Association of Professional Archaeologists 2 President's Communique •.•Christine Caroppo 3 A HISTORY OF CERAMIC TABLEWARE IN ONTARIO: QUANTITATIVE TRENDS IN PLATES •.•Ian Kenyon 5 The Ontario Council of Archaeology 9 ENDITENHWAEN .•.John Steckley 11 O.A.S. Administrator, Charles Garrad, Honoured by the Ontario Heritage Foundation 13 STEEP ROCK AND THE FALLS BAY RANGIFER .•. L.J. Jackson 14 Association for Environmental Archaeology (U.K.) 21 Buffalo Society Symposium 22 Yes Virginia, There Really Is A "Site"! •.•Kathy Dandy 23 Lake Temagami And The Northern Experience •.•Diana L. Gordon 25 THE SNAKE HILL SITE: A WAR OF 1812 CEMETERY ••.Dr. Ron Williamson 31 !'lcMaster Anthropology Society's Symposium •.•Connie O'Shaughnessy 33 THE STRAW THAT BROKE THE DOWEL'S BACK: A RECENT ADVANCE IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD TECHNOLOGY•.Neal Ferris & !'1alcolm Horne 36 Ontario Heritage Policy Review Update 43 Press Cuttings 47 From The a.A.S. Office... 52 Research Reports - O.A.S. Newsletters, 1987 54 O.A.S. Chapters 59 a.A.S. Provincial Officers 60

newsletter publ ished by The Ontario Archaeological Society 126 Willowdale Avenue. Willowdale. Ontario, M2N 4Y2 I:"C. ARCH NOTES Published six times per annum by THE ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 126 Willowdale Avenue, Willow dale Ontario M2N 4Y2

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We hear from the U K (thanks Janet) that PrDfe:sSDr JDbn (DIes, nQl./retIred, IS sell1ng off a lot of hIS books. Anyone ",ho ",ants to see the I1st should send an InternatIonal Repl y Coupon to hIm at The Mount, Somerton, Somerset, TAII 7PF

The first public meeting of the ne",ly formed Association of ProfeSSIonal Archaeologists ",ill be held on Sunday April 24, 1988 at the Hentage Room, Ontario Heritage Centre from 100 to 500pm The Heritage Centre IS at 10 Adelaide SI East, Toronto. All interested archaeologIsts are invIted to attend A $5 00 donation at the door lS invited to aSSISt in coven ng expenses.

The ASSOCIatIonIS formed to provIde profeSSIonal representatIon to archaeologIsts, to encourage high standards of research and to promote 8",areness of heritage resources The first busl ness meetl ng of the Associatlon "'Ill be held in can] unction ",ith the 14th Annual Symposl um of The Ontmo Archaeologlcal SOCIety In Toronto, October 22-23, 1988 "'lth tl me and place to be announced. Archaeology per year. However, we are struggling to catch up and the light at the end of the tunnel is beginning to come into sight.. We By the time you read this I (and lots have appointed a new interim editor of other lucky members) will be off for OA 46, Laurie Jackson, as Morgan on the fabulous OAB trip, Belize & Tamplin had to resign. Laurie Beyond. The OAB office will be assures me that OA 46 will be out at closed for the duration of phase one the end of April' Peter Reid, also of the trip (April 9 - 23) while assures me that OA 47 will be out at Charlie enjoys a couple of well- the same time. A bumper crop! earned weeks in the sun with the rest However, I would like to remind all of us in Belize, Guatemala and the you would-be contributors out there Yucatan of Mexico. This is my first that these two issues will only bring OAB trip and I am really looking us up to, in terms of our traditional forward to it and the opportunity to publishing schedule, the middle of meet members from allover the 1987. We still desperately need province. We'll maltesure that there articles for the second volume for is a synopsis in a future Arch Notes 1987 as well as the two volumes due for the edification of those who for 1988 and beyond. Please, please could not go. send in articles for editorial consideration. Our reputation In other social news ...our Open House largely rests upon our publications held on February 20th went very well. and our SSHRC source of funding If you di

have responded to the Inter-Ministry Committee with our views and suggestions. Art lovers and archaeology buffs will get a unique, introduction to this The OAS was pleased to be recognized May's Royal Ontario Museum exhibition in an official way by the selection Treasures of the Holy Land. of the President as chair of a workshop h~ld early in March to The exhibition features ancient develop technical guidelines for objects from the area .between the subdivision assessment by the Jordan River and the Mediterranean consulting archaeology community. As Sea, the oldest dating back 12,000 chair, I was hoping that I wouldn't years and the most recent being from need a whip and a chair in order to the 7th century of our era. run the meeting but my fears were unfounded as the workshop proved to On May 8th, the afternoon before the be very amicable and successful. exhibition opens, scholars from the University of Toronto, the Israel By the time this is published many of Museum, Sir Wilfrid Laurier you will be beginning your field University, and the Ra1 will gather seasons. Let me take this on the U of T campus to make several opportunity to wish you all fine public presentations placing these weather and interesting discoveries. rare objects in their historic, The Passport to the Past program cultural, and religious contexts. workshop schedule will be suspended over the field season but please Offered in co-operation with the ROM remember that many members are by the University of Toronto's School seeking volunteer experience this of Continuing Studies, this surmner. If you have need of a innovative symposium introduces the volunteer please contact us at the public to the cultural significance office. Best of luck! Be talking to of the collection as well as you again soon. providing the opportunity to hear informed discussion of the collection's aesthetic perspectives.

The symposium will be held Sunday, May 8th from 1-6 pn in the Medical Sciences Building, Medical Sciences Auditorium located near the Queen's Park subway station (with wheel chair access off the main entrance at 1 King's College Circle).

THE ONTARIO HERITAGE FOUNDATION Early registration is encouraged, but admission will be possible at the is pleased to announce that door, space providing. The admission Professor Robert S. Both..••.ell fee is $40.00. Convenient has been appoi nted registration by touch tone phone is possible by calling 978-2400 and Chai rman of the Archaeological Committee providing your VISA or MasterCard number. Use SCS Course Number 7903, Section ()1A. You may register in person at the School's offices at 158 St. George Street (just south of Bloor) between the hours of 9aro- 5pn. A HISTORY OF CERAMIC TABLEWARE IN ~ (Figure 2). Edge plates ONTARIO: QUANTITATIVE TRENDS IN typically have a blue or green PLATES decorated border. Edged plates were priced slightly higher than C.C. About the year 1800 edge plates were sold in equal numbers to c.c. With Previous issues of ARCH NOTES outline the decline of C.C. after 1810, edged a history of ceramic tableware in plates increased in popularity, only Ontario (1). Primary data for this to undergo a slow decline after 1830, history have been archival documents, although they continued in common use principally invoices and inventories until the 1870s. from Ontario general store,? Printed (Figure 3). As the name This present note offers a series of indicates, these plates have a design graphs depicting the frequency of the that is "printed" on the ceramic by four most commonly sold table plate use of a transfer paper. Printed types in the 19th century. These ware was priced higher than edged. graphs are derived from 34 sets of Although printed plates were general store records. Where there manufactured in the late 18th were consecutive series of records century, they do not become "visible" spanning several years for a single in Ontario store records until the store, these were added together and 1820s. Printed plates reach their a mid-date average assigned. On the high point in the 1830s and 1840s, graphs, data sets with over 50 dozen typically forming about 30% to 50% of plates (i.e. 600 items) are shown by general store stocks. After 1850 filled diamond symbols, with open printed plates decline in popularity diamonds depicting sample sizes in face of the rapid increase of smaller than 50 dozen. white granite. Printing reached a low point in the 1870s but made a Four basic classes of plates revival in the 1880s. mentioned in 19th century store records are C.C., edged, printed and White Granite (Figure 4). White white granite (2). Each category granite, also known as "white stone", will be further discussed below. "ironstone" or "W.G.", is a thick, hard, durable ceramic. It was priced C.C. (Figure 1). Cream Coloured at about the same level as printed. (C.C.), also called "white" or White granite was introduced about "plain" in store records, was the 1847 to Ontario stores. From then dominant plate type in the late 18th until the 1880s its popularity century. This type is simply a white increased exponentially. During the earthenware plate without coloured 1880s it far outsold any other type decoration. Until about 1830, C.C. of plate. had a glaze with a distinctive yellowish tinge (creamware). Plain white earthenware was always the least expensive variety of plate. 1. Arch Notes may/june 1985, pp. 41- About 1800 it constituted about 50% 57; sept/oct 1985, pp. 13-28; nov/dec of the plates available for sale. By 1985, pp. 14-21; nov/dec 1987, pp. the 1820s C.C. was declining in 22-25. These articles provide popularity to about 30% of sales. examples of general store records, During the 1830s through to the 1850s illustrations of ceramic types, date it reached a low point: many stores ranges, as well as bibliographic did not even stock C.C. plates. material. There was a slight revival of C.C. plates in the 1860s and 1870s. 2. Percentages on the graphs do not always total 100% for each record 100 90 80

70 '.' 60 ~ ~O • • 40 • • • • • 30 • • ~, 20 • • 10 .

o " " 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 18:50 1860 1870 1880 1890

100 • 90 (:, 80 , 70 • • c· 60 ~. ~ ~O • • • •• ••• (:- 40 .'. • • ( • 30 . 20 10 • (.. o - 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 100 90 80 70 ". 60 • ,. :50 • • " 40 • • • 30 • • 20 • . • ". 10 • • o • , 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 18:>0 1860 1870 1880 1890

100 90 • 80 • 70 60 c' ,. :>0 (.. 40 30 . 20 10 o . . 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 18:50 1860 1870 1880 1890 set. While together C.C., edge, printed and white granite constitute about 80% or more for all store A Roman amphitheatre where gladiators records in the 1800-1890 period, fought and soldiers paraded almost there are certain minor types. The 2,000 years ago has been discovered most frequently mentioned minor type in the heart of London's (U.K.) '.as often termed "fancy". "Fancy" financial district, archeologists probably refers to a general grouping said. of plates that have a moulded decorated border (often wi th painted The find ends 300 years of highlights) and a central design that speculation on the location of the may be printed. Typically the themes amphitheatre that experts were of these plates include moralistic or certain existed in Londinium, the humorous mottos, alphabets (i.e. Roman conquerors' name for the city. children's plates) or commemorative subjects (i.e. Queen Victoria). "It is the most important missing China or porcelain plates are piece in our jigsaw of the Roman mentioned only occasionally. ~st of city," said John Maloney, urban these were likely intended as pieces excavations officer for the Museum of to accompany tea sets. London.

A team of 15 archeologists began digging last July in the City of London, the capital's business district. At a depth of about five metres, they found a complex of Roman walls more than a metre wide that they believe represents the eastern end of an oval amphitheatre.

THE MIDWEST ARCHAIDLOGICAL It is next to the Guildhall, where OONFERENCE the lord mayor has his offices, and city architects must decide whether Will hold its annual meeting at the to proceed with plans to build an art University of Illinois and the gallery on the site. Chancellor Inn in Champaign, Illinois on October 14 - 16. The symposium Such arenas were used for gladiator theme will focus on the Late battles, weapons training, military Prehistoric to Historic transition in parades and spectacles such as bear- the Midwest. Deadline for fighting, experts say. submissions is August 1, 1988 while abstracts for contributed papers will Maloney said the dig has unearthed be accepted until September 9, 1988. evidence of an earlier and more For further information please primitive wooden amphitheatre built contact Program Chair: Kevin below the stone structure. The dig McGowan, 109 Davenport Hall, will continue for two more weeks. Department of Anthropology , University of Illinois, Urbana, From The Windsor Star Illinois 61801. February 29, 1988 (Some of our members have been Council, I also participated in a puzzled about the nearly-new recent Ministry of Culture and organization - The Ontario Council of Communications workshop on guidelines Archaeology so we asked their for subdivision assessment along with president to e¥jDlain..• ) representatives of the Association of Heritage Consultants and the Ontario Council of Professional Osteologists.

By 1986, it became apparent that if To date, Council's efforts have been the full potential of archaeology in devoted to lobbying government to Ontario was to be realized it would resolve a series of long-standing be necessary for those conducting problems which face Ontario archaeology in Ontario to make their archaeology. These were outlined in views know7\ to the Provincial the Council's submission to the government. With this in mind, Ontario Heritage Policy Review which several archaeologists deeply was published in the December issue involved in Ontario archaeology for a of Arch Notes. My thanks to the long time met and took the decision Society for its cooperation in to form the Ontario Council of publishing our concerns. Archaeology for this purpose. Some of the issues raised by the At this time it was agreed that Council have been resolved by membership in the Council would be measures introduced by the Ontario open to all archaeologists ~10 have Heritage Foundation, and I believe significant research interests in progress is being made on other Ontario, who have full-time issues. Nevertheless, much remains appoinunents at universities and/or to be done if archaeology in Ontario museums and who have a Ph.D. Other is to attain its full potential. archaeologists are eligible to become members of the Council by nomination I would hope that once the current from, and majority vote of, the issues are resolved, Council will membership. undertake a variety of endeavours to promote Ontario archaeology and to The aim of the Council is to provide disseminate information about advice regarding the conduct of archaeology to the media and the Ontario archaeology to those public. government ministries or agencies which administer relevant The current executive of the Council legislation. is:

Since its formation, the Council has President, William D. Finlayson 519- made representation to the Ministry 473-1360 of Culture and Communications, the Vice-President, James F. Pendergast Ontario Heritage Foundation, the 613-269-4730 ~linistry of Consumer and Corporate Secretary-Treasurer, Peter G. Ramsden Relations and the Office of the 416-525-9140, Ext. 3914 Premier seeking to facilitate the Recorder, William C. Noble 416-525- preservation of our archaeological 9140, Ext. 3913 heritage and to promote the further development of Ontario archaeology.

As President, I can also report that Professor William D. the executive of the Council has held Ph.D., Toronto a briefing session with the executive Lawson Professor of of the Ontario Archaeological Archaeology, Society. As a representative of the The University of Western and Southern Illinois, Executive Director, Department of Anthropology, Museum of Indian Archaeology (London) The University of Western Ontario

Professor Susan Jamieson, Ph.D., Dr. James V.Wright, Ph.D., Wisconsin, Washington State, Archaeological Survey of Canada Department of Anthropology Canadian Museum of Civilization Trent University

Dr. MirnaKapches, Ph.D., Toronto, Assistant Curator New World Archaeology Royal Ontario Museum

Professor Dean Knight, Ph.D., Toronto, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Wilfrid Laurier University The Thunder Bay Historical Professor Museum Society Toronto, 219 S. May St. Department of Anthropology Thunder Bay, Ontario University of Toronto P7E 1B5

Professor William C. Noble, Ph.D., SIMON J. Calgary, Arthur Department of Anthropology McMaster University Simon Dawson (c.1820-1902l ~as a civil engineer, explorer, treaty Dr. Robert J. Pearce, Ph.D., McGill, negotiator and politician. He 'JaS Museum of Indian Archaeology (London) responsible for constructing the famous Red River Road which opened up Dr. James F. Pendergast, D.Se., Western Canada to settlement and McGill, represented Northwestern Ontario as Merrickville, Ontario M.L.A. and M.P. from 1875 to 1891.

Professor Peter G. Ramsden, Ph.D., Simon J. Da~son C.E. is the first Toronto, biography of this important pioneer. Department of Anthropology (The support of the Gov't of Ontario, McMaster University Ministry of Citizenship & Culture is acknowledged.) $5.00, paper + $1.00 Professor Peter Reid, Ph.D., SUNY, p.p. Buffalo, Department of Sociology and PREHISTORY OF NORTHER'! ONTARIO by Anthropology, K.C.A. Dawson University of Windsor ~ine thousand years of Northern Professor David G. Smith, Ph.D., Ontario prehistory from the Palaeo- McGill, Indian period, through the Archaic Department of Anthropology and Woodland periods to historic The University of Western Ontario times. Complete with dra~ings, diagrams and bibliography. By one of and Northern Ontario's leading Museum of Indian Archaeology (London) Archaeologists. $4.00, paper + $1.00 p.p. This word contains the noun -atsat-, meaning 'meal' (Potier 1920:44~It is unclear what the verb is that it is incorporated into. One In the Jesuit Relation of 1636 there possibili ty is -on- (-ion- when is a discussion of the "feasts" or incorporating a noun) meaning 'to ceremonies of the Huron. According arrive' (Potier 1920:314 #80). to the "Titer:

All their feasts may be reduced to four kinds. Athataion is the feast The first word in the phrase of farewells. Enditeuhwa, of "Atouront aochien" is more accurately thanksgiving and gratitude. Atouront represented as 'atonront'. The print aochien is a feast for singing, as error of -u- for -n- was not well as for eating. Awataerohi is uncommon, in this as other Relations the fourth kind, and is made for (we can see this as well in the word deliverance from a sickness thus "Enditeuhwa"). The meaning of this named. (JR10:177-179) word is given in the following entry from Potier's dictionary: This short paper is about the second named ceremony, "Enditeuhwa" , a 2.1 atonront ...chanter en guerrier ceremony whose name may have une chanson laquelle l'assemblee archaeological significance. In repond par des hen, hen, reiterer, et order to have a good sense of the qui I'accordent meaning and possible significance of Ito sing a war song, to which the the name, it is useful to look at the assembly responds with a 'hen,hen , names of the other three ceremonies that is repeated and according to a ci ted above. particular rhythml (Potier 1920:200 #21)

The second word, "aochien", means "Athataion" is more accurately 'one holds a ceremony' (Potier represented as 'Atsataion' . In a 1920:214 #23), giving a combined French-Huron-Onondaga dictionary of meaning to the phrase of 'the the 1650s it is presented as follows: ceremony of singing' .

1.1 Atsata,ion festin d'adieu, au depart v.g. allant au guerre en traitte, xxx The last named ceremony, Ifeast of farewell, of departing; for "Awataerohi" , appears elsewhere in example, going to war, to trade xxxi the Jesuit Relations as "Aoutaerohi" (FHO; xxx signifies a badly blurred (JR10:183 and 199; 13:189 and 14:59), part of the entry) "Outaerohi" (JR17:197), and most The literal meaning of this name is accurately as "Aoutaenhrohi" given in Jesuit Father Pierre (JR21:151). The nature of this Potier's 18th century dictionary as curing ceremony is described in the 'to have one's meal': following pa~5age from the Relation 1.2 atsatanion ...prendre son of 1637: repas ... Ito have one's meall This feast was an Aoutaerohi, where onn'ahatsatanion voila qui prends son we saw a real sabbat. The wOOlpn sand repas (fait son dernier repas ...) and danced while the m",.1 stl'uck IBehold, one who has his meal (makes violently against pieces of his last meal)1 bark; ...They took, to keep time as it (Potier 1920:204 #54) were, burning embers and red-hot cinders in their bare hands, then passed their hands over the stomach of the patient,-who, as part of the ceremony or for some other reason, honnenditan ch8aen ils fond ce festin tossed about like a maniac, Ithey (masculine) hold this ceremonyl incessantly shaking her head. The feast ended, she became very quiet. senditen ch8aen tu (JR13:189) Iyou hold a ceremony of thanksl (FHO; c.f., FH c1697:237) In one of the manuscript French-Huron dictionaries of the 17th century we Contained within this word is the have the following entry: noun -,entenchw-, meaning 'the side of a human or other animal' (Potier 3.1 Ata,aenraoh8i f/air/e une danse 1920:455). This can be seen in the ou l'un mets des cendres chaud sur Ie following entry from a 17th century malade Huron-French manuscript dictionary: Ito have a dance where one puts hot cinders on the sickl 4.2 ,Entench8a Ie coste (FH67) Ithe sidel ,itench8a,e en mon coste Contained within this word is the Ion my sidel noun -,enr-, meaning 'ashes, cinders' Enditench8aen se mettre sur son (Potier 1920:447 "o,enra"). The verb coste it is incorporated into may be -0-, Ito put oneself on one's sidel meaning 'to be wet, in water' (Potier asckati senditench8aentak mets 1920:401-403), possibly giving the tOY sur l'autre coste combination the metaphorical meaning lput yourself on your other sidel of 'putting ashes into a soup bowl' (HF) (see Potier 1920:403 "a,enroh8indi"). The verb involved is -en-, meaning 'to put, place' (Potier 1920:219 #37*). A literal translation of the What is common to the names for all three examples presented in 4.1 are three ceremonies discussed so far is then: that they all refer to a concrete, physical act: having a meal, 4.3 henditench8aen 'he puts singing, and, possibly, putting ashes himself on his side' into a soup bowl. We can reasonably honnenditencheaen 'they put expect that this 'grammar of ceremony themselves on their sides' names' would also apply to senditench8aen 'you put enditeuhwa. yourself on your side'

First to be established is an It is probably that, as with the accurate representation of the name other three ceremonies, this is for the ceremony. We get that, plus referring to a specific physical act a context for the ceremony, in the performed by the participants. The following entry from a French-Huron- main point to be made here is that Onondaga dictionary of the 1650s: being placed on one's side had symbolic significance in Huron 4.1 Enditen ch8aen faire festin de culture. From an archaeological remercier xxx v.g. ho/IIID/e perspective, this might suggest that nouvellement revenu des Ennemys the act of burying someone on one Ito hold a ceremony of thanks; xxx side or another, or on one side as for example, a man newly returned opposed to on the front or back, had from the enemyl meaning to the Huron, was possiblY something they would do to express a symbolic message. Further research, ~o~nued on page 13

MaJt/ApIL 1988 a.A.S. AIMINISTRA1ffi, CHARLES GARRAD, HONOURED BY THE ONTARIO HERITAGE FUJNDATION CHARLES GARRAD (Willowdale) Inaugural 'Friends of the Escarpment' Program Recognizes Special For more than 25 years of voluntary Contributions effort to protect Escarpment archaeological sites, particularly in A program recognizing significant the Collingwood area between Creemore contributions to the protection and and Craigleith. ~. Carrad was wise use of the heritage resources of recently acknowledged by the the Niagara Escarpment was launched Smithsonian Institute in Washington on Heritage Day by Richard Alway, as an archaeological expert on the Chairman of the Ontario Heritage Petun people, who were inhabitants of Foundation. the Collingwood area in the 17th century. Among those honoured as inaugural "Friends of the Escarpment" were Close to 100 people attended the Canadian wildlife artists Robert recognition event representing Bateman and George McLean, the City municipal governments, Escarpment of Hamilton, the founding Chairman of parks and conservation authorities the Natural Heritage League, John and non-profit heritage wbite, and the administrator of the organizations. Charles was Ontario Archaeological Society, interviewed after the presentations Charles Garrad. on the C.B.C. program "Radio Noon".

The Honourable Lily ~o, Minister of Culture and Communications, The Honourable John Eakins, Minister of Municipal Affairs, and the Honourable eo~nued 6~om page 12 Vince Kerrio, Minister of Natural both archaeological and linguistic, Resources, as well as Terk Bayly, is necessary before conclusive Chairman of the Niagara Escarpment statements can be made. Commission were on hand to assist with presentation of personalized letters of appreciation from Premier David Peterson. The three provincial French-Huron manuscript departments share responsibility for dictionary implementation of the Niagara French-Huron-Qnon4aga Escarpment Plan. manuscript dictionary FH In outlining the new recognition c1697 French-Huron manuscript program, Foundation Chairman Richard dictionary Alway noted: "The success of the Huron-French manuscript Niagara Escarpment Program and the dictionary long-term wise management of Potier, Pierre Escarpment resources is largely 1920 The Fifteenth Report of the dependent on the personal commitment Bureau of Archives for the and generosity of organizations and Province of Ontario 1918-1919 individuals in the private sectors. Clarkson W. James, Toronto. The Foundation's "Friends of the Thwaites, Reuben G. Escarpment" Program is designed to 1896-1901 The Jesuit Relations and formally recognize these very special Allied Documents, 73 vols., partners for outstanding The Burrows Bros., Cleveland. contributions to heritage protection. " STEEP ReCK AND THE FALLS BAY Corporation of Chicago described some RANGIFER of the problems faced in removing the ore:

The East Arm of Steep Rock Lake is In 1936, the largest commercial a huge bowl or cra ter gouged out of dredging operation in North American the solid rocJr. This bowl is was initiated near the small town of approxima te1,Y 6,500' in diameter and Atikokan in north-western Ontario. 800' in its greatest depth. A power Enormous iron ore deposits discovered dam near the north end of this bowl two years previously led engineers of closed off the Seine River which Steep Rock Resources, Ltd. to plan formerly passed through this 1aJre and the draining and dredging of an formed Marmion LaJre back of the dam. entire lake to get at hidden The southeast arm formerly the route deposits. This operation was of the river is a continuing ultimately to move a greater volume extension of the bowl. The top of of earth than was excavated for the the iron ore-bod,y forms a segment. of Panama Canal, using state-of-the-art the bottom of this crater. This rock equipment, including gigantic cutter bowl is filled to varying elevations dredges and pump stations. The with material consisting mostly of project, in addition to repaying the varv'ed clay and sil t wi th a enormous investments of Steep Rock substantial b:Jt undetermined content Resources' investors, provided of loose rock, boulders, sand and critical raw material for the Allied gravel. This is the most treacherous war effort at a time when V-Boats material to handle hydraulically that were sinking so many ore carriers we have encountered in forty-six that reserves were at a record low. years of experience ... on both Coasts of the Continent, the Great Lakes and The effort to remove the iron Latin America. deposits was unbelievably complex- involving major diversions of rivers Mr. Sensibar went on to describe how and lakes with dams and drilled 180 million cubic yards of this silt turmels, building of power plants and fill had to be removed and highways, and hydraulic dredging of redeposited in various surrounding all the silt from the bottom of Steep areas. Some 15 million cubic yards Rock Lake to get at the ore-bodies. lined the ragged sides of the crater A project of this scale probably will in which the East Arm of Steep Rock never be seen again in North America. Lake was formed, with only a small It was only in August of 1944 that part of this material accessible to the first ore was exposed and on the huge hydraulic cutter-dredges. October 3rd, 1944, the first shipment left Steep Rock by rail. It was the solution to this silt removal problem that led to a The initial financing of the Steep tremendously exciting and long- Rock project was itself a politically overlooked palaeontological complicated process. Part of the discovery. Although exact details solution was to lease ore-body C in are not a matter of record, in the the East Arm of Steep Rock Lake to summer of 1956, IVhile "monitoring" Caland Ore Co. Ltd., a division of silt deposits (actually sluicing with Inland Steel (Figure 1). powerful water hoses) from the sides of the rapidly draining East Arm, a In a detailed assessment of May 15, large horn of a caribou was found. 1953 to Mr. A. J. Cayia, Vice- Since caribou were present in the President and General ~~ger of area as late as the 1920's this was Caland ore, Mr. J. R. Sensibar, not too surprising - what was unusual President of Construction Aggregates ",-asthat the antler "''8.S reported as r

STEEP ROCK LAKE, ~ORTHWESTERN ONTARIO (1) West Arm (2) ~iddle Arm (3) East Arm (4) Southeast Arm beneath about 60 feet of varved silt offered his able assistance. I and clay: credit Bryan with teaching me the value of understanding prey species These same deposi ts were a source of during 1977 field work in the considerable anxiety to those who Northwest Territories. worked the bottom of the lake. At least one workman had been killed by Despite the fact that my only an enormous land slip during the northern ~1tario eA~rience was five earlier dredging for the Steep Rock less than memorable days spent trying Resources ore body. Geologists were to hitch-hike through the area in the frequently called in to examine the early 1970's, I made arrangements to varved silts and clays of the fly to Atikokan on February 10th, deposits almost at a loss to 1988. Having secured permission to explain the land slippage phenomena. examine the antler, I also contacted Very little attention focused on the a number of people regarding the find possible age and scientific and its reported context. It was significance of the deposits. entirely possible that the antler represented a recent woodland caribou Two surveving engineers discovered that made a fatal slip on the ice of the cu~ibou antler and brought it to Steep Rock Lake. the attention of General Superintendent Mr. E. W. 'Bud' After a rather routine flight to Whitman . Mr. Whitman recognized the Thunder Bay, I boarded a Twin Otter value of this specimen and it was plane with about ten other travellers shipped to the Royal Ontario Museum (who did not remove their parkas). I in Toronto where it was examined and soon learned that cabin air subsequently 'conserved' for shipment temperature peaked only after back to Atikokan. In 1966 it was reaching Atikokan about an hour donated by Mr. Whitman to the into the flight. There was some Atikokan Centennial Museum. solace in the still extreme discrepancy with outside air This remarkable specimen has been on temperature. display in the Atikokan museum for the past tl,enty years, admired by On our banked descent to Atikokan many but seldom, if ever, considered airport I had my first look at the further. Perhaps the fact that it empty East Arm of Steep Rock lake, a was mounted on a trophy board and magnificent view of a man-altered coated with a plasticizing agent landscape of staggering proportion (giving it a dazzling surface sheen) (Figure 2). As the only passenger to obscured its importance. get off at Atikokan, I was quickly identified and whisked off to the In December of 1987, Mr. Jon Nelson, museum by Lorraine Stromberg for my a former park ranger in Quetico Park first look at the now legendary (in and a resident of Atikokan, mentioned my mind only) Steep Rock ~ to my associate Heather McKillop that antler. I should look into this find. In view of my work on southern Ontario I spent the rest of that day and the fossil cervids and Palaeo-Indian next going over the antler, taking settlement pattern, he felt the endless measurements (Figure 3) and Atikokan antler might be of interest. rolls of photographs, and being Subsequent conversations confirmed toured around the mind site and this. Jon's message also made its general area getting an initial way to Dr. Bryan Gordon at the feeling for the geographic Canadian Museum of Civilization. circumstances of the find. All of Bryan thoughtfully called to this h~ done with the generous encourage work on the specimen and assistance and hospitality of AetUal V-ieLl) 06 Steep Roc/< Lake., FebtLUaJttj 10, 1988 (SoutheMt atun 01 eowe~ tUg/It; empt-ied eMf atun -<-II uppe~ m-<-ddi'e 06 photo). Lorraine, Charlie, Shirley, Lisa, lie exclusively in the realm of Dawn, and Andrea who set a site tour palaeontology. It may provide speed record. valuable new information on the Pleistocene distribution of caribou Probably the most important herds in Canada and the northern mid- information obtained during my visit continental United States and give us was confirmation of the context of much-needed insight into the nature the antler from Charlie Brooks, one and composition of biological of the survey engineers who found it. environments at that time. With his meticulous memory, Charlie pinpointed the find as 600 feet west Such questions may only be answered of the old Seine River channel, 1,000 over the long term after more feet south of the old shoreline of groundwork has been done. However, the East Arm of Steep Rock Lake, and with the permission of the Atikokan roughly 100 feet deep in the silt. museum board, I made the initial step He noted that the varves overlying of sampling a section of the antler the antler were intact and that it to see if an AMS date could be run on was definitely embedded. A deep lens a less contaminated portion of the of coarse gravel also overlay the specimen. A single tine was removed silt. for coring by an AMS laboratory and will be reattached to the main antler The obvious implication of this on completion of this work. deposi tional data is that the antler could not be modern and most likely I have made only one previous dating dates to a period of glacial outwash, attempt on a specimen of this nature, perhaps as late as the latest a museum-shellacked elk skeleton Wisconsinan glaciation but likely (Jackson 1987) from a cave site in even earlier. If, as I surmise from Pennsylvania, which was successful. its context, the Falls Bay antler is Whether or not dating succeeds with really Pleistocene in age, what the Falls Bay antler, I will report possible implication could this have in the coming months. for archaeology? As a shed antler from an adult male The most obvious answer lies in the caribou, probably the barren ground relative consistency of animal form to judge by the antler cross- behaviour over time if herding section, this specimen could have caribou, especially the barren-ground significant implications for form, were present in the Atikokan archaeology. Shed antler is one of ar·ea in the Late Pleistocene, there the best indicators of ranging is a strong possibility of behaviour since caribou, male and association with early human hunting female, young and old, shed antler at groups. Certainly, the area has particular times of year - male and produced scattered evidence of Late female six months out of phase. Palaeo-Indian occupation which may Since adult male caribou tend to shed date as early as 8,000 to 10,000 yr their antlers between October and B.P. Exploitation of cervids by December in their rutting season, we Palaeo-Indian peoples in the can suggest that the Falls Bay Northeast is an established fact, example represents a male probably with caribou the most frequently returning from summering range encountered association. somewhere north of Atikokan and heading for winter range likely If the Falls Bay antler is much several hundred miles to the south. earlier in age, dating before human Modern range separation can be as occupation (at least as far as more much as 800 miles (Banfield 1974). conventional archaeologists are Bearing in mind that the antler was concerned), then its significance may likely transported by water, either core location for C14 analysis ~ longitudinal "..-. fracture

smoothed brow tines

(mediolateral diam. of base at burr 65.4 mm.; main beam thickness ranging from 40 to 60 mm.) via the Seine River, or perhaps even to by telephone I wish to ex~ress my in an earlier event of glacial appreciation. Heather ~Killop outhash, he can surmise at least the kindly checked with the Royal Ontario proximity of herding caribou to Steep Museum's Dept. ~f Marnrnalogyregarding Rod, Lake. further details on this specimen.

The actual age of the specimen is I wish especially to acknowledge the critical to understanding its insight of Jon Nelson, now a graduate rele\'ance,or perhaps irrelevance, to student at Trent University, ,.;ho human prehistory in the New World. sparked interest in the Steep Rock If A~ dating is unsuccessful on the story and kept if from prolonged first try, I think techniques are neglect. To Arthur also I am sufficiently advanced that I will indebted both for friendship and hazard a second attempt. If nothing helpful discussions on hOh to deal else, this undated antler draws with those who tinker. attention to the importance of animal fossils, particularly in the Great Lakes area, to our understanding of glacial and late-glacial environments. In addition to holding the promise of telling us something of the patterning of early human settlement, it also reveals a forgotten fragment of Canada's rich history the legendary mining of Steep Rock and the overlooked antler on the hall (Figure 4).

Banfield, A.W.F. 1974 The Mammals of Canada. Toronto. Jackson, L.J. 1987 "A Newly Dated Association Of Man And Extirpated Fauna From New Paris, Pennsylvania." Archaeology of Eastern North America 15:95-98.

The most suitable dedication for this first paper on the Falls Bay Rangifer is to the memory of the forgotten workman who still lies buried with his machinery at the bottom of Steep Rock Lake. I am indebted to Lorraine Stromberg for her generosity in assisting my initial investigations, to Cbarlie Brooks for taking me on a tour of both the mine area and the local Legion, and to Shirley Peruniak for preparing a wonderful lunch and remembering my name. To the many other people I either met or talked ASSOCIATION Fffi individuals and nine pounds sterling ENVIRONMENTAL for institutions. International ARCHAEOLOOY (U.K.) Money Orders, etc. should be made payable to the Association for The Association "'"asformed in 1979 to Environmental Archaeology and sent to provide a means of communication the address below. between those working in environmental archaeology and related Bruce Levitan, Membership Secretary, subjects. Members' interests range Association for Environmental from anthropology and palaeopathology Archaeology, University Museum, Parks to palaeo-botany and the study of Road, Oxford OXl 3PW, U.K. (tel. prehistoric econmnies. The 0865-272983) . membership numbers over 300 and includes university staff, research st.udents and people employed in rescue archaeology. CX>NFERENCE NCYfICE AEA CX>NFERENCE AND AGM The AEA holds t,,JOopen meetings annually. At Easter there is usually Experimentation and reconstruction in a one-day meeting at which short, environmental archaeology informal papers are presented on a 23rd-26th September 1988 wide rill1geof topics. In September a Roskilde, Denmark weekend conference is held. The papers given at this conference are The conference will follow the usual move substantial than those given at AEA pattern of papers followed by the Easter meeting and are usually on excursions. Contributions have a related theme. TIlese papers are already been offered on a number of later published as a collection in subjects including: - reconstructing the British Archaeological Reports mesolithic skinning and butchering (International) Series. The techniques; neolithic furest publications are available to members management and animal husbandry; at a reduced price. grinding, bread-making and cuoldng experiments with ancient barley and Circaea is the bulletin of the wheat species. Further contributions Association and it is published twice are invited. The conference language a year, and sent to all members. It will be, as usual, English. contains a wide range of material, from shol°l.notes on methodology to The provisional programme for the substantial reports and systematic conference includes a combined works. E,oeryone is encouraged to use excursion and mini-symposium at Lejre Circaea as a vehicle for short Archaeological and Historical articles, discussion, eotc. In Research Centre, and visits to addition, the Newsletter is published Roskilde Viking Ship Muse~n, the every thl'f,e months, giving mesolithic sites and e~libition at infonnation about forthcoming Vedbaek and the open air museum at meetings and activities and acting as Lyngby. If sufficient interest is a general newsheet facility for the e~~ressed a further 2-3 days of members of the Association (eg, it excursions will be organised in may be used to advertise jobs and Jutland for the week following the publications, etc.). conference.

Anyonp involved or actively The cost for period 23rd-26th interested in environmental September will be about 70 to 80 archaeolugy is invited to join the pounds sterling (800-900 DKr. ) Association. The annual subscription including board and lodging, pounds sterling for excursions and cunferencc fee. con~nued on page 22 Altch No:te6 Attendance is limited to a first- come, first-served basis for 60 A Symposium on Lithic Sourcing and people. Any excess registrations ~ld North American Palaeo-Indians all late maili~s will be returned.

There is no charge for exhibit space. Vendors must merchandise their OwT! At Best Western Lockport Inn, 515 publications; tables will be Transit Road, Lockport, New York provided. (716-434-6151) Coffee and pastry will be provided to symposium registrants free-of-charge. Lunch is extra. The motel informs us The key to understanding the peopling that their food is good and that they of eastern North America ultimately will be pleased to provide a nice hot lies with lithics. Unfortunately, and cold buffet plus beverage for none of us know enough about the $6.00/person if they are given .various t)~S of raw materials used sufficient notice~ by Palaeo-Indian knappers or how they may be identified with certainty. In Address all enquiries and send all this symposium we hope to address the registration fees to R. M. Gramly, problem of lithic sourcing and to Curator of Anthropology, Buffalo trade information about raw materials Museum of Science, Humboldt Parkway, used by Palaeo-Indians. Buffalo, New York 14211 (716-896- 5200x216) or 838-3633, home in Please bring flaked stone tools of evenings). exotic raw materials and also series of hand-specimens from ancient Please make payment in L'Sfunds onl~·, quarries you may have visited. Also as it will lessen the papen'ork. bring publications for sale to your colleagues. We will all be It will be a great sJ~posium, and all interested!! of us -- both listeners and lecturers stand to benefit greatly. Long Live Archaeological Science~

Dr. Peter Storck, Curator, Department of New World Archaeology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario. "The Implications of Lithic Sourcing Studies for Palaeo-Indian Research". R. M. Gramly, Curator of Anthropology, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York. "The eo~nued 6~om page 21 Puzzling Variability of Lithic If you would like to offer a paper or Assemblages Among Six Fluted Point just receive further information Palaeo-Indian Sites in the Magalloway about the conference, please contact: River Valley, Maine". Kenneth Tankersley, Glenn Black Dr. David Robinson, The Danish Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana National Museum, 8th Department, Ny University, Bloomington. "The Vestergade 11, DK-1471 Copenhagen K, Mechanics of Lithic Sourcing and DENMARK. Various Revelations about Palaeo- Indian Lifestyle in the Mid- Continent". YES VIRGINIA, THERE REALLY defini tion. The only thing which it IS A "SITE"! possibly does clear up for us is that we do not consider standing historical buildings in themselves as archaeological sites. Borden numbers (*Author's note: This is an excerpt are given, however, ·to built from a presentation given at the historical properties where November 1987 meeting of Consulting archaeology has been conducted. Archaeologists.) Turning to the textbook definition, I And now onto a hotly debateable can offer a more functional subject that we all hold dear to our interpretation. Charles McGimsey, in hearts: "What is a site?" and "What his Arlie House Report has this to 'sites' should be given Borden say: numbers?". ...Any area or location occupied as a Given the natural argumentative residence or utilized by humans for a disposition of an archaeologist, a sufficient length of time to leave black and loIhite ansloler to this physical remains or traces of question may never be put down on occupancy .•• paper. Despite the perils of the exercise, I would like to brave the This definition would include elements and offer a working everything from a large village site definition. to a deer killing spot recognized only from the remains of some flint To begin the discussion, let's review chips and a broken point. what the Ontario Heritage Act has to say about archaeological sites. Part Going from the general to the VI, Section 47(b) of the Act specific, we now come to the twilight interprets property to mean: zone of archaeology in which we must address the occurrence of the flake ...real property, but does not scatter over a ten acre field, the include buildings or structures other pair of flakes under a tree or the than ruins, burial mounds, single diagnostic point dropped by a petroglyphs and earthlolorks... hunter in travel. They may be insignificant to the heritage The regulation which provides for the resource manager but are none-the- site record form is interpreted from less a piece of the larger puzzle of Section 65 (2): interest to the research archaeologist. It is imperative that ...~~en so required by the Minister, all finds be recorded in the research a person, organization or corporation report, hOlolever, the question is, shall prepare and file with the where do we draw the fine fuzzy line ~linister particulars of all propert~· between a "Bordenizable" site and of archaeological or historical "other". significance in Ontario, kn~~ to such person, organization or Starting at the general again, the corporation ... Borden system was designed to record the spatial position of sites within End of discussion. "Real property" Canada. Because spatial affiliation of archaeological or historical is central to the concept, it is significance is not very helpful to inappropriate to give a Borden number us other than it presents us wi th the to a collection of artifacts for flexibili ty to create our ~~ which we have no provenience. This excludes Great Grandpa Jones' only a method of recording. The collection which Aunt Bessy has had artifact has to be catalogued and in the basement for years which she recorded anyhow so why not give ita swears came from the apple orchard or Borden number? was it the gully in the back Furthermore, Ontario is different forty...The artifacts are of interest from other provinces in that we have themselves and should be catalogued both amateur and professional for future reference but you will archaeologists involved in recording have to find a cataloguing scheme sites. Many of our amateurs have a other than a Borden number. surface collection only licence which does not allow them to dig test pits If spatial affiliation is a qualifier around the area of a findspot to then why not Bordenize a flake whose further determine its potential. A exact position can be recorded? This more experienced archaeologist may is a fair question until some one use the "findspot" information later says, "But how far away is that flake to illlcovera site. from the next flake in the field?" Northern Ontario archaeologists will The AOO guide prepared by Bill Fox a also argue in favour of Bordenizing few years ago presented this working sites of limited definition. The 10 definition: acre Iroquoian village is a non- entity in northern climates. Traces ...A non-designated (meaning non- of human activity are normally Bordenized) locality (isolated find- recorded on a smaller scale and are spot) consists of an identifiable more widely dispersed. tool or up to 5 chert flakes in a wide scatter, with no fire cracked Archaeology is a social science in rock and no soil discolouration. On which we must allow some room for the other hand, a designated site professional discretion. Rather than includes 2 or more tools, or 6 or imposing a rigid definition, I more flakes or tools or debris suggest that we adopt a minimum associated with fire cracked rock or guideline for requiring a Borden a soil discolouration. The above number. The minimum is based on the definitions are to be considered as a definition Bill Fox set out for the guide, rather than as rules, and the AOO's. That is if you have a "site" main point to remember is to use your that has 2 or more tools or 5 or more discretion. For instance, 6 flakes flakes with fire cracked rock or soil scattered over 10 acres would discolouration within a 200-400 constitute a locality, whereas, 6 square foot radius, you should be flakes scattered over 200-400 square asking for a Borden number. I am feet could well constitute a also prepared to add to that single designated site, especially if they diagnostic finds since it is a are associated with fire cracked rock guideline which many have already and soil discolouration. adopted. If you have material collected from a matrix of less than I am sure that there are many of you these dimensions, the decision to who are prepared to argue otherwise. obtain a Borden number is up to you. I'll present your arguments for you. The Borden System was designed to I know many of you will argue that record the spatial provenience of this approach does not achieve true archaeological remains. As long as standardization of data. In my an artifact can be recorded as to opinion and experience with site exact findspot, then it is eligible recording practices, we do not have for a Borden number. The Borden equal opportunity to make truly designation does not presuppose any consistent and standard decisions. significance to the 'site' but rather Borderline results from field Qontlnued on page 35 LAKE TI11AGAMI AND THE the proposed La Grande -2 reservoir NORTIIERN EXPERIENCE* excavating prehistoric sites along a wide, open parkland sand terrace on Lac Washadimi (Chism 1977, 1978). These sites contained mostly lithic My current research in Ontario debitage, the occasional tool, small archaeology is centred on the burned fragments of animal bone and a analysis and interpretation of the few undecorated ceramic rims. Eight Three Pines Site ( Druid's Cove) metre hearths were the major CgHa-6, a multi-component site on structural features on the sites. Lake Temagami in northeastern Digging was easy in very shallow soil Ontario. Lake Temagami is located 50 where sterile layers were encountered miles north of the city of North Bay. at a depth of 6 em. 111ispaper title: Lake Temagami and the ~orthern ~xperience, which I Of great interest to me were the suggested to the organizers off the remains of more than 60 conical tents top of my head, caused me to reflect (michuaps) sharing the terrace on how this current work has been alongside the prehistoric sites. influenced by my previous experiences These were marked by fallen poles, or in prehistoric archaeology and circular rings of banked-up earth ethnoarchaeology in Boreal Forest with raised hearths in the centre. regions of Subarctic Ontario and We recorded these rings as well as Quebec. In this paper, I would like winter camps, one dating to the to give you an impression of what it 1930s, spring goose hunting camps and is like to do archaeology in the small travel camps (Chism 1978). northern forest, show you how I have When we returned in 1978, a winter approached research on Lake Temagami, camp used the previous year by two and indicate how this current work families from Fort George was at the has developed out of my Ohn earlier western end of the lake (Gordon northern eA~riences. 1980). Clearly this part of the world was very much the don~in of Now, for some of you, Northern hunter-gatherers, albeit people using Ontario starts around Barrie, while some of the amenities of modern others consider Arctic Canada to be technology, but nonetheless gaining a the true North. My interest falls living from the land. somewhere in between in the Subarctic Boreal Forest and the northern limits In the final two weeks of our last of the Great Lakes St. Lawrence summer at .Lac Washadimi everything mixed forest. changed. Three elder Cree, Sam Pashagumskum, Job and Mary Bearskin, In 1977 and 1978, I worked with and the younger William Fireman of archaeologist James V. Chism of the Fort George joined the archaeologists Ministere des Affaires culturelles along with ethnographer Adrian Tanner and a erel';of 6 in the Baie James of Memorial University. Dr. Tanner area of northlvestern Quebec. We was conducting ethnographic studies conducted archaeological in conjunction with the investigations as part of a salvage archaeological work (Tanner 197813., program for the massive James Bay 1978b; see also Tanner 1979). 1bese Hydroelectric Project. We worked for Cree men and woman, who had hunted 2 summers at the northern limits of and trapped in the bush all their Iives taught us many things. For instance, thej' shmved us how to *A paper given at McMaster construct a michuap placing the fire Anthropology Society Symposium, just forward of the smoke hole to Fehruary 13, 1988 ensure a proper ventilation and how to collect spruce boughs for the flooring. We visited many of the old the use of cultural ecological campsites, where the old men pointed approaches in the Boreal Forest. out things my city e~'escould not Now, I wanted to apply what I had see: scratches on trees made b~'a learned about hunter-gatherers to porcupine, prints of small animals, prehistoric situations in a new, and and man-made items lying in the moss preferably more accessible area. In which I never noticed before. particular, I was hopir~ to find a Through their eyes, this was a large multi-component site but this completely different world which I is not always possible in an unknOlvn had not seen before their arrival. area. For me, even the prehistoric sites seemed to come alive, no longer just I chose to work in northeastern collections of stone and animal bone Ontario which was more accessible but the homes of hunters from long from Hamilton and thus less costly. ago. Also comparative material ",ouldbe available from research at Lake For my M.A. research in 1981, I Abitibi (Lee 1965; Kritsch-Armstrong wanted to continue working with local 1982), Larder Lake (Noble 1982), native people doing the archaeology Montreal Rivel' drainage (Pollock of a remote Boreal Forest lake 1976; Knight 1977) and Lake Nipissil~ (Gordon 1982, 1985a, 1985b). Dr. Ed (Ridley 1954; Brizinski 1980). Lake Rogers' extensive ethnographic and Temagami was chosen for a number of ethnohistorical research of the reasons. The lake is a relatively Weagamow Lake Band in remote large, deep water lake which could northwestern Ontario, provided a conceivably be examined as a unit. solid background for archaeological Both development and access are research (Rogers 1962, 1963; Rogers controlled. In terms of prehistoric and Black 1976; Rogers and Black occupations its deep water means good Rogers 1980). His interest in fur fish resources, it has a diverse trade history and archival work shoreline offering a variety of influenced me to consider how to landforms to examine, and excavation bridge the gap, both conceptual and of the Witch Point Site CgHa-7 methodological, between what we (Conway 1982) had demonstrated the define as prehistory and history. archaeological potential of the lake. Finally, more as a factor relevant For 2 months in 1981, we explored for future research than this project North Caribou Lake just east of in particular, the Land Claims by Lhe Weagamow Lake examining both Bear Island Band has resulted in a historic/modern and prehistoric wealth of ethnographic and historical occupations assisted b~-Job Halfday, information which I hope to examine his daughter Patty and other family in the future. members. Out of this work emerged a number of findings concerning the How does an archaeologist look for criteria for campsite selection in sites on an unknmvn lake? Initial the Boreal Forest (Gordon 1982, work was done by taking a Lour of the 1985a), the different attitudes and perimeter of the lake in a Cessna 180 behaviour towards material items held photographing and recording likely by hunter-gatherers (Gordon 1985b), locations. What types of locales and the need to consider the whole have a higher probability of yielding range of human occupation on a lake. prehistoric sites? From ethnographic studies, we know that hunter- TI1US from work in James Bay and other gatherers in the forest regions areas of Quebec, and at North Caribou maintain a seasonal economic round, Lake and other areas of northwestern periodically moving to new crunping Ontario, I had gained some experience locations in order to be close to in etlmoarchaeology, ethnohistory and seasonally available subsistence resources. Other factors, such as natural and that caused by human the need for fresh sources of usage. Also periodic forest fires firewood, construction material and can burn right down to bedrock as even the desire for a change of seen along the Northwest Arm. Thus scenery influence the cycle of cultural material tends to be movement. However, while subsistence deposited in a highly compressed strategies govern the range of format. movement,the actual choice of one location over another follows certain We excavated using alternate one criteria. Three factors of metre square units. Each unit was settlement selection appear to be trowelled in 3 em. levels, recording important on northern, forested lakes all artifacts and soil features on (Gordon 1982, 1985a): standard level plans, then screening the material. Once the unit was 1. Protection from cold winds and excavated to a completely sterile storm tr'acks level about 15 em. deep, the \oIalls 2. Sufficient flat and well-drained were profiled providing long C1'OSS- ground sections of the entire excavation. 3. Convenient access from shore to water and water to shore. Unlike the previous sites I have dug, the Three Pines site had actual soil Lake Temagami has much eA-posed features, many of them remnants of bedrock with both steep cliffs and hearths and possibly living floors. rounded hills along the lake margin. Flat ground is at a premium. In the Hearth Features: Fire reddened soil central section of the lake, 2 places and calcined bone are found in these stood out due to deposits of sand. features. Animal bone when heated is These were the esker forming Witch very fragile, hence its fragmentary Point (the Witch Point Site CgHa-7) nature that is not easy to identify and the long sand beach and to species. Analysis by Rosemary associated terraces at the entrance Prevec (1987) shows beaver, wolf or to the Northwest Arln (the Three Pines dog, deer and moose, with some loon Site CgHa-6). and ruffed grouse as the major species represented on the site. In With a grant from the Ontario my experience beaver bone easy to Heritage Foundation, I and a crew of identify in crunched up pieces, and 3 began an 8 week field season in this may skew the relative importance 1986 with the intention of examining of the animal in a sample. Fish the Three Pines Site and other bone, on the other hand is rarely sections of the central part of the found in faunal assemblages although lake. At first, the Three Pines Site it is a major subsistence staple for CglIa-6 looked like a major modern hunter-gatherers. disappointment. Its outward appearance was that of a badly Grey Ashy Features: These features disturbed, badly eroded terrace, with are comprised of the eluvial (Ae) camping and picnicking lea\'ing it horizon of a Podzolic soil, to which denuded. However, on the surface has been added ash and other matter. '''erE;chet't flaJ,es,quartz flakes, a Its texture is fine and hard-packed tiny projecti Ie point and a clay pipe compared to off-site control samples. stem. A site: The occurrences of these grey, ashy features is strongly correlated with Excavat.ing a nort.hern forest site the distributions of prehistoric requires a different approach lithics and pottery. These features compared to southern Ontario sites. are interpreted as living floors. The podzolic soil developnent is very shallo,",and subject. to erosion, both for example a built-up modern picnic sites in Northeastern Ontario is one fire mound, an intrusive pit and a major question on which I am working. possible tree fall. Another question is how did this site Artifacts: A total of 16,000 items form? Was it al,vays like this or did were recovered from the Three Pines the lake form an embayment which is Site. They include 7,084 lithics (of now the adjoining peat bog. Also, which 226 are· tools); 6,584 faunal the Three Pines Site contains older bone; 1,377 pottery; 20 historic material than that found at Sand iternsand 935 iternsof modern metal, Point Site (CgHa-1) investigated by plastic and glass. A wide variety of Conway (1986. p.c.). Sand Point juts lithic raw materials was used in the out into Northwest Arm at the eastern manufacture of tools. Some is local end of the sand beach and appears to such as white vein quartz, a poor have formed later than the Three quality chert and argillite which is Pines Site from a build up of abundant on Lake Temagami. Other successive sand deposits. materials including Hudson Bay Lowland chert and clear quartz were One clue to the geochronology of the brought into the area. Tracking down site is through palynological the sources of exotic raw materials studies. A pollen core from Three will add to our understanding of Pines bog was taken by Dr. Jock trade patterns in northeastern McAndrews of the Royal Ontario MuseLUn Ontario. in June of 1987. Coring a bog involves determining the depth of the In terms of the cultural chronology, peat deposits, pushing the piston a number of periods are represented sampler into the dense peat and at the Three Pines Site. Shield extracting 1 metre segments at a Archaic is represented by an time. Microscopic analysis and assemblage including a side-notched counting of the fossil pollen grains projectile point, a clear quartz at intervals along the core, coupled biface, a large chert scraper and with radiocarbon dating helps to large argillite flake knife. Middle chart the changes in vegetation over Woodland Laurel is represented b;y time. Also a C14 date of basal pseudo-scallop shell pottery and organic sediments will date the colourful, small chert scrapers and beginning of the fonnation of the points. Laurel material a=ounts for bog. The 4 metre core suggests that a large percentage of the total lake levels were once far below artifact recovery. I see this as an present level. indication of substantial time depth. unfortunately no organic material Another question being explored is: suitable for radiocarbon dating was Why was this location so popular? recovered. A few Blackduck pottery The highly productive nature of the sherds of the Late Woodland were site suggests that it was occupied found. One vessel is thin walled and over many seasons, years and very brittle. Historic material centuries. How does it compare to includes kaolin pipe fragments and other sites found during our 1986 and gunspalls. One stem was stamped 1987 surveys? Other sites identified "Henderson Montreal" and dates to were not on sandy well-drained soil, 19th century. Modern material but on thinly covered bedrock, where includes mostly picnic and camping only limited areas were flat. The refuse, although the need for a Ne,.; Argillite Site CfHa-31 is a very York City transit token at Lake small travel camp. TIleBlueberry Temagami still puzzles me. Site Cfl1a-32 is a lithic workshop located 200 m from a vein of fine- The cultural chronology of the 1bree grained white quartz. This site gets Pines Site and comparison with other blasted by southwest winds but it would have been suitable for a short term stay in order to process the quartz, as seen by the quantity of Brizinski, Morris J. quartz debi·tagerecovered. At Cross 1980 Where Eagles Fly. ~1.A. Bay, the location of another major Thesis. Department of site, \.Ihere no sand occurs for Anthropology, McMaster convenient access from shore to water University. and vice versa, the problem is solved Chism, James V. by smooth rocks along the shore. 1977 Archaeology at Washadimi: However, these sites are just not as the 1977 Field Swnmary. Ms. attractive as Three Pines \.Ihichas Departement d'Archeologie et one of the largest expanses of flat, Ethnographie. Ministere des \.Iell-drainedland, a long sand beach Affaires culturelles, Quebec. and protection from both cold north 1978 Archaeology at Washadimi: the \.Iindins winter and from rainstorms 1978 Chism Field Swnmary. '1s. brought by southwest winds in summer. D.A.E. M.A.C. Quebec. Conway, Thor The Three Pines Site was used likely 1982 A Preliminary Report on the in both warm and cold seasons with Witch Point Site, Lake repeated use over many years, in fact Temagami. Heritage Branch. over centuries to contribute to the Northeastern Region. high artifact counts. Sand Point, Ontario Ministry of once it was established probably Citizenship and Culture. acted as an overflow camp. The Three Gordon, Diana Lynn Pines Site also enjoys a strategic 1980 Reflections on Refuse: A location. It would be a stopping Contemporary Example from point in any journey up or down the James Bay, Quebec. Canadian \.lesatr1l1Sof the lake. Lake Temagami Journal of Archaeology 4 is within the Lake Nipissing drainage (83-97). arId the Ottawa River drainage is 1982 North Caribou Lake Archaeology accessible to the north via Diamond Northwestern Ontario. Paper Lake. It is strategic also in its presented at the 15th annual tremendous view of the lake, possibly meeting of the Canadian allowing for control over groups who Archaeological Association, would pass up and down the Northwest Hamilton, Ontario. Arm. 1985aNorth Caribou Lake Archaeology. Conservation I hope that this paper has given you Archaeology Report, a brief idea of what it is like to do Northwestern Region Report No. archaeology in the northern forested 9. Ontario Ministry of regions of this province, an area not Citizenship and Culture. particularly overflowing with 1985bDiscovering Patterns of Change archaeologists for reasons which in the Post Contact Period at escape me. The study of hunter- North Caribou Lake: gatherers, either through Implications for Finding and contemporary studies such as those Interpreting the done by Adrian Tanner and Ed Rogers, Archaeological Record. Paper or through prehistoric and historic presented at the 18th annual archaeology is a subject of endless meeting of the Canadian fascination to me. I hope that with Archaeological Association, this presentation I have shown you Winnipeg, Manitoba. (In why. press) . Knigh t, Dean Rogers, Edward S. and Mary Black 1977 The Montreal River and the 1976 Subsistence Strategy in the Shield Archaic. Ph.D. Fish and Hare Period, dissertation. Department of Northern Ontario: The Anthropology, University of Weagamow Ojibwa 1880-1920. Toronto. Journal of M1thropological Kritsch-Armstrong, Ingrid Research 32(1):1-43. 1982 Queries On Quarries. M.A. Rogers, Edward S . and Mary Black thesis. Department of Rogers Anthropology, McMaster 1980 The Puzzle of the Crane University. Indians: A Name-Game Lee, Thomas through Two Centuries in 1965 Archaeological Investigations Northern Ontario. at Lake Abitibi 1964. Rotunda 12:11-19. Travaux Divers 10. Centre Tanner, Adrian d'Etudes Nordiques, 1978aEthnoarchaeology in the Universite Laval, Quebec. region of the James Bay Noble, William C. Project. ~~. D.A.E., 1982 Algonquian Archaeology in M.A.C., Quebec. Northeastern Ontario. In 1978bField Notes: Washadimi,Baie Approaches to Algonquian James, Summer 1978. Ms. Archaeology. pp. 35-55. M. D.A.E., M.A.C., Quebec. Hanna and B. Kooyman, eels. 1979 Bringing Home Animals: Chacmool: University of Religious Ideology and Mode Calgary. of Production of the Pollock, John W. Mistassini Cree Hunters. 1976 The Culture History of St. John's: Memorial Kirkland Lake District, University of Newfoundland. Northeastern Ontario. Mercury Series 54, Archaeological Survey of Canada. The fieldwork and analysis of the Prevec, Rosemary Three Pines Site (CgHa-6) is funded 1987 The Three Pines Site CgHa-6: by the Ontario Heritage Foundation, Faunal Report. Ms . which also funded research at North Department of Anthropology, Caribou Lake in 1981. Additional McMaster University. funding for both projects was Ridley, Frank supplied by the Presidential 1954 The Frank Bay Site, Lake Committee on Northern Training and Nipissing, Ontario. American Research, McMaster University. I Antiquity 20:40-50. would also like to thank the Social Rogers, Edward S. Sciences and Humanities Research 1962 The Round Lake Ojibwa. Art Council for supporting my work and Archaeology Occasional through the Doctoral Fellowship Papers 5. Toronto: Royal Program. The 1986 field crew, J. Ontario Museum. Switzer, D. Johnson and D. Mackenzie- 1963 Changing Settlement Patterns Ward also deserve my thanks for a job of the Cree-0jibwa of well done. P. Woodley, P. Young, D. Northern Ontario. Johnson, D. Sussex, J. McAndrews, G. Southwestern Journal of Burbidge and R. Prevec have all Anthropology 19(1):64-88. contributed to the ongoing analysis. THE SNAKE HILL SITE: A WAR OF Canadian Conservation Institute 1812 CJlMETERY Toronto Historical Board Niagara Parks Commission (Old Fort Erie) McMaster University On behalf of the Town of Fort Erie, University of Guelph Archaeological Services Inc. of Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Toronto initiated and is co- Recreation ordinating a joint Canadian-American Smithsonian Institution effort to fully document and analyse Armed Forces Institute of Pathology the first War of 1812 military (Washington) cemetery to be scientifically History Section United States investigated. This cemetery, Secretary of the Army discovered during a routine pre- Sackets Harbour Battlefield State development archaeological assessment Historic Site (New York). of property in the Town of Fort Erie, has proved to be of considerable The principal aim of the project is historic and scientific significance. to integrate historical information Twenty-eight primary interments were with data generated by archaeological discovered, some of which have been analysis of the site and physical tentatively identified as American anthropological analysis of the soldiers. This identification has skeletal remains, in order to resulted in the involvement of a identify the nationality of the recovery unit from the United States soldiers buried at Snake Hill. This Total Army Personnel Agency which is apparently simple objective holds arranging to repatriate the remains major implications for the of these soldiers with full military advancement of knowledge in all of honours. The Canadian Department of the disciplines involved. With Veterans Affairs is similarly respect to military history, this conunittedto honouring the remains of project will correlate both Canadian any British or Canadian soldiers and American historical data which found at the site. will enhance our understanding of events before, during and after the Prior to releasing the remains to 1814 siege of Fort Erie. It will either Canadian or U.S. governmental also provide information concerning agencies, however, several months of military clothing, personal gear and analysis and investigation are other details of the day-to-day life required in order to identify the of a soldier during the War of 1812. historical context of the site and Medical history will also be the nationality of any of the remains investigated, especially data with to the satisfaction of both the respect to battle trauma, medical governmental and scientific treatment including amputations, and conununities. In this regard, we have mortuary practices under conditions assembled an international team of of war. Archaeology will serve to specialists in the fields of link historic records with the archaeology, history (military and physical remains found on the site. medical) and physical anthropology in Physical anthropology will contribute order to ensure that this site is information concerning the age, adequately investigated from all stature and details of pathological perspectives. The project personnel conditions and trauma observed on the includes scientists from: interred individuals.

Archaeological Services Inc. In summary, the Snake Hill Site Parks Canada Project has focussed the attention'of Canadian Museum of Civilization an international group of scholars on Royal Ontario Museum one small aspect of the War of 1812. ~o~nued on page 32 -31- Aft~h Not~ ENVIIDNMENTALISTS AND <::cfoMJNITY Conmittee for being "anti- WIN HIS'ImIC FIRST ROOND IN BA1TLE developnent" . Alderman John Mackie TO SAVE 'IHE HaJGB and Doug Mahood were accused of scaring away developers and In a historic decision, Scarborough manipulating community associations, council voted 16-1 in favour of and were removed from all standing preserving the Rouge Valley System in committees of Scarborough Council. northeast Scarborough for recreational uses! The province, however, owns 88.9 percent of the land, and is now This is a major victory for indicating that it wants to sell the environmentalists and community land to private developers. Thus groups who have fought since 1975 for environmentalists must continue to the preservation of this incredibly encourage the province to preserve rich environmental area. this unique area. You are encouraged Environmentalists across Ontario can to write and telephone David rejoice that this publicly owned, Peterson, Premier of Ontario, Rm. nationally important environmental 281, Legislative Building, Queen's area is one major step closer to Park, Toronto, Ontario, M7A 1A1, being protected for future (416)965-1941; and Vince Kerrio, generations to enjoy. Minister of Natural Resources, Rm. 6323, Whitney Block, 99 Wellesley St. The determining factor that swayed W., Toronto, Ontario, M7A 1W3, Council's decision was the fact that (416)965-1301. over 1,200 people attended the November 2nd Council meeting to From Network News, Jan/Feb. support the preservation of the An Ontario Environment Network valley system. The meeting was a Publication continuation of a September 21st meeting where over 700 people urged Councillors to preserve the valley system.

Council was considering seven options for the valley system, including eo~nue.d 61Wm page. 31 proposals to rezone 5000 acres of In so doing, however, it has river valley forest and prime stimulated a broader research agricultural land into residential initiative which will have far- housing that would hold between reaching results. These benefits 10,000 and 35,000 people. will be shared by all who take an interest in the history of our two SRVS favoured developing the area for nations. recreational, environmental, educational and cultural purposes that would benefit all residents in the Metro Toronto area.

Scarborough's endorsement of this recreational option means that the city has, once and for all, decided that the valley system should be protected. The battle, however, is not over! Just twenty-eight days 88-1 Jan 13 F~b 1 after the Council vote, two of the 88-2 M¥ 16 Apr 4 three pro-environment councillors 88-3 May 11 May 30 were ousted from the Planning 88-4 Ju113 Aug 1 88-5 S~p 14 Oct 3 88-6 Nay 9 Nay 28 fuMASTER AN'I'HROR)LOGYSOCIF1'Y'S this, diets of animals and of man can 14TH ANNUAL ~IUM be determined by isotope analysis of bone collagen. "CURRENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE PIlOVINCE OF

-William R. Fitzgerald, ~bGill There were fifteen adults and fifteen University, and Shelley R. Saunders, subadults recovered from the site. McMaster University The adult provides the first confirmed case in this region for "Life and Death in Sixteenth Century acquired syphilis based on cranial Ontario: Archaeology and Osteology and postcranial evidence. There are of the McPherson Indian Village". two other possible cases of syphilis in the adults. The adult age estinates range widely though 50% were 18-20 years of age at death. Cortical bone quality is eXLl'emely poor in several of the adults even reception for both presenters and though they are not of advanced age. attendees. Two weanling age children display circular caries, tooth decay which forms in the deciduous teeth because of poorly developed enamel structure. Observations such as these as well as planned chemical, microscopic and metric analyses will provide insights into Neutral region population biology. c.ontinue.d 6Jr.om page. 24 -James F. Pendergast, Merrickville, research should be approached in the Ontario same way as negative research results. Printed material should be "The McKeown Site: A St. Lawrence consulted to determine field Iroquoian Village site in Eastern conditions, methodology and Ontario circa AD 1500 Some experience of the archaeologist Preliminary Estimates". involved, etc., before completing a literature assessment of an area's The McKeown site at Maynard, potential. The sites database is the best beginning point for research but Grenville County, Ontario, is a St. to consider it to be the be-all and Lawrence Iroquoian Village site end-all of research is to deny dating circa AD 1500. Some knowledge of other information preliminary estimates regarding Village Expansion, House Pits and sources. Ritualism were presented. This article was concerned primarily with the definition of prehistoric Gross settlement pattern data sites. A discussion of historical indicate that the core village at and contemporary period sites is Maynard, which initially occupied reserved for a future issue of Arch approximately .8 hectares, was Notes. expanded spatially once to accOlllJlOdateat least two incoming groups of people. House Pit clusterings, some of which have been assessed as seed-corn storage pits, not only yield information as to when the site ceased to 'be inhabited, but also suggest a social organization within longhouses with possibly the longhouse matron frequently occupying one end of the longhouse and being responsible for the seed cache. Ritualism, in the form of features * * * * * with deliberate burial of intact ARCH NOTES ceramic vessels, provide a glimpse The views expressed in this into an otherwise unreported St. publication do not necessarily Lawrence Iroquoian practice. The represent the views of the symbolism expressed may be indicative Editor or of the of the archaeological evidence ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY regarding warfare between the Huron * * * * * and the St. Lawrence Iroquois circa AD 1500. THE STRAW THAT BROKE THE JX)WEL'S (which can occur by means of anything BACK: A RECENT ADVANCE IN from a trowel to a bulldozer). 1his ARCHAIDLOGICAL FIELD 'I'l'X:HNOLOGY is done so that when the time comes to record post moulds, they can be re-located on an otherwise usually obliterated site. It is simply amazing the variety, shape and sizes of implements archaeologists have In the spring of 1985 the authors used to stick in the ground to mark discovered a method for marking post such features. 1hese include wooden moulds in the field which was vastly dowels, meat skewers, popsicle or superior to previous techniques. stir sticks, nails, chaining pins, Over the course of that field season sticks, twigs and even, on at least the principal author had the one occasion I can recall, rusted opportunity to "spread the word" of pieces of barbed wire "pilfered" from this revelation on sites and to an old, nearb~1 property fence. I archaeologists throughout myself, before The Great Discovery, south",estern, southcentral and preferred the popular wooden northeastern Ontario. Everywhere dowel/meat skewer combination, and my this technique was introduced, comments will focus primarily on skeptical observers were overwhelmed these prevalent devices. and soon became ardent believers. The task of continuing to infonn the We are all aware of the problems archaeological public about this wooden dowels cause. To begin, one discovery has continued throughout must first buy the three foot pieces the 1986 and 1987 field seasons. So of dowelling at a lumber store, then impressive were initial results, so get it cut into the appropriate size supportive were those who had seen (approximately six inches) and then, the light, that it is now with if one can afford it, the preference complete conviction that we say this is to get each individual dowel technique has been perfected, and is sharpened and pointed (this always truly a breakthrough in thrills the lumber store employee no- archaeological technology. end). Once purchased, further time Consequently, the principal author, and expense is wasted by having to with the moral support of the co- paint these incredibly expensi\e discoverer, felt it necessary to pointed sticks, because wooden document this process, first in the dowe15, when they are "in the buff", fonn of an OAS London Chapter are never clearly visible against a presentation, and now in published subsoil background. So, not only do format. Thus news of this sensation you spend good money getting dowels, can reach a much larger audience (and but you've also had to waste one or the authors can claim the credit t",o cans of spray paint colouring while it is still there to claim!). them. On top of all this the crew The following, then, is our story. slave ",ho is forced to paint the dowels (assuming you CW1 afford such slaves) spends the rest of the day walking around with' a florescent During the course of an excavation orW1ge or red hand. After the paint one must usually at some point has dried (and it never dries until demarcate and record settlement data. after you've forgotten and tried to In this part of the world, dominated pick the dowels up), you gather these by historic and prehistoric Iroquoiw1 markers together and go to Hork. and Algonkian camps and villages, that t.ends to mean spotting post The function of dowels is to skeHer moulds and lnarking them after they post moulds through their center, have been e;.,:posedby excavation making that spot visible even if the ground dries or gets messed up, and up as a dowel is in the process of to offer a convenient centerpoint at being destroyed. which to aim at when recording the post mould's location. That, at Given the above, one tends to see a least, is the ideal. Most sites, high death rate for dowels on sites, however, don't come close to the as well as a great deal of post mould ideal. They are generally damage, causing such features to be characterized by a lack of reduced in diameter and even shifted ever~~hing, such as artifacts, in location after a normal day of settlement patterns, intelligent co- excavations and crew stomping. Can workers or directors, proper camp any of you recall a time when you had conditions, proximity to an just finished cleaning up a square outhouse...or even a bush, access to and dowelling all the post moulds, neighbourhood watering holes...or only to watch in horror as someone even a neighbourhood. These same (eg. a tourist, fellow crew-member, sites do, it seems, have an abundance supervisor's mother, your thesis of clay soils or some other cruel advisor, etc. ) walks through the physical characteristic. The point unit, leaving a path of mutilated here is this; have you ever tried to post moulds and snapped dowels in his push a wooden dowel into a post mould or her wake? Or even worse, who can on a clay site after it has been recall giving another someone a tour baking in the sun for a couple of through a site (just create your own weeks? Ever tried to take a dowel list of potentially embarrassing out of the same post mould (assuming candidates), only to find yourself it is still there) after it has doing the dreaded "Dance of the Dying rained for a few days? I thought so. Post Mould" as your feet - which have suddenly grown another 18 inches- So far, I'm sure you'll agree, this swing every which way, smashing discussion has been rather trivial dowels and pulling up large chunks of (which is probably the way it will post moulds? My favourite story is stay). Big deal if dowels are of a crew supervisor who worked on a sometimes hard to put in the ground. site where wooden meat skewers were Right? Wrong. Because the worst left upside down in post moulds to part of using dowels, wooden or indicate those that had already been otherwise, arises not from cost or recorded. The site was very sandy, lack of convenience, but from what and the supervisor insisted on these dowels do to post moulds, feet working barefoot, all the while and fragile egos after they have been lecturing his crew about the placed in the ground. The formula potential dangers of these pointed works like this: Rule 1 - dowels dowels ...to continue would be must be put into the ground, in order redundant. to mark a post mould. Rule 2 - to complicate matters, people also tend In sum, the disadvantages of to step on the ground (something to traditional methods employed in do with gravity). Add Rule 1 and 2 marking post moulds are well known to and you get Rule 3 - it is inevitable all. Briefly, these problems include that people will also walk on dowels. the following; Add to this the fact that dowels, being made of wood, are rather 1. The lack inflexible, and you come up with the implement. result of Rule 3: stepping on dowels 2. The relatively expensive outlay leads to breakage (see Figure 1a). for a supply of the most popular Moreover, the post moulds themselves implement, the wooded dowel. have a tendency to yield to sideways 3. Wooden dowels tend to be pressure (such as a dowel snapping), invisible against a subsoil which causes the moulds to be ripped background, necessitating the expense and time of spraying them ,,,ith paint. There I~ no alternat.ive but to seek 4. Hooden dowels break easily, out a supply of anything that could either from hard ground or big feet, function as a dowel. Being a Sunday creating further expense and a need in rural Kent County, there were fe", to "stock up" regularly. establishments one could visit to get 5. Since people walk on sites, such devices. As it.turned out, the dowels get broken, and in so doing only place open nearby \Jas the Wal~sh tend to pull up post moulds, creating Can n' Bulk general store. I asked a real problem in terms of volunteer Malcolm Horne to go there maintaining a "neat looking" site, and buy anything long and thin to use not to mention preserving moulds as a dowel, be it a bag of stir until one can record them (Figure sticks or a box of straM;. Malcolm 180) • returned shortly wit.h a box of two 6. They can be dangerous to feet and hundred plastic straws, at a cost of egos. b"o dollars. We agreed that these straws were the best we could have come up with under such conditions, and I went about recording, leaving We have been guilty of accepting this Malcolm to figure out a \Jay to use inadequacy in field archaeology for the straws. An accident of science too long. However, there is a means was about to happen and I didn't even of salvation from this chaos, and it notice! comes in the form of a common straw. You know, the one you suck pop or a By using a wooden dowel to create a milkshake through. Don't scoff, read hole in a post mould about to be on. marked, and then placing a straw in that hole, Malcolm revolutionized In the spring of 1985 I found myself field archaeology in southern in Kent County, excavating a late Ontario. You see, once·place in its historic Ojibwa habitation site. In hole, Malcolm discovered that astra" typical fashion, my entire crew would stand up straight. And, after (including rr~self) consisted of repeatedly marching back and forth voltmteers (bless their souls!), over several such straws, he found working with a mish-mash of equipment that they would immediately spring supplied by a local Ministry of back into place. Even when I halked Citizenship and Culture office. This through a "forest" of these plastic site, knowTlas Bellamy, comprised a straw dowels in a "Charlie Chaplin" 1790's Ojibwa encampment, an 1830's manner, they still managed t.oremain outhouse, a Springwell's Phase upright. (see Figure 1b). The trick occupation, and a possible Meadowwood was to make a hole in the post mould component. ~eed1ess to say, there deep enough to support the strm,- were plenty of post moulds for us to this appears to be approximately half deal with, and for the first few days the length of the straw. Vil,a t a of the project I relied on a wondrous discovery! In no time at t.raditional favourite the wooden all my entire collection of wooden dow,-l of course - to mark all post. dowels (except for one used to make moulds. This supply was augmented by straw-holes) had been put aside in a fe\,metal pins, an occasional nail, favour of plastic straws. For two and even coffee stir-sticks (the dollars I had gained two hundred of supply of which increased these dowels and they proved so subs tantially each morning) . versatile that even a child, or However, t.hiswas not enough to keep unbalanced archaeologist, could wall, up \Jith the furious pace of my through the site "ithout hadng to volunteer ere". The inevitable slow- worry about potential destruction to up of work due to a lack of dowels dowel or post mould. crunc on bright Sunday afternoon. In addition, we discovered that when the next day. In no time I had a straw was pulled out of a post changed smirks to slack jaws of mould it contained a small "tube" of astonishment, particularly after I soil in the section that had been demonstrated the resilience of straws inserted in the ground. This by "stomping" through a house wall provided a weighted end which allowed marked by them. My three week us to toss the straw with sufficient duration on the site ended not long distance and accuracy, thus aften,~rds, and I left the facilitating an easy removal of the excavations just as straws were straws during the process of quickly replacing the ~useum's supply recording, and enabling us to leave of wooden dowels. them in a neat pile for easy collection at a later time. Finally, After I left, the archaeologists and since the plastic straws Malcolm crew of Keffer made further advances bought were white, they stood out in the science of straw dowelling; clearly against a subsoil background, advances which essentially perfected making settlement patterns easily the initial discovery. Special visible, both to the naltedeye and in thanks for those pioneering site photographs. endeavours go to Wayne Hagerty, Dave Smith, Pete Timmins, Arnie Feast and The Bellamy excavations were everyone else who had a hand on the concluded by the 10th of May, and the straws. volunteers and I left to pursue our various interests the earning of The first and foremost of their money. Malcolm spent the remainder advances was with the hole-making of the field season doing survey and aspect of the process. On Keffer test-excavating on an undisturbed large areas of the site were opened site, so had little chance to further up and left for some time before promote the use of straws. I, there was an opportunity to record or however, left Bell~- to be employed even mark post moulds. As well, clay for a three week period at the mega- patches were encountered on the site. mitigation of the Keffer site, just This meant having to work with hard, north of Toronto. Special thanks to sun-baked soils, and the age old the Museum of Indian Archaeology for problem of trying to push a wooden employing me during those three dowel (this time to make a hole for desperate weeks. the straw) into a clay post mould. This hindered the effective use of The site was a late prehistoric Huron plastic straws until it occurred to village, characterized by a glut of- someone that, instead of using a you guessed it - post moulds. During wooden dowel to make the straw-hole, my three weeks there I constantly why not use a modern awl? Not only emphasized to the other h~ such a device made from metal as archaeologists the great use straw opposed to wood, but it also came dowels could be at Keffer. I was with a handle, which allowed the initially greeted, as I had excavator greater strength to push anticipated, with some degree of the tool into a post mould creating laughter and chuckles, and perhaps the all-important hole for the stra". some mild interest. However, thanks However, while the Keffer crew were mostly to Wayne Hagerty who had seen still buzzing with the news of this the usefulness of plastic straws improvement, further refinements made while on the Bellamy site as a the awl obsolete ...such is the speed volunteer, I remained true to my of scientific advancement' The awl convictions and went out one evening was quickly replaced by, first, a after ',ork and invested another Phillip's and then a Robertson's couple of dollars on straws and then screwdriver. This tool proved to be proceeded to use them in my work area sturdier, and the diameter and length of the metal rod section seemed number of sites by an ever i.nc-reasnig ideally suited for straws. number of archaeologists. For example, in 1986 ~layer,Pihl, Poulton One further "I\effer" development in and Associates Inc. conducted a straw tedmology, which can be salvage mit.igation of a pipeline attributed to Dave Smith, was the use right-of-Hay on the Pengelley si.te in of plastic bread bag tags. These south Brampton. Dana Poulton, ",ho small, "h it..e plastic objects ",ere supervised the exc8\'utions of used to number post moulds in the portions of three houses, use.J«hite, field. The method worked like this: plastic strrovs to designate post a designation number was writ.ten in moulds, and separate, red culoured indelible ink on a bread tag, and straws to designate features (Figure then thi.stag was slipped around the 2) . It so happened that during the stral, sitting in the designated post course of this excavation Dana had to mould. These tags remained intact call in a GradeAll to strip a portion through all kinds of weather, and of the site. In order to access the provi.ded a method of labelling post. area to be stripped, the GradeAll had moulds that lasted over a long period to drive over an area already of time. excavated and recorded, with straHS still sitting in post moulds. I am After these refinements, plastic happy to report that even after straw technology was promoted and churning the ground with its tread, advanced on several other sites and running over the same straws during the 1985 field season. These several times, the GradeAll managed included the Providence Bay site on to pull up or mangle only 10 to 15% ~bnitoulin Island, and the Molson of the straws. On that hot summer's site just south of Barrie. At the day, plastic straw marking devices Molson site one of the directors passed their ultimate test in scoffed at the idea of usir~ straws, excavation-generated abuse~ saying that he tried it, and it "plain didn't work". However, once It is probably safe to say that, as it was explained to him that the idea "'emove into the 1988 field season, wasn't to push the straH itself into the use of plastic straHS as post a post mould, but. rather to make a mould marking de\'ices has been taken hole for the straw first, he became through an iniLial testing stage, an ardent, if slightly red-faced, passing with flying colours. It is supporter. The Molson site use of inevitable that, as time marches on, straws is noteworthy for another the acceptance and use of straws will reason the use of different become universal. Oh sure, coloured straws. When purchasing somewhere, somehow, there will be a them, staff from the Molson site few ultra-conservative archaeologists decided to get quantities of white, who remain closed to progress, but red, and striped varieties. Each even now their days are numbered. straw colour variety was then used on Presently, straws are being used by a site to denote a particular feature host of archaeologists, context (eg. house wall, house archaeological institutions, and feature, palisade, etc.). This archaeological consulting firm", providej an instant visual across Ontario. Both Malcolm and interpretation of the site which was myself have had the pleusul'e on useful both to the project several occasions of seeing slide archaeologists and to the visiting presentations on site excavations, or public. of reading newspaper accounts of projects, ",here reference to plastic During the LI'O subsequent field stra,;s markir~ settlement patterns seasons, plastic stra« technology has have been made. Plastic stra«s have been further' tested and used on a been used across southern Ontario, and han" been making some small should sufficiently widen the hule. inroads nort.h and ,,,est into the Once the stral> is in the hole, you United States. can relax and stomp un the straw, without worry. You can continue shovel-shining or wall,illg over the area you just marked without fear, or It is perhaps of some value to review even the need to look where you're the proper method to be employed when stepping. using str·aws. First, it is crucial to ensure that you have suitable One final note concerning straw supplies. Paper straws, for limitations: some archaeologists instance, should not be used under have used straws to mark features, to any circumstances. Also, straw n~rk edges of excavations, or to mark lengths and diameters are quite surface-finds during survey. It is variable,so the di~l~ter of the straw our feeling that straws are not best- used should be comparable to the suited for this, and indeed, there diameter of the tool used. Our are other devices that are man, personal preference is for the larger effective for these activities (eg. sized lIIilkshaJre straw (sometimes flagging tape and nails, etc. ). So referred to as "Jumbo" straws), Hhieh if you have problems ,,,ithstraws from measure 25 em in length and .65 em in non post mould marking uses, it's diameter. We have found that the your problem, not ours! We have thinner, pop bottle stral>, which heard that straws freeze up in measures 30 em in length and .40 em temperatures below about 5 degrees in diameter, can sit loose in a hole celsius, and can crack or snap and be kicked out occasionally. easily. That is unfortunate, but Relying on Jumbo straws, however, then anyone excavating a site in means relying on a fairly fat- Heather conditions like that can di~neter screwdriver. Whatever your ell.-pecotnly a modicum of sympathy in preference in stral>.and tool shaft the first place! diameter, be sur'e that your screHdriver is fairly long. Shaft To summarize, while we are willing to length should be at least that of a admit that these discussions ha,"e standard, good quality screwdriver been written ever so slightly (10.5 em). A good quality and size irreverently, it should be stressed of Robertson's screwdriver, with a that through all this there is still diameter close to the diameter of a basic point to be made. ~;amely, Jumbo straws, seems the mos"t plastic stra'''sworl, well as post effective at this task. mould marking devices, and the difference in costs betHeen plastic Once ready for post mould marking, straws and wooden dowels cannoL be the process is as follo'"s: first, over-emphasized. identify the approximate center of the post by eye, then insert the screwdriver lJith conviction. Ensure the screl>driV,2r is inserted The authors ,"ish to thank everyone. ,"crtieally, because the straw will This includes all of you who helped stand at an angle if the hole is pron~te the use of plastic straws angled. When removing the across this province, as ,,,ellas all screwdriver, do not pull it out too of you who «ill be using strm; fast, as SOllieof the soil matrix may technolog~ in the future. Special stid, to the shaft. Once the hole is thanks to both the aechaeoluglcal made, insert the straw, gently consulting firm of Hayer, Pihl, pushillgdOwn to the bottom. If the Poulton and Assuciates Inc., and the hole is too tight a fit, then re- ~l\lseumof Indian Archaeology, both of insert the screwdriver once: this whom quickly adopted this technology The Disasterous effects which normally occur when stepping on a wooden dowel. Fortunately. the same process only leaves a straw quivering in delight!

as their Olm and have been instrumental in spreading the good ~ord about The Great Discovery. Thanks to Mike Gibbs for the photograph from the Pengelley site. Finally, a sincere thanks to Little "G", whose careful study of the running shoe and patterns of walking were so perfectly recreated in the illustration provided for this article. ONTARIO HERITAGE POLICY RBVIEW questions. Owing to the complexity UPDATE and range of issues raised through public input additional staff from the Heritage Branch have been seconded to the process to aid in the On February 16, 1987, the Hon. Lily analysis. Oddie Munro then Minister of Citizenship and Culture launched the A comprehensive report summarizing Ontario Heritage Policy Review from public input has been prepared and the Ontario Heritage Centre in will be distributed in March. Anyone Toronto. In making the announcement, who attended a public meeting or the Minister indicated the review sutmitted a brief will automatically would take a broad view, seeking to receive a copy. Additional copies of establish an overall policy the report will be available through framework within which the Government the regional offices of the Ministry as a whole could plan, implement and of Culture and Communications. It evaluate future programs and should be emphasized that this report initiatives in the field of heritage does not reflect future policy or conservation. The Minister also program proposals or directions but spoke about the need to shape a rather is a summary of the major common V1Sl0n to guide heritage themes and recommendations heard conservation into the next century. during the public consultation.

Copies of all sutmissions to the Ontario Heritage Policy Review will In April the review process began also be on file at the regional with the release of the discussion offices of the Ministry beginning in paper Heritage: Givi~ Our Past a early March. Should you wish to Future. From early May until late review these materials we would ask June a series of 26 public meetings as a courtesy that you phone ahead to were held in representative locations your nearest regional office to across the province. Total arrange an appointment. attendance at the meetings was slightly over 1000 - from a high of Phase III Consultation with 200 in Toronto to 5 in Hearst- Provincial Associations and Other representing a broad range of Ministries heritage interests and organizations. After the meetings individuals and Beginning in March meetings with organizations were encouraged to representative provincial heritage sutmit written letters or briefs. To associations and other Ministries date some 250 sutmissions have been will be held to continue the received. We wish to thank all those examination of a range of options for individuals and organizations who new or revised legislation and attended public meetings and/or programs in the heritage conservation sutmitted briefs and to assure you field. In an effort to ensure that that your comments and suggestions all parts of the province and views are receiving careful study. are represented, consideration is also being given to broadening this second round of consultation through the use of a number of focus groups. Since September staff at the Ministry Based on the response to these of Culture and Conmunications have discussions a plan for the been analyzing this input and introduction of new or revised undertaking additional research legislation and support programs for regarding other jurisdictions and the Ministry of Culture and their approaches to various heritage Communications and other Ministries whose mandates touch on The Heritage Act, which governs field will be developed. archaeology in Ontario, specifically section 48 (1), states:

...no person shall carry out In Arch Notes 87-6 we published the archaeological exploration, an a briefs presented to the above review archaeological surveyor fieldwork by the O.A.S. J the London Chapter of without a licence therefore issued by the O.A.S. and the Ontario Council of the Minister under this act." Archaeology. Following is the brief presented to the review last June by We believe this legislation does not the Thunder Fa.VChapter of the O.A.S. adequately protect our archaeological - Ed. resources. It only serves to regulate the work of professional and amateur archaeologists. The section should be reworded in such a way that BRIEF TO THE ONTARIO HERITAGE REVIEW it protects archaeological resources, <:XX1MITTEEBY THE THUNDER BAY and the legislation should be CHAPI'EROF THE ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL enforceable by regional SOCI.ETY archaeologists.

The Thunder Bay Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society wishes to thank the provincial government There is not enough information about for tlli{ing this initiative on this foundation nor publicity heritage review. Such a review was regarding its mandate wha tit desperately needed. actually does, its criteria for funding projects, its accountability We are the only organization to the public. representing archaeology north of Toronto and Ottawa and through to the We believe the O.H.F. should ~e a Mani toba border. We have more aggressive stance in approximately 45 members, about one- archaeological conservation, third of whom live outside Thunder formation of standards, etc. Bay in small communities in Northwestern Ontario, in western We believe the O.H.F. should take a Canada and in the United States. more active role in acquiring archaeological sites, not just Since we are a small group in a vast architectural heritage sites. area, it is urgent that our concerns be brought to the attention of those We also believe there should be more responsible for heritage review internships and/or scholarships before more of Ontario's historic and offered by the O.H.F. to encourage prehistoric archaeological resources research in archaeology. Better are destroyed by urban and commercial promotion of existing scholarships development, resource extraction, would be very helpful. It seems to industry and agricultural practices. be almost impossible to find Our concerns relate to: information on the Boyle Scholarship. There should also be -provincial heritage more publicity on the availability of -Northern Ontario heritage these awards and when they are -the Discussion Paper "Heritage" awarded. that there seems to be little or no control over, or regulations concerning, extraction industries such as mining and forestry. These industries are causing ground- disturbance over a large area of the province and there are insufficient According to the discussion paper J policies and archaeological personnel heritage conservation means: to oversee or control it. In the United States, on federal land, an "the retention and responsible use of archaeological survey is a necessity both our tangible and intangible before any destruction of the habitat heritage, that is, not only its is allowed. preservation but its integration into the total life of the province."

In archaeology, "retention" and 1. Northern Ontario is critically "responsible use" do not mean the understaffed by professional same things as they may for other archaeologists. In Northwestern heritage disciplines. Archaeological Ontario, in an area of nearly 750,000 sites are usually only excavated when square kilometers, there are they are threatened by destruction, approximately nine professional, either by humans or by nature. Since resident archaeologists, four of whom there is a finite number of sites, are employees of the Ministry of archaeologists wish to leave as nany Citizenship and Culture four as possible intact so that future persons to protect the archaeological generations will also have a heritage heritage of our generation and the to e"-"plore and interpret, perhaps future citizens of our land. This is with a more sophisticated technology ludicrous. capable of extrapolating new information. 2. There is virtually no public acknowledgement by the Ontario Also, may archaeological sites are government of concern over or support not potential tourist attractions, for the preser>~tion or conservation not economically exploitable, not of archaeological resources. There possible "Epcot Centres" of the are not enough display centres to North. They are of scientific inform the public about archaeology. interest an issue which the The Thunder Bay Museum has a discussion paper ignores. Can you component on archaeology but there is put a "value on heritage resources" insufficient space to put on an when those resources mainly enrich a adequate display. body of scientific knowledge?

There are not enough interpretative Not everyone can recognize an centres to educate the public, there archaeological site. It takes, are not enough archaeological surveys usually, an extensive educational done, and there are not enough staff background and/or many years of to adequntely train the few study, research and application to volunteers there are available to identify, assess, excavate, interpret assist in conservation. and adequately care for an archaeological site. We believe the provincial government has to reaffirm its responsibility and accountability for our cultural resou~ces. This is not a task that As your review paper quoted from the can be ignored, lightly shouldered, Federal Cultural Policy Review nor shrugged off when it seems Committee "These legacies, living or dead, must be valued, Judiciously can not only interpret the preserved in good and usable order, collections, but care for them to be interpreted and reinterpreted properly. even as we add to them daily."

Judiciously preserving our archaeological resources will not be We wish to thank the provincial possible it, as is suggested in your government for this opportunity to paper, it were left to the vagarities make our views heard. We welcome lhe of municipal policies and politics- heritage review and laud the to the whims of a town clerk in a government for its recognition that small communi ty to the highly there is a need for more heritage mobile, small populations of single conservation and for its attempt.;,to resource-based communities often find a solution. faced with shut-downs, lay-offs, hard economic times. They are incapable The Thunder Bay Chapter of the of taking on long tenn heritage Ontario Archaeological Society projects. recommends the following:

We must realize that most of this 1. That the Ontario Government, province is not populated. The through media sources and through small, scattered population there is, amendments to the Heritage Act, is not capable of protecting the forcefully commit itself to the heritage resources either located conservation and preservation of our close to or within them. Heritage province's archaeological resources. resources belong to all Canadians, present and future, not just those 2. That more professional, qualified presently residing in northern archaeologists be hired to adequately Ontario. survey and police these resources. This will also ensure there are lI'ebelleve it is the mandate of the personnel to educate ill1dassist local provincial government. to protect and volunteer organizations in the same conserve these resources and not task. abd ic:atethe responsibility to small towns or private interests in whose 3. We believe that, on no accow1t, best. interest thi£,may not presently should the conservation and 1i.<-. I f the provincial government preservation of archaeological sites l'eallyfeels a commi tment to heritage be delegated to any other body but conservation, it has to be seen' as a the provincial government. We leader in the implementation and believe that communities do not have formation of such conservation - our the resources either economic or heritage must be seen to be valuable. professional to undertake such a profound and complicated task. Our chapter of the a.A.S. would welcome government commitment a 4. That archaeological interpretive public expression of the value of our centres be professionally built, archaeological heritage; the value of maint.ained, and staffed to educate sites, tough legis]at.ion to back up the population of Ontario and Chf'se expressions; more government tourists as to the value of these archaeologists to survey; ex-plore, resources. loll ,,1 police the vast area of our province which it has been more economical to ignore; and interpretive centres located in strat.egic areas, staffed with Imm

The finding supports the hypothesis He found that an unusual motion of that anatomically modern humans soil, fast enough for his instrumenLs evolved in Africa rather thffil to detect, comes from a repeat.ed independently in several places, and freezing and tha"ing cycle. When a it weighs against the idea that they top layer of soil freezes, it descended from Newlderthals, eA-pands,pulling large rocks upward. scientists said. When it thaws, the rocks do not settle all the way back. He contends The study by scientists from France that the sorted circles result from a and Israel appears in the latest form of convection, driven by issue of the British journal Nature. differences in moisture, rather than temperature. The soil churns just as Re,;earchers reported that 20 burnt fluids do, he theorizes, but over flints found with ancient human centuries rather than seconds. remains in the Qafzeh cave in lower Galilee "ere 92,000 years old, give From The Globe and Mail or take 5,000 years, so the humans January 23, 1988 were in the cave that long ago, too. REWRITING THE BIBLE: That means some anatomically modern Archeologists believe the Exodus was a humans occupied southwest Asia before myth Neffilderthals arrived, a sharp challenge to the view that they An unexpected and contentious chapter evolved from Neanderthals. has been added to the scientific study of the Bible. from The Globe and Mail February 18, 1988 The Old Testament accounts of the exodus of Jews from Egypt and the STONE CIRCLES WERE CREATED BY SOIL settlement of ancient Israel have r-DTION,GEOLOGIST SAYS been challenged by evidence emerging from large-scale archeological The "sorted circles of Spitsbergen," excavations, chiefly conducted in the mysterious rings of stone found in a territory conquered or occupied in cold landscape, have long stood as 1967 by Israel. evidence that nature does not always need human architects to pick up Archeologists now generally agree rocks and arr~e them in harmonious that their discoveries based on patterns. work that includes the excavation of between 600 and 700 settlements not Large rocks and gravel are sorted by mentioned in the Bible have size and placed in rough circles two produced a new consensus about.the metres across. Just what forces formation of ancient Israel t.hat combined to create these structures, contradicts significant parts of the since found in a number of similar biblical version. These scholars regions around the world, has been an have found: enigma. -The lightening war of conquest supposedly conducted by Joshua, in \-Ihichish army destroyed peoples and Albright, which was "ddely accepted brought the walls of Jericho tumbling in the sixties, that the early books down, never happened. Excavations of the Bible, and in particular have shown there was no city there at Joshua, would provide a guide to the the time, nor was there one at Ai, region's early history that which the Bible says was levelled by archeology would confinn. Joshua's army. "Jericho is a theological statement about the power "In the old days things looked of God," concluded Joseph Seger, an simple. You went to Israel with archeologist at Mississippi State Bible in hand, Hent to Jericho and University. set to work looking for buried -While a population expansion did trumpets and fallen stones. Well, occur in the hills of Samaria (nm, in things didn't work like that," said the occupied West Bank) at the end of Johns Hopkins University Egyptologist the thirteenth century B.C., there is Hans Goedicke. little to suggest that these people had spent any time in Egypt, nor were Indeed, in their re\'isionistapproach they different from the people some skeptical archeologists have already in the area. "They came out taken the tack that the Bible has of Transjordan and they had lived proved so unreliable they should paJ there for centuries," University of scant attention to the portions Arizona archeologist William Dever before its accounts of the early said emphatically. kings of Israel, Starting at that -There is no evidence that large point the Old Testament is externally numbers of people moved across the verified by other sources. Sinai desert in the period generally assigned to the Exodus; and, although "There has been a felt need for the Bible records that Jews gathered archeology to support its rationale at Kadesh before going into Israel, for existence and not be the "the site at Kadesh was excavated stepchild of people trying to find extensively and to our great surprise out something about the Bible," said there Has nothing there .,. earlier Prof. Seger. Among others, Prof. than the tenth century," Ben-Gurion Dever has suggested that the term University archeologist Eliezer Oren biblical archeology be discarded illld said. be replaced by the more generic Syro- -There is no evidence of the Jews Palestinian archeology. being in Egypt before the Exodus, and cities the Bible says were build by Second, the "e\'idenceof the stones," the Jews for the Egyptians were found as the archeologists call it, has not to have existed during the period lent empirical support to a number of 1275 to 1300 B.C., generally seen as biblically heretical theories of the coinciding with the Jews' departure. formation of the ancient Je,;ish University of Toronto archeologist state. 1be massiveness of the recent John Holladay, who has excavated excavations in hitherto unexamined Pithorn, one of these sites, said: areas has given researchers a "There was nothing there during the confidence that the general pattern period of the E.,odus." of development they see Hill not easily be overthrown by future The implications of these findings- findings. many of which have been published in English only in the past year - may The appearance of the Israelite be divided into three parts. settlements in Samaria is interpI'etcu in several ways. Some support the First, there is an almost uniform vie•.,.first. proposed in the thenlies rejection of the theory associated by German scholar Albrecht Alt, that with U.S. archeologist William there was a kind of peaceful infiltration by people from outside the Southern the area. Others, notably Israel Seminary. Firu{elstein of Bar-Ilan University whose recent book summarizing the The significance of this ne\< archeology of the early settlements archeological consensus for both the created a stir in Israel, say it was modern state of Israel and for a case of nomadic people already in believers in the Bible is both Canaan settling down. greater and less than it may seem, in the view of the archeologists. The lack of any object that is specifically Jewish in the villages Prof. Finkelstein says that part of generally accepted as early Israelite the controversy over his book, The leads some archeologists to believe Archeology of the Israelite that Judaism may have arisen in Settlements, has had to do with a Canaan itself sometime during the sense that it HaS somehow lUldermining twelfth century B.C. the legitimacy of the modern state.

"It's rather like Islamic conquests However, the archeologists also in Arabia, a kind of takeover from recognize the frailty and the the inside," Prof. Dever said. limitations of their new understanding. It may not be A variant of this theory, which was possible that the artifacts being put forward by George Mendenhall in examined would necessarily reveal the 1962, suggests that Judaism arose out ideology of their makers. "If it is of a kind of peasant revolt against a question of finding the origins of city dwellers. In this model the Yahweh (JehO\'ah), it is not very peasants drifted ID~y from the likely I am going to find that in existing city states of Canaan and potsherds," Prof. Stager said. came together as Israelite communities in the highlands- Indeed, one of the lessons for "although there is no more scientists emergil~ from the archeological evidence for this than excavations is that the~-have to look for the Exodus," Prof. Finkelstein beyond the stones to document the remarked. growth of Judaism. As an example, Prof. Stager says there is work going Finally, those trying to salvage on that is linking the relative something of Exodus suggest that what paucity of pig bones in ancient the Bible describes depending on garbage heaps to the gro\dredating American Association for the the Exodus instead to 1483 B.C., the Advancement of Science. time of the gianL volcanic eruption on the not-too-distant Aegean island New interpretation of the e\"idenceat of Santorini, IAll"hwould explain the the site, she said, is gh ing a much Bible's account both of the parting better picture of ho« early lIlali of the waters and of the tower of beha,'ed. fire supposedl, seen during the handering in Lhe wilderness. A gro«ing body of evidence i.ndicates that the horses «ere, in fill:t, HOI,ever,he admits that part of his rounded up in a I:OlTaJ-liJ;el:uJ-

The earlier theory that horses were "Although this new hypothesis may driven off the cliff probably stemmed appear less dramatic than the image from studies of North American of horses leaping off a precipice to Indians, who did use that strategy to their death, it nonetheless hunt buffalo. But Olsen's review of demonstrates a considerable studies of wild horses and zebras understanding (by the cave-dwellers) indicate that the strategy would not of animal behavior and a level of be likely to work with horses. social organization capable of conducting a communal hunt," Olsen Horses normally travel only in small said. groups, she said, they are more agile than buffalo and they are very "It also implies a certain amount of aggressive when cornered or scheduling on the part of the hunters threatened. in order to arrive at the valley at the appropriate time of year to But the most convincing evidence, she intercept the migrating bands of said, is that "absolutely no remains horses." have been found at the base of the sheer cliff." It is exceptionally From The Toronto Star unlikely, she argued, that the cave- February 27, 1988 dwellers would have moved entire horses the 900 feet to the bone site before butchering them.

Studies of modern hunter-gatherers in .\fricaindicate, she said, that the horses would have been butchered at the site where they were killed, and only the best portions of the carcasses taken to a camp or cave for ARCH* * *NOTES* * further processing. is published with the assistance of the Ontario Government Olsen noted that the bones' burial through site is only a short distance from a the MINISTRY of natural passageway by which the CULTURE AND COMMUNICATIONS horses would have migrated between ***** the floodplain of the Saone River and the eastern foothills of the Massif The original plan of having a wine and cheese party was abandoned In January the Society secured at a because of the extent of the reasonable rent an office suite of formalities required to get the two rooms at 126 Willowdale Avenue, necessary permit• We were able to Willowdale, in North Toronto. One get the $17 deposit back that this room contains the library, some would have cost. storage, two tables, a varying number of chairs, a chalkboard, space for a projector and screen, and goes under the name The Board Room. The other A feature of the new office facility room contains the desks, computer, is that there is a members' notice typewriter, telephone and recorder board posted outside the door to our and more storage and is the Office suite which members can access at any Room. Everything more-or-less- time the building is open whether the was moved in and operations began at office is open or not. Commencing the new site early in February. with this issue, ARCH NOTES will include an item The Notice Board so Office hours are usually noon to 4:30 that members will know what is p.m. ~Ionday, 8:30 to 4:30 Tuesday to currently featured on it. For more Friday, during which members and the information on any item contact the public are welcome to drop in without office. Copies can be provided. an appointment, and at other times by appointment. Despite this, it is The following notices are on the OAS wise to phone ahead to make sure the notice-board at the 'time of writing staff will not be absent at some arranged by subject: d01mtown meeting or other off- premises obligation, such as being in [publications] Belize, Guatemala and Mexico in AARO Index and lapel pin flyer April. Andersen 1987 "Zooarchaeological Reports" The Board Room can accommodate twelve Order Form for back issues of OA, people for meetings and workshops. MOA, AN [services] Membership Application Forms Passport-to-the-Past Information The culmination of the move to new [events] premises was the Open House - or Chapter Meetings should we say Open Office - held on Ottawa Chapter - Annual Ottawa Valley Saturday afternoon, February 20. Symposium March 19 Enough members and visitors attended MIA London - SKYWALKERS A History of that the two rooms, and sometimes Indian Ironworkers, to May 1 even the corridor, were comfortably MCC Kenora - Archaeology of the Lake crowded. Marjorie Tuck and Christine Superior Basin Workshop Mar 25-26 Kirby provided the refreshments and [jobs] were gracious hostesses. Mayer, Pihl, Poulton & Associates, London - archaeological resource Windsor member Dorothy Hunt gets a assessment and excavation, summer special mention for not only sending 1988 the Society a Congratulations and Ste. Marie, Midland - Assistant Good Luck card on the occasion of the Curator, April 1988>January 1989 Open House, but for also telephoning [trips] during the proceedings to express "Belize and Beyond" to Mayan sites in regret at not being there. Thanks, Belize, Guatemala and Mexico Having just got the new office open At the time of writing the Society we must now announce that it will be expects to entertain Brad Nixon, MPP closed April 8 to 16 with a "Gone to for York Mills, in whose riding our Guatemala" sign posted on the door. office is located, sometime later in The telephone ~i11 respond but will March. not accept messages. Mail will be cleared from our two boxes but held until the Administrator's return. A number of future publications are in various stages of production.

The Post Office returned ARCH NarES The AARO Research Guide for which 88-1 sent to the following members many members have submitted requests who all moved without advising their is proceeding, albeit slowly. It has new addresses: been at the press for some time, and ALDER, Elizabeth; Waterloo the latest delivery estimate from the BYARD, Roger; Ottawa printer is "April". CLARKE, Belinda; Peterborough HARAN, Christine S.; Montreal ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY 46 and 47 are ROCKEL, Philip; Fergus both progressing in tandem and are awaiting the completion of reviews If anyone can put the Society and and revisions. these good folk in touch with each other, it would be appreciated.

The accompanying edition of ARCH NarES is the second mailed to you To Gary Warrick goes the credit for using address labels produced by our initiating the new office Board Room dBASE III+ computer program. To for a lecture and presentation on prepare the program the membership March 12. The occasion was a records previously on cards and workshop held for members of the master label sheets were typed into Passport-to-the-Past program, and the computer. Some glitches and Gary's subject was Huron Pottery. errors inherent to such a transfer This is the second workshop held this were anticipated and it was decided year in Toronto as part of the to rely on the goodwill of the Passport program, the first being on members to point out any typos and lithics provided by Bill Fox in Marti other errors. Some of the record Latta's lab at Scarborough College on cards for long-time members contain a January 23 last. Janie Fox closed wealth of information additional to the series with the third and last the current address and membership workshop this winter. Her subject details, and there was concern that was Illustrating Artifacts, and her our typist would be overwhelmed and masterful presentation was also held intimidated. Not so! There was only at the OAS office. one complaint and this is considered a remarkable accomplishment by our The Passport-to-the-Past program is typist who, despite these kudos, finding continuing acceptance, and would probably prefer to remain members have been sent two anonymous. newsletters this year to date. AN ARCH NOTES (Ontario Archaeological Society) 123456 BI BIRDSTONE (Grand River Waterloo Chapter) (2)1 KE KEWA (London Chapter) 123456789 NA NIAGARA ARCHAEOLOGICALREPORT (Niagara Chapter) (1) 1 OT OTTAWAARCHAEOLOGIST (Ottawa Chapter) (14)12345678 PR PROFILE (Toronto Chapter) (6)123 SC SQUIRREL COUNTY GAZETTE (Windsor Chapter) 12345 WA WANIKAN(Thunder Bay Chapter) 12345

Numbers in parentheses () are volume numbers, used in BI, NA, OT, & PRo The other publications, AN, KE, SC & WA incorporate the abbreviated year date.

Arthurs, D. Hixton Silicified Sandstone Artifacts in Quetico Bull, S. Notes on an Investigation of the Relation between Iroquoian Whole Vessels and Their Rim Sherds Clarl\, C. P. A Ground Slate Point from Superior's North Shore Cory, R. A Nineteenth Century Wyandot Site on the Detroit River Dawson, K. C. A. MaIolo Island, Fiji; An Initial Coast Archaeology Survey 1986-1987 Ellis, C. J. Thedford II: An Early Paleo-Indian Site in Ontario NA(I)1 Stanly /Neville Points WA87-9 Ferris, N. Preliminary Findings from Enniskillen; a Mid-Nineteenth Century Ojibwa Reserve Ferris, N. (ed.), C. Ellis, N. Ferris & 1. Kenyon, W. A. Fox, 1. Kenyon, P. Lennox Point Types in KEWA, 1979-1987 Fisher, J. A. Brodie and Parkhill: An Analysis of Two Late Archaic Broadpoint Samples from Southwestern Ontario Fox, W. W. Dunk's Bay Archaeology Garrad, C. The Sidey-Mackey Site A Decade After the 1977 Excavations AN87-3 O.A.S. Researchers Identify "Ekarenniondi" AN87-5 Gibbs, L. Dunk's Bay Burial Report Glen, A. The Billings Estate, Ottawa, Canada Haywood, N. A. A Late Palaeo-Indian Find Near Stratton, Ontario Hinshelwood, A. New Lakehead Complex Occupation in Thunder Bay

Horne, M. A Preliminary Examination of Site Selection Criteria for Middleport-Neutral Sites in Waterloo Region Jackson, L. J. A Ne,Y1y Dated Middle Woodland Point, Rice Lake, Ontario Jackson, L. J. & H. McKillop Patterns in Ontario Prehistory: The Sheguiandah Site, 1952-1956 Janusas, S. E. An Archaeological Master Plan for the Regional Municipality of Waterloo Johnston, S. M. Epidemic Diseases and "The Wars of the Iroquois" Junker-Andersen, C. The Case of the Tethered Turtle: A Pet Stinkpot Turtle from Petunia? Kapches, M. & M. McClelland Archaeological Policy Implementation For the City of Toronto Keenlyside, D. L. Clyde C. Kennedy 1917-1987 Kenyon,!. Levi Turkey and the Tuscarora Settlement on the Grand River An Archaeological Study of 19th Century European Settlement in the Gore of Camden, Kent County KE87-4 Nineteenth Century Notes - Ceramic Cups KE87-7 A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario, 1795-1890: Historical Date Ranges Kenyon,!. & T. Kenyon The Iron Trade Axe in Ontario, ca.A.D. 1580-1650: Exploratory Data Analysis Kenyon, T. The Making of a Seventeenth Century Iron Axe KE87-7 Nineteenth Century Notes - Royalty and Coat of Arms Pipes KE87-9 Kraemer, E. Willow Sherds Laforet, A., J. MacDonald,!. Wainwright, S. Fryden The Examination of a Tsimshian Stone Mask: Its Cultural Content, History, Examination and Reproduction Lennox, P. A. An Historic Neutral Encampment In Brant County, Ontario MacDonald, R. Notes on Longhouse Storage Cubicles Mayer, R. G. Under the Dome - Part II: Bottles, Beams and a Boat Miller, J. Pigments Used by Native Cultures Murphy, C. The Springwells Component of the Bellamy Site (AdHm-7) Parker, L. R., F. Moerschfelder, J. W. Pengelly & S. D. Pengelly Modern Quarries and Their Impact on Archaeological Resources in Southwestern Ontario

Pendergast, J. F. The Significance of Some Marine Shell Excavated On Iroquoian Archeological Sites Pengelly, J. & S. The Bonisteel Site: An Ontario Iroquoian Settlement on Lake Erie Prevec, R. A Dog from Dunk's Bay Ramsden, P. G. A Late Archaic Dog Coprolite from Inverhuron, Ontario Ross, W. The Pic River Gaff Revisited Sherberger, D. Petroglyph Pursuit on Gabriola Island Smardz, K. E. Archaeology in the Toronto School System: The Archaeological Resource Centre Steckley, J. Toanche: Not Where Champlain Landed? Linguistic Identification of French-Influenced Huron Village Construction AN87-3 Huron Bead Ethnolinguistics AN87-4 Huron Armour AN87-5 Vela, J. Ochre As Medicine: A Suggestion for the Interpretation of the Archaeological Record Woodley, P. The Thistle Hill Site (AhHf-5)

The Homilton - V'I'entvorth At"chaeologica1 Foundation is oiiet"i nq a six - \'lee k (Iatl) proqt"Mn in ~,istot"ica] at"c:haeoloqy beqi nm nq Apt"n 20 at 700 to 9.30prn., Stllj a six-\'leekend iie11j proqrarn (Ped'w'are potterlJ) be1jinning Apt'n 23, 9.00a.m. to 4 OOprn, SaturdalJ :itllj Sun1jalJ

fot' i niot"tnation reqar,jj nq t'eqistt"ation cal1 524-13i34 clr I,lrite to He Hamilton- \"'/enh",'ot"lh At-dllleolcliJica1 Foun,Jation, Bo\ 84, r'ti'lBh UnivenltlJ, H:ltnilton, Ontario LSS 1CO. Attention Pita i"licr,ael , Executive Dit'ectot' "ONT ARlO ARCHAEOLOGISTS ABROAD"

THE ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC. 126 Willowdale Ave., Willowdale, Ontario M2N 4T2 (416) 730-0797

15th ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM

October 22 IX23, 1988 at 20 Grosvenor St., Toronto (Tonge north of College) The Saturday evening festivities of the Symposium will take place at the Westbury Hotel located a few steps fl'om the ~1etro YMCA, the venue fOl' the day's papers and business meeting. The hotel is holding a bloc!, of rooms for Symposium participants at a special l'ate of $83/night and room resen'ation brings a special parking rate of $7/day. Please make your booking early as the rooms \"ill not be held artel' lhirt~' days prior to the event.

All members are invited to submil to the Executive any brochure, pamphlet Qt' informational items ",hich they lhink may be of interest to participants. As the appeal of LhiB Symposium is to a wider general audience, il is appl'opriate to offel' as muc:h information on both the Society and on archaeology in Ontario by lhis and other means. It is hoped that more than 200 people will attend, BO this is a good way of promoting all our activities. Initially, please send material logether ,,,ilh your name, address and phone number to the O.A.S. Office, 126 Willowdale Avenue, Willowdale, Ontario M2N .1Y2. If accepled, please be pJ,,'pan;d to supply 250 - 300 copies.

Please use the forlll below to reBerve your display space for lhe Symposium. Tables will be provided, or simply space fol' your exhibit stand if you are fully equipped. Spac:e will be allocated un a fiest-come, firsl-served basis.

Please reserve tables (max. 2, space permitting) for my display materials I~ please reserve _ square feet of floor space for my exhibit. GRANDRIVER/WATERLOO President: Ken Oldridge (519) 821-3112 Vice-President: Marcia Redmond Treasurer: Marilyn Cornies-~lilne Secretary: Lois McCulloch, 40 Woodside Road, Guelph, Ontario, NIG 2G9 Newsletter: THE BIRDS TONE - Editor: John D. A. MacDonald Fees: Individual $6 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 3rd Wednesday of the month, except June - August, at the Adult Recreation Centre, 185 King Street W., Waterloo.

LONDON President: Neal Ferris (519) 433-8401 Vice-President: Linda Gibbs Treasurer: George Connoy Secretary: Megan Cook, 55 Centre Street, London, Ontario, N6J 11'4 Newsletter: REWA - Editor: Ian Kenyon Fees: Individual 512 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 2nd Thursday of the month, except June - August, at the Museum of Indian Archaeolog>-.

NIAGARA President: David Briggs (416) 358-3822 Vice-Presidents: Ian Brindle, Anthony Sergenese Treas: Bernice Cardy Secretary: Sue Pengelly, 97 Delhi Street, Port Colborne, Onto L3K 3Ll Newsletter: Editor: Jon Jouppien Fees: Individual $6 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 3rd Friday of the month at Room H313, Science Complex, Brock University, St. Catharines.

OTTAWA President: Marian Clark (819) 682-0562 Vice-President: Helen Armstrong Treasurer: Jane Dale Secretary: Peggy Smyth, Box 4939, Station E, Ottawa, Ontario, KIS 5Jl Newsletter: THE OTTAWA ARCHAEOLOGIST - Editor: Lorne Kuehn Fees: Individual $15 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 2nd Wednesda>- of the month, except June - August, at the Victoria ~lemorial Building, Metcalfe & McLeod Streets, Ottawa.

THUNDER BAY President: Frances Duke (807) 683-53'75 Vice-President: George Holborne Treasurer: Secretary: 331 Hallam St., Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7A lL9 Newsletter: WANIKAN - Editor: A. Hinshelwood Fees: Individual $5 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the last Wednesday of the month, except June - August, at the National Exhibition Centre, Balmoral Ave., Thunder Bay.

TORONTO President: Dena Doroszenko (416) 537-6732 Vice-President: Tony Stapells Treasurer: Mara Scomparin Secretary: Annie Gould, 74 Carsbrooke Rd., Etobicoke, Ontario, M9C 3C6 Newsletter: PROFILE - Editor: Jane Sacchetti Fees: Individual $8 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 3rd Wednesday of the month, except June - August, at Room 561A, Sidney Smith Hall, St. George Street, Toronto.

WINDSOR President: Rosemary Denunzio (519) 253-1977 Vice-President:Robert Litster Treasurer: Norman Vincent Secretary: Garth Rumble, 454 Tecumseh Rd., R.R.l, Tecumseh, Ont., N8l\: 2L9 Newsletter: SQUIRREL COUNTY GAZETTE - Editor: Peter Reid Fees: Individual $5 Meetings: Usually at 7.30pm on the 2nd Tuesday of the month, except June - August, at Windsor Public Library, 850 Ouellette Avenue, Windsor. 'U'[}1J@ ©[j'j)~@[J'~@ &i[J'©[}1J@@@~@®~©@~ ~@©~@UW ~[fD©~ 126 Willowdale Avenue. Willowdale, Ontario. M2N 4Y2 (416) 730-0797

Ms Christine Caroppo Mr. Michael W. Kirby Ms Marjorie Tuck 142 Glebeholme Blvd. 1225 Avenue Road 4 Eastglen Cres. Toronto, Ontario Toronto, Ontario Islington, Ontario M4J 1S6 M5N 2G5 M9B 4P7 (416) 466-0460 (416) 484-9358 (416) 622-9706

Mr. Robert Burgar Mr. Lawrence Jackson 55 Faywood Blvd. Apt.#107 P.O. Box 493 North York, Ontario Port Hope, Ontario M3H 2X1 L1A 3Z4 (416) 636-5229 (416) 342-3250

Mr. Michael W. Kirby Dr. Peter Reid 1225 Avenue Road Department of Sociology & Toronto, Ontario Anthropolog)- M5N 2G5 University of Windsor (416) 484-9358 Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4 (519) 253-4232

Mr. Charles Garrad 103 Anndale Drive Willow dale, Ontario M2N 2X3 (416) 223-2752

Scientific Journal: ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY Individual: $20 Newsletter: ARCH NOTES Family: $25 Monographs: MONOGRAPHS IN ONTARIO Institutional: $30 ARCHAEOLOGY Life: $320 Chapter Fees Extra