisin

héritage bank and ecological thea- strategy. However, such a strategy sustainable development interac- Canner, F. L. "Treasure Islands- Potential for Fiji. " Journal ofPa- gress on Adventure Travel and tre thèmes region-wide. Cultural would onlybe suitable for thé South tive System viable and self-sustain- Or Not?" Thé Cornell Hôtel and cific Studies, 16 :74-89; 1992. Eco-Tourism. Englewood: Thé circuits that revitalize traditional Pacifie island région if backed by ing. l cannot think that any région Restaurant Administration Laird, J. "Laos Pins Tourism Hopes Adventure Travel Society: 35-37; routes of migration and trade, or planning from thé earliest stagesof other than thé South Pacifie could Quarterly, 32(3):11; 1991. on Unspoiled Nature and Cul- 1993. itineraries that pool thé scenically- exécution. Thé concept of staging benefit more by setting an interna- Coopers and Lybrand Associ- ture. " Our Planet, 5 (4): 8-10; Sheridan, M. "Vietnam: A New striking legacy of thé region's dy- areas,which engagesthé accommo- tional précèdent as a Héritage Des- ates. Fiji Islands: Tourism 1993. BoomMarket. "ffoteZs, 29(2):18- namic geologicalhistory would cre- dation infrastructure in interpre- tination. But l also cannot think Masterplan. Suva: Government Leiper, N. "Tourist Attraction Sys- 19;1995. ate an additional platform for thé tive guidance, zoning and conserva- that any other région could lose of Fiji; 1989. tems. " Annals of Tourism Re- Smithsonian Tropical Research coordination oftourism and conser- tion sponsorship, would be equally more ifit chose to let tourism, con- Da Costa, L. N. "Future of Science search, 17 (3):367-384; 1990. Institute. Thé Panama Canal vation efforts, which would hâve a meaningful and implementable servation and sustainable develop- in Latin America. " Science, 267 Lindberg, K. Policiesfor Maximiz- Watershed and Reverted Areas; synergistic effect on national initia- within thé régional context as at a ment go separate ways. (5199): 827-828; 1995. ing Nature Tourism's Ecological A Deuelopment Plan Proposai tivesinFijiorelsewhere. TheTSCP national level. A"layered" approach Dickey, C. and Dennis, M. "Thé and Economie Benefits. Wash- (Draft, September). Panama and thé South Pacifie Régional En- to masterplanning thé staging ar- Paradise War Saved." Newsweek, ington, D.C.: WorldResourcesIn- City: STRI.; 1992. vironment Program (SPREP) could eas, based on complementarity of December 26: 124; 1995. stitute; 1991. Smithsonian Tropical Research significantlyincreasetheir contacts, héritage thèmes, would give thé Références Doggard, C. "Belize. " International Lobato, R. "El Mundo Maya: A Institute. Where Land Meets and mutually benefit, by taking thé régional tourism product a long- Tourism Reports 3: 4-20; 1993. Challenge for thé Future. " Paper Sea. Marine Education Center lead in balancing two criteria in thé term direction for a coordinated, Ashton, R. "Trends and Problems Doubilet, D. "Thé Désert Sea.'Wa- presentedat thé III International Culebra Point. Amador Cause- development of such régional environmentally and culturally sen- in Eco-Tourism. " In Proceedings tional Géographie, 184 (5): 60- Symposiumon Tourism, Ecology way. Panama (Executive Sum- ecotourism circuits: génération of sitive growth. This would signifi- of thé 1991 World Congress on 87; 1993. and Municipalities, Mazatlan, mary). Panama City: STRI; 1993. varied héritage expériences and cantly increase thé region's poten- Adventure Trauel and Eco-Tour- Douglas, J. E. "Ecotourism: Thé Fu- Mexico, August 30 - September Sofield, T.H.B. "Sustainable Eth- conservation of island environ- tial to attract investment into qual- ism. Englewood: Thé Adventure ture for thé Caribbean?" Indus- 4;1993. nie Tourism in thé South Pacifie: ments. ity ecotourism projects and would Travel Society: 22-31;1991. try and Environment 15 (3/4) Martin, F. "New Ideas from thé Some Principles. " Thé Journal of motivate active involvement ofsup- sustaiiiAshton, R. E. andAshton, :64-66; 1992. World's Resort Leaders. " Hôtels, Tourism Studies, 2, No. l: 56-72; port sectors, such as airlines and P. S. An Introduction to Sustain- Garrett, W. "Partnerships and 29 (3): 40-46; 1995. 1991. Vaka Moana: Thé Océan tour operators. able Tourisnz (Ecotourism) in Cen- Politics-The La Ruta Maya Ex- Milne, S. "Tourism Development Sorensen, L. (1993), "Thé Special- Roads of thé Pacifie tral America. Guatemala City: perience. " In Proceedings of thé in Papua New Guinea." Annals Interest Travel Market. " Thé Thé staging area zoning concept USAID, Régional Office for Central 1991 World Congress on Adven- ofTourismResearch, 18(3): 508- Cornell Hôtel and Restaurant Ad- Intégral to this new régional per- would be fully compatible with thé American Programs; 1993. ture Travel and Eco-Tourism. 511;1991. ministratwnQuarterly, 34(3):24- spective is thé Vaka Moana Pro- developmentof alternative forms of Ayala, H. "Resort Hôtel Landscape Englewood: Thé Adventure New Partnerships Working 30;1993. gram, devised as part of thé United accommodations, such as village- as an International Megatrend." Travel Society, :200-206; 1991. Group. New Partnerships in thé Stein, A.B. "Landscape Eléments Nations World Décade for Cultural basedguest houses,that can gener- Annals ofTourism Research, 18 Gonzales, V. "Traditional Tour- Americas: Thé Spirit of Rio. of thé Makam: Sacred Places m Development (1988-1997). Vaka ate additional income opportuni- (4):568-587; 1991. ism Compared with thé New Washington, B.C.: World Re- Israël." Landscape Journal, 6 Moana portrays thé Pacifie Océan ties in rural areas or outer islands. Ayala, H. "Thé Unresearched Phe- Forms of Tourism: Their Rela- sources Institute and thé U. S. (2): 123-131; 1987. as a bonding élément between thé In its focus on thé needs and aspira- nomenon of 'Hôtel Circuits'." tionship with thé Environment." Agency for International Devel- Stolznow Research Pty Ltd. lands and thé peuplesof thé région. tions of thé people of thé région, HospitalityResearch Journal, 16 Paper presented at thé III Inter- opment; 1994. Market Research Report: Quali- According to its guiding principles, Vaka Moana could also provide a (3): 59-73; 1993. national Symposium on Tourism, Plumier, J. F. "L'Ecotourisme dans tative Investigation into thé Per- thé Program has been set up in rationale and action framework for Ayala, H. "From Quality Product Ecology and Municipalities, la Région Nord de la République ception of Fiji in Sydney and response to thé growing awareness thé expansion of thé biosphère re- to Ecoproduct: Will Fiji Set a Mazatlan, Mexico, August 30 - Centrafricaine. " Tropicultura, 10 Melbourne. Suva: Fiji Visitors by thé Pacifie peuples of thé impor- serve concept. Précèdent?" Tourism Manage- September 4; 1993. (4):163-165. Bureau;1992. tance of their héritage and of thé ment, 16 (1):39-47;1993 Hall, C.M., Springett, D.V. and Poon, A. "Compétitive Stratégies Summit of thé Americas. Plan of need to maintain and further de- Thé layered approach to thé coordi- Ayala, H. "Ecoresort: A 'Green' Springett, B. P. "Thé Develop- for a 'New Tourism'. "Pro, gress in Action. SUMMIT. FIU. EDU. velop ail thé dimensions ofthather- nation oftourism and conservation Masterplanforthe International ment of an Environmental Edu- Tourism, Récréation and Hospi- Tinard, Y. "Le Tourisme itage. A better knowledge of thé stratégies in thé région could be Resort Industry. " International cation Tourist Product: A Case tality Management, l, :91-102; d'Aventure: Un Concept historical links among thé Pacifie echoed in an innovative, layered Journal of Hospitality Manage- Study of thé New Zealand Natu- 1989. Evolutif. " Cahiers d'Espaces,No. peuples, conservation of resources approach to thé development ofbio- ment (in press) rai Héritage Foundation's Na- Rossler, M. "Tongariro: First Cul- 29:8-19; 1992. and traditions, promotion of ail sphère réserves. In this approach, Azcarate, T. Speechpublished in ture of New Zealand Pro- tural Landscape on thé World United Nations. Agenda 21. Earth forms of art with thé common thème two or more biosphère réserves es- Thé Biosphère Conférence: 25 gramme." Journal ofSustainable Héritage List. " Thé WorldHerit- Summit. Thé UnitedNatwnsPro- of thé sea, and économie develop- tablished within national contexts YearsLater. Paris: UNESCO: 18- Tourism, 1(2):130-136; 1993. âge Newsletter, No. 4: 15; 1994. gram of Action from Rio. New ment based on careful use of thé would become core éléments of a 21;1993. Hobson, J. S.P., Heung, V. C.S. Sarukhan, J. and J. Soberon "La York: United Nations Depart- régions resources are among thé larger biosphèreréserve that would Bauni, C. "Boom Times in Latin and Chon K. S. "Vietnam's Tour- Importancia de la Conservacion ment of Public Information; 1993. Program's main goals. Thèse goals address conservation and America. " Hôtels, 28(5) :40-44; ism Industry: Can It Be Kept de los Recursos Naturales para Wallace, C.P. "Pacifie Paradox: could equally well be used to define sustaainable development issues of 1994. Afloat?" Thé Cornell Hôtel and el Turismo Ecologico. " Paper pre- Isles in Despair." Los Angeles thé principles for creating a new régional concern. Such an approach Bloniinestein, E. "Caribbean Restaurant Administration sented at thé III International Times, March 16, :A1, A34, A35; génération of South Pacifie tour- could become a model for thé forma- Tourism, Ecology and Commu- Quarterly, 35(5): 42-49;1994. Symposium on Tourism, Ecology 1995. ism, whose compétitive strength tion of "régional units of sustain- nities. " Paper presented at thé International Hôtels Environ- and Municipalities, Mazatlan, Yacoumis, J. "South Pacifie Tour- would dérive from authenticity, able development," which has been /// International Symposium, on ment Initiative. Environmen- Mexico, August 30 - September ism Promotion: A Régional Ap- sensé of place, educational value proposed as a new direction for thé Tourism, Ecology and Munici- tal Management for Hôtels: Thé 4;1993. proach. " Tourism Management, and sustainability. Man and Biosphère Program palities, IVCazatlan, Mexico, Au- Industry Guide to Best Practice. Schieneman, J. "Varig Airline's 10 (1):15-28; 1989. (Azcarate, 1993). Itwouldalsofully gust 30 - September 4; 1993. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman Rôle in Eco-Tourism: Mass Tran- Vaka Moana could become thé uni- exploit thé potential that thé Uni- Bookman, S. "Perspective on Ltd;1993. sit or SpecializedGuide?" InPro- fying thème and thé source of a versity of thé South Pacifie, as a Ecotourism in Island Develop- King, B. "Cultural Tourism and its ceedingsof thé 1993 World Con- strong identity and appeal for thé régional university, could play in ment. " insula, Year 3 (1):19-21; régional tourism-cum-conservation making thé tourism-conservation- 1994

46 SI 47 Interview with Masahide Ota

side so as to enable thé expected that instead of ruining thé cul- ists in fields related to island de- progress to matérialise? tural aspects of thé région, tour- velopmentis extremelyuseful and ism should incorporate cultural is very much appreciated. Governor Ota: We are system- factors into its development plan. atically developing policies, based In our universities and académie on thé Okinawa Promotion and research institutions, we are ex- su G est Development Plan, to provide for ploring thé effects of tourism on INSULA: Finally, GovernorOta, thé basic facilities necessary to régional économies and consider- tourism is also called "a passport support an active tourism indus- ing ways in which we can promote to peace and its development un- try. Inparticular, we arecurrently tourism without spoiling our cul- doubtedly needs an international making gréât progress on water tural events, cérémonies and en- peacefulframework. Okinawahas nterview with asahide ta, resources development, energy ac- tertaininent. experienced thé bitter fruits of cumulation and thé development war. JVtemoriesfrom thé past are overnor of Okinawa Préfecture of related infrastructure such as intermingled with expectations for an improved transportation sys- thé future. What are your people's INSULA: Okinawa and thé Ryu abroad (Korea, Taiwan and Hong health, waier, security require- tem. INSULA: An important issue was hopes in this respect? Kyu Islands with their original Kong) which cooperate with ments and after ail thé social ac- raised in Okinawa last year dur- culture, hâve been, for centuries, Okinawa Préfecture in promoting ceptance of thé islanders commu- In order to gain acceptance from ing thé Islands Matter-Islands Governor Ota: This year marks a natural bridge for thé exchange tourism campaigns and in con- nitiesareamusttoenter success- thé Okinawan people,we are pre- Matter International Conférence, thé 50th anniversary of thé end of ofgoods,news and peopleamong ducting market research in order fully in thé international tourism senting a Tourism Proclamation which INSULA contributed to or- thé Pacifie War and thé Battle for thé Japanese Empire, Korea, to actively attract tourists to compétition. To provide thèse ba- in October 1995.With thé coop- ganize. This was thé création in Okinawa. Okinawa Préfecture China and thé Philippines. Nowa- Okinawa. sic facilities in such a largely eration of thé community, we will Okinawa of an international was thé site of thé only land battle days, and in thé forthcoming spread out archipelago as yours is be able to work together on thé multidisciplinary institute for is- fought in Japanduring World War years, thèse islands are bound to not an easy task. Are thèse re- establishment ofan attractive re- land research and development. II. As a result, Okinawa lost many recover their appeal for continen- INSULA: Télécommunications, quirements already in place or sort area and thé development of A challenging task indeed. How precious lives, cultural assets and tal and South Pacifie travellers. Is efficient air and sea transport, planned from your government's a sustainabletourism industry. do you envisage INSULA's par- property. Okinawa ready to confront thèse ticipation in such an endeavour? trends? We must not stop praying for ev- Governor Ota: We hâve settled erlasting world peaceif we want Governor Ota: It is necessary INSULA: During thé Lanzarote on a plan called thé "Basic Estab- to ensure that such a foolish war for thé Okinawa Préfecture to es- Conférence, several statements lishment Plan for thé Subtropical doesnot happenagain. "Thé Cor- tablish itself as an international were made by participants stress- Comprehensive Research Foun- nerstone of Peace" has been con- resort area ifit wishes to develop ing that tourism can be sustain- dation" (tentative name) which structed to commemorate thé a sustainable tourism industry. able on condition that other eco- will conduct research on various spirit ofthose who lost their lives nomic and cultural sectors are island-related issues. during World War II and to create Our Préfecture is blessed with jointly developed.Is such a policy a place where one can find peace outstanding resources which will also pursued in thé Ryu Kyu Is- We are working to establish this ofmind and study about peace. In enable us to develop an interna- lands? What is thé rôle of thé institution as soon as possible. addition, we hâve recently made a tional resort area. Thus, through university and thé scientific insti- With coopération from INSULA, PeaceDéclaration and we hope to comprehensive planning and sys- tutions there? we would like to open, as one of make Okinawa a centre for thé tematic policy development, it is thé institution's project, an ad- promotion ofworld peace. possible to make Okinawa one of Governor Ota: We consider tour- ministrative office for thé Inter- thé resort capitals of thé pacifie ism as an inclusive industry which national Scientifîc Council for Is- Thé Okinawan people's hope for Rim. générâtes demand (économie ef- land Development. everlasting peace is very strong. fects)not only to hôtels,gift shops, Tourism is also referred to as a As regards to lodging facility, seaand airtransporters and travel We are trying to encourage island peace industry. Thus, as both thé Okinawa already has hôtels of agents, but also to other sectors of studies and promotion ofcoopera- peuple and thé government of équivalent quality as other coun- thé economy,including thé agri- tion between island régions Okinawa Préfecture pledge to tries. M.oreover, our Préfecture has culture, forestry and fîshery in- through thé establishment of an keep everlasting peace, it is ap- established various branch offices dustries and thé manufacturing information network among is- propriate to further promote tour- and processing industries. land communities. ism as a main industry.

Okinawa is a préfecture of Japan. Régional culture is a very impor- Therefore, thé guidance and sup- Recentlythé préfectureand its gov- tant tourism resource. We belle ve we can reçoive from special- emor, Mr. Masahide Ota, featured port prominently in international news biilletins, with regard to thé relatively largeAmerican Military pres- ence on thé island.

48 49 Islanders at Work

Health database and regular dem- onstrations of oral photographs, hâve proved to be important tools to motivateparticipants to change some of their négative lifestyles, est hazardous to health. Solar radiation, especially UVB- radiation, seems to be an increasing threat against thé health of thé islanders and their environ- ost ment. Thé radiation, monitored Récent Evolution of a Swedish Interdisciplinary Model on Koster every 20 second since early 1994, is rather high due to for a Holistic View on thé Condition of Man thé comparatively clean air in thé région. Lip changes and advanced Guy Heyden ageing of thé skin are particularly manifest in thé population. Thé year-round inhabitants and thé Poster Health, initiated in Photographie documentation, pic- for thé schoolchildren on Koster tourists are continuouslyinformed 1987 on thé Koster Islands ture analysis and health-promot- and their teachers by increasing Group of thé Koster Project Partners from Sweden, Estonia, about current radiation levels by ing communication based on thé their possibilities ofutilizing their Lithuania and Finland (Photo: Dr. Piero Giovanni d'Ayala) as a gerontological research thé Koster Health scientists and project, has been transformed into photographie material, are key- educational resources in institu- acid rain (recorded monthly since from being polluted. Since 1992, given recommendations to prevent a human ecological and médical concepts in thé model. Methods of tions in other parts ofSweden. It 1988) in thé région, lowering pH, however, it has been observed that damage to thé skin, thé lips and anthropological inodel for com- Digital Image Analysis (DIA) and may also serve as an important and to entry ofchlorides from thé thé environmental changes are thé eyes. Plantlife changes, possi- parative, interdisciplinary stud- telematics are developed in col- ineans ofcoinmunicationbetween sea into thé groundwater at peri- consistently threatening thé qual- blyinducedbyUVB-radiation, are ies on thé iinpact of environmen- laboration with, among others, thé Koster Health scientists and ods of high water consumption. ity of drinking water on Koster. monitored photographically by tal conditionson thé quality oflife Hasselblad Electronic ImagingAB, other national or international Growth of microorganisms and Technical and hygienic interven- professional photographers, as ofman (for review, see Follér and Gôteborg (M:attsson et al. 1994, research groups for exchange of other pollutants from under-ditions, temporary improving thé well as by school children and Heyden, 1990, Heyden, 1992, Mattsson et al. 1995). Thé meth- data and expériences. mensioned and partly defective quality of water, hâve to be re- their teachers on Koster. Follér, 1992). Thé scientific de- ods of utilizing high résolution sewage Systemsof thé households peated regularly in order to com- sign of thé project has been al- scanning of clinical colour slides may also threaten thé quality of pensate for thé environmental Thé cultural landscape in Koster tered concurrently with thé is- and sending digitized images by Récent Results présent, undergoing rapid landers' identification of local means of modem telematics to dif- thé drinkingwater. Furthermore, impact. is, at changes increased growth of health hazards. Methods hâve ferent médical and odontological Water, which is thé prerequisite duringthe tourist seasonthe avail- with able quantity of drinking water bushwood. Farming is no longer been developed assist hu- specialists for distance consulta- of human life, seems to be an to thé profitable. faveurs inbreed- man individual to take on an in- tions hâve been found to be most increasing threat to thé health of may be insufficient to a tenfold Life Styles This increase in thé island population. ing of local strains of wild ani- creased self-responsibility for his valuable resources for thé scien- man (thé water paradox). Stom- problems Adoption négative styles, mais, which may transnait, aniong or her environment and health. tists as well as for thé participat- ach disorders are rather common In summary, thé water of life may be serious threats to human hazardous to human health, are others, tick-borne Borrelia infec- ing islanders and their society. among thé islanders. More than 50% of thé participants in thé health. They may alsojeopardize influenced (directly and indirectly) tions and encephalitis to man. Un- a social- treated Borrelia infections may At présent (in 1995) thé Koster project declared that they suffer peaceful co-existence on Koster, by circumstances in thé Design of thé long-lasting disorders Scientific Model Health Library contains more than from récurrent stomach illnesses. as is thé case in ail other living psychological and cultural envi- result in in areas on earth with a limited and ronnient on thé islands. Such fac- human muscle, nerve and joint 35 000 clinical and ecological col- Sérum analyses, performed in easily polluted water supply (for a tors seem to exert a greater influ- tissues. Sérum analyses, per- Since1993, thé annual follow-ups our photographs (for a review, see 1994, demonstrated that there is review, see Heyden, 1992). ence on thé islander's pattern of formed in 1994, hâve demon- included physical environmental Eliasson and Heyden, 1990). This no over-representation of behaviour than thé individual's strated that more than 14% of thé parameters - from thé ozonelayer, library and thé Koster Health Da- Helicobacter pylori - infections Water may be "thé mirror image" knowledge about existing health- adult island population has been via air and rain pollution and plant tabase, containing ail data from (possibly inducing gastro-duode- of thé health of thé environinent risks involved in différent kinds infected by Borrelia burgdorferi life changes to ground water (thé thé annual interviews since 1987, nal ulcer disease) in thé adult because of its unique chemical of abuses. Thé outbreak ofgrowth microorganisms. In général, thé "vertical" dimension) - and per- facilitate rétrospective analyses island population. Thé islanders properties as a solvent. Regular ofpoisonous algae is polluting thé frequency of insect-borne infec- sonal parameters - from thé so- and constitute valuable resources are, however, subjected to drink- déclarations ofwa- sea around thé Koster Islands tions seems to hâve increased in cial network of thé islander, via, for éducation and research. ing water with periodically high of thé quality ter (in rain showers, local water- and frightened away thé tourists, thé région during thé last few among others, individual life contents of, among others, met- courses,coastal sea-water régions, years and préventive measures styles, nutritional habits and ill- A temporary ISDN-network has aïs (copper, zinc, iron and alu- house- Thé économie dépression 1993- are in progress in collaboration nesses, into thé oral health (thé been established on Koster to fa- minium) mainly released from drinking-water wells and in 94 example ofevents having with thé islanders. "horizontal" dimension). cilitate direct communication (for thé water pipes. Such factors may holds taps) on thé Koster Islands is an bilatéral discussions and confer- induce or enhance stomach prob- hâve been found to enhance thé a gréât impact on thé living cir- watchfulness of thé local inhabit- cumstances, on thé choices oflife- ences) between thé island popula- lems in sensitive persans. GuyHeyden, O.D., M.Sc.,is ehair- ants with regard to environinen- style and on thé quality of life of A New Unit man of "Koster Health", Gotëborg tion and thé régional authorities Thé water ofindividual wells may tal threats and increase its inoti- many islanders. However, per- University,Kilesandsgarden,s-452 on thé mainland. Thé technique Since late 1995, Koster Health 05, South Koster, Sweden. has been found to be most useful be corrosive due to thé constant vation to protect thé environment sonal print-outs from thé Koster

50 s 51 Koster Health Islanders at Work constitutes a separate university section at thé Department for l Kourti Interdisciplinary Studies of thé Human Condition, Division of Vouniatades, Corfu Intersectoral Education and Re- search,GôteborgUniversity. Prob- lem oriented undergraduate and Jordan Arzoglou postgraduateéducation, including a comprehensive view of thé human condition of man, is organized by thé University sectionand Kourti (Thé Courtyard) used Though we grew up in Athens, we WitîiIKourti, thé idea is to bring includes practical field work and to be thé estate of Count feel it is important for Greece to village populations in direct con- laboratory work on thé Koster Is- Voulgaris ofMelitiis on thé Greek move some of thé intellectual and tact with thé rest of thé world lands. island of Corfu. In addition to a cultural activities out of thé capi- skipping "thé urban connection"; white-washed two-storey house tal to thé provinces, thé main is- and to make thé villagers, exposed with green doors and Windows, International Networking lands. Everything has been going thus to beautiful and substantial and much of thé olive gravesand to Athens and gets levelled out. diversity from ail over thé world, vineyards on thé steepslopes that Thé provinces, thé islands, offer Satellite Koster Health models are realize not only that they hardly look east and west onto thé lonian diversity to Greeks and visitors being established in Estonia, need thé city, but also that they Sea, he owned donkey-driven Lithuania, Finland and Croatia. Fishing vessels in thé Koster Sea (Photo: Dr. Piero Giovanni d'Ayala) thé alike, and we in turn offer thé are better off to thé extent that Thé international network is enti- olive press and thé man-powered islanders exposure to activities they hâve remained unmolested. wine press, adjacent to thé house, tled "Agenda21 at thé village level; man ofKoster Health and Dean of Foiïér M.L. and Heyden G. "A they sadly lack. Modem technology can be at thé which monopolized thé process- Public vs. Individual Health". It is thé Committee for Intersectoral New Approach to Interdiscipli- service of such endeavours lead- region's products thé co-ordinatedby GôteborgUniver- Education and Research at nary Health Studies: thé Koster ing of thé at Urban agglomération dévastâtes ing to global villagehood. village ofVouniatades. sity in collaboration with Abo Gôteborg University, was ap- Health Project. " Nutrition and sensitivity. Coupled with its natu- AcademyUniversity, Finland. Dr. pointed Chairholder for a two- Health, 7:35-42;1990. rai ally, commercial télévision, it We found it so fulfilling to see Rolf Kroneld, Abo Academy, has year period. Heyden G. "Critical issues ofage- Thé count's descendants hâve sold is, in a country such as Greece most of thé 350 villagers of beenappointed temporary profes- ing: thé dentist as a superviser thé house. Thé olive graves and today, thé mortal enemy of cul- Vouniatades, and many from sor at GôteborgUniversity from of thé général health of thé eld- vineyards are still there, accentu- ture. neighbouring villages, engrossed September 1995 with thé task of UNESCO-MAB erly. "Int. Dent. Journal, 40: 63- ated by darker-green Cypress designing thé developmentof thé Biosphère Réserve? 65;1990. trees that stand like sentinels on international network of Koster Heyden G. "Human Life andWell- thé hillside. Unlike in thé Count's Health projects in Eastern Eu- being on Islands Subjected to heyday, thé beaches are colourful rope. Summer Académies for thé In September 1995 thé Swedish Environmental Changes. " In with tourists who pour in and out staff members of thé satellite UNESCO-MAB Committee, Hansson, L. 0. and B. Jungen. of thé airport and thé new port of projects hâve been arranged at Stockholm, has initiated negotia- B. (eds) Proceedings of thé In- Corfu. This type of tourism, for Kilesandsgarden, South Koster, tions with UNESCO in Paris and ternational Conférence on Hu- very différent reasons, is also un- every year since 1993. Swedish authorities to explore thé man Ecology: Human Respon- like thé plans of those who run l possibilities ofhaving thé Koster sibility and Global Change, Kourti today. Archipelago declared as a Gôteborgl991. UNESCO Chair UNESCO-MAB Biosphère Re- Humanekologiska Skrifter 12, Until thé summer of 1994, few serve in thé future. 141-145;1992. foreign visitors asked to be taken In September 1995 a UNESCO- Heyden G. Human Health and Cousteau Ecotechnie Chair in to Vouniatades,120 meters up in Quality of Water on thé Koster a dip on thé hills. Now thé Corfiote Human Responseto Environmen- Références Islands. Insula-International taxi-drivers are not only fully fa- tal Stress was installed at Journal of Island Af f airs, miliar with thé half-hour winding GôteborgUniversity by thé Direc- Eliasson L. and Heyden G.: UNESCO, Paris, Yr. 2(1) , 21- tor Général of UNESCO, Dr. "Clinical macrophoyography 28; 1993.. drive to thé village, they alsoknow who Federico]V[ayor. During thé inau- for oral health monitoring pur- Mattsson, U., Chodorowski, A., aboutIKourti, thé Athenian guration ceremony in Stockholm, poses." Swed. Dent. Journal. Gustavsson, T, Jontell, M. bought it (that's me), and his Dr. Mayor and thé Swedish Min- 14:1-7; 1990 andBergquist, F. "Use ofCom- Corfiote friends (women and men) ister of Education and Science, FollérM. L. "Social déterminants puter-assisted Image Analysis who are turning it into an inter- Dr. Cari Tham, expressedtheir ofHealth and Disease. Thé Rôle for Non-Invasive Evaluation of national cultural centre. satisfaction to thé affiliation of of Small-scale Health Projects Oral Lichenoid Réactions and thé Koster Health model into thé Illustrated by thé Koster Oral Leukoplakia." Oral Surg., TELE-INSULA programme and, Health Project in Sweden and Oral Med., OralRadiol., Endod. Mr. JordanArzoglou is an econo- média hopefully, also to thé EURO- Anietra in Peru." Reports in 79, 199-206;1995. mist, translator and printed programme fu- Publie Health (Cadernos de manager. INSULA in thé This paper draws fram International ture. Prof. Guy Heyden, Chair- Saude Publica; Brazil); 1990. Herald Tribune articles by Jacob Akindele and Péter Lim. IKourti, Vouniatadës, CorfU (Drawing by Roberto Prual Reavis)

52 53 J Kourti Islanders at Work by thé French production of portant to us now is that thé events been something of a pawn in bat- play, written during thé occupa- mid 1970s. More often than not, increasing productivity. On this Antigone in a language they did organized hâve a truly interna- tles between countries anxious to tion ofa France split between those thé computer has been used dur- basis, it was shown, possible top- not understand, and then discuss- tional dimension, ethnie all- maintain control of trade in thé willingly submitting to dictator- ing this period for personal explo- ics for further research by inter- ing thé play's timeless essence at inclusiveness. Indeed, Corfu is a area. ship and those rebelling against ration. Tools, after ail, hâve thé ested individuals include idea thé village café: a rare, tangible richly cosmopolitan island, and oppression, présents two such double use of making us more processors, games, visual think- achievementof give and take be- thrives on this feature. Having been ruled before thé 12th opposed outlooks, illustrated by productive as well as allowing us ing, visual matheinatics, visual tween civilizations, defying ail idle century by (among others) Ven- Creon and Antigone. Antigone to explore our world on our own statistics, psychological models rhetoric about intercultural ex- Thé most populated and popular ice, Genoaand Naples, thé Corfiots uses faithfulness to her moral terms. Originally, personal com- and music. Clearly, there are change. of thé lonian islands that dot thé in 1386 requested thé protection principles as a pretext to reject puters fell into thé exploratory innumerable possible epistemo- northwestern coastline of main- of Venice, under whose sover- lies, treason, compromises. So, it tool category. logical spin-offs. My international and Corfiote land Greece, Corfu, or Kerkyra in eignty they remained for 400 is thé story of an adolescent girl friends and myself plan to hold, Greek, has often been likened to a years. After thé Venetian empire demanding perfection. She will Today, however personal comput- more intellectually stimulating bridge or stepping stone for thé fell, Corfu was ceded to Bona- never deviate from what she be- ers are being marketed solely in An International Event activities atIKourti. It has taken ideas - and thé armies - of East parte's French Republic, then lieves to be right: what a porten- terms of thé productivity aspect of many years to get things going and West. Thé lonian islands were ruled briefly by thé Russians, tous, existential and aesthetic, tools. In thé office, they are used However, thé stage and thé tone hère, mainly becausethé build- thé only part ofGreece to stay out given back to France and in 1815 message for thé girls and women to produce more reports faster, to for ail thèse international activi- ings had to be refurbished, using of Ottoman domination, but Corfu taken aver by thé British. Thé of an agricultural village amidst speed up inventory and record ties were set by an eminently in- traditional materials. Most im- in thé last 700 or 800 years has island was united with thé inod- thé 20th century (fighting for rid- keeping, or to "generate new ternational event. ern state of Greece in 1864. Ail dance from thé Scylla of tradi- newsletters and proinotional ma- thèse rulers (especially thé tional sexism, not to fall prey to terial. Ail of thèse tasks could be Nineteen men and women in their Venetians, French and British) thé Charybdis of cultural death), done manually. Thé computer in- 40s and 50s, some accompanied hâve left their mark on thé island. as a counterweight to televised troduces no new philosophical by spouses or friends or teenage But thé Venetians were responsi- intellectual dehydration! approaches when it only speeds children, coming from Singapore blé for thé pastel palette of thé up former tasks: there are no para- to Canada and from Sweden to houses, much of thé architecture Following this, Arnaud Dumond, digin shifts when offices are auto- South Africa, gathered in thé spa- and a passion for thé opéra. In top French classical guitar player mated. cious rooms oîIKourti. addition, in 1623 they began prom- and composer, gave a récitai at l ising 10 pièces of gold for every Kourti. Most computer seminars are con- Thé space that once housed a lit- 100 olive trees planted on Corfu. cerned with productivity. People tle kitchen, stables for horses and Today, there are graves of olive Thé week after, Pierre Lamy, also attend a stage to learn how to carriage, and stores and water- trees, spreading and gnarled with a literary scholar, conducted a operate a word processor, so that tank, now accommodated thé New âge, ail over this small island (3 présentation on thé Odyssey, in they can type faster and lay out York Herald Tribune Youth Fo- percent of thé world's olive oil which of course Corfu features more complex documents. Page rum alumni, holding their first cornes from it). prominently, offering a revivify- layout programs are mastered for international réunion. Emotions ing reading and a revealing con- much thé same reasons. But what and breathless réminiscences ception of thé geography of thé about thé personal aspects ofcoin- were followed by a moment of si- Multicultural Homeric épie. Ulysses, thé man puters? Can computers be used in lence as they remembered a fel- Tovyn-Skipping who knew many cities and many thé 1990s to encourage individu- low-delegate who shared their After thé show at thé village café: discussing thé timeless essenceotAntigone mentalities", is an apt symbol ofJ aïs to explore their personal "Thé World We Want" expérience Thé start of our multicultural Kourti. Are thé Scilly Islands thé worlds? Can computers offer thé in 1956 and who died from a stroke town skipping" was made in July Insulae cassiterides7 With simul- interested lay person an arena for in January 1994 - mère months 1994, when Gerda Hartman, thé taneous interprétation into dif- Personal reflection and satisfac- after brokering thé secret talks internationally renowned so- ferent languages, Lamy took his tion? Of course. Curiosity and thé that led to thé momentous agree- prano, and John Whitelaw, thé inulticultural audience for a voy- désire to explore unknown terri- ment between Israël and thé Pal- distinguished pianist and harpsi- âge on an exciting, spéculative tory are preconditions for human estine Libération Organization. chord player, conducteda piano route laid out as a code in thé creativity and growth, but, unfor- and song course. Sixteen partici- Odyssey,leading, according to thé tunately our productivity-oriented In Oslo on January 22, 1994, US pants came from ail aver Europe. theory of thé French historian world seems to leave little oppor- Secretary of State Warren Robert Philippe, to northernmost tunity for such endeavours. Christopherwas one of thé mourn- Thé followingweek, a 16-inember Europe. ers froni many countries at thé theatrical group from Paris, un- Presenting many strands encour- fanerai of Johan Jotgen Holst, der Pierre Lamy, play director, Thé last 10 days of August were âges thé search for linkages, fit- ForeignMinisterofNorway. "His- stagedJeanAnouilh'sArari^orae, a devoted to an exploratory semi- ting in with thé définition of l tory will record that he played an French modem adaptation of thé nar on humanistic computing Kourti, thé "Courtyard" or meet- essential part, " said Christopher ancient Greektragedy. Thé shows based on thé ideas of Professer ing place. It encourages thé view in thé eulogy. "Johan saw thé were held under thé stars and James Clayson of thé American that computers can be personally handshake ofNovember 13, 1993 among olive trees outside a hill- University in Paris. Personal com- enhancing: they need not be ex- (between Yitzhak Rabin of Israël top church behind l Kourti. Thé puters were invented during thé ploitative tools designed only for and Yasser Arafat of thé FLO on

54 S\L S J. 55 J Kourti

thé White House lawn) as thé beginning not thé end" of thé Middle East peaceprocess. Holst himself hadsaid in an article he wrote for thé alumni group: "A small Nor- wegian team was able to facilitate and assist in thé conclusion of thé agreement because we had main- ulture ajad aditional w e ge tained thé trust of thé parties. We did not hâve leverage,our rôle depended on confidence. After thé end of thé Cold War, states and other international actors hâve idalwood: a i atural and Cultural obtained greater freedom to settle their own affairs. But such settle- eritage of thé arquesas slands ment often requires facilitation World Youth Forum réunion: an eminently international event by small,even-handed parties.... We hâve managed to project a formai rounds", he wrote in Thé journalists, translators and busi- Stéphanie Sears promise ofpeace. Now it has to be Delegate,"theywere invited to my nessmen. convertedinto sustainablereality house for consultations and in andalwood by thé engagementand commit- order to conclude them in thé hu- represented a Thé passion of thé English and lousnessbecause ofmen, such as valuable article oftrade which ment of thé international commu- man warmth ofa private home". thé Australians for tea created a Captain Michael Fodgerwho held Planned Events attracted foreign ships to thé nity at large". need for exchange which could be a chiefon Raivavaeas hostage in Marquesas islands during thé met by thé Chinese demand for exchange for a ransom of 1.5 tons Analogous events are now being nineteenth century. Thé local san- Holst'swords encompass thé spirit Thé Réunion planned for 1996: A Forum reun- sandalwood.Thé traders, mostly of sandalwood (JVtaude and Youth Forum, to which he dalwood - a red wood identified from America and Australia ac- of thé ion, with cultural projects for thé Crocombe,1962: 34). Their expe- by Fosberg and Sachet as quired in their own days a univer- represented Norway in 1956. Be- It was this "human warmth of a entire Balkan peninsula; théâtre; ditions were of a purely commer- 1972, some 900 Santalum marchionense and sal réputation, ifnot alwaysjusti- tween 1947 and private home" that l wanted thé music; a seminar on artificial life cial nature, with thé need to load Santalum deckeri, varieties of fied, for roughnessand unscrupu- high schoolstudents from nearly Youth Forum alumni to find at l (a misleading appellation for an cargowith utmost rapidity. From 90 countries went to thé United Santaluminsulare (Fosberg and Kourti. More than a year before exciting new area of humanistic States essayson thé Sachet1985:462; Shinebergl967: after writing thé réunion, l started issuing in- computing); and a seminar on thé world they wanted, to attend a 7) - was better known by thé 20 KM vitations from Paris, sending out theory of translation. "5°^MotuOn IVIarquesans as kouina orpuahi1 Hatutaa program run by thé New York hundreds ad- 428m of letters culling 5KM Herald Tribune. Most of thé es- 49 M dresses from decades-old lists, Years from now, when l Kourti Eiao says enunciated youthful ideals with thé help ofGerry Bray (Rho- Thèsesmall trees which grow gen- 576m will hâve behind it a "critical mass" erally to three or four meters in and hopes for a much betterworld. desia 1960), now in New York, of post-urban culture and, hope- height, sometimes to eight me- 96 KM Somesaid that thé far from per- who also took advertisements in fully, found imitators in other vil- 3600M fectworld was good enough, for it thé International Herald Tribune, ters and often in clumps, are still lages, theoretical models may be found an altitude 800 to 1000 provided both challenge and op- issued a newsletter and called for at of devised about thé viability and Motu Itj a, Nuku Hlva portunity for improvement. One meters, in dry mountain ridge H8Sm participation at thé réunion. l function of "town skipping" to essay said that "thé realities of areas. For thé enata/enana or knew there had beensporadic re- join thé global village. For thé -î^»0"^a today are conséquencesofyester- Marquesansthemselves, puahi 9° gional réunions but l wanted to time being, approach ex- our is was always a useful and favourite 4AKM. day's ideas and thinking... let us offer a réunion for delegates from 2<150M tremely down to earth. A gréât resource used regularly 98 KM change thé thinking and thé re- around thé world. natural 3530 M deal of organization work goes alities will also change". in ritual, medicine and for beauti- 0 Ua Pou into l Kourti, our main scarce re- fication, but did not hâve thé Q Fatu Huku Many letters came back 1232m 361m 27KM source is time (even thé prepara- 2320 M Johan Holst participated in thé undelivered; some alumni said extrême scarcity value it held for Hiva Oa tion of thé article is in compétition 18KM Forum in 1959. l remember that early traders who travelled im- "90m ^^^\^ they would like to but could not with other things to do tonight),

56 a 57 Sandalwood: a Natural and Cultural Héritage of thé Marquesas Islands Culture and Traditional Knowledge

wood is very fragrant and very Glass beads and other such trin- thé wood (JVtaudeand Crocombe, chiefor king would thus hâve pre- much in faveur for rituals (Pe- kets could not be exchangedfor 1962: 48). But thé trade was al- vented thé disruptive effect of tard, 1974:156). sandalwoodin thé Marquesasas ready in a décline in thé trading for firearms on tribal uni- they were in Melanesian islands Marquesas when thé French fur fication. Though sandalwoodwas such as Erromango and New Cal- merchant Camille de Roquefeuil regularly used in medicine and as Thé Sandalwood Trade edonia. Axes, knives, red cloth, stayed at Nuku Hiva between a cosmeticby Marquesansbefore fish-hooks,tobacco, guns and pow- December 1817 and February Western trade, they probably did Thé search for sandalwood, de- der were thé usual articles oftrade 1818. He met two Americans, one not need gréât quantifies of it. scribed by Shineberg as a sort of but thé greatest demand in thé named Ross who had been resid- But once introduced, trade was gold rush, required that a captain Marquesas was for spermwhale ing on thé island for severalyears passionately indulged in on both keep secret his destination. Thé teeth(Pritchard, 1866:332)3.Guns as negotiator in sandalwood be- sidesand most chiefsignored thé expression 'clearing for Guam' was and powder came only second in tween thé natives and thé trading destruction ofsandalwood forests. usedto disguisea captain'sinten- préférence. ships, and C. Persan from Boston, This was thé casethroughout thé tion (Shineberg, 1967: 30). Even who was trying to do thé same, Pacifie, particularly in Hawaii. though compétition was keen, thé Problems occurred when but was to leave thé archipelago financial benefit justified only to Marquesans realized that Capt. after thé Marquesans stole his a degreethé risks undergoneby Rogers was trying to trick them trading supply of guns and pow- Récent Years thé traders (Shineberg,1967:136; with ivory carved in thé shapeof der (Persan then went on to Fiji Dodge,1965:182)2. Risks ofbeing spermwhale teeth. Even without where he attempted thé same Although thé Marquesans' over- 'Nuku hiva" festival: woinen wearing sandalwood necklaces and crowns robbed or killed, either to thé na- pretexts of this kind, other con- trade). Roquefeuil also met Cap- ail efforts in cultural renewal of tive or to thé sandalwooder, were flictsandcasualtiesoccurred: four tain Sowle who in Eve months thèse past fifteen years hâve been 1811on, a feverish dilapidation of pani, huhe, poa panu, thé latter more or less thé same throughout sailors of thé 'Pennsylvania time, succeeded in collecting 60 successful (Sears, 1993), today Marquesan sandalwood ensued. being distinguished by Handy as thé Pacifie, though Melanesia Packet' were killed in 1812; tons ofsandalwood throughout thé they are thwarted in thé tradi- On thé island ofUa Pou,however, being used both on thé head and seems to hâve been more danger- Camille de Roquefeuil mentions archipelago. In a month, tional use of native sandalwood local political concern probably thebody-(Handy, 1923:292), it ous than thé Marquesas Islands. thé incident when he was almost Roquefeuil himself loaded only through lack of thé raw material. restrained trading and forest de- was used in massage, on newly- hit by a IVtarquesanclub during ten to twelve casks ofsandalwood By its rarity, thé fragrant wood pletion. born babies, thé sick, thé dead for Westerners, however, tried to an exchange of sandalwood for (Roquefeuil, 1823:292). Thé terms has acquired added value as a embalming and for healing cuts, avoid conflict as much as possible, gun powder (Roquefeuil, 1823: of trade by that time were 500 symbol of thé wrongs done to thé sandalwood trees Thé rarity of like thé ginger called kokopu in for they needed thé help of thé 289-290). Nonetheless, for atime, pounds ofwood for a gun or a 100 Marquesans in thé past; as a re- today appears to thé inhabitants Taiohae (Nuku Hiva). Inhaling natives to uproot thé trees, eut, thé trade proceeded at a brisk pounds for two and a halfpounds suit, it has caused destructive bit- as an important loss for thé envi- vapour from boiled sandalwood carry and clean thé wood, particu- pace and thé American com- ofgun powder or one spermwhale terness among some Marquesans ronment and for Marquesan cul- powder treated thé ailment larly as its increasing sparseness mander David Porter noted that tooth (Roquefeuil,1823: 297). and a rift between those who want tural résurgence. Thé interaction takoke, which caused a rash, a forced them to search for it fur- with ten large spermwhale teeth, to protect thé remaining wood and between local tradition, artistic fever and temporary paralysis of ther and further towards thé inte- he couldfill a 300ton ship (Porter, Thé trade trickled on and in 1832 those wanting to use it at any cost. expression and thé search for a hands and feet - 'rheumatismal rior of thé islands. Traders trav- 1922:22). This trade indicates thé thé missionary W. P. Alexander cultural identity is impeded be- pain in Dordillon's dictionary elled to Fiji (1805 to 1820), then extremely high value placed by met thé Englishman Morrison One Marquesan reports that un- cause sculpture using sandalwood (Lemaitre, 1988). Hawaii (1811 to 1828) and thé thé Marquesans on whale teeth who had been on Nuku Hiva for til thé 1930s,red sandalwood could appears as a salient traditional Marquesas (1811 to circa 1820), as ornaments (.hei or takiei worn six years as a sandalwood dealer still be found in abundance on élémentin Marquesanculture and In fact, thé Marquesans' fréquent to Erromango in thé New Hebri- by chiefs orhaka'iki and members (Alexander, 1934:117). Upon his Tahuata and that large pièces has gained a new rôle as a source and specialised use ofsandalwood des(towards thé endof thé 1820s), ofchiefly familles) and not thé low arrivai on thé Venus in 1838, Abel were still available to everyone of cash. But its success at thé led them to distinguish différent New Caledonia, Fine Island and value of sandalwood. du Petit-Thouars found only rem- (that is, for local consumption and same time endangers thé last san- aspects of a single variety: thé Loyalty Islands (in thé 1840s), nants of thé sandalwood forest. sinall scale commerce). Thé wood dalwood trees. . Thé puahi on Nuku Hiva is a Espiritu Santo (in thé 1850s); thé Thé English ship 'Seringapatam', He noted with a certain chagrin was usually gathered while hunt- tree with white blossoms, a rough trade continued in JVtelanesia un- captured by Porter during thé that neither traders nor ing ferai pig, a favourite activity dark gray bark, a white, hard til about 1865 (Shineberg, 1967: British-American war known in Marquesans thought of protect- in thé Marquesas. Use of Sandalwood sapwood with a very fragrant, 7). Thé trading history of thé United-States as thé 'War of ing thé forests in view of future in thé Past deep red heartwood; Marquesan sandalwood began 1812' was recaptured in 1814 by trade (du Petit-Thouars, 1841: Marquesan sailors working on . Thepuahi kua on Nuku Hiva is when Captain W. Rogersarrived thé seamenonboardandtakento 364-365).In fact, Roquefeuilhad shuttle schooners were in thé habit In thé past, sandalwoodused by a tree with fragrant olive green in thé archipelagoin 1811on thé Australia where news of thé mentioned that a tapu had been of asking their familles to find thé Marquesans in medicine/ blossoms and a light, reddish- ship Hunter. Edward Robarts who Marquesan sandalwood was laid on sandalwood on thé island themsomewoodwhich couldthen ritual had particular value as an brown heartwood; lived in thé Marquesasfrom 1797 spread. In thé courseof thé year ofUa Pou(Roquefeuil, 1823:333). be sold in Tahiti. Robarts noted in exorcising agent; thé burning . Thé puahi fiti is an ubiquitous to 1806, mentioned in his journal 1815, five ships would go to thé In this case, thé outlawed trade his journal that sandalwood in wood exuded a scented smoke de- tree on Tahuata and has thick that sandalwood grew in gréât IVtarquesas for sandalwood, may, as suggested by Goldman Nuku Hiva was thé best and it tested by evil spirits which could dark brown bark with fine scor- quantifies on Nuku Hiva and that among them, thé fîrst voyage of (Goldman, 1970: 135), hâve been doesappeartodaythat Nuku Hiva only survive near stench. Thé ing; thé sapwoodis hard and white, he regretted not having known its thé Australian based trader thé result of thé greater chiefs has suffered more from thé deple- smoke also healed ear infections thé heartwood hard and yellow; commercial value when living William Campbell. On his third authority and centralization, with tion of sandalwood than other is- (Pétard, 1974: 156). Grated and . Thé puahi avava is much like there (Robarts, 1974: 247). trip to thé Marquesas, he was a conséquent sanctity of thé land lands. From 1958 to 1987, anyone mixed into coconut oil to become thepua/ii/iriexceptthatitsheart- still able to collect aver 50 tons of and trees owned by thé chief. Thé wanting to eut down a sandal-

58 59 Sandalwood: a Natural and Cultural Héritage of thé Marquesas Islands Culture and Traditional Knowledge wood tree was required to obtain . inadéquate préservation of thé illustrated in books such as 'Tat- around 7.358. Sculptors are nu- an authorization by thé forestry remaining trees; tooing in thé IVIarquesas' by mérous because sculpture has service. But in 1987 only dead . poaching by local inhabitants; Willowdean Handy, (a Frenchman been found to be an efficient way sandalwood was distributed. . thé absence of spécifie technical living on Fatu Hiva for several ofearning moneye ver sincetour- Since 1989, even this limited dis- research on environmental condi- years made several photocopies ists hâve begun to visit thé tribution has ceased,since poach- tiens for thé réintroduction of of thé drawings in this particular Marquesas. Sculptors usually ers hâve continued to uproot trees Marquesan sandalwood in its book and distributed them to lo- learn their skills from someone in in thé uninhabited areas of thé natural surrounding.5 cal sculptors to help them regain their family or from a friend, or islands,jeopardizing thé survival knowledge of thé traditional pat- becomeapprentices at thé CETAD of thé few remaining, (treestoday Its disappearance would not only terns); Karl von den Steinen's 'Die (Centre d'Education aux Tech- hâve an averagediameter of 8 to impoverish thé natural environ- Marquesaner und Ihrer Kunst' is nologies Appropriées au 15 inches, more rarely, up to 35 ment, but also affect thé content less frequently used by Développement) created in 1973. inches). of a restored and reinvented Marquesans only because this is But hère thé student sculpter Marquesan tradition. harder to obtain. Contrary to thé earns a diploma as an accom- In addition to thé usespreviously foreign influences found in con- plished artisan rather than as an mentioned, round bowls or ko'oka Thé reconquering of tradition, in temporary Samoan sculpture artist. Wood carving is also fa- were made from logs in thé 1930s. thé sensé in which it is meant by noted by Philip J.C. Dark, some of voured by Marquesans because it Thé small quantifies of sandal- Hanson, as 'self-conscious iden- which is Marquesan (Dark, 1990: allows thé artist to work at home, wood still procured are used in tity' (Hanson, 1990: 3), has 260), sculpture in thé IVtarquesas which besides thé benefit ofwork- traditional medicine,to makeper- brought sculpture and carving to is most often typically local in ing in familiar surroundings, has fumed coconutoil (puahipanï) ail thé forefront in thé Marquesas. style owing both to help from thé thé practical advantage per- of Natural forest in altitudes in thé Marquesas islands year round (Sears, 1993:136)4,for This art has become both a major books and to thé distinctiveness mitting attention to domestic necklacesfrom shavings worn at vehicle ofcultural identity and an oftraditional art and its complex- chores. dancing performances, or sold to aid to économie autonomy in con- ity which offers diversity to thé thé finished abject. Thé artist (which is perhaps seen by this Marquesans and tourists, (a san- teinporary Marquesan society. artists. Foreign influence is usu- Among woods used for carving, knows that he is expending a rare group as thé joint fault of West- dalwood necklace is a symbol of Tourism has had a determining ally limited to a few Christian some of which are native to thé raw material which will be hard erners and Marquesans at thé wealth: e taetae nui) and for little rôle in thé successof sculpture in motifs. islands,mi'o(Thespesiapopulnea) to replace, while thé client under- time ofsandalwood trade) but also both cultural and econoinic as- curios such as tiki statuettes; and tou (Cordia subcordata) are stands that thé sculpter inust be againstMarquesanpoachers. This sometimes pièces are sent to Ta- pects, yet it still has a local func- Sculptors belong traditionally to far more common than sandal- particularly skilful to avoid spoil- last seemsto be thé opinion of a hiti, to a parent or a friend, usu- tional use, essentially in thé forin thé prestigious category of wood. IVtuchof thé sculpture made ing thé precious wood. Both know majority ofMarquesans. But thé ally for commercialpurposes. containers, as wedding gifts, of Marquesan specialists - an im- from mi'o or tou is destined to that thé exchange is not likely to existence of even a minority of soinetimes as furniture ( church portant social category found tourists, since it makes possible be repeated. This is particularly poachers can make irréversible chairs, religious statuary), ordered throughout Polynesia - called répétitive production of thé same true for carving but less so for thé damage considering thé few trees Contemporary Value by Catholic priests in situ or in tuhuka in thé North, tuhuna in type and sizein fairly large quan- sale of sandalwood scented coco- left; if sculpture does serve in thé Tahiti, or again as part of public thé South who controlled ail do- tities; other woods such as Cedar nut and necklaces. case of thé Marquesas to 'prove three In thé présent situation, buildings (posts, doors). mains of skill in thé past. Some (Cedrela odorata) and American historical continuity and cohésion' main factors will contribute to thé talented sculptors are still recog- niahogany (Swietenia macro- Considering thé gréât attraction (Kneich, 1990:166), it also acts, final destruction of Marquesan Thé majority ofsculptors keep to nized by that term today, (tuhuka phylla) hâve been imported to add ofsandalwood abjects for both in- through thé need for sandalwood, sandalwood if not checked: thé Marquesan style thé past of haa tiki). They are unquestion- to thé wood resourcesfor sculp- habitants and tourists, its rarity to create a rift in thé population ably main vectors of a recovered ture and cabinet work but are still is felt increasingly as a distress- between thé poachers and thé non- M:arquesan identity after a long more rarely available. Sandal- ing liniitation by sculptors. They poachers. However, reforestation and painful epoch of épidémies, wood (puahi) is thé rarest and are frustrated in both thé fulfil- with pine (Pinus caribea) an 'out- war and général cultural apathy allows for no such répétition in ment of their cultural tradition sider' tree, which has been exten- (.Officiai Journal of thé French thé manufacture of abjects as mi'o and in their current econoniic in- sive on Nuku Hiva and Hiva Oa, Republic, January 1989).6 After ortou. Sculpturemade {rovapuahi terest. has irritated both sides of thé rift. disastrous effect various thé of is necessarily small: in 1988 thé Reforestation with pine is seen as épidémies, intensifiedwarfare, al- author had to resign herself to a Accordingly, some Marquesans one more foreign intrusion, detri- coholisin and a général loss of tiki statue 15 centimètres in prefer to continue cutting sandal- mental to their native trees since motivation in life with thé disap- height and one hairpin made from wood illegally, feeling that its rar- thé pine is said to impoverish thé pearance ofa social structure, thé a single pièce ofsandalwood. Thé ity is not their fault and that thé soil.7 There is persistent antago- Marquesanpopulation is reduced sculpter had only thé one pièce wood is theirs to use as long as nism between thé governmental from estimated 50, 000 to 100,000 and he made thé most of it by some is left. Others hâve a more authorities managing forests and at thé end of thé eighteenth cen- carefully carving out thé two ob- positive approach and think only sandalwood poachers in which tury to a mère 2,075 in 1929. This jects. Thé precious quality ofsan- to protect thé last of their herit- économie considérations are dramatic dépopulation is consid- dalwood owing to its scantiness âge in thé hope that organised strongly linked with a cultural ered thé worst example in French adds a more personal dimension reforestation will replace thé loss. possessiveness of natural re- Polynesia with Tubuai in thé to thé relation between client and Public sentiment in this case, is sources. Poachers regard sandal- A sculpter from thé Marquesas islands Australs. Population today is sculptor and a greater value to not only against past destruction wood scarcity as thé fault of for-

60 Sw 61 Sandalwood: a Natural and Cultural Héritage of thé Marquesas Islands eigners and an impediment to thé Goldman, Irving. Ancient Notes improvement of individual rev- Polynesian Society. University of Chicago Press; 1970. l. Thé most fragrant and precious part of enue and to Marquesan cultural thé tree is thé heart of thé wood and its autonomy. Handy, E. S.C. "Thé Native Culture perfumed oil is concentrated near thé in thé Marquesas. " Bernice P. root which explains thé necessity to Bishop Muséum. Bulletin 9. Hono- uproot thé tree; unfortunately, though Marquesans consider sandalwood lulu: Bernice P. Bishop Muséum; thé tree itself grows fairiy fast, thé to be an essential aspectof their heart grows slowly a's ag 1923. 2. Thé average priée of South seas san- su culture and in thé context of a Hanson, AUan and Hanson Louise . dalwood was £40 to £50 for a ton. Marquesan cultural 'renaissance', "Introduction: Art, Identity, and Shineberg notes that important profits were few and she mentions thé as a determining élément na- Self-Consciousness Oceania." of in Australian Robert Towns as an exceptional identity even inore than it ArtandIdentityinOceania. Hono- tionally successful trader with a profit of £1000 a year. Dodge, on thé other was in thé past. As this 'renais- lulu: University of Hawaii Press; Margaris in coopération with Mrs Emmanuela 1990. hand, speaks of thé fortunes made in INSULA's Général Assembly sance develops and forges a soci- New England through thé trade of Doussis. ety more assured in its tradition Kneich, Roger. "Maori Figurative sandalwood. sea otters, seals, bêche- Painting: Tradition and Innova- de-mer and pearl shell. One may won- Thé World Conférence on Sustainable Tourism andinitsneeds, JVtarquesanopin- der if thé Australian coruruerce wasn't see Ota, tionintheSearchfor Identity. Art held in Lanzarote, Canary Islands in April 1995, As you may from thé interview with Mr. ion may become less willing to more exclusively focused on sandal- Governor Okinawa, carried issue thé andldentity in Oceania. Honolulu: provided occasion meeting Third of in this of overlook lasses in its héritage, wood and tea than American trade thé for thé of thé Universityof Hawaii Press; 1990. which was probably more diversified. GénéralAssembly International journal, an INSULA section is expected to be set up knowing that thèse can be recov- of INSULA-the Leinaitre, Yves. Herbal Medicines, 3. Pritchard reinarks on thé importance Scientific Council for Island Development.Gener- in Okinawa, main island of thé Ryu Kyu Archi- ered. Today's lack of sandalwood of sperm whale teeth in Fiji as an Recipes, and Society in Tahiti." ous hospitality was offered to ail INSULA's mem- pelago. not resented solely as fault important agent of diplomacy. is thé Lima, Peru, June 26/29: ORSTOM 4. Some perfumed coconut oils can only bers, who participated both in thé Conférenceand be made certain months: on thé island ofafew Marquesans but symbol- de Tahiti; 1988. in thé Assembly. Two important meetings hâve also been put on ises for most natives thé gréât Maude, H. E. and Crocombe, M. T. ofFatu Hiva pandanus flowers can be schedule for INSULA during thé Général Assem- used for pani only in December; a Conférence on destruction inflicted on their cul- "Rarotongan Sandalwood. Jour- multi-flowered pani is made in Our Chairman, Prof. Nicolas Margaris, described bly. Thé first is thé "International July(Sears/thesisl993:136). ture in thé past. A reforestation nal of Polynesian Society No.71 thé favourable évolution of INSULA and thé ac- Social, Cultural and Economie Development of p.32; 1962. 5. Thé Economie Rurale has successfully Insular Territories", to be held in Minorca (Bal- programme ofMarquesan sandal- grown sandalwood by planting seeds tivities in which it has engaged itselfsince thé last Porter, Capt. David. Journal of a earic Islands) late 1996 and thé second is thé wood will therefore mark a sharp and by layering and replanting in pots Général Assembly. in Cruise made to thé Pacifie Océan break with that past and show or directly in thé ground; however, in "World Conférence on Man and Océan Resources" by Captain David Porter in thé US thé first case, thé gathering of thé ripe to be held in 1997. Thé venue of this second support ofthe cultural résurgence. fruit with seeds is very difficult to Thé affiliation to UNESCO and thé UN in 1994, Frigate Essex in thé Years 1812, conférence is still to be decided. time as thé blossoming period is ex- was in his words a positive achievement. Other 1813, 1814. 2nd édition, 2 vols. tremely variable, though thé peak is New York; 1822. known to be around December. Fur- important achievements ofINSULA mentioned by Petit-Thouars, Abel du. 1841 Voy- thermore, growth is slow and subject Prof. Margaris related to thé participation of Références to a high percentage offailure. In thé severalprojects supported Eu- Project Proposais âge autour du monde sur la frégate case of layering, results are highly INSULA in by thé Vénus pendant les années 1836- successful and thé new tree easily re- ropean Union, particularly thé TELE-INSULA INSULA has been thé initiator of thé following Alexander, William, P. William 1839. 3 vols. Paris: Gide; 1841. planted in thé ground. More research Project on telematics services applications to Eu- Patterson Alexander in Kentucky, is necessary however to know if thé project proposais submitted to thé European Un- Pritchard, Williain T. Polynesian tree be satisfactory condition ropean islands for which thé European Union's is Marquesas, Compiled will in ion Commission: thé Hawaii. Réminiscencesor Life in thé South later on. Piping has been very unsuc- contributing 750,000 ecu. It is worth mentioning by a grand-daughter Mary Char- Pacifie islands. London, Chapman, cessful though with more research, a that this project will allow us to pro vide our friends solution could be found. Sandalwood lotte Alexander, Honolulu; 1934. Hall; 1866. of thé Ulithi Atoll in Micronesia, with an appropri- EURO-INSULA - European Network for Sus- Barrau, Jacques. "Plantes utiles des bas to grow as a parasite ofhost plants: tainable Tourism Development in Islands and Roquefeuil, Camille de. Journal a part ofits roots sucks nutrients from ate satellite télécommunication déviée. iles du Pacifique. Le Santal. " Bul- d'un voyage autour du monde pen- neighbouring host-plants; some of Coastal Zones. letin Commission Pacifique Sud; thèse hâve been identified on Tovii on dont les années 1816-1819. T. 2 Several important issues were debated during thé 1960. Nuku Hiva: Heua (Metrosideros HYDRO-INSULA - Mediterranean Network on Paris; 1823. collina); Purau(Hibiscus tiliaceus); meeting. Assem- Dordillon, Msgr. René Ildefonse. Organising INSULA's Général Robarts, Edward. Thé Marquesan Puu (Fagraea berteriana); Toa blies and meetings of thé Board of Directors and Water Management, Sewage Systems and Water Grammaire et Dictionnaire de la Journal of Edward Robarts: 1797- (Casuarina equisetifolia); Fine (Pinus Re-use on Islands and Coastal Zones. caribea var hondurensis). Further re- physically bringing together our members from ail langue des oies M.arquises. 1824. GregDening(ed. ), Honolulu: search would clear thé problem of corners of thé planet is obviously costly and cum- Paris:Institut d'Ethnologie; 1931. University Press of Hawaii; 1974. - Training Programme Jour- planting sandalwood in a natural en- bersome. Telematics will make it easier, by allow- MED-INSULA for Dodge, Ernest Stanley. New Eng- Shineberg, Dorothy. They came for vironment where it could thrive, which nalists from Mediterranean Islands and Coastal ing a swifter information flow and facilitating thé land in thé SouthSeas. Cambridge: Sandalwood. Melbourne Univer- is not thé case at présent according to Zones working with local média (press, radio, tel- Harvard University Press;1965. an informant from thé Economie members' participation in INSULA's life. sity Press; 1967. Rurale. evision). Thé Training Programme aims at en- Dark, Philip J. C. (ed). Oceania: To- Service de l'Economie Rurale 6. After thé disastrous effect of various hancing thé journalists' professional skills in thé morrow s Héritage is Today s Art Thé création of regionally decentralized INSULA 5eme secteur agricole/ épidémies, intensified warfare, alco- areas ofcultural and natural héritage. and Yesterday 'sldentity. Honolulu: holisru and a général loss of motiva- offices was approved. Some of thèse offices are Polynésie française. Taiohae. tion in life with thé disappearance ofa University of Hawaii Press; 1990 already functioning. Thèse include thé Italian sec- Multiplication du santal des Mar- social structure, thé Marquesan popu- TERMINALS - project supported by thé Euro- Fanning, Capt. Edmund. Voyages lation is reduced from estimated 50, tion headedby Architect Luigi Valente, thé Carib- quises; 1982. pean Programme ADAPT. Thé project brings to- and Discoveries in thé South Soci- Sears, Stéphanie. Le spécialiste 000 to 100,000 at thé end of thé eight- bean section in Barbados headed by Dr. Ronald ety. Salem; 1924. eenth century to a mère 2,075 in 1929. Parris, thé Northern Atlantic section in thé Isle of gether partners from Spain, Italy and France and Tuhuka, agent de continuité d une This dramatic dépopulation is consid- aims at developingnew professionalprofiles and Fosberg, F.R. and Sachet, M. H. et de changement dans le ered thé worse example in French Poly- Sky headed by Dr. Graeme Robertson, thé Eastern tradition innovative initiatives in sensitive areas such as "Santalum in Eastern Polynesia." contexte d'une 'renaissance' de la nesia with Tubuai in thé Australs. Atlantic section in thé Canary Islands headed by Conservatoire et Jardin de Genève; Population today is around 7,358. thé environment, tourism, industrial design etc. société marquisienne. Paris: 7. Pinus caribea has been found how- Dr. Cipriano Marin Cabrera and thé Greek section Geneva; 1985. through a permanent on-line distance learning EHESS/unpublishedPh. D.; 1993. ever to be a host plant of thé sandal- in thé Aegean Islands headed by Prof. Nicolas wood. System based on telematics technologies.

62 su su 63 l ^S Oand âge evie\vs

Small Island States and Sustainable Travellers, historians and thé anthropologistsof thé 19th Development: Stratégies, Issues and century hâve describedsuch practicesand thé hardships Expérience. In Environmental Planning associated with such practices, notably infant mortality, System be tested and Issues . No. 8, September 1995 emigration, conflict and others. Would contemporary island UNESCO's Home Page Thé will thus pilot societies accept to live like their ancestors? Thé authors will later evolve into thé electronic net- recognize "that there may be a few cases where thé island Stephen Bass and Barry Dalal-Clayton. working of 300 Biosphère Réserves expériences reveal lessons for thé world as a whole". A Good news for INTERNET navigators! séries of prescriptions and recipes aiming at developing International Institute for Educational Planning (IIED), throughout thé world. national sustainabledevelopment stratégies, drawn from UNESCO's Home Page with information EnvironmentalPlanning Group, InternationalInstitute for past successfulexpériences, are subsequentlygiven. about its activities, programmes, data EnvironmentandDevelopment,3,Endsleigh St., London WC 1H Research on Islands ODD,UK. bases,publications and events is now avail- Sustainable developmentundoubtedly dépends on thé practices of society, but thé time dimension is often not able on: http:// WWW unesco.org. UNCED, Agenda 21 and, of course thé UN Global MAB is also taking stock ofits more than adequately considered inthe booklet, leavingthe principles Conférence on Sustainable Development of Small with an uncomfortable taste of abstraction. regards Biosphère two décadesofmulti-disciplinaryresearch Developing Island States hâve undoubtedly opened a As thé Man and thé Pandora'sbox as regards small island states and their on islands. INSULAis in charge ofcompil- Thé booklet however worth reading. makes an Programme (MAB), its home page is ac- sustainable development. is It ing a critical appraisal of thé work done important contribution to thé literature on sustainable cessible on thé following address: development and decision-makers in small island states, Evidently, small islands and island states hâve been to unesco. and its future perspectives. A timely pub- to whom thé booklet is addressed,will perhaps consider http:WWW. org: 80/mab/the many, a particularly attractive topic resulting in thé mabnet. html lication indeed! this work as useful call for thé promotion of sustainable production ofavast array ofliterature in récent years on development oftheir own countries. several intriguing island issues. Other UNESCO sectors are also active in A significant step was made from thé widespread romantic areas ofconcern to islands. Thé debate on L'insularité - Thématique et Iinproveinents thé or Hard-Science's approach. Real island problems are now in représentations. Actes du colloque Network of Biosphère Réserves sustainable tourism and cultural héritage taking centre stage,and islands are not being considered is on thé agenda of thé sector of Culture, merely in thé traditional romantic setting. international de Saint-Denis de la Réunion, Avril 1992 THE MAB programme is improving its with thé préparation of important inter- Among a gréât variety of more publications dealing with meet- island topics, l was delighted to go through thé IIED Edited by Jean-Claude Marimoutou and Jean- international network of Biosphère Re- national round-tables and experts ings for 1996. brochure by Bass and Dalal-Clayton, a concise synthesis Michel Racault. serves. of thé main areas ofconcern to islands, to which decision- makers should pay attention. Centre de RecherchesLittéraires et Historiques Thé Tourisin Issue Unité de recherche Associée 1041 du CNRS Université de INTEL, thé huge US corporation has re- While it is not possible for islands to create new resource la Réunion, 1995. Editions l 'Harmattan, 5- 7 rue de l'Ecole cently made a donation to MAB via Con- frontiers, as thé authors state in oneof thé first chapters, Polytechnique, 75005 Paris. UNESCO's sectors be more and servation International, towards thé pro- Ail will thé challenge for islands is to build up policies, institutional more active through a transdisciplinary and technical frameworks for a "Post frontier" development. ISBN: 2-7384-3287-5 vision ofcomputer and networking equip- Thé concept is original and thé ways to put it in practice aspects ofconcern ment for some 20 Biosphère Réserves lo- approach in thé several described. However thé capital and thé human resources What is thé deep meaning of islandness, what are its to thé tourism issue. cated developing countries, of which needed are unfortunately not given due importance, inhérent thèmes and its représentations through thé in thereby neglecting an important dimension in island centuries for islanders, writers, travellers, philosophers, several are islands. development. clerks, human and social scientists? Mr. Federico Mayor, UNESCO's Director Général, chair a round-table on this Foreign aid and its contradictory conséquences are well Such and many other meaningful questions for thé Appropriate training to use thé telematics will topic at thé International Tourism Fair, to analysed as well as thé dependency conditions from thé contemporary islanders and thé island académie world System will be provided to thé managers of former colonial powers. Thé reader however, might be are addressed within this volume by thé scholars brought selected Biosphère Réserves. be held in early 1996 in Milan, Italy. struck by thé very few options - if any - left for concrète together by thé University of thé Isle of Réunion in thé island sustainable developmentpolicies. A pessimistic Indian Océan on thé occasion of a recently held scénario indeed. international symposium in an attempt to explore, without intending to be exhaustive, thé many meanings of thé Some hope would seem to stem, according to thé authors, islandness concept. from traditional island practices, a cultural héritage of resilience and subsistencecapabilities left aver by pre- Thé volume consists ofeight thematic chapters, presenting colonial societies. multiple disciplinary approaches and viewpoints, from

64 s . 65 Book Reviews

literary formsof expressionto history andfrom psychology Thé first four papers look at Gozitan culture from a to philosophy and anthropology on thé perceptionsand historical perspective, and cover thé prehistoric period représentations which hâve been commonly associated (Bonanno), thé Greek and Homan times (Vella), thé Mid- with islands through thé centuries. die Ages(Fiorini), and thé period during which thé islands were ruled by thé Knights of Malta and by thé British Islands hâve, in thé récent years, becomethé focus of a (Bezzina). worldwide attention motivated by largely diverging etters to t d'to interests, of an économie and geo-political nature and Thé second group ofpapers relates to thé Gozitan cultural more generally by a confused search for lost paradises on héritage, and thé topics dealt with are folklore (Attard), thé part ofurban industrialized societiestrapped in their religion (Gauchi),language (Aquilina) and art (Buhagiar). own contradictions. Islands communities cannot remain indiffèrent to such attention initiative. Thé initiative to Thé final paper (Briguglio) examinesthé impact of eco- organise such a symposium is indeed as a particularly nomic conditions on thé culture of Gozo, and looks at thé Letter of Appréciation froin thé Governor of Okinawa timely one,and thé resulting publication offers,perhaps, contemporary Gozitan way oflife. thé broadest volume ever dedicated to this thème. Dear Dr. d'Ayala Thé book makes a useful and interesting contribution to An island is not only a geographicalentity, a strip ofland thé literature on thé cultural identity ofvery small islands l am writing to express my deep appréciation for thé Thé récent World Conférence on Sustainable Tourism surroundedby waters. This delimited spaceis associated support and coopération you hâve given thé Préfecture held in Lanzarote in thé Canary Islands was invaluable with spécifieresources appropriation patterns, perceptions of Okinawa. for us. It gave us thé opportunity to discuss various and représentationson thé part of its inhabitants which issues and to présent measures taken by Okinawa Pre- constitutes their identity and may be approached from Island Tourism fecture in promoting sustainable tourism. différent standpoints. Management, Principles and Practices Please extend my respect and appréciation to ail those A questionoften askedwith respectto England relates to who hâve been involved in planning and preparing thé whether or not Britain is still an island, referring to thé Edited by M.V. Conlin and T. Baum. conférence aver thé past year. Their unceasing efforts opening of thé channel linking England to France and thé afforded myselfand others thé opportunity to hear many rest of thé continent. In less récent times. Bernardin de St- Published by John Wiley and Sons, Sussex, U. K. présentations. It was a meaningful and fruitful experi- Pierre mentioned in his preacheschildren who believed ISBN0471 955566 that thé worid endsat thé tip oftheir island, echoedin thé wordsof thé Réunionpoet Jean Albany "My island wasthé l expect future Okinawan policies to reflect thé knowl- worid". Théspécial problems ofislands and opportunities presented edge l harvested from this conférence. To this end, l hope by island tourism is a major new area ofinterest for both to count on your continued advice and support. tourism académiesand professionals,prompting much Beyond,- or perhaps becauseof - thé many temptations With best wishes for thé continued health of ail. represented by uninhabited islands, thé authors of thé discussion and debate. This is thé first book to focus on papers presented inthis volume, explore with Robinsonean how management and organisational issues affect small islands and their tourism industries. curiosity almost ail possible meanings and hidden Masahide Ota semantics of thé island universe. Thé lost island thème Governor Okinawa Préfecture Thé book contains 20 papers, thé first ten dealing with Mr. Masahide Ota (centre) during an infonnal certainly brings thé labyrinth dream to an end, unless it May 15, 1995 gathering Lanzarote conférence be a starting point for a renewedjourney? An enchanting management principles and thé other ten dealing with at thé collection of papers indeed, deserving an English case studies. Thé issues covered include marketing of translation. tourism, competitiveness, sustainability, culturaltourism, private and public sector partnerships, human resources, a managing demand fluctuations and redevelopment of A Plea to Avoid thé Destruction of Rare mature resorts. Thé book is very attractively presented, Natural Habitat in Rhodes Gozo and its Culture and thé diversity ofinter-related thèmes it covers make it useful reading for tourism researchers, students and Dear Editer, Edited by Lino Briguglio and Joseph Bezzina. practitioners. Your readers will perhaps remember thé article pub- island. A consortium formed by thé experts of thé Goulandris Foundation and those of thé Hellenic Centre Published by Formatek Ltd, Malta. lished in insula (December 1993), entitled 'Hic Rodus, hic saltus', concerning thé projects 'PHILIA' and 'Rhodes- for Biotopos and Igrotopos has proposed to thé Greek ISBN 99909-49-02-6 Sinall Island States and their man-environment' for thé protection and thé 'sustain- ]V[inistry of Environment to protect actively and to Econoinic Vulnerability able' development ofan important natural area located include in thé E.U. System NATURA 2000' a wide part Thé history ofhuman settlement in Gozogoes back seven in thé south-west of thé Greek island of Rhodes (and of thé south-west of Rhodes, including thé coastal area thousand years. It could be said that Gozitan culture Lino Briguglio particularly of thé Apolakkia's rnaritime dunes area). from Papagiorgis Bay to Apolakkia Bay. It really seems started to develop with thé arrivai of thé first settlers froin In World Development Vol. 23 (9) September 1995. to be an appropriate and important décision, consider- nearby Sicily, and reached a zénith during thé Temple Thé characteristics ofApolakkia Bay (flora of thé Medi- ing also that thé sand dune inventory of Europe, by thé period as evidencedby thé monumentalGgantija temples. Published by Pergamon Press. terranean, dunes, large sedentary fauna and a number European Union for Coastal Conservation, mentions thé Subséquenthistorical phases left their mark onthé Gozitan protected species such as Caretta Caretta, etc.), make it dunes ofApolakkia Bay amongst thé major sites. way oflife, and this has led to thé development ofcontem- Many small island states face spécial disadvantages apriority site ofEuropean interest (accordingto thé E.U. porary Gozitan culture with its own distinct identity and associatedwith small size, insularity, remotenessand Unfortunately someone does not agrée with this. Thé Directive 92/43 - enclosure l). This requires protection a character. proneness to natural disasters. Thèse factors render thé careful use (environment impact assessment before any Public Power Company (DEI) of Rhodes has chosen a économies of thèse states as very vulnérable to forces industrial settlement, E. U. Dir. 85/337). spot - Fourni, Apolakkia- right in that area, to build Thé purpose of this book is to présent, in one volume, a outside their control - a condition which sometimes another large thermoelectrical power plant for thé is- number ofpaperson Gozitanculture, originally presented threatens their very économieviability. Thé GNP per Now, two years after thé article was written, an inter- land. It goeswithout saying that thermo-electrical power during thé 1995 Lôwenbràu seminar "Gozo and its Cul- capita often hides this reality. In this paper Briguglio esting development is taking place in relation to thé plants are not exactly recommendedfor thé small Medi- ture" held at L-Imgarr Hôtel, Gozo,on 3 March 1995.Thé discusses thé major vulnerabilities ofsmall island states terranean islands like Rhodes. thèmes of thé papers can be groupedinto three. and attempts to quantify them in thé form of an index.

66 1S 67 Letters to thé Editer

It must be addedhère that thé placechosen by thé DEI thé island has already been soexploited that it bas lost is only thé fourth (out of five) in thé preliminary study many ofits natural characteristics? made by an expert of thé Ministry of Environment for thé possiblelocation of thé aboveinentioned plant. One Statementsagainst thé location of thé powerplant hâve wonderstherefore, why thé DEI chosethis site. beenmade by thé majorsand thé inhabitants ofApolakkia and Mlonolithos(thé two villages to whom thé Fourni Moreover,thé plant will require asphalt roads, a port area belongs) and they hâve been published by local (for oil tankers), etc. Thèse constructions and infrastruc- newspapers.Has DEI at least consideredthé objections tures will probably be more expensive there than in raised in thèsestatements? Will it be necessaryto apply every other site considered (due to, amongst other things, to thé compétent Courts in Greece and in Brusselles to thé distance of thé above mentioned site from Rhodes ). hâve an authoritative évaluation? Again, it is pertinent to ask why does DEI insist on building thé plant there. We hâvealready askedindividual expertsand organiza- International Conférence on tiens to support our defence of Fourni. Some articles International Experts Seininar on An important issuein this regard is thé coolingSystem. hâve already been published in thé local press on this Will thé DEI coolthé engineswith seawater, returning matter. Now, through your review, we wish to ask thé CULTURE,TOURISM SOCIAL,CULTURÂLAND ECONOMIC hot water to thé sea? What about sea life? And what Greek Minister ofEnvironment, Mr. Costas Laliotis, for SUSTAINÂBLEDEVELOPMENT 0F about impact on other wild life? This is thé wildest coopération in order to avoid thé destruction of a rare m coastal area in Rhodes, with certain spécifie character- natural habitat, so important for its beauty as well as for DEVELOPMENT: mSULARTEBMTORIES istics, and thé last one with a semi-preserved coastal thé ecological balance of thé Mediterranean. We trust in THECHALLENGES 0F dunes cord'. No matter how cautious thé developers are, Mr. Laliotis sensibility and authoritativeness. Thank Thé foUowing issues will be addressed: thé ecological damage will be unavoidable. There will be you. THE21STCENTURY night lights, noise, smoke, changes in water tempera- . Telematics applications for islands services ture and possible oil leaks from a ship or thé plant itself Paris Papatheodoron . ! Why was there a need to construct a thermoelectrical Président of thé Circle for thé Protection Thé cultural and natural héritage: 13-15March 1996 power plant there, considering too that a large part of of thé Enuironment of Rhodes, Greece A challenge to sustainable tourism UNESCO, Paris. . water and waste management . Renewable énergies Letter from an Egyptian Girl ...... and a reply by Dr. d'Ayala Organized by . Economie diversification for a global UNESCO's sector of Culture. sustainable development Dear Hanaan, Further information can be obtained from Thé Conférence is organized by thé Insular It was a gréât pleasure to receive your letter and those of Mr. Hervé Barré, Council of Minorca, Balearic Islands, Spain, . l^-fiâffL-l/s ^'l£u-i . your friends Ezzat and Mansour. Office of thé thé Spanish authorities and INSULA in coop- You askedme how you canbuild an island. "This is a very Assistant Director-General for Culture, eration with UNESCO and other relevant in- good question" l said to myself and, l started thinking. UNESCO, ternational organizations...... J&^^... é^îiuZA^Y J^^<%<'. . Little by little, l started building my own island, not too l rue Miollis, 75732 cold, not too hot, not too big, not too small, with a blue sea S'. Paris cedex 15, France. Further information can be obtained from ^. ii vyuj,. ^La^ y.../ni.... ew^j&r~uiu^ and blue horizon. Tel: (33-1) 4568 4299 INSULA, c/o Division ofEcological Sciences, l (33-1) 4273 0401 There, l would Uke to live with children like you and, Fax: rue M'iollis, 75732 Paris cedex 15, France. ..i^'..,i^^^ (^,%f<%^^y.fi ê^. ..i^ everyday when thé sun goes down, l would tell them thé Tel: (33-1) 4568 4056 story ofa faraway island. Thé number ofislands is infinité Fax: (33-1) 4065 9897 . ^^^ ^ê. i^sw/%-'. . tyz^^<^^/?^^^^.^ - as many as thé stars that God thé Merciful spread out in thé sky. ....^/^lî^^...... ^^^^_^_^^^^_^^^^ l would perhaps start with that island encounteredby Relouai Seininar /Wkj ^'A Sinbadthé sailor in his journeys. This island was actually an enormous fish asleep in thé sea. It was so old and had NTEGKATEDWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE CÂRIBBEAN I8LÂNDS been sleeping for so long that bushes, flowers and palm MMUUt^T- trees had grown on its back... As you can see,thé most beautiful islands are those which are built in our minds. 9.12 AprU or 15.18 April 1996 therefore island .....ô^/Twn-îl Miôi^-if-- l invite you to imagine and build your own Port of Spain, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago. ' and to write to me again. Organized by thé Economie Development Institute of thé World Bank and thé Government of y3 /<4<<%%-. //A^tiZiî Trinidad and Tobago in coopération with INSULA. l promise that l shall publish, on our journal insula, thé /^s^./.. ^^^, /^^-^^î)?-)^ /Ls%^. most beautiful descriptionthat you and your friends will build, so that other children thé world can read and in II.. /^y^. ffi^y^ - £>aÂ.flMw in it turn build their own island. Further information can be obtained from . ;;..... £Â ... Mr. François-Marie Patorni, . (?l^M<^.i,ui^ l ûfw^J^MlùûaMie. .. .. l am sending you copies ofour Journal. Water Resources,Environment and Natural ResourcesDivision, EconomieDevelopment institute, Best wishes with your work and good health, Thé World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433,USA. Tel: (l) 202 - 473 6265, Fax: (l) 202 - 676 0978. Your friend Pier Giovanni d'Ayala

68 su. a 69 Announceinents

International Coafcrence International Conférence on Human Ecology INTEGRATING ECONOMIC AND BNVIRONMENTAL PLANNING IN ISLANDS AND SMALL STATES ON THE NOBTHBRNSHORES ^ND I&AKre: 14 -16 March 1996, VaUetta, Malta HUMAN WELL. BEING AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES in ard Sup rt NS Organised by thé States Islands and Small Institute Hôtel Laholmen, Strômstad, Sweden Foundation for International Studies, Malta in collaboration with thé Directorate of thé August 16.18, 1996 Planning Authority, Malta. Organised by Thé International Scientific Council for Island Development (INSULA) was formally created m thé Nordic Socîetyof Human Ecology Further infoimation can be obtainpd from November 1989, on thé occasion of thé MAB island meeting in Brest. It is an international non- govemmental organization which aims to promote thé sustainable development ofsmall islands in ail Ms. Maryrose Vella, Mlore information can be obtained from: Secretary, Richard Langlais, régions of thé world. Islands and Sinall States Institute, Cbairman of thé Organising Committee Foundation for International Studies, Fax: (46) 31773 4933 Thé Council's objectives are: Valletta, Malta. or: . to encourage technical, scientific and cultural coopération; Guy Heyden, . to assist island communities in integrated planning; 230551 UNESCO-Cousteau Echotechnie Chairholder Tel: (356) 248218, 234121, Fax: (856) Fax: (46) 3182 6805 . to contribute to thé protection of island environments; and . to promote thé development of thé islands' resources, with a spécial interest in island cultures and human resources development.

Three main lines of action hâve been proposed within INSULA: WORLDCONFERENCE ON l. Management of island resources.This includes attention to administrative procédures (including MANAND THE OCEAN RESOURCES organization and Systems définition, opération and formation); natural resources (terrestrial, coastal and to be organised by INSULA in 1997 marine, including identification, management, conservation and training); cultural resources (identification Venue to be Decided of built and non-built cultural héritage and non-material cultural héritage such as tradition and music); human resources (identification of potentialities and needs, educational stratégies and multisectoral INSULA will seek collaboration with UNESCO'sIntergovemmental OcéanographieCommission training). (IOC) and other relevant international organizations in thé conveningofthis conférence. 2. Technicalassistance. This is envisageain suchfields as fisheries, agriculture, forests,tourism, transport and communications,parks and natural réserves,appropriate technologies,renewable energy sources, Further information can be obtained from: management and treatment ofwater and waste; management ofcoastal zones; perception and prévention INSUIA, of natural and man-induced risks and mitigation of adverse effects on populations and thé environment; c/o Division of Ecological Sciences, nutrition and health; social and économie development. rue Miollis, 75732 Paris cedex 15, France. 3. Stratégiesfor SustainableDevelopment. This Uneof action coversdéfinition and diffusion of principles Tel: (33. 1) 4568 4056 and modelsfor integrated developmentofisland environments; field studies and analysesfor facilitating Fax: (33-1) 4065 9897 procédures for optimal use of island resources, and évaluation of stratégies promoting sustainable development, applied to thé spécial conditions ofsmall individual islands or groups of adjacent islands.

Thé activity of INSULA will be essentially catalytic, designed to promote thé application of Thé editors of thé journal wish to dedicate one of thé forthcoming multidisciplinary scientific research and technology and innovations in éducation, culture and issues of insula to thé prévention, niitigation and control of natural communications to thé specificities of small island situations. hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes etc.. ) and niaii-made Thé Council organizes seminars and conférences at national, régional and international levels and disasters (destruction of insular and coastal environments such as promûtes a direct dialogue with and between thé authorities and thé populations of différent islands and coral reefs, sand dunes, deforestation, wildfires, coastal flooding in" island groups. It also promûtes coopération and exchange of expérience and expertise between islands dustrial, cheaaical and nucelar risks etc... ). As usual this issue will focus of a given région as well as at thé inter-regional level, particularly through thé network of specialists on local expériences and innovative solutions. and projects of thé MAB Programme of UNESCO. Through its international and multidisciplinary network of experts and researchers, INSULA contributes We are calling for papers on thèse thèmes, to reach INSULA's Secre- towards balanced, sustainable development initiatives undertaken by island authorities. To this end, tariat by April 15, 1996. For further détails, please see thé "call for INSULA will cooperate with national, régional and international organizations that are involved in papers and instructions to thé authors" in this issue or contact us at our programmes of island development. address: INSULA c/o MAB - UNESCO, l rue Miollis, 75732 Paris, France. INSULA also publishes its own journal, insula, which spécialises on island affairs. Every issue contains (33-1) 4568 4056; (33-1) 4065 9897. Tel: Fax: regular features and a dossier on an important aspect of island development.

For individual and group membership in INSULA, see overleaf. 70 71 l» thé International Journal oflsland Affairs, is published by thé International Scientific Council for Islands Development.Thé aim of thé journal is to createa worldwide forum for ail those who consider islands as an important part of mankind's héritage deserving major attention. Contributors can use thé Journal to share news and views about thé islands of thé world from a variety of perspectives, including thé following: Environinent Environmental management Natural resources conservation Water . sustain Liquid and solid waste management Gêner l économies Préventionofnaturalhazards Touris nd t nsport Agriculture and aquacu u Fi hin nd océan re urce -mograict Bi^-technologies ^ ealth 1I dustry and mmmg Humang aphy,hu ) rces, ^PPliedcommunicaiont chnok "ucatio'andïai'Ï~g ' *""' K n^^blee^ergy^ Cufture" """""''e rnafcionalpolitics nd Tr ditional knowl dge

Théjournal will publisharticles and communications that providenew insights and understanding about thé subjectsmentioned above and invites authors to submittheir studiesand comments. Guidelines of stylecan be obtained from thé editorial office at thé addressappearing below. insilla ThéInternational Journal oflsland Affairs is distributed free of charge to members of INSULA

Application for Membership of INSULA

l wishto becomemember of INSULA,thé Intemadonal Scientific Council for IslandDevelopment

Sumame: First Name: Institution: Address: City: Country: partnerships Téléphone: e-mail: in island communication Annual membership: Individual 400 French Francs Institution 1200 French Francs which saves lives Supporting members 2000 French Francs (or more) l am paying thé amountof by putting knowledge and D Chèque DMasterCard D Visa Amencan Express training within an Crédit card number: Chèquesare to be madein FrenchFrancs payable to "INSULA" affordabie

Expiry date: globa neîwork Signature: Date: temenos

INSULA, c/o MAB - UNESCO:l, rue Miollis, 75732Paris cedex15, France Tel: (33 l) 45 68 40 56, Fax: (33 1) 40 65 98 97

26 rue bois le vent 750]6pan Irancc ici ]/4^)47K4f)3 t;ix , 45 20 50 2 Published by thé International Scientific Council for Island Development with thé support of UNESCO in collaboration with thé Islands and Small States Institute of thé Foundation for International Studies, Malta. Produced bv Formatek Ltd. Malta