QR90002
SOILS AND LAND SUITABILITY OF THE MUTDAPILLY RESEARCH STATION
C. A. Fisher Land Resources Branch
D. E. Baker Agricultural Chemistry Branch
Queensland Department & of Primary industries Queensland Government Technical Report
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© State of Queensland 1989
For information about this report contact [email protected] Queensland Department of Primary Industries Research Establishments Publication QR90002
SOILS AND LAND SUITABILITY OF THE MUTDAPILLY RESEARCH STATION
C. A. Fisher Land Resources Branch
D. E. Baker Agricultural Chemistry Branch
Queensland Department of Primary Industries Brisbane 1989 ISSN 0813-4319
AGDEX 524
© Queensland Government
Queensland Department of Primary Industries GPOBox46 Brisbane 4001 iii CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES page iv
LIST OF TABLES iv SUMMARY v
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Climate 1 2.2 Geology and topography 4 2.3 Vegetation 4 3. SOILS 3.1 Soil survey method 5 3.2 Morphology 5 3.3 Classification 7 3.4 Key to soil profile classes within landscape units 7 3.5 Chemical and physical properties 9 4. LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT 4.1 Method of assessment 18 4.2 Land suitability classes 21 4.3 Land use options 22 4.4 Land management considerations 22
5. REFERENCES 30
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 32
APPENDIXES
1 Detailed Morphological Descriptions of Soil Profile Classes 33
2 Morphology and Analysis of Representative Profiles 42
3 Land Suitability Assessment - Subclass Determination Tables 52
4 Summary of UMA Data 70
5 Methodology / Calculations for Salinity, Irrigation and Deep Drainage 76 iv
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Locality plan of Mutdapilly Research Station vi
2. Distribution of land blocks within Mutdapilly Research Station based vi on old cadastral boundaries
3. Average minimum and maximum temperatures for Amberley (Bureau 2 of Meteorology)
4. Mean and median monthly rainfall for Harrisville (1896 to 1986) and 3 Warrill Creek (1961 to 1986) (Bureau of Meteorology)
5. Distribution of land suitable for irrigated oats 19
6. Distribution of land suitable for irrigated mixed temperate grasses 20 7. Map of salinity hazard interpreted by Forster and Barton 23 (unpublished data) based on electromagnetic induction traverses
8. Locality plan of suggested tree replanting to reduce the risk of 29 secondary salinisation and to preserve wildlife
LIST OF TABLES
1. Descriptions of sampled soil profile classes 10
2. Soils analysis performed at various profile sample depths 11
3. Analytical data for selected depths, Mutdapilly Research Station 12
4. Exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity, sodicity and the 14 dispersion at selected depths for the soils 5. Available water capacity for the representative profiles 15
6. Particle size distribution, CEC and clay activity (CEC/Clay) 16
7. C:N:S ratios for 0.01 m samples 16 SUMMARY
The Queensland Department of Primary Industries Mutdapilly Research Station now covers eight hundred and forty-five hectares of alluvial flats and undulating low hills at Mutdapilly. The station conducts research for the animal industries, in particular the dairy industry. Research Stations Branch requested a soil survey and land suitability assessment of the Mutdapilly Research Station lands to assist planning of research trials, fodder production and other activities. Land Resources Branch carried out a land suitability assessment based on a 1:10 000 scale soil survey. Several branches of Queensland Department of Primary Industries supplied information on land use requirements. Land suitabilities were assigned to mapping units on the station and used as a base for planning.
The study concluded: valuable areas exist for permanent pasture and cultivation some lands are subject to flooding, both from Warrill Creek and from runoff in gullies leading out of the surrounding low hills much of the sloping land, which has been cultivated in the past, has suffered from substantial sheet erosion many of the low hills on the station consist of Jurassic Walloon sediments high in salts. Clearing and irrigation of the low hills is likely to result in downslope redistribution of these salts onto the margins of the alluvial flats.
Land management recommendations are made for salinity control, erosion control, flood-prone areas, irrigation practices, watertables, problem soils, timbered areas, wildlife needs, livestock feeding areas and holding yards.
It is envisaged that this study would be used in conjunction with soil conservation plans prepared by Soil Conservation Services Branch. Together, these should ensure the long term productivity of lands on the station. They should also provide a model of sustainable farm management for surrounding areas with similar soils and geology. VI
Figure 1. Locality plan for Mutdapilly Research Station
Figure 2. Distribution of land blocks within Mutdapilly Research Station based on old cadastral boundaries 1. INTRODUCTION
The Queensland Department of Primary Industries Mutdapilly Research Station is located at Mutdapilly, 27km south of Ipswich on the Cunningham Highway (Figure 1). The Centre is bounded to the east by Middle Road, and to the south by Harrisville township. The station was established to serve the animal industries, in particular the dairy industry, from Rockhampton south to the New South Wales border and west to the Western Darling Downs. The station conducts research of benefit to the animal industries, and acts as a centre for the demonstration of ideas developed in research.
Research Stations Branch requested that Land Resources Branch carry out a soil survey of new lands added to the station after a previous soil survey (Powell et al 1985). In addition, they requested a land suitability assessment of all lands of the station to assist in land use planning. Many branches of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries (QDPI) including Agricultural Branch, Research Stations Branch, Pasture Management Branch, Dairy Husbandry and Animal Breeding Branch, Horticulture Branch, Soil Conservation Research Branch and Soil Conservation Branch provided information on the requirements of potential crop and pasture land uses.
The Station is discussed in terms of six land blocks identified on the basis of the original cadastral boundaries (see Figure 2).
2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Climate
Mutdapilly Research Station lies in the summer rainfall - subtropical climatic zone (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1983), and has a warm summer with fifty-two percent of the annual rainfall occurring in December to March. The winter is cool and dry, with seasonal frosts commonly occurring in June, July and August, and occasionally in May and September.
Average minimum and maximum temperatures for Amberley are shown in Figure 3. The average maximum temperature (30.9°C) occurs in January and the average minimum temperature (5.6°C) occurs in July.
The yearly mean rainfall recorded at the closest weather stations, Harrisville and Warrill Creek, are 889 mm and 873 mm respectively. Mean and median monthly rainfall for each of these stations is shown in Figure 4. 2 AMBERLEY
• Average maximum A Average minimum
Figure 3. Average minimum and maximum temperatures for Amberley (Bureau of Meteorology) CO
Mean D Median Mean D Median
Figure 4. Mean and median monthly rainfall for Harrisville (1896 to 1986) and Warrill Creek (1961 to 1986) (Bureau of Meteorology) 2.2 Geology and Topography
The geology of Mutdapilly research station is described on the Ipswich 9442 1:100 000 Geological Series map sheet (Cranfield et at. 1978) as including: Quaternary alluvium in the low lying areas and alluvial flats; and Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures and Tertiary Oligocene dolerite/basalt in the undulating low hills.
Quaternary alluvium. A large proportion of Mutdapilly research station lies on the creek flats of the East and West branches of Warrill Creek. Most of the alluvium is fine grained sediment and appears to be derived from upstream erosion of Walloon Coal Measures and various tertiary extrusions and intrusions. There is minimal levee bank development along both branches of the creek, and the areas of Quaternary alluvium appear to gently slope upwards towards the low hills, to become contiguous with alluvium and colluvium from the surrounding hills. Coarser grained sediment is found only immediately adjacent the actual creek lines.
Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures. The undulating low hills on the station are comprised mainly of Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures. This formation includes beds of grey mudstone, calcareous sandstone, siltstone, coal, limestone, shale and conglomerate.
Tertiary intrusions and extrusions. Tertiary intrusions and extrusions of dolerite, microsyenite and basalt are located on many of the crests and ridges of the undulating low hills at Mutdapilly Research Station.
A large dolerite intrusion covers much of block 3 with an outcrop restricting the streamline of Warrill Creek at the eastern edge. Tertiary sediments are located on blocks 3 and 4.
On block 6 near the Harrisville township, a microsyenite intrusion has undergone intensive weathering to form a distinctive red soil.
2.3 Vegetation
Most of the land on Mutdapilly Research Station has been cleared, leaving individual trees or thinned groups of trees, though several large stands of woodland have been retained.
Block 3 of the Mutdapilly station is covered by a woodland of blue gum {Eucalyptus tereticornis ), ironbark (E crebra and E. melanophloia) and patches of gum-topped box (£. molucanna) with a grassy understory of bluegrasses {Bothriochloa spp.), spear grass {Heteropogan contortus) and Paspalum spp. There is a small stand of tea-tree (Melaleuca irbyana) in the upper right corner of the block.
A thinned but pure stand of blue gum is located west of Warrill Creek on block 1. These stands play an important role in koala colonisation, being the largest occurences of host species in the immediate area. On block 4 there is a area of thinned woodland, including several small stands of tea tree.
Other important tree species on the Mutdapilly station include drooping bottlebrush (Callistemon viminalis) and river sheoak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) which line the banks of Warrill creek, and quinine berry (Petalostigma pubescens) which denotes the presence of a yellow podzolic soil in the area.
Rhodes grass {Chloris gayana) has colonised saline outbreaks on small areas of the station.
3. SOILS
3.1 Soil survey method
On the newly acquired areas of Mutdapilly Research Station, one hundred and seventy-one soil profiles were described to 1.8 m or bedrock using a 60 mm diameter coring tube. Seventy detailed soil description sites were located on a 200 m by 200 m grid, with one hundred and one less detailed sites used as checks between grid sites or for location of soil boundaries. Profiles were allocated to soil profile classes (SPCs) which are soil bodies with consistently similar morphology and topographic position.
Soil profile class boundaries were determined by air photo interpretation of 1987 Ipswich 9442 1:25 000 black and white prints and field checking. Seventeen soil profile classes were identified and mapped on the new areas. Soil profile classes used in this report are described previously by Paton (1971), Powell (1979) and Powell et al (1985). Two new soil profile classes, Sartor and Hanson, were identified and named after previous landholders of the land blocks on which these soil classes are located. Appendix 1 contains a description of each soil profile class.
The soils of the new lands of Mutdapilly Research Station have been mapped at 1:10 000 scale. As in the original Mutdapilly Research Station report (Powell et al 1985) and the Kalbar report (1979), soils were mapped on the basis of dominant or co-dominant soil profile classes. Smaller areas of other soil profile classes may occur within mapped soil profile classes.
3.2 Morphology
The predominant soils found on the alluvial flats at Mutdapilly station are cracking clay soils. Alluvial soils are located adjacent to creek lines.
The undulating low hills have cracking clays formed on Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures. Friable soils and self mulching soils have formed on Tertiary intrusives and sediments. Hardsetting soils occur on Jurassic and Tertiary geology. 3.2.1 Soils of the alluvial plains
The cracking clay soils formed on the alluvial flats at Mutdapilly station have a brownish black to black light medium to medium clay surface. The deep yellowish grey to brownish black alkaline subsoil is frequently underlain by dark clay layers. Manganese is found throughout the subsoil, as well as some carbonate. The presence of manganese suggests periodic waterlogging and slow internal drainage. Moderately developed gilgai may be present.
Soils formed closer to the creek lines have lighter clay textures in both the surface and subsoil. The soils formed on the crest of the levee are layered alluvial soils, with textures ranging from fine sandy clay loam to fine sandy clay to light medium clay.
3.2.2 Cracking clays of the undulating low hills
Some beds of the Walloon Coal Measures at Mutdapilly station have weathered to form brown and grey clays and black earths. The surface soil is brown to black with a light to medium clay texture and a neutral soil reaction trend. The subsoil is generally dark, or a deep yellow grey to reddish brown medium to medium heavy clay and is strongly alkaline. Linear gilgai is commonly found on long slopes. Salinity readings, using an electrical conductivity meter (Appendix 5), are commonly 150 to 200 mS/cm, reflecting the high salt content of the soil parent material.
The Tertiary intrusions, extrusions and sediments produce predominantly shallow clay soils. Colours of the soil profile vary with rock type: basaltic rocks have produced soils which are brownish black throughout the profile; microsyenite and dolorite produce soils with a reddish brown to brown subsoil; and the soils formed on the sediments have a brown subsoil. The subsoils are neutral to alkaline and strongly structured. Many profiles contain coarse fragments.
3.2.3 Friable soils of the undulating low hills
On block 3 of Mutdapilly Research Station, Tertiary sediments have formed soils with friable brownish black clay loam to light clay surfaces, over a greyish olive to olive brown medium clay subsoil. The depths of these soils are variable, and some areas have large amounts of coarse fragments on the surface of the soil or in the A horizon.
Shallow soils with friable brownish black clay loam to light clay surfaces over a light to medium heavy clay alkaline subsoil have formed in various upper and lower slope positions on the station. The soil profile may contain large amounts of manganese and iron segregations, and gravel of volcanic rock occurs in various soil horizons.
On block 6, directly north of Harrisville township, a moderately deep friable red soil has formed. It is characterised by a dark reddish brown light clay surface over a neutral dark reddish brown light medium clay suboil. The subsoil is strongly structured and the upper part of the profile is very well drained in spite of the high clay content. The lower B horizons above the sandy C horizon are manganiferous and occasionally mottled.
3.2.4 Hardsetting soils of the undulating low hills
Hardsetting soils are formed over large areas of the low hills on the station. Most of these soils on the station have sodic subsoils which are prone to erosion if exposed.
The hardsetting soils formed on the Walloon Coal Measures have either a clay loam surface or a sandy loam to loam surface. Many of the soils have a sporadic or conspicuous bleached subsurface horizon. Subsoil pH ranges from acid to alkaline, and there are varying amounts of sodicity. Subsoil colours range from red to yellow brown to grey, and mottling is common.
The hardsetting soils formed on Tertiary material have brownish black surfaces with varying textures - there are intergrades to small areas of prairie soils or shallow clays. A subsurface horizon may be absent, or sporadically or conspicuously bleached. The subsoil is oiive brown, alkaline and frequently manganiferous.
In small areas on blocks 3 and 4, soils with a deep sandy surface over a grey mottled sandy clay to medium clay acid subsoil, have been formed on relict alluvium of possibly early Quaternary or even Tertiary age. The subsoil is not sodic and therefore less prone to erosion if exposed.
3.3 Classification
The soil survey sites have been classified into great soil groups (Staceef al. 1968) and principal profile forms (Northcote 1979). Soil profile classes were determined by soil profile attributes, by considering differences in underlying geology, landscape features and by any differences in susceptibility to land degradation or in land suitability.
Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff 1975) classes have been assigned to analysed representative soil profiles which are described in Appendix 2.
3.4 Key to soil profile classes within landscape units
Soil profile classes may be identified using the following key.
3.4.1 Soils of the alluvial plains
A. Dark fine textured non cracking surface close NORMANBY to creek lines
A. Dark or grey brown cracking light to heavy clay surface
B. surface horizon is mottled FASSIFERN 8
B. surface horizon is whole coloured C. light to light medium clay surface with dark or grey subsoil MULLER
C. medium to heavy clay surface with predominantly grey subsoil CYRUS 3.4.2 Soils of the undulating low hills CRACKING CLAY SURFACE A. Profile less than 80cm to weathered rock B. dark to red brown subsoil over PENNELL weathered volcanic intrusion B. dark grey subsoil becoming grey at WARUMKARIE depth over weathered Walloon Coal Measures
A. Profile greater than 80cm to weathered rock, linear gilgai common
B. brown to red brown clay subsoil over MCGRATH weathered Walloon Coal Measures B. dark, grey or yellow clay subsoil over KULGUN weathered Walloon Coal Measures FRIABLE SURFACE
A. Profile less than 60cm to weathered rock CHURCHBANK with red, brown or yellow subsoil over weathered volcanic intrusion or Walloon Coai Measures
A. Profile greater than 60cm to weathered rock B. strongly structured red subsoil over HANSON weathered volcanic intrusion B. olive, brown or grey brown subsoil over PURDON weathered volcanic intrusion or Walloon Coal Measures HARDSETTING SURFACE
A. Clay loam or heavier surface with gradual CHURCHBANK* change to shallow brown clay subsoil over weathered rock
A. Clay loam or heavier surface over deep SARTOR brown to yellow brown subsoil which becomes acid and sodic with depth; tea tree may be present
A. Sandy loam to clay loam surface with DIECKMANN abrupt boundary over olive, brown or grey brown subsoil over weathered volcanic intrusion
A. Clay loam surface with abrupt boundary to YELLUNGA subsoil over weathered Walloon Coal Measures with brown to yellow brown subsoil
A. Deep loamy sand to sandy loam surface with EVANS abrupt boundary to nonsodic grey subsoil with red and yellow mottling
A. Sandy loam to sandy clay surface with abrupt boundary to subsoil over weathered Walloon Coal Measures
B. Sporadically bleached A2 horizon FURNIVALL
B. Conspicuously bleached A2 horizon WEBER
3.5 Chemical and physical properties
3.5.1 General
A total of seven soil profile classes were sampled for laboratory analysis. A brief description of the SPCs is given in Table 1. Of these soils the Cyrus profile is situated in an area suspected of being affected by high salt levels. The sampled sites included two new soils, Hanson and Sartor, not previously described by Powell (1979) or Powell et al. (1985). Of the others, McGrath occurs in areas where irrigation is proposed, and the Purdon, Weber and Dieckmann soils cover large areas in blocks 3 and 4. The actual sampling sites are shown on the accompanying 1:10 000 soils map and Appendix 2 contains the analysed profile: morphological descriptions, chemical and physical data.
* surface may be friable or hardsetting. 10
Soil profile classes not sampled for analysis are similar to those described in the previous Mutdapilly report (Powell et al. 1985) or in the Kalbar report (Powell 1979); chemical and physical data for soils not sampled in this survey may be found in these reports.
3.5.2 Methodology
Profiles representative of the seven soil profile classes were sampled at 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, 0.5-0.6, 0.8-0.9, 1.1-1.2 and 1.4-1.5 m depths. In addition, seven bulk surface samples (0-0.1 m; each a composite of 10 samples taken within 10 m of the profile) were taken for fertility assessment.
Table 1. Description of sampled soil profile classes
Soil profile Great soil Area Brief description of class group % ha soil profile class
Soils of the Alluvial Plains
Cyrus Black earth 32.5 305.2 Black earth - grey clay weak to strong gilgai
Soils of the Undulating Low Hills
Hanson Euchrozem 2.2 20.6 Euchrozem, present in upper and mid slope positions.
Sartor Soloth 1.6 14.9 Soloth - No suitable group with affinities to soloth, flat area on perched watertable
Purdon Prairie soil 4.3 40.1 Prairie soil, present in mid to upper slope position;
McGrath Brown clay 8.75 82.1 Brown clay, black earth often present in upper and mid slope positions
Weber Solodized- 4 38 Solodized solonetz - solodic - soloth with solonetz hardsetting surfaces
Dieckmann Solodic soil 3.6 33.6 Solodic soil with moderate hard setting surface -often intergrades to prairie soil
The laboratory analyses performed on each sample are outlined in Table 2, with the methodology following that of Bruce and Rayment (1982). The detailed chemical and physical data, together with interpretation ratings are given in Appendix 2. 11
Table 2. Soil analysis performed at various profile sample depths
Sample/ Profile Soil analysis segment
All samples (.1 m pH, chloride, electrical conductivity (EC), increments to 1.50 m)
Bulk 0-0.1 m organic carbon (org-C), total nitrogen (tot-N), acid exctractable phosphorus (acid P), bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (bicarb. P), extactable potassium (K).
Profile 0-0.1, dispersion ratio, particle size analysis (PSA), 0.20-0.3, 0.50-0.6, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total P, 0.8-0.9 m total K, total sulphur (S). -33 kPa moisture, -1500 kPa moisture, air dry moisture (ADM).
Profile 1.1-1.2 m as for profile to 0.9 m but excluding dispersion ratio, -33 kPa moisture and -1500 kPa moisture.
Profile 1.4-1.5 m as for profile to 0.9 m but excluding dispersion ratio and phosphate-extractable S.
3.2.3 Characteristics of Soils
pH. The sampled soils fall into three broad groups for pH profile trends: (1) alkaline trend with acid to neutral surface soils (Cyrus, McGrath, Purdon and Dieckmann), (2) alkaline trend with acid subsoil clays (Weber), (3) acidic throughout, not including C horizon material (Hanson and Sartor). According to Northcote (1979), the first group has a strongly acidic profile trend, the second group has alkaline profile trend and the third is not classified.
A solodic soil (Dieckmann) has a strong alkaline pH of 9.0 at depths below 0.45 m (Table 3). In contrast the Weber soil has an initial alkaline profile trend which peaks, then changes to strongly acid lower in the B horizon. Purdon changes rapidly down the profile, from acid pH 6.7 (down to 0.3 m) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.7 by 0.5 m). The surface soil samples (0-0.1 m) have a mean pH value of 6.2 ± 0.8 with a range of 5.4 to 7.4.
Salinity. Electrical conductivity (EC) and chloride (Cl) levels provide an indication of soluble salts in the soils (see Table 3).
The only soil with no appreciable chloride in the profile was Hanson. McGrath, Purdon, Weber and Dieckmann had low to medium salinity levels (<0.07% using Northcote and Skene 1972 rating system) in the top metre but are saline below that. The Sartor soil and the sampled Cyrus soil are classified as saline throughout, with the Cyrus profile having the highest chloride concentration (0.196% at 0.9 m).
The peak chloride concentrations in all soils are deep in the profile, usually below 0.6 to 0.9 m. This indicates that salinity may be a problem for deep rooting crop species.
13 EC and chloride give the same indication of salinity and are strongly related in these soils. Linear regression analysis showed that:
EC = 0.667 + 6.38 Cl% (r^O.96", n=63)
These results are similar to those obtained by using the theoretical relationship (EC=6.6 Cl%) when all salts present are sodium chloride (Richards 1984). On this evidence, it is assumed that Na+ and Cl' are the dominant soluble ions.
Exchangeable cations, CEC, sodicity and dispersion. Two methods of determining cation exchange capacity were used:- (1) CEC using alcoholic IM NH4CI at pH 8.5 (method 2.11.3, Bruce and Rayment 1982)
(2) ECEC (method 2.11.4, Bruce and Rayment 1982).
The choice of method depended on soil pH; in profiles predominantly acid/neutral, the ECEC method was used, and soils with an alkaline profile trend were tested 1 by the pH 8.5/1 M NH4CI method. The results thus give a 'best bet indication of the cation status of the soil. The method used for each soil is indicated in Table 3 and in Appendix II.
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is quite variable (16 to 99 meq/100 g for CEC, and 4 to 76 meq/100 g for ECEC). The McGrath soil, a brown clay, had the highest CEC values measured. Other extremes were 4 meq/100 g (ECEC) in the coarser textured Weber surface soils, and 76 meq/100 g (ECEC) in the subsoil of Purdon, a prairie soil. The black earth, Cyrus, has high CEC values (around 50 meq/100 g) throughout the profile.
Cation values and cation related properties are shown in Table 4. It can be seen that calcium is the dominant cation in the Cyrus, Hanson, Purdon and McGrath soils. For the sampled Cyrus profile, calcium is the dominant cation to 0.9 m; below this depth ESP and salinity are high. For crops with rooting depths greater than 0.9 m these undesirable soil properties may be deleterious to crop growth.
Soils dominated by magnesium are Weber, Dieckmann and Sartor. These magnesium dominant soils also have high levels of exchangeable sodium. The management of these soils will be difficult due to their poor permeability and tendency to dispersion which, according to Northcote and Skene (1972), makes them undesirable for plant growth.
The tendency of a soil to disperse in water has been measured via a ratio index (R1). It is defined as:
R1 = % (silt + clay) dispersed / % total (silt + clay)]
Baker (1977), using this ratio, suggested values be interpreted as: soil samples with a R1 value > 0.8 as having a high tendency to disperse (therefore undesirable), values of 0.6 to 0.8 indicate a moderate tendency to disperse, and values < 0.6 have a low tendency to disperse (therefore desirable). From Table 14
4, only the Weber soil and the deep subsoil of the McGrath and Sartor soils have high dispersion. Generally the high R1 ratios were associated with the highest ESP values, low salt levels and the lowest calcium to magnesium ratios. These undesirable properties indicate soils on which poor plant performance and poor physical conditions will apply.
Table 4. Exchangeable cations cation exchange capacity, sodicity and the dispersion at selected depths for the soils
Soil Depth Cal- Mag- Sodium Potassium CEC* Ca/Mg ESP Profile cium nesium Class (m) (Ca) (Mg) (Na) (K)
Cyrus 0-.1 28 16 0.7 .20 51 1.5 1 .45 .5-.6 28 17 2.1 1.2 56 1.6 4 .4 .8-.9 23 27 7.8 .09 57 0.9 14 .71
Hanson 0-.04 10 5.3 .18 .23 16' 1.9 1 .37 .2-.3 9.2 4.7 .31 .04 14' 2.0 2 .26 .8-.9 19 11 .50 .04 32' 1.7 2 .45
Sartor 0-.06 4.3 5.5 5.5 .50 11 0.8 4.5 .59 .2-.3 3.3 11 11 4.1 21' 0.3 20 .98 .5-.6 1.8 8.8 8.8 6.6 18" 0.2 37 .91
Purdon 0-.1 6.7 6.3 6.3 .55 14" 1.1 4 .58 .2-.3 18 22 22 3.0 45" 0.8 7 .61 .5-.6 38 30 30 4.6 76' 1.3 6 .64
McGrath 0-.1 33 22 22 .91 59 1.5 1.5 .47 .2-.3 36 30 30 3.1 74 1.2 4.1 .53 .8-.9 23 41 41 10 74 0.6 14 .85
Weber 0-.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 .18 4" 1.0 4.5 .79 .2-.3 2.2 7.9 7.8 1.7 12' 0.3 14 .95 .8-.9 1.9 9.5 9.5 5.5 1/ 0.2 32 .94
Dieckmann 0-.1 2.4 4.6 4.6 .64 16 0.5 4 .54 .2-.3 6.6 14 14 3.7 28 0.5 13 .73 .5-.6 9.8 24 24 9.5 34 0.4 28 .66
Na/CEC x 100 - ESP. (Northcote and Skene 1972) * CEC = Cation Exchange Capacity Effective CEC or ECEC used for alkaline soil profiles Available water capacity. Available water capacity was estimated using regression equations by two methods referred to as AWC 1 and AWC 2 (after Ahern 1988). AWC 1 is estimated from -1500 kPa moisture and AWC 2 from CEC. Rooting depths were estimated using the chloride profile method of Baker and Ahem (1989). Table 5 lists the AWC by both methods together with rooting depth and soil type.
Soils which have the highest estimated AWC's are the cracking clays, namely Cyrus and McGrath. The duplex soils, Sartor, Weber and Dieckmann and the shallow prairie soil, Purdon, have the lowest. 15
Table 5. Estimated available water capacity for the representative profiles
Soil profile Great soil Rooting AWC 1 AWC 2 class/site number group depth (m) (mm) (mm)
Hanson (1) Euchrozem 1.0 140 102 Sartor (2) Soloth 0.6 96 85 Purdon (3) Prairie soil 0.6 100 109 Cyrus (4) Black earth 0.9 134 152 McGrath (5) Brown clay 1.0 151 147 Weber (6) Solodized solonetz 0.7 102 77 Dieckmann (7) Solodic soil 0.5 90 92
Hanson shows quite a substantial difference in AWC determined by the two methods. Hanson is a euchrozem with a high clay content (>70%), but a CEC/clay of around 0.2 (indicating low activity clay). This fact, together with the work by Ahem (1988) on similar soils in the Burdekin, suggest that the AWC 1 results (140 mm; rated as high AWC) will be a more reliable guide as to its behaviour in the field.
Particle size distribution and clay activity. Clay, silt, fine sand and coarse sand of all soil profiles are listed in Table 6.
Soil profile classes Hanson and McGrath have the highest clay percentages, but a difference in clay mineralogy is apparent between them. Reid and Baker (1984) indicated clay activity ratios < 0.3 (kaolinite), 0.3-0.4 (1:1 lattice minerals or illite), and > 0.6 (2:1 expanding lattice materials) for Burdekin soils. On this basis, clay activity ratios (CEC/clay) which exceed 0.6 suggest the presence of expanding clay minerals with smectite likely to be dominant.
The Hanson soil has a ratio of only 0.2 in the upper profile (<0.6 m) which changes to 1.5 by a depth of 1.2 m. By contrast, McGrath has a ratio around 0.9-1.0, indicating a high smectite content throughout the profile. Of the others, Dieckmann, Cyrus and Purdon also have ratios > 0.8 in the profile. Weber had the lowest clay percentage of the soils analysed.
Total phosphorus, potassium and sulphur. Total phosphorus (P) content of soils generally reflects phosphorus in parent material (Thompson and Beckmann 1959). For these soils, total P ranges from medium to very high in the surface 0.1 m. At 0.2 m and below this depth, total P is rated as low for all sites. The highest total P was found for the euchrozem, Hanson.
Total potassium levels in all soils are all rated as low and as suggested by Thompson and Beckmann (1959) reflects the parent material of the soils present.
Total sulphur values are all rated medium, with some profiles rated low at depth. Andrew et al. (1974) suggested a level less then 0.013% on the 0-0.1 m sample as indicating deficiency of the element. A better indication of sulphur deficiency would be sulphate-sulphur with differing depths required depending on whether crop or pasture is considered (Rayment 1983). 16
Table 6. Particle size distribution, CEC and clay activity (CEC/Clay)
Soil Profile Sample depth Class (m) 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
Hanson Clay% 72 85 78 39 19 CEC 16 14 17 32 29 CEC/olay .2 .2 .2 .8 1.5 Sartor Clay% 36 50 40 42 44 CEC 11 21 18 18 19 CEC/olay .3 .4 .5 .4 .4 Purdon Clay% 25 55 36 CEC 14 45 76 CEC/clay .6 .8 2.1
Cyrus Clay% 52 57 52 61 57 CEC 51 56 48 51 45 CEC/clay 1 1 1 1 .8
McGrath Clay% 65 76 74 75 76 CEC 58 74 69 74 99 CEC/clay .9 1 .9 1 >1 Weber Clay% 11 35 29 28 23 CEC 4 12 14 17 15 CEC/clay .4 .3 .5 .6 .7 Dieckmann Clay% 17 35 19 CEC 16 28 34 CEC/clay .9 .8 1.8
Carbon, nitrogen and sulphur ratios have been calculated for other Queensland soils, as for example Probert (1977) and Powell et al. (1985). Table 7 lists ratios for 0-0.1 m zone of soils for this survey. By comparison Probert (1977) found for 55 soils in North Queensland a mean ratio of 135:10:1.4, while Powell (1985) for 8 sites found a mean ratio of 128:10:1.7.
Table 7. C:N:S ratios for 0-0.1 m samples
Soil Profile Class Great Soil Group C:N:S
Cyrus Black earth 125:10:2.3 Hanson Euchrozem 145:10:2.7 Sartor Soloth 138:10:3.4 Purdon Prairie soil 140:10:1.9 McGrath Brown clay 120:10:1.7 Weber Solodized-solonetz 180:10:4.4 Dieckmann Solodic soil 160:10:3.6
These C:N:S ratios (Table 7) indicate high sulphur levels. Such levels are generally expected in alkaline clays and poorly drained soils (Blakemore et al. 1969). 17 Soil Fertility. An overview of the soil fertility attributes of the soils is contained in Table 3. pH ranges in the surface (0-0.1 m) from 4.8 to 7.5. Sartor, Purdon, Weber and Dieckmann have pH's lower than 6.0 with Sartor strongly acid (pH 4.8). Lime applications would be required to increase pH to a more desirable value around 6.5 (Baker and Rayment 1983).
Extractable phosphorus (P) was measured by two methods: dilute acid (acid-P) and bicarbonate solution (bicarb-P). Values obtained for all soils range from 5 ppm to 27 ppm (acid P) and 4 to 23 ppm (bicarb-P); these are rated as very low to medium. The low levels of P by both methods indicate that P responses in pasture legumes and crops would be expected, (Rayment and Bruce 1979 a,b). As both indexes (acid P and bicarb P) of extractable P give similiar results (Table 3) either could be used for P fertility assessments. Rayment and Bruce (1979 a,b) preferred bicarbonate extractable P when considering measurements on which to base white clover pastures in south east Queensland.
A figure of 0.2 meq/100 g potassium (K) has been accepted as indicating a K deficiency in a soil (Piper and De Vries 1969), and on this basis, potassium deficiency can be expected on all soils except Sartor, McGrath and Dieckmann. However, according to Crack and Isbell (1970) and Young (1976), the levels for deficiency are 0.2 meq/100 g for sandy soils and between 0.2 and 0.4 meq/100g for clay soils, so that all soils would require K fertilisation.
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents range from low to medium. Sharp decreases in these ratings would be expected on the 0.1 to 0.2 m segment. Weber has the lowest C and N levels present and the highest C:N ratio of 18. Ratios (C:N) less than 15 are generally regarded as indicating fertile soils, with ratios above that level indicating poorer crop growing conditions. For all soils studied C and N would decrease as a result of mineralisation, crop extraction, ploughing and erosion. Maintenance of N by fertiliser addition and C by green manuring and reduced tillage methods would be recommended.
Trace elements, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) were determined by DTPA extraction. Zinc levels in Purdon, Cyrus and McGrath are low and applied zinc may be required for most crops and pastures. All other trace elements (Cu, Mn, Fe) are adequate. 18 4. LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT
4.1 Method of assessment
The accompanying soils map has been divided into areas known as Unique Mapping Areas (Basinski 1979). Each Unique Mapping Area (UMA) includes one or two dominant soil profile classes which occur in a particular landscape position. The UMA is also described in terms of area, geology, landform and various limitation factors.
Eleven limitations considered important for crop or pasture growth on the station were identified for each UMA: water availibility wetness flooding rockiness soil depth frost outflow potential soil surface condition and adhesiveness gilgai intake potential water erosion. The severity of each of these limitations for the soil profile classes in the UMA, and the slope category, are used for assessing the suitability of each individual UMA for pastures and crops. If two soil profile classes were identified for the UMA, both soil types were considered when assessing values for the limitations. Forty-six land uses were considered for the stations lands. Each of the land uses have differing requirements and the tables in Appendix 3 assign a land suitability subclass for each limitation for each land use. The highest limitation subclass determined the initial suitability class for each specific use in each individual UMA. Interaction between different limitations may change the value of the suitability class that is finally assigned. Existing land uses such as buildings may preclude the use of the UMA for the assessed land use suitability.
The attribute data for each UMA, including the limitation values and land suitability classes for each of the land uses, is stored on computer and is available on request to the Director, Land Resources Branch, Indooroopilly.
UMA boundary information, the dominant soil profile classes in the UMA and the suitability of the UMA for different land uses were entered into the ARC/INFO Geographic Information System (GIS). GIS was used to produce land suitability maps for crops and pastures as well as planning maps for tree planting and areas for irrigation; figures 5 and 6 show plots of land use suitability for irrigated oats and irrigated mixed temperate grasses. CO
Figure 5. Distribution of land suitable for irrigated oats o
Figure 6. Distribution of land suitable for irrigated mixed temperate grasses 21
4.2 Land suitability classes
All UMAs were allocated a land suitability class based on a five class land suitability classification for each land use. Land was classified on the basis of a specified land use which allows optimum production with minimal degradation to the land resource in the longterm. The classification indicates increasing levels of limitations to long term use.
Class 1 Suitable land with negligible limitations. This is highly productive land requiring only simple management practices to maintain economic production.
Class 2 Suitable land with minor limitations which either reduce production or require more than the simple management practices of class 1 land to maintain economic production.
Class 3 Suitable land with moderate limitations which either further lower production or require more than those management practices of class 2 land to maintain economic production.
Class 4 Marginal land which is presently considered unsuitable due to severe limitations. The long term significance of these limitations on the proposed land use are unknown. The use of this land is dependant upon undertaking additional studies to determine whether the effects of the limitations can be reduced to achieve production.
Class 5 Unsuitable land with extreme limitations that preclude its use.
Land is considered less suitable as the severity of limitations for a land use increase, reflecting either (a) reduced potential for production, and/or (b) increased inputs to acheive an acceptable level of production and/or (c) increased inputs required to prevent land degradation. The first three classes are considered suitable for the specified land use as the benefits from using the land for that land use in the long term should outweigh the inputs required to initiate and maintain production. Decreasing land suitability within a region often reflects the need for increased inputs rather than decreased potential production.
Class 4 is considered presently unsuitable and it is doubtful whether the inputs required to achieve and maintain production outweigh the benefits in the long term. Additional studies are needed to determine the feasibility of using this land.
Class 5 is considered unsuitable having limitations that in aggregate are so severe that the benefits would not justify the inputs required to initiate and maintain production in the long term. It would require a major change in economics, technology or management expertise before the land could be considered suitable for that land use. Some class 5 lands however, such as escarpments, will always remain unsuitable for agriculture. 22
4.3 Land use options
Suitable land uses and any specific management issues for each UMA are shown in Appendix 4.
Final decisions on land use should be based on the need to maintain permanent research plots and to achieve maximum production of pasture and crops to feed livestock while minimising land degradation. Soil conservation plans are required in arable areas.
4.4 Land management considerations
4.4.1 Salinity
A small area of saline seepage is evident at the junction of permeable and impermeable geological beds at the eastern edge of block 4 of the station. Salts have accumulated where gully lines in the low hills south-west of block 5 meet the alluvial flats. In the northeastern part of block 5, the old railway line has caused drainage problems in the alluvium. This has lead to an accumulation of salts around the railway line.
Salinity measurements of station lands were measured and interpreted by B. Forster, A. Barton and A. Geritz (Figure 7). The methods used for collecting data is detailed in Appendix 5.
Lands which were measured as very high hazard areas (>200 mS/cm) correspond with the visible saline outbreaks described previously. The EM meter measured areas of high salinity hazard (150 - 200 mS/cm) outside the visual extent of the outbreak. Several smaller areas of very high salinity hazard were also recorded. Areas denoted as very high salinity hazard are generally considered too saline to support adequate crop growth and yield.
There are several extensive areas of high salinity hazard occurring on the alluvial flats and the low hills. It is believed that the soils formed from Tertiary hypabyssal intrusives and extrusive volcanics on the crests of the surrounding hills are acting as intake areas (permeable soils and rocks) for water. Water percolates downslope through the soils and bedrock of the salt rich Walloon Coal Measures on the mid to lower slopes, and accumulates these salts in the clay soils on the margins of the alluvial flats. These areas will support salt tolerant grasses with no significant reduction in yield.
The salinity survey showed that areas with low EM readings (<100 mS/cm) occur in areas covered by the soil profile classes Hanson, Purdon, Pennell, Churchbank and Evans. The deep drainage has been calculated as high for the Hanson soil profile class from the soil type sample (see Appendix 5). It is probable that areas of this soil are acting as intake areas. Careful monitoring of irrigation on Hanson is required, and clearing should be kept to a minimum. 00 GO
Figure 7. Map of salinity hazard interpreted by Forster and Barton (unpublished data) based on electromagnetic induction traverses 24
The extent of high salinity hazard is a major consideration for land management on the station in the future. Irrigation practices, further replanting or clearing of trees, control of erosion and effective drainage are issues which must be considered in order to control saline outbreaks.
Management practices suggested by Hughes (1984) for preventing salinity outbreaks in high salinity hazard areas, are irrigate intake areas only as necessary to avoid adding excess water, and plant and maintain deep-rooted trees in these areas plant trees where the hills meet the alluvial flats (toeslopes) to prevent excess water entering the alluvial areas improve the drainage from susceptible areas, so that this is not impeded by roads (particularly the old railway line at block 5) plant salt tolerant grasses, trees and crops in affected alluvial flats to prevent subsurface water reaching the soil surface. Avoid unrestricted cultivation or overgrazing.
Specific practices for salinity problems in this area (see Fig. 7) are as follows.
Tree planting on block 4. The seepage salting east of block 4 at the old Mutdapilly Station, should be planted to deeply rooted vegetation to minimise seepage and excess water.
Tree planting on the low hills. The undulating low hills used for cultivation should have clumps of trees planted on crests and other intake areas. As the EM readings in these areas are low (50 to 60 mS/cm), the tree species are not required to be salt tolerant.
Saline areas in the alluvium on block 5. The areas on the alluvial flats affected by salting, south of the old railway line and to the south of block 5, should be managed with careful irrigation practices to reduce the level of the watertable. Shaw et al. (1987) suggest that watertable rises can be prevented by: improving surface and subsurface drainage reducing evaporation by lighter cultivation and mulching.
The toeslopes of the low hills should be planted with a belt of trees to help prevent excess water entering the heavier soils on the alluvium.
4.4.2 Erosion
Mutdapilly Research Station contains several significant areas of sheet erosion. These areas require strict management to prevent further degradation. Severe sheet erosion has caused loss of part of the A horizon on the clay soils used for cultivation on the low hills of blocks 4 and 5, and some gully erosion has occurred on the roadways. The maintenance of contour banks and the introduction of other soil conservation measures, will ensure long term productivity of this cropping area. 25
Construction of contour banks on other sloping lands proposed for cultivation would ensure the use of these areas into the future. Contour banks are not recommended in sloping areas where stock are kept because of likely damage to the banks. Using minimum tillage equipment would reduce the risk of erosion on slopes in cropping areas and during the establishment phase of permanent pastures.
4.4.3 Flooding
Two branches of Warrill Creek flow through the station lands. The area adjacent to Warrill Creek is subjected to flooding approximately every two years. In lieu of constructing a levee bank around this area, permanent pastures should be maintained on the levee areas of Warrill Creek to minimise the risk of erosive flood damage. The flats between the two branches of the creek may also be affected by flooding.
The alluvial flats away from the creeklines also experience flooding caused by runoff from the surrounding low hills. Inadequate surface drainage in some areas contributes to periods of waterlogging in crops after flooding events. Additional drainage systems would assist in minimising crop damage after floods.
4.4.4 Irrigation
Large areas of Mutdapilly Research Station are presently irrigated.
The general formation of the low undulating hills on the station is Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures capped by Tertiary intrusions, extrusions or sediments. Irrigation of the soils formed on the Tertiary rocks would cause additional water to percolate through the subsoils and into the clays and solodic soils formed downslope on the Walloons. This may translocate increased salt from the soils formed on the Walloon sediments into the alluvial soils directly downslope. In addition, irrigation of the lower slopes of the hills may increase the movement of salts from the slopes into the alluvium. Dryland salinity has already been accelerated by irrigation of such areas in the Fassifern Valley (Powell 1977).
To minimise the risk of increasing the salt levels in the soils of the alluvial plains, careful management of irrigation is recommended in certain areas. The following recommendations aim at lessening the risk of saline outbreaks in the soils on the alluvium.
Suggested irrigation practices on the low hills. To reduce the amount of salts translocating down the slopes, the volume of irrigation water applied to the soils on the low hills will need to be carefully controlled. When the amount of water in the soil profile that is available to plants (the plant available water capacity) is reduced by 66%, the area should be irrigated with only enough water to fill the plant available water storage of the soil. Appendix 5 details the method to estimate when the amount of water in the soil is reduced to 66% of the estimated PAWC and to determine the amount of water that needs to be added by irrigation. The aim of this management is to minimise runoff and subsurface downslope flow. 26
Monitoring of watertables. Monitoring of watertable rises is an advisable precaution in all areas of irrigation. This is now done routinely by farmers in some saline areas of Western Australia. Piezometers and tensiometers should be placed in the following areas: the euchrozem soil (Hanson) in block 6 to monitor deep drainage the areas affected by saline outbreaks on block 5 to monitor the height of watertables upper and lower slope positions in irrigated areas on the low hills other irrigated areas on the alluvium, and on areas directly below irrigated lands on the low hills.
Piezometers would need to measure water levels between 1 and 3 metres, and in lower slope positions be capable of measuring below 3 metres as well.
Soil specific problems. Irrigation of the Cyrus soil profile class east of Warrill Creek requires strict management as the soils have slow internal drainage. In addition the surface soil is heavy clay with resultant problems in the use of machinery.
The areas of McGrath and Pennell soil profile class on the western aspect on the main hill of block 5 have suffered severe soil erosion in the past. The loss of the lighter textured soil surface material has left an exposed clay subsoil which would be structurally unstable if irrigated.
Irrigation is not recommended for areas of Sartor soil as the original vegetation for these areas, Melaleuca irbyana, indicates a periodic perched watertable. Adding additional water through irrigation may cause the watertable to rise with associated problems.
4.4.5 Timbered areas and wildlife needs
As mentioned previously (Section 2.3), large areas of the station have been extensively cleared, leaving small but locally significant stands of woodland. Clearing of these stands would lead to more available pasture land but may also lead to increased erosion, salinity outbreaks and decreased wildlife habitat.
The Department of Environment and Conservation is currently undertaking the Rural Nature Conservation Program which encourages land holders to manage properties to benefit native conservation. The Department of Biology at Queensland University of Technology is conducting research into the koala populations on Mutdapilly Research Station. They are currently monitoring about 25 koalas on block 3, and have counted about five koalas in block 4. Other koalas have been counted in areas of E. tereticornis to the west of Warrill Creek on block 1.
A report by Dr. G. Gordon of the Department of Environment and Conservation indicates that 'Sites such as Brown's block (block 3), which have a concentration of koalas, have the potential to produce surplus animals which may move out into sites with sparser habitat and augment the population in these areas'. He suggests that removal of these trees by extensive clearing will affect the koala population of the whole district. 27
Gordon recommends the following measures to maintain and increase koala numbers: not clearing Brown's block (block 3) or if development is necessary, not clearing the eastern part of the block (where two-thirds of the koalas reside) leaving large clumps of vegetation when clearing, not isolated trees revegetation along creek lines particularly with E. tereticornis revegetation in areas of at least several hectares, with a mix of eucalypt species, but including E. tereticornis
Small areas on block 3 have already been cleared. The area covered by Evans soil profile class has little potential for pasture improvement due to a low available moisture range in the surface horizon. However, other areas are suitable for Rhodes pasture, and areas covered by prairie soils (Purdon) are suitable for other pastures and limited cropping. Small areas to the west of that designated by Gordon could be cleared and planted to pasture.
Areas on block 4 could be allowed to revegetate, or could be planted to a mix of eucalypt species, to provide shade for livestock. The area covered by Sartor soil profile class is not suitable for irrigation and may therefore be suitable for revegetation.
The large stand of blue gums west of Warrill Creek on block 1 should be left uncleared; the area creates a shelter belt as well as a refuge for wildlife.
Figure 8 shows the suggested tree replanting for the station. The replanting is proposed to help reduce the risk of secondary salinisation as well as provide wildlife corridors. Priorities have been assigned on the basis of existing land uses and future development of station areas.
4.4.6 Areas for livestock
The carrying capacity for each part of the station will vary with the specific land suitabilities for the area. Pasture yields will vary, even if areas of low fertility are fertilised, because of differences in other soil limitations.
Additional feed may need to be bought or transported to a particular area occasionally, to supplement existing pastures.
Livestock feeding areas. If stock numbers are constantly exceeding the station's carrying capacity, pastures will degenerate, soils will become severely compacted and sheet and gully erosion will accelerate. The use of concentrated feeding areas may be a better alternative to spreading cut feed in the paddocks. Feeding areas would ensure that cattle would be kept off regenerating pastures. By minimising the damage from trampling to existing pasture, land degradation could be avoided and there would be a quicker recovery of pasture after failures in rainfall. Feeding areas should be situated in stable areas (Truong et al. 1987) - on areas of low slope and on soils which do not have a high percentage of clay in the surface. Concentrated feeding areas could be rotated within the paddock by the use of electric fences. 28
Holding yards. In addition to holding yards situated close to the dairies, cattle require high ground in times of local flooding. There are large areas of high ground to the north, east and south of the Mutdapilly dairy. When deciding on the most appropriate land use for these areas, consideration must be given to construction of holding yards for the cattle during wet weather. ro CO
Figure 8. Locality plan of suggested tree replanting to reduce risk of secondary salinisation and to preserve wildlife. 30
5. REFERENCES
Ahem, C.R. (1988), Comparison of models for predicting available water capacity of Burdekin soils, Queensland, Australian Journal of Soil Research 26, 409-23.
Andrew, C.S., Crack, B.J. and Rayment, G.E. (1974), Queensland, in Handbook on Sulphur in Australian Agriculture, K.G. McLachlan, ed., CSIRO:Melboume.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (1983), Year Book Australia No. 67, Commonwealth of Australia.
Baker, D.E. (1977), Chemical and Physical properties of the soils, in Soils of the Lower Burdekin River - Elliott River area, north Queensland, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Agricultural Chemistry Branch, Technical Report Number 10.
Baker, D.E. and Rayment, G.E. (1983), Soil pH, Queensland Department of Primary Industries Leaflet QL83011.
Baker, D.E. and Ahem, C.R. (1989), Estimates of effective rooting depth for predicting available water capacity of Burdekin soils, Queensland, Australian Journal of Soil Research 27, 439-54.
Basinski, JJ. (ed.) (1978), Volume 1 General Report, in Land Use on the South Coast of New South Wales, A study in methods of acquiring and using information to analyse regional land use options, General editors M. P. Austin and K. D. Cocks, CSIRO, Australia.
Blakemore, L.C. and Miller, R.B. (1968), Organic matter, in Soils of New Zealand, Soil Bureau Bulletin 26(2), 55-67.
Bruce, R.C. and Rayment, G.E. (1982), Analytical methods and interpretations used by the Agricultural Chemistry Branch for soil and land use surveys, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Bulletin QB82004.
Crack, B.J. and Isbell, R.F. (1970), Studies on some solodic soils in north eastern Queensland. I Morphological and chemical characteristics, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 10, 334-341.
Gardner, E.A. (1985) Planning and Management of Water for Agriculture in the Tropics, pp 67-74, Fifth Afro-Asian Regional Conference Proceedings, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Townsville Australia 25-30 August 1985.
Gillman, G.P., Skjemstad, J.O. and Bruce, R.C. (1982), A comparison of methods used in Queensland for determining cation exchange properties, CSIRO Division of Soils Technical Paper No. 44. 31
Hughes, K. K. (1984), Trees and salinity, Queensland Agricultural Journal, 110, 13-14.
Northcote, K.H. (1979), A factual key for the recognition of Australian soils, 4th Edition, Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.
Northcote, K.H. and Skene, J.K.M. (1972), Australian soils with saline and sodic properties, CSIRO Division of Soil, Soil Pulication Number 27.
Paton, T. R., (1971), A reconnaissance survey of soils in the Boonah-Beaudesert District, Queensland, Soils and Land Use Series No 52, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.
Powell, B., (1979), Soils of the Kalbar District, South-East Queensland, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Agricultural Chemistry Branch Technical Report No. 16.
Powell, B., Baker, D.E. and Christianos, N.G. (1985), Soils of the Mutdapilly Research Station, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Research Establishments Publication QR85001.
Probert, M.E. (1977), The distribution of sulphur and carbon - nitrogen - sulphur. Relationships in some north Queensland soils, CSIRO Australia, Division of Soils, Technical Paper Number 31.
Rayment, G.E. (1983), Prediction of response to sulphur by established Siratro/grass pastures in south-east Queensland, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 23, 280-287.
Rayment, G.E. and Bruce, R.C. (1979a), Effect of topdressed phosphous fertilizer on established white clover based pastures in south-east Queensland. I. Prediction of yield responses using soil tests, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 19, 454.
Rayment, G.E. and Bruce, R.C. (1979b), Effect of topdressed phosphorus fertilizer on established white clover based pastures in south-east Queensland. 2. Macronutrient status and prediction of yield responses using plant chemical tests, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 19,463-471.
Richards, LA. (1954), Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils, United States Department of Agriculture Handbook Number 60, United States Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
Shaw, R.J., Hughes, K.K., Thorbum, P.J. and Dowling, A.J. (1987), Principles of landscape, soil and water salinity - processes and management options, Part A in, Landscape, Soil and Water Salinity, Proceedings of the Brisbane Regional Salinity Workshop, Brisbane, May 1987, Queensland Department of Primary Industries Conference and Workshop Series QC87003. 32
Soil Survey Staff (1975), So/7 taxonomy - A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys, Agriculture Handbook No. 436, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Stace, H. C. T, Hubble, G. D., Brewer, R., Northcote, K. H., Sleeman, J. R., Mulcahy, M. J., and Hallsworth E. G. (1968), A handbook of australian Soils, Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.
Thompson, C.H. and Beckmann, G.G. (1959), Soils and land use in the Toowoomba area, Darling Downs, Queensland, CSIRO Division of Soils, Soils and Land Use Series Number 28.
Truong, P. N., Pressland, A. J., and V. Cummins (1987), Graziers can avoid damage to grazing land, Queensland Agricultural Journal, 113, 31-39.
Young, A. (1976), Tropical soils and soil survey, Cambridge Geographical Studies Number 9.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the following people:
A.LBarton for assistance in soil surveying and salinity measurements G.B.Faulkner for giving general recommendations on erosion control and soil conservation considerations K.K.Hughes for recommendations on salinity R.J.Shaw for detailed recommendations on salinity and irrigation R.E.Reid for general land resource recommendations, salinity measurements and project support G.M.Hawley, G.H.Malcolmson, Dr.W.J.Scattini, A.S.Greasley and K.F.Lowe for assistance on determining crops and pastures suitable for Mutdapilly Research Station J. Evans for providing information on the Mutdapilly Research Stations past history and future requirements Dr.R.T. Cowan for recommendations on animal feed requirements. B.Venz for salinity measurements and soil survey Agricultural Chemistry Branch for soil analyses and calculations Officers of Horticulture Branch for recommendations of horticultural crops for Mutdapilly Reseach Station A. Geritz for salinity measurements Drafting section of Land Resources Branch for producing maps and diagrams B.Powell and V.J.EIdershaw for editing comments P. Voller from the Queensland Forest Service for recommendations on trees suitable for planting at Mutdapilly Research Station. 33
APPENDIX 1
DETAILED MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF SOIL PROFILE CLASSES
SoU Profile P.P.F. SoU Profile Class Description Physiography Class
No rmanby Uf6.32 Prairie SoU - Alluvial Soill A horizon: a hardsetting surface with dark [10YR3/2JJ Alluvial plain fine sandy clay; moderate fine granular; hard [dry]*
01 horizon: dark [10YR3/SJ; fine sandy clay Loam; Lower tsrraces 6 0-7.0 5 . moderate medium granular; slightly hard to hard (dry). and immediate A banks of 20 . D2 or D3 horizon: dark (10YR3/2) with faint yellow WarriLL Creek, 70-75 30. \ mottling above Dn horizon; fins sandy clay Loam or D.N fine sandy clay: massive to moderate medium prismatic: D2 / slightly hard to hard(dry). Tnese horizons may be 7 0-8 0 60 . absent. / On horizon: (n =2 to 4|i dark (10YR3/2J; light 7.5-8.5 90 . medium clay; strong fine angular blocky; trace amounts of manganiferous concretions and commonly no small amounts of carbonate. On 8 0-8 5 120 .
a <;-9.o 150 150
Ug5.24 Grey Clay - Slack Eartn A horizonI weakly to moderately self-mulching, Alluvial plain Ug5.1 moderately crocking surfacaj dark (10YR2-3/1-2, 7.5YR3/1-2] to gray (10YR4/2) to grey Ug5.16 pH cm Ug5.17 brown (7.5YR4/2]; Light to Light medium cLayf Ug5.15 6 5-7 0 5. moderate fine to medium granular or angular of main flood A bLocky; hard(dry). plain dose to 20. eastern 80 30. B horizon: dark {1QYR2/1-2, 3/1-2, 2.SY2/1 to branch of \ grey (10YR4/1-2); light medium to heevy WarriLL Creak. clay; moderate medium to coarse angular blocky \ 9.0 60. becoming Lenticular at depth; very hard to extremely hard [dry]; trace to smalt amounts of manganiferous concretions and/or soft ferruginous segregations; occasionally a- trace of concretionary 8.0-8 6 90 . s carbonate at depth, Subhorizons due to texture* structure and concretions common.
90 120 . D horizon: similar to B horizon but only clearly \ evident whare grey brown A or B horizon clearly . 140 or sharply overlies a darker horizon (Alluvial 90 150 . 150 Soils]
Variants: (1) mottling may be evident in profiles from lower Lying sites. (H) brown sandy clay D-horizon present at 130cm, (111] alluvial banding evident below 80cm (1v) surface not seasonally cracking [v] B horizon: light clay; gray; feint mottling; lower depth of 150cm; medium bLocky 34
Cyrus Ug5.16 Black aarth - grey clay Weak to strong nuram alpha gUgai occasionally Alluvial plain Ug5.1 evident 1n uncultivated situations; mound and UQ5.29 and depression have sim1Lar morphoLogy, Ug5.24 Extensive Ug5.25 5 5-9.0 5! A horizon: moderately self-mulching, moderately areas 1n Ug5.17 10 . cracking surface with (IOYRS/1-a,3/1-2] to intermediate grey [1QYR4/1]; medium to medium heavy clay; position 5 7-90 30. strong fine granular to moderate medium angular between creak 40. blacky; very hard (dry]; occasionally a trace of lines and manganiferous concretions, uplands. 6 0-9 5 60 . B21 horizon: dark [10YR2/1,3/1-2f2.5Y2/1] to grey [1QYR4/1—2]; medium to heavy clay; moderate-strong medium angular blocky or lenticular; vary hard to 7 0-9 0 90 . extremely hard (dry); usually treca to small amounts of manganiferous concretions and commonLy trace amounts of soft ferruginous segregations. 78-9 0 120 . Subhonzons of concretions common.
B22ca horizon: grey MDYR-2.5Y4-5/1-2]; medium to heavy clay; moderate to strong coarse lenticular breaking to medium and fine lenticular; very hard to extremely hard (dry); trace to moderate amounts of carbonate cone ret 1 ants $ manganese concretions and soft ferruginous segregations common, Subhorizons of concretions common.
Variants) [1] carbonate may occur 1n a dark [10YH3/1J B horizon. (11] carbonate may not occur in top 150cm of the profile. This variant Is mare common in gilgai depressions and close to creek Lines.
(Ml) A horizon: brown 7.5YR4/3f3/1
UgS.16 Wiesenboden - Mottled gray clay Weak nurem alpha gilgai occasionally evident 1n Alluvial plain Ug5.1 uncultivated situations; mound and depression Ug5.24 have similar morphology. Ug5.28 Low lying UgS.17 6.0-7 2 5 I A horizon: a moderately self-mulching, moderately positions, 15. cracking surface, week to strongly brown mattLed beck swamp dark (10YR2/1,3/1,3/2] to grey [10YB-2.5Y4/1-2) to depressions 6 5-7 2 30. grey brown (7.5YRV1,4/2); light medium to medium and broad clsy; moderate fine to medium angular blacky; very drainage hard (dry]; trace to small amount of manganiferous Unas, 6.5-7 8 60. concretions.
B21 horizon) conmonly weakly brown mottled dark . 85 (10YR3/1-2) or grey [10YR-2.5Y4/1-2]; medium to 6 4-8 l 90 . heavy clay; moderate medium to coarse angular blocky or Lenticular; very hard to extremely hard [dry]; trace to small amounts of 7.5-81 120 . manganiferous and ferruginous concretions; subhorizona of mottling, concretions common.
B22ce horizon! es above but with small amounts of carbonate concretions.
Variants! (1] sporadic bleach occasionally found at the base of the A horizon in in uncultivated positions (Ug3.1] (11) carbonate may not occur 1n the top 150enr of tha profile. This variant Is more common In gilgai depressions, (111) pH 8.0-8.5 in upper B; Una present in upper B; brown mottles (Ivj AO horizon of dark fibrous litter 35
UfS.31 A horizon: very dark reddish brown to dark Hid to upper reddish brown (5YR3/3-4,2/4,3/2] to brownish slopes of black (7.5YR3/2)j Light clay; fine angular volcanic pH blocky; fi rm, instrusions 5 5-6 5 on B horizon: dark reddish brown [2.5YR-5YR3/4,3/6] undulating to brown (7.5YR4/6); Light to medium day; Low hi lie. moderate angular blocky; hard (dry); manganese nodules above B-C or C horizon.
B-C horizon: reddish brown (5YR4/6]; light clayf moderate angular bLocky; manganese nodules,
C horizon: mottled reddish brown to bright brown
[2.5YRVBf5YR3/B,V4,4/8,7.5YR5/6J; sandy loam to; sandy clay Loam; massive; friabLe; many manganese nodules. 6 7-7 0 '20 . Variants: [1] light medium cley A3 horizon present (ii) B21 horizon: clay Loam 6.5-7.2 '50 [jnj mottling in B horizons [iv) B-C horizon absent
Ug5.14 Black earth A horizon! moderately to strongly ealf mulching Mid to Lowe cracking surface; dark [1DYR3/1-7.5YR3/2]; slopes of medium clay; strong medium granular; very hard undulating (dry], Low hills. 6.5-6.3 5. B1 horizon: dark (10YR3/1-S); medium clay; strong coarse angular blocky or lenticular; very hard 7.5-8.0 30 (dry]. Trace to small amounts of concretionary manganese,
8.0-8.5 60 . 82 horizom grey [10YH4-5/2J) medium clay; 70. strong coarse anguLar bLocky or Lenticular; very hard (dry). Trace to small amounts of concretionary manganese, 8 0-8.S 90
C horizon: light gray (5YR8/1] to yellow [10YR5/6], occasional yellow or grey mottle; clayey mudstone with ghost rock rock structure; hard [dry]; may contain graveL. Trace to small amounts of concretionary carbonate or manganeea.
Variants: (i) dark (10YR3-4/1] medium clay layer containing trace amounts of concretionary carbonate and manganese between B1 horizon and C horizon. (11} grey brown [7.5YR4/2] A1 horizon over grey B1 horizon (10YR4/2] over brown BS horizon [Ug5.22]. [111) A horizon: clay loam to light clay; alkaline; small amounts of lima; trace amounts of volcanic gravel; ferruginous graveL tivl C horizon: brown [10YR4/3J; sandy loam to sandy clay loam; ferruginous gravel. 36
Ug5,37 Brown clay - black earth A horizon: weakly to moderately seLf-mulahing Knolls, upper
UgS.32 cracking surfacao Dark t7.5YR-10YR3/1-2) to and mid UgS.13 brown [7.5YR3/3] Light to medium cLay; strong slopes of Ug5.23 medium granular grading to moderate medium blacky undulating 0T8.31 5.7-8.5 5. in deeper A horizons; hard to very hard [dry], low hills
B horizon: brown (7.5YR-10YR4/3-4,7.5YR5/4-fl) to 6.5-8.5 30 . red brown (5YR 4/3-6}; medium to medium heavy 40 . clay; moderate medium prismatic or angular blacky grading to coarse Lenticular at depth; 7 0-8 5 60 . extremely hard {dry]; trace to smelL amounts of manganiferous concretions or soft segregations, Subhorizons due to colour and concretions common. Commonly contains carbonate at transition 7 3-8 7 90. to C horizon,
C horizon: yellow brawn {10YR5/4.7.5YP8/6) or yeLLow [10YR5—6/8,7/8,8/6); coarse sand to sandy clay loam; massive ; hardfdry]; commonly contains small to trace amounts of carbonate. Consists of Lithic or calcareous sandstone. Subhorizons due to colout and concretions common.
Variants: (i] A horizon: grey {1QYR4/2] or red brown [5YR4/4); Light or heavy clay; moderate fine crumb; friable; volcanic gravel (111 B horizon: yallow brown
E7,5YR5/6,6/4,6/6f10YR5/4) or grey brown [10YR4/1-2,5/3,7.5YR4/2]( small amounts of volcanic gravel; traces of Lime. (111} sandy clay C horizon
Kulgun UgS.24 Spay clay - black earth Weak to moderate linear alpha gilgai occasionally Saddle Ug5.14 evident in uncultivated situations. between knolLs Ug5.15 B1 S/or B21 horizon: dark (10YR2/2,3/1-2) to gray 7.5-9.0 60 . (7.5YB-2.5Y4/1-fl] to grey brown [7.5YR5/2]; neditw to heavy cloy; moderate medium to coarse angular bLocky, prismatic or lenticular! extremely herd (dry); trace to small amounts of nanganiferous 7 5-8 8 90 . concretions; trace to abundant lime. Subhorizons due to colour or concretions common, 7 8-90 I20 . B22ca horizon: Grey [10YR-2.5Y4/1-2,5/1-2), yellow brown [10YR5/3-4,6-7/3] to yeLLow grey (2.5Y5/3) which may become mottled and yellower [10YR6/4-6, 8.0-90 I50 7/6,7/8} with depth; medium to heavy clay; medium to strong coarse lenticular; extremely hard {dry}; trace to small amounts of carbonate concretions and manganiferous concretions. Subhorizons due to concretions or colour common, C horizon: mottled yallow grey (2.5Y5/3f7/4J or yellow (2.5Y7-B/6} or grey [2.5Y5/1,10YR5-S/1) clayey soft mud3tone or shale, commonly containing carbonate. Subhorizons due to coLour common. Variants: (1) BSSca horizon: dark mottles along fissures; absent. (111 B21 horizon: brown (7.5YR-1QYR 3-4/3}; red [2.5YR-5YR4/8,4/B]; lime absent. 37 Ug5,33 Brown clay - black earth Weak to strong lattice and nuram alpha gUgai on On knolls Ug5.13 knolLsj Linear alpha gilgai on slopes; common In and lower Ug5.37 in uncultivated situations. sLopes and Ug5.32 alLuvial- UgS.3 A horizon: hardeetting to moderately self mulching colluvial fans cracking surface. Dark (7.5Yft-iaYR2/1,3/1-2,4/2) of undulating to brown (7.5YR-10YR3/3)j light to heevy clay; Low hills. moderate to strong fine to coerse granular; herd to very hard [dry], 7 5-8.8 60 . 81 horizon* dark [7.5YB-10YR3/1-2J to brown [7.5YR3/3]; medium clay; moderate medium to coarse angular blocky; very hard (dry]. 8 0-8 8 90 . B21 horizon: brown (7.5YFM0YR4/3-4,4/6) to red brown [5YH4/3-4] to red [5YR-2.5YH4/8,4/8) occasionally mottled; medium to heevy clay; 8.0-8 8 120 . moderate medium to coarse lenticular or angular blocky; sxtremaLy hard (dry]; trace to small amounts of carbonate or manganiferous concretions, 6.0-8.5 150 Subhorizons due to colour or concretions common, 822 or BSSca horizon: dark [7.5YR-10YR2/1,3/1-2], grey [1QYR-2.5Y4/1-2] or brown {7.5YB-10TR4/3-4] or yellow brown (10YR5/3-4,6/4]; medium to heavy day; moderate medium to coarse lenticular; extremely hard (dry]. Trace to small amounts of manganiferous concretions; commonly trace to smell amounts of soft or concretionery carbonate. Subhorizons due to colour or concretions common, C or Cca horizon: yellow brown [10YR5/4,6/4-6,7/6, 7.5YB8/8] or red brown E5YRS/6] becoming grey mottled at depth; clayey soft mudstone or occasionally sandy, calcareous sandstone; trees to small amounts of soft or concretionary Ume common. Subhorizons dua to colour, mottling or concretions coi (1] carbonate found at 25cm [11] transitional 823 horizon with yellow brown I10YRS/4] clay 10-15 cm thick, (111] trace to small amounts of gravel occur throughout profile but more commonly at depth. (1v) non-crscking surface with deeper profile [UfB.31] M deep profile [>150cm) lUg5.34fUg5.15) 38 Uf6.31 Preiria soil A horizon: moderate to strongly friable ta Mid to upper Gn3,23 hard setting surface; dark to brown (7.5YR-10YR slopes of Gn3.22 2/2»3/1,3/9,7.5YR3-4/3] day Loam to Light medium knolLs of UfS,32 clay; moderate to strong granular to fina undulating 57-6.5 5. subangular blacky; hard(dpy), low hi Us, B horizon: brown to red-brown (10YR4/3-4, 6.2-8.0 30. 35 7.5YR3/3-4P4/4,5YR3/3-4,V3-6); light 40 . medium to heavy clay; moderate to strong medium to coarse angular bLockyj very hard [dry), 6.2-8.5 60 . •J5e . 65 B3 horizon: grey (2.5Y4/S) clay and angular volcanic gravel 7 0-8.5 90 _ 9-C horizon: mottlad yetlow {7.5YR5/6}; medium day) strong coarse blockyt extremely firm; \ traces of manganese! traces of weethared rock 8.0-8.5 120 . fragments. Diffuse to - . 05 C horizon! brown to yeLLow brown [7.5YR4/4-6, 8.0-8.7 ISO - . 150 7.5YR-10YR5/6f10YR4/3); loamy sand to sandy clay Loam; massive; very friable to friable; concentrations of manganese; weathered microsyenite or calcareous sandstone. Variants: [1) grey [2.5Y4/2) clay B3 horizon with angular voLean1c gravel present [11] abundant volcanic gravel and and cabblaa throughout A and 8 horizons, [111] medium clay A horizon 11v) 9 horizon: mottled; dark t10Y«3/1-2l; clay loam to Light clay; weak to moderate madium subangular blacky; friable; slightly alkaline [pHB.Ol. Uf8.3i Prairie sail - No suitable A horizoni dark [10YR2-3/1-2J; clay Loam to Lower to Uf8.32 group light medium clay; moderate fina subangular blocky upsLope Gn3.43 strong coarse granular; friable to firm; positions In Dd3.13 occasionally gravelly, undulating Db3.13 Low hills. 5 5-7 2 5 A B horizon: dark [10YR2-3/2] to brown (7.5YR3/3-4, 10 . 10YR4/3] becoming yetlow-brown [10YP5-6/3] 0P brown (7.5YFM/6) with depth; Light-medium to heavy 6 0-8 5 30. day; moderate medium aubangular blocky to strong coarse blockyj trace to moderate amounts of Lima, 6.8-8.8 60. 8 C horizon: yeLlow (10YRS/3-4) or mottled grey 70 . [5YB/2]; clay Loan; massive; friable; Lima present. Variants: (1) sandy clay loan A horizon; 0-5cm thick 6 5-8.S 90 . [11] 8 horizon; mottled yellow brown \ [1QYR5/4] or oLive(2.5Y4-5/2,5Y4/2]( ferruginous graveL; soft 8.0-8 5 120 . \ manganese gravel uo S.0-B.5 150 150 39 Gn3.47 Soloth - no suitable group A1 horizon: herdsetting or loose surface; dark Crests and Uf8.41 affinities to soLoth brown (10YR2/2.3/3] to dull yellowish brown bench (10YR4/3] clay Loam or clay Loam fine sandy to positions of PH light clay; weak medium blocky to massive; hard undulating 0 [dry]; sporadic bleach common; ironstone on Low hills. 5.5-6.5 5. A surface. 20. . 20 B31t horizon: brown (1CIYR3/2f4/4,7.5YR4/3I to 5.5-7.0 30. yellowish brown [10YR5/6] to dark greyish yBLLow [2.5Y4/2]j medium clay; moderate to coarse angular blocky; trace to small amounts of 5 7-7.0 60 . i ronstone, \ B22t horizon: dark grayish yellow I2.5Y4/2] to B22t 6.0-7 0 90 . to brown (7.5YR4/6) to grey [10YB7/1); mottling common; medium to medium heavy clay; medium to coarse angular blocky; vary hard [dry}; trace to small amounts of manganese, ironstone and gravel 5 8-6.0 120 Variants! [i J surface has Large cracks gilgaiad surface forms complex with a soLoth on the mound and this no suitable group soil in depression Dy5.4S Solodic soil A1 horizon: Loose or moderately hardsetting Lower slope 0b4.32 surface; dark (10YR2-3/2-3J fine sandy Loam to of Dd1.33 pH cm clay loam; weak fine and medium crumb or fine undulating blocky to massive} very friable to friable, Low hills. 5 5-6 2 I. 4-10% slope. ^-A2 A2 horizon: gray [10YR4/2J, sporadically bleached when dry or yellow-grey [1QYR5/3], 6.S-8.0 30. B2II 35. commonly bleached when dry; sandy clay Loam to clay loam; massive; Loose to friable; small to large amounts of concretionary manganese. 8.0-8.7 60. \BC B21t horizon: mottled yellow—grey to brown [10YR4-5/2-4] to olive brown [2,5Y4/2-3]f medium clay; strong medium blockyf very firm to 8.0-9.0 90. \ extremely firm; small to medium amounts of soft c \ or concretionary manganese, 115 8.0 120 h 120 BC horizon: yellow brown (7.5YR5/6J to brown t7.5YR4/4\ to otive brmm U.5W£-Gli sandy clay to medium clay; moderate to weak blacky to massive; firm to very firm, C horizon: yellow brown (7.5YR5/8); gritty clay Variants: [1] sandy Loam or clay Loam A1 horizon (ii] sandy Loam A2 horizon; no manganese; conspicuous bleach (Hi] concretionary Lime > 100cm (ivj dark [10YR3/2] B horizon 40 Yallunga 0t>1.32 9olod1c :10U A1 horizon! strongly hardsetting surface; grey Mid elopes Dt>1.33 brown (7«5YRV1-2]i clay Loamj weak medium blocky of Dy3.43 to massive; very hard (dry); sporadic bleach undulating pH CfT Dy3.33 Q common. Low him. Db2.43 52-68 5 Dy2.13 10 8211 horizont brown to yallow brown 7.SYRV3* 10YR5/3J; Light medium to medium heavy clay; 5.5-8 2 50 . moderate angular blacky or prismatic; trace to smalL amounts of soft and concretionary manganese. 5 6-S" 60. B22t horizoni brawn [7.5YFH0YRV3-4], grey [10YR5/2] or yellow brown (10YR5/3-4); medium to medium heavy clay; moderate medium angular 5 3-9 5 90 . blacky; trace to small amounts of soft and concretionary manganese. Carbonate occasionally present, Subhorizons due to colour and S3-9G 120 . concretions common. C horizon: yellow brown to Light grey (1QYR6/3 6 7-8 7 150 -2.5Y8/2); medium clay; occasional grey or yellow mottle; medium blocky. Variantsi [1] some surface erosion of A horizont clay Loam weak crumb to massive, [ii] occasioanL rounded quartz [iii] acid reaction throughout profile [iv] shallow depth (70-eOcmJ to C horizon. [v) eroded phase appears as a Uf6,31 [vi] conspicuously bleached AS horizon DM.13 Solodic sail A horizon: moderate to strong hardsetting surface} Mid to Lower Dy2.33 dark [7.5YR3/2] to gray brown [7.5YR4/2); slopes of DM.33 commonLy sporadically bleached at base; sendy loan undulating pH cm Dy2,13 to sandy clay Loam; massive; hard [dry}, low hills. 0 Db2.33 5 0-7 0 5. 3-7% slope. Db2.43 Bt horizons grey (10YR4/2] to brown (10YR4/4, 15. 7.5YR3/3] becoming paler with depth [2.5Y5/3, 5 4-8.5 30 . 7.5YFM0YR5/3—1,3/4); medium clay (sandy) to heavy clay; moderate medium angular blacky; extremely 50. hard [dry]; trace to smaLL amounts of soft and 5 4-9.0 60 . concretionary manganese. Trace amounts of siLiceoue gravel and ferruginous segregations. Subhorizons due to colour and accumulation common. Carbonate may be present at transition to 7 8-9.0 90 . C horizon. C horizon: brown [7.5YR5/4] to yellow brown 7S-8? 120 . [1QYR6/4-6] commonly strong grey mottle; fine sandy clay to medium clay; moderate medium angular blocky; slightly hard to very hard (dry]. Trace to small amounts soft and concretionary lime and manganese* Subhorizons common. Consists of weathered mudstonas to fine grained sendstones [7.5YR-10YR6/6). Variants! (1) shallow profile [55cm] with yellow subsoi I. [11] deep profile [145cm] Dy2.13 (Hi] acid soil reaction trend with colour A2 horizon [Dy2,21], (iv) conspicuously bleached A2 horizon. 41 DyS .41 Y»UO» podzouc sol L A1 horizon: hardsetting or loose surface; gray Upper to DyS.41 brattn (7.5YR4/2],' loamy sand to sandy loam; lower slopes Dy4.41 slightly hard (dry], of pH Cm Dy2 .21 undulating 0. 5 5-6 0 5" A3 horizon: brown [7.5YR4-5/3t6/4) or grey brown Low hills. A1 S: [7.5YR5/1-S] usually bLeachad when dry; sand to 2-5% slopes. sandy loam; Loose to slightly hard (dry); massive; 4 2-6 5 30. small, to Large amounts of siliceous gravel and trace amounts of concretionary manganese common, 5 5-5 5 60 . Bt horizon: strongly mottled yellow brown (10YR5-6/4J, yellow [10YR6/6}, and grey (10YR6/1) or yellow brown (7.5YR5/6); red mottLing common 85. at depth; snady clay to medium clay; moderate 4 5-5 5 90 . medium to coarse angular bLocky; very hard to extremely herd [dry]; traces of concretionary manganese common; siliceous gravel occasionally 4.5-5.5 120 present. Subhorizons due to colour, manganese and gravel common. 4.5-5 5 150 C nor athered sandstone. Variants: (i) loam A horizons [it] upper slope profiles have shallow A horizons while lower slope profiles have deeper A horizons. OyS.43 SoUdic sou A1 horizon: hardsetting surface; grey brown Mid to lower 0b2 .41 [7.5YR4/2); sandy Loam to sandy clay loam; weak slopes of Dy3 .43 granular to massive; very hard [dry]* undulating pH cm Dy3 .81 Low hills. 0 5.0-60 5 A2 horizon: Grey brown [7.5YR5/2] to bro«rn{7.5YRS/3j 3-7% slopes. 10 15 commonly with a feint yellow mottle; conspicuously bleached when dry; loamy sand; massive; very 5.0-7 8 30 . r£« hard {dry}. B21t horizon: grey brown [7.5YR5/2] to brown 50-80 60. [7.5YR5/3J commonly with a faint yellow mottlaj 70 . light medium to medium clay [sandy]; moderate coarse angular blocky or prismatic; extremely hard (dry); commonly trace to small amounts 4 5-9 0 90 . of concretionary manganese and iron. B22t horizon: yellow brown [10YR5-6/4J; medium 4 5-8 5 120 . clay [sandy] to heavy cley; moderate coarse angular blocky or lenticular; extremely hard (dryj; commonly trace amounts of concretionary manganese and soft or concretionary carbonate. Lower subhorizons may become yellow [1GYR6/6J to red brown [5YR6/6] C horizon: mottled grey [2.5y7-8/1J medium clay or yellow brown (10YP6/41 sandy cLayj commonly contain traces of manganese or carbonate. Variants: [i] columnar structure in 8 horizon (solodized solonetz] 42 APPENDIX 2 MORPHOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF REPRESENTATIVE PROFILES General Ratings used for Interpretation of Soil Chemical Analyses page 43 (Bruce and Rayment 1982) Representative Profiles Hanson 44 Sartor 45 Purdon 46 Cyrus 47 McGrath 48 Weber 49 Dieckmann 50 GENERAL RATINGS USED FOR INTERPRETATION OF SOIL CHEMICAL ANALYSES (BRUCE AND RAYMENT 1982) Very tow Low Medium High Very High 1 EC (mS cm" ) <0.15 0.15-0.45 0.45-0.90 0.90-2.0 >2.0 Cl (%) <0.01 0.01-0.03 0.03-0.06 0.06-0.20 >0.20 P (acid) ( g g1) <10 10-20 20-40 40-100 >100 P (bicarb) ( g g1) <10 10-20 20-40 40-100 >100 Exch. K (m. equiv. 100 g1) <0.1 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.5 0.5-1.0 >1.0 Extr. K (m. equiv. 100 g"1) <0.1 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.5 0.5-1.0 >1.0 Cu ( g g1) <0.1 0.1-0.3 0.3-5 5-15 >15 1 0.3-0.8 0.8-5 >15 Zn pH >7: ( g g" ) <0.3 5-15 ^ pH <7: ( g g1) <0.2 0.2-0.5 0.5-5 5-15 >15 & Mn ( g g"1) <1 1-2 2-50 50-500 >500 B ( g g'1) <0.5 0.5-1 1-2 2-5 >5 Total N (%) <0.05 0.05-0.15 0.15-0.25 0.25-0.50 >0.50 Org. C (%) <0.5 0.5-1.5 1.5-2.5 2.5-5.0 >5.0 1 SO4-S ( g g ) <5 5-10 10-20 20-100 >100 Total S (%) <0.005 0.005-0.02 0.02-0.05 0.05-0.10 >0.10 Total P (%) <0.005 0.005-0.02 0.02-0.05 0.05-0.10 >0.10 Total K (%) <0.1 0.1-0.5 0.5-1 1-3 >3 SOIL TYPE: Hanson SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Syenite SITE NO: SI CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: Almost certain or certain A.M.G. REFERENCE: 467 810 mE 6 924 170 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 3 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Euchrozem LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hi11slope PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.31 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Undulating rises SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Udic Ustochrept SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: No coarse fragments PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OP SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Firn HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION Ap 0 to .04 II Dark reddish brown (5YR3/6) noist; light medium clay; moderate 2-5mm granular; moderately moist very weak- Gradual to- A3 .04 to .21 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/6) noist; very few fine faint red mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm polyhedral; moist moderately weak; very few fine manganiferous nodules. Abrupt to- Reddish brown (2.5YR4/6) moist; few medium prominent brown mottles; medium clay; strong 2-5m« B2 .21 to .74 m polyhedral; moist moderately weak. Clear to- Reddish brown (2.5YR4/6) moist; few medium prominent orange mottles; sandy clay loam,fine sandy; BC1 .74 to 1.05 m strong 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately moist very weak; common fine manganiferous soft segregations. Clear to- Reddish brown (2.5YF4/6) moist; few medium prominent yellow mottles; light sandy clay loam; strong BC2 1 .05 to 1.25 n 5-10mm columnar; moderately moist very weak; many fine manganiferous soft segregations. Abrupt to* C 1!25 to 1.40 m Reddish brown (2.5YR4/8) moist; very few fine faint yellow mottles; loamy sand; strong 10-20mm columnar; moderately moist very weak; many fine manganiferous soft segregations. - Depth 1:5 Soil/Water (Particle Size Exch Cations Total Elements Moi stures Disp.Ratio PH EC Cl CS PS S c CEC Ca Mg Na K P K S ADM l/3b 15b Rl R2 metres mS/cir % % meq/lOOg % % @105C @ 105C @ 105C (d 80C @ 105C Bulk .10 6.4 .03 .001 .04 6.2 .03 .003 3 15 12 72 16 10 5.3 .18 .23 .121 .115 .030 2.3 21 .37 .10 6.2 .03 .001 2 16 12 73 16 10 5.0 .24 .10 .119 .104 .030 2.3 22 .42 .20 6.4 .03 .001 2.6 .30 6.7 .05 .001 1 7 7 85 14 9.2 4.7 .31 .04 .060 .051 .017 2.9 26 .26 .60 6.9 .04 .002 2 9 14 78 17 10 5.9 .40 .04 .058 .088 .010 3.4 25 .26 ! .90 6.8 .04 .001 15 30 18 39 32 19 11 .50 .03 .130 .448 .005 3.7 19 .45 ! 1.20 7.2 .03 .003 29 39 14 19 29 17 9.8 .38 .04 .180 .739 .004 2.6 Depth Org.C ITot .N ! :xtr. Phosphorus ! Rep. 1 DTPA-extr. (W&B) 1 ! Acid Bicarb ! K ! Fe Mn Cu Zn metres * ! % ! ppm 1 meq%! ppm @ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C Bulk .10 1.6 ! 11 ! 27 23 ! .16 1 35 85 2 .1 3 .7 SOIL TYPE: Sartor SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: S2 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: A.M.G. REFERENCE: 470 290 mE 6 926 410 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group LANDPORM ELEMENT TYPE: Flat PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Gn3.47 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Low hills SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Aqulc Natrustalf VEGETATION STRUCTURAL FORM: Low open forest DOMINANT SPECIES: Melaleuca irbyana PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION All 0 to .06 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; clay loam; moderate <2mm granular; moist very weak. Diffuse to- Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; light clay; weak 2-5mm angular blocky; moist very weak. Diffuse to- A12 .06 to .15 m Clear to- A2sb .15 to .15 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; weak 2-5mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak; very B21t .15 to .30 m few fine manganiferous nodules, very few fine ferruginous nodules. Clear to- Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; few medium faint yellow mottles, very few fine faint grey mottles; medium heavy clay; very few medium pebbles, subangular strong; weak 2-5mm angular blocky; B22t .30 to .62 n moderately moist moderately firm; common fine manganiferous nodules, very few fine ferruginous nodules. Gradual to- Greyish brown (7.5YR5/2) moist; common coarse faint yellow mottles, very few fine prominent orange .62 to 1.00 ra mottles; medium clay; few medium pebbles, subangular strong; weak 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately moist very firm; few fine manganiferous nodules. Gradual to- Brownish grey (7.5YR5/1) moist; common coarse prominent yellow mottles; heavy clay; very few small 1.00 to 1.41 m pebbles, subangular strong; moderate 10-20mm prismatic; dry moderately strong; few fine manganiferous nodules. 1 1:5 Soil/Water Particle size Depth Exch Cations Total Elements 1 Moi stures Disp.Ratio 1 pH EC Cl CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na P K S 1 ADM 1/3b 15b Rl R2 metres ! mS/om % % meq/iOOg S ! % ! (5105C @ 105C @ 105C @ 80C ! @ 105C Bulk .10 ! 5.4 .09 .001 ! .06 4.8 .19 .002 10 19 27 36 11 4 .3 5.5 .50 .28 .051 .053 .044 I 2.2 12 .59 ! .10 5.6 .04 .001 9 18 32 39 11 3 .2 5.9 .82 .10 .036 .031 .026 ! 2.1 12 .60 I .15 ! 5.9 .04 .001 i 1.8 .20 6.0 .06 .002 ! 2.1 .30 5.5 .21 .005 7 17 26 50 21 3 .3 11 4.1 .07 .018 .025 .014 ! 3.1 17 .78 ! .60 ! 4.7 .77 .118 13 26 22 40 18 1 .9 B.4 6.0 .07 .013 .018 .012 i 1.8 14 .85 ! .90 ! 4.6 .79 .124 13 29 19 42 18 1 .8 8.8 6.6 .09 .010 .019 .012 ! 1.6 13 .91 1 1.20 ! 4.6 .86 .130 11 27 20 44 19 1 .8 9.1 6.8 .09 .011 .023 .015 ! 1.6 Depth Org.c ITot.N ! Extr. Phosphorus ! Rep . ! DTPA-extr. ! (WSB)! ! Acid Bicarb ! K ! Pe Mn Cu Zn ! metres % ! » ! ppm ! meq%! ppm ! @ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C 1 Bulk .10 1 l.f) 1 1.3 ! 12 10 ! .30 i 130 91 1 .3 0.9 ! , SOIL TYPE: PurdOO SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: S3 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: A.H.G. REFERENCE: 469 930 mE 6 927 700 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 1 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Prairie soil LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: U£6.33 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Undulating rises SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Typic Argiustoll VEGETATION STRUCTURAL FORM: Very tall open woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus melanophloia, Eucalyptus tessellaris, Eucalyptus tereticornis PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Pirn HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION All 0 to .10 n Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; clay loam; very few medium pebbles, subrounded chert, very strong, dispersed; weak 5-10mm subangular blooky; moist moderately weak. Abrupt to- A3 .10 to .16 n Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; light medium clay; weak 5-10mm subangular blocky; moist moderately firm. Abrupt to- Dark greyish yellow (2.5Y4/2) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; moist B21 .16 to .44 m moderately firm. Abrupt to- Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; medium clay; common coarse pebbles, subrounded weak; moderate .70 m B22 .44 to 2-5mm subangular blocky; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to- Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; common medium prominent dark mottles; light clay; common BC .70 to .80 • small pebbles, subrounded smectite, weak; strong 5-10mm subangular blooky; dry moderately weak; very many very coarse carbonate concretions, very few fine manganiferous nodules, very few fine ferruginous soft segregations. Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exch. Cations Total Elements < Moi stures Disp.Ratio! PH EC Cl CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K p K S 1 ADM l/3b 15b Rl R2 metres mS/cm % % meg/lOOg * ! % @105C @ 105C @ I05C @ 80C I @ 105C Bulk .10 5.8 .05 .001 ! .10 5.9 .05 .001 15 47 16 25 14 6.7 6.3 .55 10 .026 .042 .017 i 2.2 10 .58 .16 6.1 .07 .004 1 3.1 .20 6.1 .11 .009 1 3.4 .30 6.7 .19 .021 12 27 10 55 45 18 22 3.0 06 .018 .031 .017 ! 4.5 24 .61 i .60 8.7 .45 .039 13 38 18 36 76 38 30 4.6 06 .112 .272 .015 ! 5.4 24 .64 1 Depth iOrg.C iTot.N ! Extr. Phosphorus I Rep.I DTPA-extr. ! (WSB)l ! Acid Bicarb. ! K I Fe Mn Cu Zn metres ! % ! % 1 ppm I meq%! ppm !@ 105C!@ 105CI @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C Bulk .10 ! 1.3 I .09 ! .10 ! 126 27 2.8 0.4 SOIL TYPE: Cyrus SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: S4 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: A.M.G. REFERENCE: 469 520 mE 6 925 820 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.17 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Udic Pellustert PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Periodic cracking, self mulching HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION Ap 0 to .13 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium clay; moderate 2-5m» subangular blocky; wet very weak; very few fine ferruginous nodules. Diffuse to- B21 .13 to .38 11 Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm angular blocky; moist moderately firm; very few fine manganiferous nodules. Diffuse to- B22 .38 to .75 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 2-5mm lenticular; moist moderately firm; very few fine manganiferous nodules. Clear to- Black (7.5YR1.7/1) moist; heavy clay; weak <2mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak; very few fine 2B21 .75 to .94 B ferruginous soft segregations, very few fine ferruginous nodules. Gradual to- Brownish black (7.5YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 2-5mm lenticular; moist moderately 2B22 .94 to 1.17 m weak; few coarse carbonate soft segregations, very few fine carbonate nodules. Gradual to- Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; few medium prominent dark mottles; medium heavy clay; weak 1.17 to 1.45 m 2B23 5-10mm lenticular; moist moderately weak; common fine carbonate concretions, very few fine manganiferous nodules. Gradual to- 4*. Greyish yellow-brown (10YR5/2) moist; few medium prominent orange mottles; medium heavy clay; 2B24 1.45 to 1.72 • moderate 5-10mm lenticular; moist moderately firm; many fine carbonate concretions. Gradual to- Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist; common medium prominent grey mottles, very few fine 2Bc 1.72 to 1.80 in prominent yellow mottles; medium clay; weak 2-5mm angular blocky; moist very firm; common fine carbonate concretions, very few very coarse carbonate concretions. Depth 1:5 Soil/Water (Particle Size Exch. Cations Tota1 Elements ! Moistures Disp.Ratio! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K P K S 1 ADM l/3b 15b Rl R2 metres ms/cm % ! % meq/lOOg % 1 % @105C! @ 105C <2105C @ 80C ! @ 105C JBulk .10 7.4 .10 .001 i ! .10 7.5 .08 .001 7 25 19 52 51 28 16 .70 .20 .038 .056 .027 ( 5.5 21 .45 ! .13 7.8 .13 .002 ! 5.7 ! .20 7.8 .07 .001 ! 6.1 1 .30 7.8 .08 .002 6 21 19 57 56 28 17 2.1 .12 .023 .022 .023 ! 4.8 25 .40 1 .60 7.9 .44 .063 6 24 23 52 48 22 19 4.3 .09 .015 .023 .019 ( 4.4 22 .54 ! .90 7.9 1.3 .196 3 16 24 61 57 23 27 7.8 .11 .012 .035 .013 ! 5.2 26 .71 ! 1.17 8.7 1.3 .184 15 18 17 55 43 16 24 6.7 .08 .010 .033 .014 I 4.9 1 1.20 8.7 1.3 .183 ! 11 19 15 57 45 16 25 7.6 .09 .013 .038 .012 I 5.4 ! 1.50 8.8 1.2 .170 ! 1 5.7 ! Depth Org.C ITot.N i ^xtr. Phosphorus ! Rep.1 DTPA-extr. ! (W&B)! 1 Acid Bicarb ! K 1 Fe Mn Cu Zn ! metres % I % 1 ppm ! meq%! ppm (<» 105C!(3 05C1 @ I"05C !@105C! @ 105C IBulk .10 1.5 ! 12 1 20 8 ! .19 ! 27 23 1.5 ).4 SOIL TYPE: McGrath SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: £5 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: A.M.G. REFERENCE: 468 980 mE 6 925 380 UN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 5 * GREAT SOIL GROUP: Brown clay LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.22 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Low hills SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Typic Chromustert PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Periodic cracking, self mulching HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION All 0 to .10 Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; few snail pebbles, subrounded dispersed; moderate 2-5mm angular blocky; moist moderately firm; very few fine manganiferous nodules. Gradual to- Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; very few medium pebbles, subrounded dispersed, few A12 .10 to .14 small pebbles, subrounded dispersed; strong 2-5mm angular blocky; moist moderately firm; very few medium carbonate nodules, very few fine ferruginous nodules. Gradual to- Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; few fine distinct dark mottles; medium clay; very few small .14 to .31 B21 pebbles, subrounded dispersed; moderate 5-10mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak; very few fine carbonate nodules. Gradual to- Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) noist; very few coarse prominent yellow mottles, few fine prominent .31 to .55 m dark mottles; medium clay; very few small pebbles, subrounded dispersed; moderate 2~5mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak; very few fine ferruginous nodules, very few fine carbonate nodules. Gradual to- Greyish yellow-brown (1OYR4/2) moist; few medium prominent brown mottles; heavy clay; very few .55 to .82 n small pebbles, subrounded dispersed; weak 2-5mm angular blocky; moist moderately firm; very few medium carbonate nodules. Clear to- Light yellowish orange (10YR8/4) moist; very few fine prominent dark mottles, very few fine -P>. BC .82 to 1.18 prominent yellow mottles; medium heavy clay; common medium pebbles, subrounded weak, stratified; weak 2-5ram platy; moderately moist moderately strong; very few fine carbonate soft segregations. CD Gradual to- Light yellowish orange (10YR8/4) moist; few fine distinct yellow mottles, very few fine prominent 1.18 to 1.50 n dark mottles; light medium clay; common medium pebbles, subrounded weak, stratified; moderate 2-5mm subangular blocky; moderately moist moderately firm. Depth 1:5 Soil/Wa ter Particle Size Exch. Cations Total Elements Moistures Disp.Ratio pH EC Cl CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K P K S ADM l/3b 15b Rl R2 metres mS/cm % * meq/lOOg % % @105C @ L05C @ 105C @ 80C @ 105C Bulk .10 7.0 .09 .001 .10 7.3 .12 .001 8 11 17 65 59 33 22 .91 .50 .051 .123 .026 5.7 27 .43 ! .14 8.1 .11 .001 5.6 ! .20 8.3 .10 .001 6.5 1 .30 8.5 .09 .001 5 8 11 76 74 36 30 3.1 .26 .021 .108 .016 6.8 34 .53 i ! .55 8.9 .37 .010 7 9 11 74 69 26 36 7.5 .24 .016 .102 .016 7.3 .75 1 ! .60 8.9 .46 .018 7 9 11 74 69 24 39 8.7 .24 .015 .104 .015 7.9 34 .81 1 ! .90 8.9 .56 .065 7 8 10 75 74 23 41 10 .21 .012 .084 .011 9.1 34 .85 1 ! 1.20 8.6 .61 .076 1 2 12 76 99 29 61 15 .20 .006 .106 .014 13.0 ! 1.50 8.5 .65 .082 8.9 Depth Org.C ITot.N ! Extr. Phosphorus 1 Rep.! DTPA-extr. (WSB) 1 ! Acid Bic arb ! K ! Fe Mn ClT Zn ! metres % 1 % ! ppm ! mec1*1 ppm ! @ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@io:>CI @ 105C (Bulk .10 1.8 ! .15 1 7 13 ! .39 1 56 40 1.6 0.7 1 SOIL TYPE: Weber SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: S6 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: A.M.G. REFERENCE: 469 460 rnE 6 927 420 mN ZOHE 56 SLOPE: 2 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Solodized solonetz LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hlllslope PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy3.43 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Rises SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Aquic Natrustalf VEGETATION STRUCTURAL FORM: Very tall open woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalyptus maculata PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION Al 0 to .10 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; sandy loam; very few coarse pebbles, subrounded moderate, dispersed; weak <2mm granular; moist very weak. Diffuse to- A2cb .10 to .19 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist, dry conspicuously bleached; loamy sand; moist very weak. Clear to- Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; common fine distinct grey mottles, few fine prominent orange B21t • .19 to .37 n mottles, medium heavy clay; few small pebbles, subangular quartz, very strong, dispersed, very few coarse pebbles, subrounded moderate, dispersed; moderate 10-20mm prismatic; moderately moist very firm. Diffuse to- Greyish yellow-brown (10YR5/2) moist; many medium faint yellow mottles; medium clay; moderate B22t .37 to .65 m 50-100mm prismatic; dry very firm. Diffuse to- Greyish yellow-brown (10YR5/2) moist; common medium prominent yellow mottles; sandy medium clay; B23t .65 to 1.45 m moderate 20-50mm prismatic; moderately moist moderately firm. s Depth 1 1:5 Soi I/Water Particle Size Exch Cations Tota 1 Elements Moistures Disp.Ratio! 1 pH EC Cl CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K P K S ADM l/3b 15b Rl R2 metres 1 mS/cin % % meq/lOOg % ! @105C 0 105C @ 105C (d 80C @ 105C Bulk .10 ! 5.4 .07 .001 .10 ! 5.5 .04 .001 40 41 3 11 4 1.6 1.6 .18 .16 .038 .050 .022 0.8 .79 1 .20 ! 6.1 .02 .001 0.4 .30 i 6.2 .06 .005 30 29 7 35 12 2.2 7.8 1.7 .08 .019 .043 .012 1.9 12 .77 .40 ! 6.9 .09 .010 1.2 ! .50 ! 7.6 .15 .019 1.4 ! 1 .60 ! 8.1 .22 .031 32 34 5 29 14 1.9 7.9 3.7 .07 .011 .062 .011 1.4 10 .95 ! .70 i 8.3 .29 .046 1.7 .80 j 8.2 .38 .060 1.8 .90 j 8.1 .42 .067 32 34 7 2a 17 1.9 9.5 5.5 .11 .008 .119 .008 1.5 11 .94 ! 1 1.00 1 7.7 .45 .073 1.4 ! 1.10 i 6.7 .46 .066 1.7 1 1.20 ! 5.9 .44 .076 33 35 10 23 15 1.4 8.4 5.2 .10 .008 .119 .008 1.8 ! 1.30 1 5.6 .39 .066 1.5 ! 1.40 i 5.6 .36 .059 1.3 ! 1.50 ! 5.5 .37 .064 1.4 Depth lOrg.c !Tot.N ! Extr. Phosphorus I Rep.! DTPA-extr. ! (WSB)! ! Acid Bicarb. ! K ! Fe Mn Cu Zn metres ! % ! % ! ppm ! meq*I ppm !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C IBulk .10 ! 0.9 ! .05 ! 11 ! .19 1 133 31 0.3 0.6 SOIL TYPE: Dieckmann SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Dolerlte SITE NO: S7 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: Almost certain or certain A.M.G. REFERENCE: 469 950 raE 6 926 410 BN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 3 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Solodio soil LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Mid slope PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ddl.33 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Low hills SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Udic Paleustalf VEGETATION SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Very few medium pebbles, STRUCTURAL FORM: Very tall open woodland subrounded quartz, very strong DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus crebra PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION Al 0 to .07 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; very few fine faint dark mottles, very few fine faint orange mottles; sandy clay loam; massive; moist very weak. Clear to- A2sb .07 to .07 » . Abrupt to- Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; few fine faint orange mottles, very few fine faint dark mottles; B21t .07 to .17 • sandy light medium clay; very few small pebbles, subrounded moderate; massive; moist very weak; ver few fine ferruginous nodules. Clear to- Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; very few medium pebbles, subrounded moderate, very few .17 to .32 n small pebbles, subangular quartz, very strong; strong 510mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak. Diffuse to- Dark greyish yellow (2.5Y4/2) moist; medium clay; few small pebbles, subangular quartz, very B23t .32 to .45 • strong, dispersed; moderate 2-5mm prismatic; moist moderately firm, clear to- Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; light medium clay; weak 10-20mm prismatic; moderately moist o B24t .45 to .55 • moderately firm; common fine ferruginous nodules, common coarse manganiferous soft segregations. Abrupt to- ' C .55 to .60 m Weathered dolerite. Depth 1:5 Soil/Water 1 Particle Size Exch Cations Total Elements Moistures Disp.Ratio PH EC ! CS FS S C CEC Ca Hg Na K P K S ADM l/3b 15b Rl R2 metres mS/cm % ! i meq/lOOg * % @105C! @ 105C ci 105C @ 80C @ 105C i Bulk .10 5.7 .07 .002 ! 1 .07 5.6 .06 .002 ! 35 41 5 17 16 2.4 4.6 .64 .27 .025 .036 .025 1 5 7 .54 1 .17 6.7 .08 .004 ! 2 5 .30 7.9 .18 .018 1 29 30 8 35 28 6.6 14 3.7 .07 .018 .028 .025 3 1 16 .73 ! 1 .40 8.4 .30 .034 I 2 5 1 .45 8.6 .34 .048 ! 3 5 1 .50 9.1 .61 .057 ! 3 8 ! .55 9.0 .58 .069 1 22 37 11 32 34 8.2 21 7.4 .05 .011 .130 .012 3 6 17 .93 1 t .60 9.2 .42 .047 ! 32 40 12 19 34 9.8 24 9.5 .04 .024 .350 .005 4 4 17 .66 1 1 Depth Org.C ITOt.N ! Jxtr. Phosphorus ! Rep.l DTPAextr (WSB)I ! Acid Bicarb 1 K ! Fe Mn Cu Zn metres % I % 1 ppm 1 meo.%! ppm @ 105C!(a 105C! (a ibsc l@105CI @ 105C Bulk .10 1.1 ! 07 ! 7 4 ! 22 ! 145 11 0.7 0.7 51 52 APPENDIX 3 LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT SUBCLASS DETERMINATION TABLES Slope Effects and Application Alluvial flats with no slope (0%) may have very slow runoff which may contribute to wetness problems. Areas with moderate to high slopes may suffer from excessive water erosion, though the extent of damage is dependent on soil type. Attribute and attribute assessment The slope limitation is assessed by the use of a contour map or by the use of a hand-held clinometer. Subclass determination Subclasses are based on differing soil types and the likely amount of water erosion causing loss of soil and/or crop. Diagnostic land attributes slope soil profile class * sodseeding may be required ** tree replanting required to stabilise slope 53 Soil profile Slope Summer Winter Horti. Lucerne Imp. Imp. Native class (%) Grain Grain Irrig. Pasture Pasture Pasture Normanby 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Muiler, 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ugarapul 0-2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Fassifern, 0 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 Cyrus Cyrus.Warrill 0-2 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 Kulgun, 0-3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 McGrath 3-8 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 8-15 4 4 5 4 3 3 1 >15 5 5 5 5 5 4* 3 Pennell, 0-3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Warumkarie 3-8 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 8-15 4 4 5 4 4 3 1 >15 5 5 5 5 5 4* 3 Hanson 0-3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 3-8 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 Churchbank, 0-3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Purdon 3-8 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 8-15 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 Frazer, 0-3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Rangeview 3-8 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 8-15 5 5 5 5 4 4* 1 Yellunga 0-2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2-4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 4-8 4 4 5 4 4* 3 1 8-12 5 5 5 5 4* 4* 3 >12 5 5 5 5 5 4* 3 Yellunga 0-2 4 4 4 4 3 2 1 (red variant) 2-4 5 5 5 5 4* 3* 1 4-8 5 5 5 5 3* 2 >8 5 5 5 5 5 4* 3 Dieckmann, 0-2 4 3 4 3 2 2 1 Furnivall, 2-4 4 4 5 4 4* 2 1 Rosevale, 4-8 5 5 5 5 4** 3 2 Weber.Ortels >8 5 5 5 5 4** 4* 3 Sartor 0-2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 Evans 0-2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2-4 4 4 4 4 2 2 1 >4 5 5 5 5 4** 4* 2 54 Moisture Effects and application All crops require sufficient moisture for crop growth. Clay textures within the effective rooting depth (varies with sodicity of subsoil) have more available moisture than sandier textures. Clay textures may hold more moisture than required for some crops. Attributes and attribute assessment Assessment is made from soil textures and depth to bedrock or sodic subsoil. Subclass determination Subclasses are based on the effect of soil textures and available moisture or crop yield. Diagnostic land attributes texture depth sodicity 55 Crop Clay Clay loam Clay loam Loam to LO£ over over sandy loam sodic clay non-sodic over sodic clay clay Irrigated Forage Forage sorghum 1 1 3 3 1 Millet 1 1 3 3 1 Oats 1 1 2 3 1 Triticale 1 1 2 3 1 Rye 1 1 2 2 1 Lablab bean 4 3 4 4 1 Cowpea 4 3 4 4 1 Soybeans 2 1 3 3 1 Lucerne 2 2 4 4 1 Tropical Grass 1 1 2 2 1 Mixed Temperate 1 1 2 2 1 Irrigated Grains Maize 1 1 3 3 1 Soybeans 1 1 3 3 1 Sunflower 1 1 3 3 1 Grain sorghum 1 1 3 4 1 Wheat 1 1 3 4 1 Barley 1 1 3 4 1 Dryland Forage Forage sorghum 2 2 3 3 2 Millet 1 1 2 3 1 Oats 1 2 2 3 2 Triticale 1 2 2 3 2 Lablab bean 1 1 2 2 1 Cowpea 1 2 2 3 2 Soybeans 1 2 3 4 2 Tropical Grass 2 2 2 2 1 Mixed Tropical 2 2 3 3 1 Agroforestry 2 2 2 2 1 Dryland Grains Maize 3 3 4 4 1 Soybeans 3 3 4 4 1 Sunflower 3 3 4 4 1 Grain sorghum 2 2 3 4 1 Wheat 2 2 3 4 1 Barley 2 2 3 4 1 Pumpkin 3 3 4 5 1 Potatoes 3 3 4 4 1 Onion 3 3 4 4 1 Garlic 3 3 4 4 1 Tomato 3 3 4 4 1 Bean 3 3 4 5 1 Brassic.Crucifer 3 3 4 4 1 Pea 3 3 4 4 1 Cantaloupe 3 3 4 4 1 Carrots 3 3 4 4 1 Strawberries 3 3 4 4 1 Cucumber 3 2 4 4 4 Rice 1 2 4 4 5 56 Wetness Effects and Application Waterlogging may reduce plant growth by impeded oxygen to roots and disease. Machinery operation may also be affected. Attributes and attribute assessment Soil mottling and colour give an indication of drainage problems which may cause excessive wetness. Subclass determination Subclasses are based on relating yield reduction by poor aeration to soil drainage indicators (mottling, gley colours). Diagnostic land attributes colour mottles 57 Crop no 0-10% 10-20% 20-50% >50% mottles mottle mottle mottle mottle no gley gley colour colour irrigated rorags Forage sorghum 1 1 1 3 4 Millet 1 1 1 3 4 Oats 1 1 1 2 4 Triticale 1 1 1 2 4 Rye 1 1 1 1 3 Lablab bean 1 1 2 3 4 Cowpea 1 1 2 4 4 Soybeans 1 1 1 3 4 Lucerne 1 1 2 4 4 Tropical Grass 1 1 1 2 3 Mixed Temperate 1 1 1 2 3 irrigated urains Maize 1 1 1 3 4 Soybeans 1 1 1 3 4 Sunflower 1 1 1 3 4 Grain sorghum 1 1 1 2 4 Wheat 1 1 1 3 4 Barley 1 1 1 3 4 Dryland Forage Forage sorghum 1 1 1 3 4 Millet 1 1 1 3 4 Oats 1 1 1 2 4 Triticale 1 1 1 2 4 Lablab bean 1 1 2 3 4 Cowpea 1 1 2 4 4 Soybeans 1 1 1 3 4 Tropical Grass 1 1 2 3 3 Mixed Tropical 1 1 2 3 4 C M Agroforestry 1 1 3 3 uryiana orains 1 1 1 3 4 Maize Soybeans 1 1 1 3 4 Sunflower 1 1 1 3 4 Grain sorghum 1 1 1 2 4 Wheat 1 1 1 3 4 Barley 1 1 1 3 4 Pumpkin 1 2 3 5 5 Potatoes 1 2 3 5 5 Onion 1 2 3 4 5 Garlic 1 2 3 4 5 Tomato 1 2 3 4 5 Bean 1 2 3 4 5 Brassic.Crucifer 1 2 3 4 5 Pea 1 2 3 4 5 Cantaloupe 1 2 3 4 5 Carrots 1 2 3 4 5 Strawberries 1 2 3 4 5 Cucumber 1 2 3 4 5 Rice 3 3 2 2 2 58 Flooding (crop damage) Effects and application Inundation during flooding may cause crop damage by depriving the plants of oxygen. Attributes and attribute assessment Assessment is made by landscape position and local knowledge of flooding and inundation. Subclass determination Limitation subclasses are based on loss of crop. The actual extent of damage will depend on depth of the crop, and the depth of inundation. 59 Crop no flooding flooding inundation flooding < 12hrs 12-24 hrs Irrigated Forage Forage sorghum 1 1 3 5 Millet 1 1 3 5 Oats 1 2 4 5 Triticale 1 1 3 5 Rye 1 1 3 5 Lablab bean 1 2 4 5 Cowpea 1 2 4 5 Soybeans 1 2 4 5 Lucerne 1 2 5 5 Tropical Grass 1 1 3 5 Mixed Temperate 1 2 3 5 Irrigated Grains Maize 1 1 4 5 Soybeans 1 1 4 5 Sunflower 1 1 4 5 Grain sorghum 1 1 3 5 Wheat 1 2 4 5 Barley 1 2 4 5 Dryland Forage Forage sorghum 1 1 3 5 Millet 1 1 3 5 Oats 1 2 4 5 Triticale 1 1 3 5 Lablab bean 1 2 4 5 Cowpe 1 2 4 5 Soybeans 1 1 4 5 Tropical Grass 1 1 3 5 Mixed Tropical 1 2 3 5 Agroforestry 1 2 3 3 Dryland Grains Maize 1 1 4 5 Soybeans 1 1 4 5 Sunflower 1 1 4 5 Grain sorghum 1 1 3 5 Wheat 1 2 4 5 Barley 1 2 4 5 Pumpkin 1 4 5 5 Potatoes 1 3 4 5 Onion 1 4 5 5 Garlic 1 3 4 5 Tomato 1 4 5 5 Bean 1 3 4 5 BrassicCrucifer 1 3 4 5 Pea 1 4 5 5 Cantaloupe 1 4 5 5 Carrots 1 3 4 5 Strawberries 1 3 4 5 Cucumber 1 4 5 5 Rice 1 1 1 1 60 Flooding (water erosion) Effects and application Flooding may cause crop damage and erosion due to moving water. Attributes and attribute assessment Assessment is made by landscape position and local knowledge of flooding. Subclass determination Limitation subclasses are based on the magnitude of resultant soil erosion. 61 Crop no flooding flooding flooding flooding >1 in 5yrs 1 in 5 yrs <1in5yrs Irrigated Forage Forage sorghum 1 2 3 4 Millet 1 2 3 4 Oats 1 2 3 5 Triticale 1 2 3 4 Rye 1 2 3 4 Lablab bean 1 2 3 5 Cowpea 1 2 3 5 Soybeans 1 2 3 5 Lucerne 1 2 3 5 Tropical Grass 1 1 1 3 Mixed Temperate 1 1 1 3 Irrigated Grains Maize 1 2 3 5 Soybeans 1 2 3 5 Sunflower 1 2 3 5 Grain sorghum 1 2 3 4 Wheat 1 2 3 5 Barley 1 2 3 5 Dryland Forage Forage sorghum 1 2 3 4 Millet 1 2 3 4 Oats 1 2 3 5 Triticale 1 2 3 4 Lablab bean 1 2 3 5 Cowpea 1 2 3 5 Soybeans 1 2 3 5 Tropical Grass 1 1 1 3 Mixed Tropical 1 1 1 3 Agroforestry 1 1 1 2 Dryland Grains Maize 1 2 3 5 Soybeans 1 2 3 5 Sunflower 1 2 3 5 Grain sorghum 1 2 3 4 Wheat 1 2 3 5 Barley 1 2 3 5 Pumpkin 1 2 3 5 Potatoes 1 2 3 4 Onion 1 2 3 5 Garlic 1 2 3 4 Tomato 1 2 3 4 Bean 1 2 3 4 Brassic.Crucifer 1 2 3 4 Pea 1 2 3 5 Cantaloupe 1 2 3 5 Carrots 1 2 3 4 Strawberries 1 2 3 4 Cucumber 1 2 3 5 Rice 1 1 1 1 62 Rockiness Effects and application Large percentages of rocks on the soil surface and in the soil profile may affect the use of machinery operation, and affect the available moisture for plant growth. Attributes and attribute assessment Assessment is made from the percentage of coarse fragments on the surface and the top 30cm of the soil profile. Subclass determination Subclasses are based on the increasing percentage of coarse fragments which results in decreasing utility of machinery. Diagnostic land attributes size and content of coarse fragments 63 Crop no 0-10% 10-20% 20-50% >50% coarse coarse coarse coarse coarse frags. frags. frags. frags. frags. Irrigated Forage Forage sorghum 1 1 3 4 5 Millet 1 2 3 4 5 Oats 1 2 3 4 5 Triticale 1 2 3 4 5 Rye 1 2 3 4 5 Lablab bean 1 1 3 4 5 Cowpea 1 2 3 4 5 Soybeans 1 3 4 5 5 Lucerne 1 2 3 4 5 Tropical Grass 1 1 3 3 5 Mixed Temperate 1 1 3 3 5 Irrigated Grains Maize 1 2 3 4 5 Soybeans 1 3 4 5 5 Sunflower 1 2 3 4 5 Grain sorghum 1 1 3 4 5 Wheat 1 2 3 4 5 Barley 1 2 3 4 5 Dryland Forage Forage sorghum 1 1 3 4 5 Millet 1 2 3 4 5 Oats 1 2 3 4 5 Triticale 1 2 3 4 5 Lablab bean 1 1 3 4 5 Cowpea 1 2 3 4 5 Soybeans 1 3 4 4 5 Tropical Grass 1 1 3 3 5 Mixed Tropical 1 1 3 3 5 Agroforestry 1 1 2 2 3 Dryland Grains Maize 1 2 3 4 5 Soybeans 1 3 4 4 5 Sunflower 1 2 3 4 5 Grain sorghum 1 2 3 4 5 Wheat 1 2 3 4 5 Barley 1 2 3 4 5 Pumpkin 1 1 3 4 5 Potatoes 1 1 3 4 5 Onion 1 1 4 4 5 Garlic 1 1 3 4 5 Tomato 1 1 3 4 5 Bean 1 1 3 4 5 Brassic.Crucifer 1 1 3 4 5 Pea 1 1 3 4 5 Cantaloupe 1 1 3 4 5 Carrots 1 3 3 4 5 Strawberries 1 3 3 4 5 Cucumber 1 3 3 4 5 Rice 1 1 4 5 5 64 Frost Effects and application Frosts can incur substantial damage in many crop groups, though pasture and other crop groups may suffer minimal damage. Risk of frost damage may be pronounced on southerly slopes. Attributes and attribute assessment Assessment is made from landscape position and aspect. Subclass determination Subclasses are based on crop damage caused by frosting. Diagnostic land attributes relief aspect * With correct farm management practices the summer growing crops would not be affected by frost. 65 Crop no seasonal seasonal frosts frosts Irrigated Forage Forage sorghum 1 3* Millet 1 3* Oats 1 1 Triticale 1 1 Rye 1 1 Lablab bean 1 3* Cowpea 1 3* Soybeans 1 3* Lucerne 1 1 Tropical Grass 1 3* Mixed Temperate 1 1 Irrigated Grains Maize 1 3* Soybeans 1 3* Sunflower 1 3* Grain sorghum 1 3* Wheat 1 1 Barley 1 1 Dryland Forage Forage sorghum 1 3* Millet 1 3* Oats 1 1 Triticale 1 1 Lablab bean 1 3* Cowpea 1 3* Soybeans 1 3* Tropical Grass 1 3* Mixed Tropical 1 3 Agroforestry 1 2 Dryland Grains Maize 1 3* Soybeans 1 3* Sunflower 1 3* Grain sorghum 1 3* Wheat 1 1 Barley 1 1 Pumpkin 1 3 Potatoes 1 3 Onion 1 3 Garlic 1 3 Tomato 1 4 Bean 1 4 Brassic.Crucifer 1 4 Pea 1 4 Cantaloupe 1 4 Carrots 1 4 Strawberries 1 4 Cucumber 1 4 Rice 1 3 66 Salinity Effects and application Excessive amounts of salt within the soil profile may lead to poor crop growth and early death. Excessive rrigation of areas of high salinity may exaberate the initial problems Attributes and attribute assessment Assessment is made from EM measurements and soil conductivity measurements. Subclass determination Subclasses are established by dividing the EM measurements into low, medium, high or very high ranges. These reflect increasing crop damage and decreasing crop growth. Diagnostic land attributes Conductivity measurements EM measurements af alluvial flats fs footslopes 67 Crop low medium high very high af fs af fs af fs af fs Irrigated Forage Forage sorghum 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 Millet 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 Oats 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 Triticale 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 Rye 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 Lablab bean 1 1 1 3 4 5 5 5 Cowpea 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 Soybeans 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 Lucerne 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 Tropical Grass 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 Mixed Temperate 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 Irrigated Grains Maize 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 Soybeans 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 Sunflower 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 5 Grain sorghum 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 Wheat 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 Barley 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 Dryland Forage Forage sorghum 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 Millet 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 Oats 1 1 1 2 3 5 5 5 Triticale 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 Lablab bean 1 1 1 2 4 5 5 5 Cowpea 1 1 1 2 3 5 5 5 Soybeans 1 1 1 2 3 5 5 5 Tropical Grass 1 1 1 2 3 3 5 5 Mixed Tropical 1 1 1 2 3 3 5 5 Agroforestry 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 Dryland Grains Maize 1 1 1 2 3 5 5 5 Soybeans 1 1 1 2 3 5 5 5 Sunflower 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 Grain sorghum 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 Wheat 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 Barley 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 Pumpkin 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 Potatoes 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 Onion 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 Garlic 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 Tomato 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 Bean 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 Brassc.Crucifer 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 Pea 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 Cantaloupe 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 Carrots 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 Strawberries 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 Cucumber 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 Rice 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 68 Soil surface condition and soil adhesiveness Effects and application Certain crops have machinery requirements which may determine the types of soils suitable for crop growth. Heavy clay soils may cause problems for timeliness or ease of harvesting. Lighter surface textures may cause excessive drying out of the surface soil affecting germination and general crop performance. Attributes and attribute assessment Assessment is made from soil surface texture. Subclass determination Subclasses are based on clay content and the varying effects this has on crop performance. Diagnostic land attributes soil texture 69 Crop loamy sand clay loam light clay medium to clay to light to medium to heavy loam clay clay clay Irrigated Forage Forage sorghum 1 1 1 1 Millet 1 1 1 1 Oats 1 1 1 1 Triticale 1 1 1 1 Rye 1 1 1 1 Lablab bean 1 1 . 1 1 Cowpea 1 1 1 1 Soybeans 1 1 1 1 Lucerne 1 1 2 4 Tropical Grass 1 1 1 1 Mixed Temperate 2 2 1 1 Irrigated Grains Maize 2 1 1 1 Soybeans 2 1 1 1 Sunflower 2 1 1 1 Grain sorghum 2 1 1 1 Wheat 2 1 1 1 Barley 2 1 1 1 Dryland Forage Forage sorghum 1 1 1 1 Millet 1 1 1 1 Oats 1 1 1 1 Triticale 1 1 1 1 Lablab bean 1 1 1 1 Cowpea 1 1 1 1 Soybeans 1 1 1 1 Tropical Grass 1 1 1 1 Mixed Tropical 1 1 1 1 Agroforestry 1 1 1 1 Dryland Grains Maize 3 1 1 1 Soybeans 3 1 1 1 Sunflower 3 1 1 1 Grain sorghum 2 1 1 1 Wheat 2 1 1 1 Barley 2 1 1 1 Pumpkin 1 1 3 5 Potatoes 1 1 4 5 Onion 1 1 3 5 Garlic 1 1 3 5 Tomato 1 3 5 5 Bean 1 3 5 5 Brassic.Crucifer 1 3 4 5 Pea 1 3 3 5 Cantaloupe 1 3 4 5 Carrots 1 3 4 5 Strawberries 1 3 5 5 Cucumber 1 3 4 5 Rice 5 3 1 2 70 APPENDIX 4 SUMMARY OF UMA DATA UMA Geology Soil 1 % Soil 2 % Area Suitability Issues Slope (ha) " 1 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 59.4181 Oats.l Triticale.l Rye,I Trap. Gmu.l Mixed Temp., poor I Wheat, I Barley, D Oats, D Trlticale, O Trop. Grass, Internal Agroforestry, D Wheat, D Barley structure, wetness 2 Walloon 4 Furnivall 100 9.921 I Trop. Grass,D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry hardsets 3 Walloon 4 Churchbank 100 2.846 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, I Lablab.l CowpeaJ Lucerne.l Trop. Grass,! Mixed Temp., contour I Maize, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, banks D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, O Lablab, required D Cowpea, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, if D Maize, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., O Wheat, O Barley cultivated 4 T.msyen 4 Hanson 100 6.187 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, i Rye, contour I Forage Soybean,I Lucerne,I Trop. Grass,I Mixed Temp., banks I Maize, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., required I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, O Oats, if D Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, 0 Forage Soybean, cultivated D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize, 0 Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 5 Walloon 4 Churchbank 100 11.261 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, 1 Lablab, I Cowpea, I Lucerne,! Trop. Grass,I Mixed Temp., banks I Maize, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, i Barley, required D Forage Sorg., D Millet, 0 Oats, D Triticale, O Lablab, if D Cowpea, D Trap. Grass, Agroforestry, cultivated D Maize, D Sunflower, O Grain Sorg., D Wheat, O Barley 6 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 2.185 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, adjoins I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, saline I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, area, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, needs to D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, be Agroforestry, 0 Maize, D Grain Soybean, strictly 0 Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley monitored if irrigated 7 Q.alluv. 0 Fassifern 100 4.244 I Trop. Grass, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry flooding 8 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 22.180 I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., poor I Wheat, I Barley, D Oats, D Triticale, D Lablab, internal D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Wheat, structure, 0 Barley wetness 9 T.msyen. 4 Hanson 100 14.443 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, excessive 1 Forage Soybean,! Lucerne.l Trop. Grass,! Mixed Temp., deep I Maize, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., drainage, I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, contour D Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, banks D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize, requiredif D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, cultivated 0 Barley 10 T.msyen. 5 Pennell 100 3.522 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, 1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, contour I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, banks I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, O Oats, O Triticale, required D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, if Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, cultivated D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 11 Walloon 5 McGrath 90 Churchbank 10 5.581 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contour I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banks I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, required I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, if 0 Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, cultivated Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 12 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 3.801 Agroforestry saline 71 13 Walloon 6 Kulgun 100 21.630 i Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, sheet I Forage Soybean, I Trap. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, erosion, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, contour I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, banks 0 Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, 0 Trap. Grass, required Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, if D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley cultivated 14 T.basalt 3 Pennell 80 Churchbank 20 7.532 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, 1 Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., contour I Wheat,! Barley,D Forage Sorg.,D Millet.D Oats, banks D Tritlcale.O Lablab.D Cowpea.D Trop.Grass, Agroforestry,D Sunflower,D Grain Sorg.,D Wheat.D Barley If cultivated 15 Walloon 4 Churchbank 100 1.374 Agroforestry saline 16 T.msyen.5 Pennell 100 9.902 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, sheet I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, erosion, D Trop.Grass.Agroforestry.D Grain Sorg., contour D Wheat, D Barley banks required if cultivated 17 Walloon S McGrath 100 30.681 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, sheet I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, erosion, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, contour D Trop.Grass.Agroforestry.D Grain Sorg., banks D Wheat, D Barley required if cultivated 18 Walloon 1 Yeilunga 100 10.459 D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry high salinity readings 19 Walloon 5 Furnivall 100 6.190 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, surface hardsets Agroforestry sheet erosion 20 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 high 9.265 D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry salinity readings 21 Walloon 5 McGrath 100 high 4.244 D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry salinity readings 22 Walloon 6 Kulgun 100 21.344 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contour I Forage Soybean, I Trap. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banks I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, required I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, if 0 Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, necessary Agroforestry, O Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 23 Walloon 5 Furnivall 70 Yeilunga 30 6.536 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., O Trop. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 24 Walloon 5 Yeilunga 100 18.088 I Trap. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 25 TQ.alluv. 1 Sartor 100 8.578 Agroforestry watertable 26 TQ.alluv. 1 Evans 100 2.216 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, hardsets 1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry 27 TQ.alluv. 1 Sartor 100 1.872 Agroforestry watertable 28 Walloon 5 Furnivall 50 Weber 50 20.516 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 29 Walloon 3 Warumkarie 100 7.361 ! Forage Sorg., ! Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., soil con. I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, measures D Triticale, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, may be D Sunflower, 0 Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley required if cultivated 30 TQ.alluv. 4 Evans 80 Weber 20 3.009 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 72 31 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 4.422 I Oats, I Triticale.l Rye.l Trap. Grass,! Mixed Temp., poor I Wheat,! Barley, D Oats, D Triticale.D Trop.Grass, Internal Agroforestry.D Wheat, 0 Barley structure wetness 32 Walloon 3 Kulgun 100 2.883 D Trap. Grass, Agroforestry higher salinity readings 33 Walloon 3 Kulgun 100 2.109 D Trap. Grass, Agroforestry higher salinity readings 34 T.doler. 3 Dleckmann 80 Purdon 20 5.179 I Trap. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trap. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 35T.doler. 5 Dieokmann 100 4.978 I Trop, Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trap. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 36 Walloon 5 Furnivall 50 Weber 50 13.591 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 37 TQ.alluv. 1 Sartor 100 4.454 Agroforestry watertable 38 TQ.alluv. 2 Evans 100 8.636 I Trop. Grass, D Trop. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 39 T.sedim. 5 Purdon 70 Dleckmann 30 55.859 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, mixed .some Agroforestry rockiness, shallow soils, smaller suitable for cultivation 40 Walloon 6 Weber 100 5.318 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 41 Walloon 5 Furnivall 100 23.914 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 42 Walloon 5 Weber 80 Furnivall 20 7.527 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 43 Q.alluv. 0 Misc. 100 1.302 Agroforestry flooding 44 T.doler. 5 Dleckmann 100 7.701 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, hardsets, Agroforestry shallow 46 Walloon 5 McGrath 100 2.489 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contour I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., banks I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat required I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, if D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trap. Grass, cultivated Agroforestry, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 46 Walloon 1 Yellunga 100 1.462 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Forage Sorg., D Millet, hardsets D Oats, D Triticale, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 47 Walloon 4 Kulgun SO McGrath 50 13.701 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, higher I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., salinity I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, readings, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, monitor D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, watertable Agroforestry, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 48 Walloon 5 Furnivall 50 Weber 50 6.780 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., O Trop. Grass, hardsets - Agroforestry 49 Walloon 6 Weber 100 4.314 I Trap. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trap. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 50 Walloon 5 Churchbank 100 1.238 I Forage Sorg., ! Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, I Lablab,I Cowpea,I Trop.Grass,I Mixed Temp.,I Sunflower, contour I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, O Forage Sorg., banks D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, required D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, if D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley cultivated 73 51 T.msyen.5 Pennell 100 6.886 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, I Sunflower, contour I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, banks 0 Oats, D Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, 0 Trop. Grass, required Agroforestry, D Maize, 0 Sunflower, if D Grain Sorg., 0 Wheat, 0 Barley cultivated 52 Q.alluv. 0 Fasslfem 100 7.651 D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry high salinity readings 53 Walloon 5 Furnivall 100 6.825 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., O Trop. Grass, handsets Agroforestry 54 Q.alluv. 0 Misc. 100 34.274 Agroforestry flooding 55 Walloon 5 Churohbank 100 1.388 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, I Lablab,I Cowpea.l Trop.Grass.l Mixed Temp.,I Sunflower, contour I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, banks 0 Oats, O Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Trop. Grass, required Agroforestry, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., if D Wheat, D Barley cultivated 58 Walloon 8 Kulgun 100 3.440 D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry high salinity readings 57 Q.alluv. 1 Cyrus 100 47.953 I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, wetness, I Mixed Temp., I Wheat, I Barley, D Oats, D Triticale, poor D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Wheat, internal D Barley structure 58 Q.alluv. 1 Muller 100 3.590 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., flooding, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry sodseed 59 Q.alluv. 1 Muller 100 1.904 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, flooding, Agroforestry sodseed 60 Q.alluv. 1 Cyrus 100 1.810 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, some areas I Forage Soybean,I Trop.Grass.l Mixed Temp.,I Grain of higher Soybean,! Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,l Barley, salinity D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, D Cowpea, readings D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, 0 Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, 0 Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 61 Q.alluv. 1 Muller 100 3.672 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, flooding, Agroforestry sodseed 62 Q.alluv. 1 Normanby 100 2.479 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, flooding, Agroforestry sodseed 63 Q.alluv. 1 Muller 100 5.338 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, flooding, Agroforestry sodseed 64 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 50 Fassifern 50 16.862 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, D Lablab, 0 Cowpea, 0 Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 65 Q.alluv. 1 Cyrus 100 77.657 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, i Rye, I Lablab, I Cowpea, I Forage Soybean, I Lucerne, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, 0 Oats, D Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., 0 Wheat, D Barley 66 Q.alluv. 1 Muller 100 4.081 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, flooding, Agroforestry sodseed 67 Q.alluv. 0 Misc. 100 0.525 Agroforestry flooding 68 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 50 Fassifern 50 9.905 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, 1 Rye, 1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, O Lablab, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize, 0 Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 74 69 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 50 Fassifem 50 1.331 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Trltlcale, I Rye, I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, O Oats, D Tritlcale, D Lablab, D Forage Soybean, O Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 70 Q.alluv. 0 Fassifem 100 5.945 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Tritlcale, I Rye, wetness I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, 0 Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, O Maize, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 71 Q.alluv. 1 Cyrus 100 7.809 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, 1 Lablab, I Cowpea, I Forage Soybean, I Lucerne, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, 0 Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Tritlcale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 72Q.alluv. 0 Misc. 100 1.731 Agroforestry flooding 73 Walloon 5 McGrath 100 5.454 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contour I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banks I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, required I Barley, 0 Forage Sorg., D Millet, O Oats, D Triticale, if D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, cultivated Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., O Wheat, 0 Barley 74 T.msyen. 5 Pennell 100 0.727 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, contour I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, banks I Barley, 0 Forage Sorg., D Millet, O Oats, D Triticale, required D Cowpea.D Forage Soybean.D Trop. Grass, if Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, cultivated 0 Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 75 T.msyen. 5 Pennell 100 4.470 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, 1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, contour I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, banks I Barley, O Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, required 0 Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, O Trop. Grass, if Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, cultivated D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., O Wheat, O Barley 76 Walloon 5 McGrath 100 23.403 I Forage Sorg., I Miilet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contour 1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banks I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, required I Barley, O Forage Sorg., O Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, if D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, cultivated Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 77 Walloon 4 Yellunga 100 7.885 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., O Trop. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 78 Walloon 6 Kulgun 100 4.976 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, i Triticale, I Rye, contour I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banks I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, required I Barley, O Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, if 0 Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, O Trop. Grass, cultivated Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, O Barley 79 Walloon 5 McGrath 100 3.961 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contour 1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banks I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, required I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, if 0 Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, cultivated Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 80 T.msyen. 3 Pennell 100 1.139 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, rockiness, Agroforestry shallow 81 T.msyen. 4 Pennell 100 18.774 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow, 1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, contour I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, banks I Barley, 0 Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, required D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, if Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, cultivated 0 Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 75 82 Walloon 5 Furnivall 50 Weber 50 2.619 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., 0 Trap. Grass, hardsets Agroforestry 83 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 14.075 I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., poor I Wheat, I Barley, D Oats, D triticale, D Trop. Grass, Internal Agroforestry, D Wheat, D Barley structure, wetness 84 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 3.236 I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., flooding D Triticale, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry 85 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 2.437 I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., flooding D Triticale, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry 86 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 5.339 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, wetness I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 87 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 10.994 I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., gilgai I Wheat, I Barley, D Oats, D Triticale, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Wheat, 0 Barley 88 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 50 Fassifern 50 3.861 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, 0 Oats, D Triticale, D Lablab, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize, O Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, 0 Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley 89 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 16.682 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, 1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, i Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., 0 Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, D Cowpea, 0 Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize, O Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley Q.alluv. Quaternary alluvium TQ.alluv. Tertiary-Quaternary alluvium Walloon Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures T.msyen Tertiary microsyenite T.basalt Tertiary basalt T.doler. Tertiary dolerite T.sedim. Tertiary sediments I Irrigated 0 Dryland Sorg. Sorghum Trop. Grass Tropical grass Mixed Temp. Mixed temperate pasture 76 APPENDIX 5 METHODOLOGY / CALCULATIONS RELATED TO SALINITY, IRRIGATION AND DEEP DRAINAGE Salinity Measurement and Calculations All salinity measurements on the station lands were taken using an electromagnetic induction meter. This meter measures the strength of the magnetic field in the soil. The strength of the field is proportional to the electrical conductance of the soil, therefore providing an estimate of the salt store contained in the upper six metres of the earths surface. The measurement unit is the electrical conductivity in mS/cm (1 mS/cm = 1 dS/m). Measurements were taken at ten metre intervals along selected transects. Transects were positioned at parallel intervals to transverse gully lines or alluvial flats, or to follow the direction of the slope aspect on the low hills. The readings are interpreted and placed into four ranges of salinity hazard (after Shaw and Hughes 1988). Code Salinity Hazard Reading (mS/cm) A low <100 B medium 100-150 C high 150-200 D very high >200 Results from chemical analyses of several profiles sampled in areas of known saline outbreaks, and the three soil type profiles, were used to calculate the saturation extract electrical conductivity (ECse (dS/m)) at intervals within the rooting zone (assumed to be 0.9 metres) of the soil profile. The calculations used for ECCI and ECse were those described in Section 4.1 of Shaw et al. (1987). Results for ECse at the different intervals were averaged to give a mean root zone saturation extract electrical conductivity. The mean root zone ECse results and the readings from the EM meter were compared so that the EM meter readings could be used to give predictions of the possible effect on plant growth. Irrigation Calculations Plant available water capacity is defined as the difference between the wet profile moisture content following irrigation and the dry profile moisture content of a stressed mature crop summed over the measured rooting depth (Gardner 1985). Plant available water capacity was supplied by Agricultural Chemistry Branch for each of the three soil type profiles sampled. A Class A evaporation pan needs to be installed in areas to be irrigated. As soon as the pan evaporation equals 66% of the plant available water capacity, it can be assumed that the area requires irrigation (Shaw pers.' comm.). The amount of irrigation water required is therefore 66% of the plant available water capacity (Table 1)- 77 Soil Hanson Sartor Purdon Cyrus McGrath WeberDieckmann AWC 1 (mm) 140 96 100 134 151 102 90 AWC 2 (mm) 102 85 109 152 147 77 92 Pan Evaporation (66% of AWC 1) 92 63 66 88 100 67 60 Irrigation (mm) 92 63 66 88 100 67 60 Deep Drainage Deep drainage (Dd) was calculated using the three soil type profile chemical and physical results. Soil Conservation Research have written a program in DBase which calculates the leaching fraction and deep drainage using clay percentage, cation exchange capacity, and air dry moisture % at 0-10cm, 20-30cm, 50-60cm and 80-90cm, the exchangable sodium percentage of the soil at 90cm, rainfall, irrigation, and the electrical conductivity (EC) of the irrigation water. The model used in the program is based on Shaw et al. (1987). Differing amounts of irrigation and EC of the irrigation water were assumed and the results are shown in Table 2. Soil Irrigation EC of water Leaching Deep drainage (mm) dS/m Fraction (mm/year) Hanson 0 0.036411 29.13 300 0.3 0.171633 188.80 600 0.3 0.305781 428.09 600 0.5 0.485652 679.91 Sartor 0 0.002982 2.39 300 0.3 0.020324 22.36 600 0.3 0.036464 51.05 Purdon 0 0.005997 4.8 300 0.3 0.034287 37.72 600 0.3 0.054061 75.69 Cyrus 0 0.00374 2.99 300 0.3 0.026139 28.75 600 0.3 0.047633 66.69 McGrath 0 0.00706 5.65 300 0.3 0.046003 50.6 600 0.3 0.080148 112.21 Weber 0 0.006128 4.9 300 0.3 0.038875 42.76 600 0.3 0.066475 93.07 Dieckmann 0 0.004726 3.78 300 0.3 0.025051 27.56 600 0.3 0.036842 51.58