REPORT ON THE LAND USE PATTERNS IN THE STATE OF

INTRODUCTION

Haryana is situated in north center of . It shares it’s boundary with many neighboring states like Punjab,U.P, , etc. Also one unique thing about this state is that the capital of this city is which itself is an union territory. Haryana was developed and constituted on 1/11/1966 after the state of Punjab was separated into two states due to the partition. If we talk about the land in the Haryana then it has major physiographic regions which are the flat alluvial plain. The soil of Haryana is usually considered deep and fertile, however there are some eroded areas too that are lands of the hilly north east and sandy areas of North West 1 . Now speaking about land use patterns, so by the land use patterns we mean the arrangement of uses of land or maybe the layout of the land2. In this project we are going to discuss the problems that are arising to the agricultural and forest land due expanding population in Haryana. In last few years it seen that due to increasing human civilization we are taking up more and more natural land in the form of agricultural land, forest land etc and using them for own purpose of making houses, huge factories, stores etc. In this project will be discussing all the statistical data related the land use data in past few years and will analyze that is there is a change and if there is a change then by how much and what will it lead to, if the changes kept happening at the same pace?

LAND USE PATTERNS IN THE STATE OF HARYANA

As we discussed in the introduction about the meaning of land use patterns, we get to know the basic crucks of our topic. In India it is seen that in most of the states the land use patterns are changing year by year and that too a negative change which is due to the increasing population of the country India which has second highest population in the world. In this project we will be mainly focusing on the state of Haryana.

1 Encyclopedia Britannica. 2021. - Economy. [online] Available at: [Accessed 16 May 2021]. 2 Blog, T. and India, W., 2021. What is Land Use Pattern? Types of Land Use in India. [online] Sansar Lochan in English. Available at: [Accessed 20 May 2021].

First of all we are going to discuss land use pattern in years (1966-69), (1990-93), (1995- 98), (2002-05) and (2010-13)in order to analyze, evaluate the data in different years. Discussing about the land use patterns play a major role in the field of agriculture as we all know that there human phenomenon behind that. It is seen that the decreasing agricultural land due to rapid increase in civilization that is taking up the agricultural land is the major issue in global environment change. Earlier the land was classified under 5 categories. So let’s discuss first about the land use patterns of different cities in Haryana in the year 1966- 69.

Table: 1 Percentage of Area under Different Land Use Categories (1966-69)

Sources: Statistical Abstract of Haryana3.

Area under Forest

This class of land use includes all areas truly underneath forests whether state held or privately owned.Besides, the forest space on roads, railways and canals is additionally enclosed during this class. Proportion of space underneath this landuse class has declined sharply from 2.08% in 1966-69 to 0.9% in 2010-13. Table shows that in 1966-69, most space underneath forest have recorded in district 11.78% followed by (2.4), (1.33) and (1.32 percent) severally. throughout 1990- 93, most space underneath forests was found in (21.05)% followed by (14.04)%and Gurgaon 5.27% severally. Rests of the districts of Haryana have space underneath forests area of average of 3.89% Table shows that in 2010- thirteen, terribly sharp decline is discovered in Haryana in space underneath the forest cowl. throughout during this year most space underneath forest have found in Yamunanagar 8.53% followed 2.34% 2.05% and 2.5%) space underneath forest. As compared to 1966-69 forest space raised until 1990-93 however declining throughout 2010-13. Table more shows that in 2010-13, forest cowl in districts specifically Rohtak, Jhajjar, and reached to 0. A awfully sharp decline is discovered in Ambala district in space underneath the forest cowl. Over the period of time there area unit found smaller proportion of space underneath forests.

3 Ijrar.com. 2021. [online] Available at: Accessed 21 May 2021].

Area Under Non- Agriculture Uses

In this class of Landuse enclosed all lands occupied by man settlements, Roads, railway and below water bodies4. A major modification has been noted within the proportion of space below this land use class. The proportion of space below this landuse class has raised from 5.92 % in 1966-69 to 11.93 % in 2010-13. The rise during this class is a sign of sprawl of urban spaces and area below industrial institutions in city Region. Table shows that, the realm below non agriculture uses in Haryana in 1966-69 to 2010-13. In 1966-69, highest proportions of space below non-agricultural uses have recorded in Gurgaon district eleven.99 % followed by Ambala and Gurgaon districts with 9.2 %.Whereas, lowest proportions of space below non-agricultural uses have found in district 0.57%.

Table: Percentage of Area under Different Land Use Categories (1990-93)

4 Mospi.nic.in. 2021. 4.5 Nine-fold classification of Land Use | Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation | Government Of India. [online] Available at: [Accessed 23 May 2021].

Sources: Statistical Abstract of Haryana5

During 1990-93, area that covered highest proportion of non-agricultural uses were found in 15.87% followed by Karnal, Gurgaon, Panipat and Yamunanagar districts with figure (13.52%), (12.73%), (11.07%) and (10.03%). It is seen at that time that district Faridabad was developed as associate degree industrial town. , Rohtak, , Ambala and districts have found below the state average that is half-dozen.8 percent. In 2010-13, highest proportions of space below non-agricultural uses have found in Faridabad district followed by Panchkula and Gurgaon districts with (5.46 percent), (30.41 percent) and twenty eight.33% severally. There was a highest use under non agricultural use was seen in the regions around the national capital region.

Table-: Haryana, Percentage of Area under different Landuse categories 1995-98

Area under Permanent Barren and Area under Net sown area non- pastures & Cultivable Fallow District Forests uncultivable miscellaneous agricultural other wasteland land land tree crops uses grazing land

Ambala 2.01 13.47 2.78 1.44 - 0.67 0.67 78.96

Panchkula 29.72 21.03 1.98 0.49 - - 1.18 45.6 Nagar 6.78 17.05 2.91 0.78 - - - 72.48 1.59 9.13 0.4 1.39 - - - 87.49 1.32 10.96 0.88 0.15 0.15 0.58 0.15 85.81 Karnal 2.82 8.74 1.61 0.27 0.54 1.34 2.01 82.67

Panipat 3.12 11.95 0.26 3.12 - 1.56 3.38 76.61

Sonipat 3.29 5.79 3.76 0.94 0.94 0.47 2.19 82.62

Rohtak 2.25 4.69 1.22 0.56 0.19 3.57 1.92 85.6

Faridabad 1.44 17.63 3.53 0.96 - - 0.48 76.96

5 Ijrar.com. 2021. [online] Available at: [Accessed 21 May 2021].

Gurgaon 1.11 17.04 1.85 0.74 - - 8.89 70.37 2.39 9.11 2.6 - - 0.65 2.6 82.65 Mahendergarh 1.2 9.62 4.29 1.72 - - 1.2 81.97 Bhiwani 1.86 4.38 4.68 0.23 0.07 - 2.97 86.81

Jind 2.16 6.24 1.32 0.48 - 0.72 2.63 86.45

Hisar 1.58 6.42 1.48 - - - 8.25 82.27

Sirsa 1.17 3.12 - - - 1.08 4.29 90.34

Haryana 2.575 8.69 2.03 0.55 0.098 0.63 3.31 82.12

Source: Statistical Abstract of Haryana, 1995-1998.6

Table-: Haryana, Percentage of Area under different Landuse categories, 2002-05

Area Permanent Barren and Area under Net pastures Cultivable fallow District Forests under non- uncultivable miscellaneous sown & other wasteland land agricultural land grazing tree crops area uses land

Ambala 0.65 9.74 1.95 0.65 - - 0.22 86.79 Panchkula 3.51 31.58 4.68 - - 5.26 14.62 40.35 Yamuna 8.72 15.12 2.91 - - - - 73.25 Nagar

Kurukshetra 0.4 8.93 0.9 0.97 - - - 88.8 Kaithal 1.02 11.4 0.88 0.6 - 0.44 - 85.66 Karnal 0.41 7.72 5.28 0.15 0.27 0.14 4.07 81.96 Panipat 2.31 15.38 0.77 3.25 - 1.28 6.41 70.6

6 Ijrar.com. 2021. [online] Available at: < https://www.ijccr.com/November2012/11.pdf > [Accessed 21 May 2021].

Sonipat 0.47 9.39 3.76 3.87 1.41 0.47 11.27 80.36 Rohtak - 2.34 1.2 0.63 0.2 6.59 3.19 85.85 Jhajjar - 3.84 1.75 1.8 - 5.58 4.71 82.32 Faridabad 0.48 19.87 2.4 - - - 6.89 70.36 Gurgaon 2.96 23.95 3.33 0.96 - 0.25 0.25 68.3 Rewari 1.32 9.05 2.43 0.62 - 1.1 2.21 83.27 Mahendergarh 1.03 10.99 7.22 - - 0.86 7.04 72.86 Bhiwani 0.64 5.15 4.29 - - 0.14 4.01 85.77 Jind 0.6 1211 - - - - 0.36 86.93 Hisar - 8.48 1.48 - - - 13.66 76.38 Fatehabad - 8.03 0.8 - - - 2.28 89.61 Sirsa 0.23 4.76 - - - - 3.12 91.89 Haryana 1.02 10.14 2.25 0.57 0.14 0.81 4.91 80.16 Source: Statistical Abstract of Haryana, 2002-20057.

Now as the above two tables are presented, we are going to discuss the land use us pattern of year 1995-98 and 2002-05 and will compare the changes that occurred between these years.

The land use class includes all grazing lands whether or not permanent pastures and meadows. The land which is common in the village and pastureland among the forest square measureas are enclosed underneath this class. In 1995-98, about 0.55% of total geographic area was underneath this landuse class in Haryana. Highest proportion was recorded within the district of Panipat (3.12%). throughout 2002-05, a small increase is recorded within the proportion of this landuse class, which is 0.57 of total state space. the most space underneath this landuse class is found in Panipat (3.87 percent) followed by Karnal (3.25 percent). There square measure solely 3 districts particularly Panipat, Karnal and Rewari during which grazing lands occupy quite 1% of total district space. In remainder of the districts, grazing lands occupy but 1 % of total district space.

AREA UNDER MISCELLANEOUS TREE CROPS

7 Ijrar.com. 2021. [online] Available at: < https://www.ijccr.com/November2012/11.pdf > [Accessed 21 May 2021].

This landuse class includes all cultivatable land, that isn't enclosed beneath net planted space, however is put to use to some agricultural uses apart from seasonal cropping. Area beneath this landuse class is nearly insignificant within the state, that is below 1 % of total state space throughout each period. However, some increase is recorded within the areas beneath this landuse category. In 1995-98, 0.098 % of total state space was beneath this land- use category, that has exaggerated to 0.14 % in 2002-05. Throughout 19995-98, highest space beneath this landuse class was recorded in Sonipat (0.94 percent) district followed by Karnal (.54 percent). In 2001-05, highest proportion of space beneath this landuse class is found within the district of Sonipat, which is 1.41 % of the whole district space. CULTIVABLE WASTE LAND The proportion of cultivable barren to total state area has marginally exaggerated from 0.63 % in 1995-98 to 0.81 % in 2002-05. Throughout 1995-98, most area beneath this landuse category was recorded in (3.57 percent), followed by Panipat (1.56 percent) Karnal (1.34 percent), and Sirsa (1.08 percent) districts. Remainder of the districts had less than 1 % of total space beneath this landuse category. In 2002-05, space beneath this landuse has been exaggerated to 0.81 % of total state space. Comparatively high proportion of cultivated barren is found in Rohtak district (6.59 percent) in 2002-05 followed by Jhajjar (5.58 percent), Yamuna Nagar (5.26 percent), Panipat (1.28 percent) and Rewari (1.1 percent). Remaining districts have less than 1 % of total space beneath this landuse class.

AREA UNDER NON-AGRICULTURAL USES This class of landuse includes all lands occupied by human settlements, roads and railways or under water bodies, i.e., lakes, tanks, rivers, ponds etc. A considerable increase has been recorded within the proportion of area underneath this landuse class. The proportion of area underneath this landuse class has enlarged from 8.69 % in 1995-98 to 10.14 % in 2002-05. It's due to growth of human settlements, developmental works such as, growth of human settlements, developmental works, like construction of roads railways, canals, institution of special economic zone (SEZ) and Industries. throughout 1995-98, highest proportions of area underneath non- agricultural uses was recorded in (21.03 percent) followed by Fridabad (17.63 percent), Gurgaon (17.04 percent), Yamuna Nagar (17.05 percent), Ambala (13.47 percent), and panipat (11.95 percent). Rohtak (4.69 percent), Sonipat (5.79 percent), Bhiwani (4.38 percent),

Hisar (6.42 percent), and Sirsa (3.12 percent) had proportion of area underneath this landuse area is less than state average (8.69 percent). Area underneath this landuse class shows abstraction variation too. During 2002-05, highest proportion of space underneath non-agricultural uses is found in Panchkula district (31.58 percent). it's been developed as associate degree body town and industrial town. Gurgaon (23.95 percent), Fridabad, Panipat districts have over 15 % of total space dedicated to non-agricultural uses. There are the industrial developed districts of the State and are available underneath national capital Region. Due to over crowding, high land worth, pollution issues in capital, folks move to those areas for residence. Kaithal, Jind and Mahendergarh districts have conjointly more than 10 % area dedicated to this landuse class. The remaining districts have proportions of space underneath non-agricultural uses less than state average (10.14 percent)

BARREN AND UNCULTIVATED LAND

This class of landuse includes barren and uncultivated lands in mountains and hill slopes, deserts, plateaus, rocky area and very degraded lands. These lands can't be brought beneath cultivation unless at a very high input cost with potential low returns. therefore it's not helpful to bring these lands under cultivation as a result of it demands a very high input value with possible low returns. A slight increase has been recorded within the proportion of space beneath this landuse class between 1995-98 to 2002-05. The proportion of space under barren and uncultivated land has increased from 2.03 % in 1995-98 to 2.25 % in 2002-05. Table illustrates that though states constitute a very little proportion of barren and uncultivated lands, nonetheless these show substantial spatial variations. In 1995-98, most proportion of area under this class was found in (4.68 percent) followed by Mahendergarh (4.29 percent), Faridabad (3.53 percent), Sonipat (3.76 percent), Ambala (2.78 percent), Yamuna Nagar (2.91 percent) and Rewari (2.60 percent). These were the district wherever proportion of area under this class was on top of state average (2.03 percent), Sirsa had no barren land in 1995-98. during 2002-05, highest proportion of area beneath this class is found in Mahendergarh district (7.22 percent) followed by Karnal (5.28 percent). Panchkula, Bhiwani, Yamuna Nagar, Sonipat, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Rewari area unit others districts where the percentage area under this class is on top of state average (2.25 percent). No barren and uncultivable land is recorded in Jind and Sirsa

districts throughout 2002-05. Southeastern and southwestern districts have high proportion of area under this landuse class because the Aravali range passes through these district and sand dunes exits in some components of those districts. In northeastern districts of Panchkula and Yamuna Nagar, the lower components of the Shiwaliks range lie, therefore high proportion of area under this landuse class is additionally found.

Table : Haryana, Change in Land Use (1995-98 to 2002 - 05)

Percentage area Percentage 2002-05 Landuse categories 1995-98 change Forests 2.275 1.02 -55.16 Area under non-agricultural uses 8.69 10.14 16.69 Barren and uncultivable land 2.03 2.25 10.84 Permanent pastures & other 0.55 0.57 3.64 grazing land Area under miscellaneous tree 0.098 0.14 42.85 crops Cultivable wasteland 0.63 0.81 28.57 Fallow land 3.31 4.91 48.34 Net sown area 82.12 80.16 -2.39 Source: Statistical Abstract of Haryana8.

It is evident from table that area under forest has declined very sharply by -55.16 percent as compared to 1995-98 forest cover area in the state.Net sown area has also recorded negative growth, which has declined 2.39 percent in 2002-05,while the rest of landuse categories has showed positive increase in their proportion. Area under miscellaneous tree crops and fallow land has increased by more than 40 percent. It is due to adoption of social forestry by the farmers for gaining more and more output from their land.

8 Ijrar.com. 2021. [online] Available at: < https://www.ijccr.com/November2012/11.pdf > [Accessed 21 May 2021].

Table: Percentage of Area under Different Land Use Categories 2010-13

Sources: Statistical Abstract of Haryana9

Barren and un-cultivable Land

9 Ijrar.com. 2021. [online] Available at: < https://www.ijccr.com/November2012/11.pdf > [Accessed 21 May 2021].

The proportion is kind of less space below this landuse class in 1966-69 to 2010-13, in state of Haryana because of principally plain surface and fertile land. In 1966-69, highest proportions of area under this class have found in 8.17% followed by Karnal and Ambala district with 7.28% and 7.15% severally. Table 1966-69 show that Rohtak, Mahendergarh and Gurgaon districts area unit below the state average that is 5.06%. In 1990-93, most proportions of space below this class have found in Bhiwani district 4.71% followed by Mahendergarh and Faridabad districts with 4.64% and 4.09% severally. Sirsa and have 0% space below barren and uncultivatable land. Throughout 2010-13, highest proportion of space below this class have found in Mewat district 6.31%.Whereas, lowest proportions of space below barren and uncultivatable land have found in 0.77 percent. In 2010-13, barren and uncultivatable land in districts specifically Gurgaon, Jind, and Sirsa reached to zero. Barren and uncultivatable expanse attenuated from 5.06 % to a pair of.15% in 1966-69 to 1990-93, however slightly exaggerated to a pair of.36 % in 2010-13. During this class of landuse includes barren and uncultivated lands in mountains and hill slopes, deserts, plateaus, rocky space and intensely degraded lands. These lands can't be brought below cultivation unless at a high input value with potential low returns. The proportion is kind of less space below this landuse class in 1966-69 to 2010-13, in state of Haryana because of principally plain surface and fertile land. In 1966-69, highest proportions of space below this class have found in Jind district 8.17% followed by Karnal and Ambala district with 7.28 and 7.15% severally. These districts area unit are higher than the state average. Table show that Rohtak, Mahendergarh and Gurgaon districts area unit below the state average that is 5.06%. In 1990-93, most proportions of space below this class have found in Bhiwani district four.71 p.c followed by Mahendergarh and Faridabad districts with 4.64%and 4.09% severally. Sirsa and Kaithal district have 0% space below barren and uncultivatable land. throughout 2010-13, highest proportion of space below this class have found in Mewat district 6.31 percent. Whereas, lowest proportions of space below barren and uncultivatable land have found in Panipat district 0.77%. In 2010-13, barren and uncultivatable land in districts specifically Gurgaon, Jind, and Sirsa reached to 0. Barren and uncultivatable expanse attenuated from 5.06% to a pair of.15% in 1966-69 to 1990-93, however slightly exaggerated to 0.36% in 2010-13.

Cultivable Waste Land

This land was used for cultivation within the past however isn't being employed nowadays. Tables shows that proportion of cultivatable waste land was just 1.76 % in 1966-69 it's magnified to 0.87 % in 1990-93 and 0.61 % in 2010-13 it's reduced. Cultivatable waste land has squeezed over the period of time within the state. In 1990-93, most space underneath this landuse class was recorded in Rohtak district (4.69 percent). wheras lowest space underneath during this land use class were found in with 0.1%. Relatively high proportions of cultivated waste land were found in 4.1%. On the opposite hand lowest proportions of cultivated waste land were found in 0.29 percent. In 2010-13, highest proportions during this land use class have found in Rohtak district 5.39% followed by Jhajjar and Panchkula district with 4.36 and 4.09 % severally.Cultivatable waste land has magnified considerably Rohtak and Jhajjar districts in over the study period.

Conclusion

In this project we saw land use pattern of many years in the state of Haryana. In Haryana we saw different categories of land like cultivable land, not cultivable land etc in many cities of Haryana like Ambala, Yamuna nagar, Sirsa, Gurgaon etc. The study concluded that land use pattern is changed over the period from 1966-69, 1990-93, 1995-98, 2002 - 05 and 2010-13. Sharp decline in the proportion of forest cover has been recorded in Haryana over the period. The proportion of area under put to non-agricultural uses has been increased due to urbanization and industrialization. If we talk particularly about the period of 1995-98 to 2002-05 then there is sharp decline in the proportion of forest cover has been recorded in Haryana, which has decline from 2.575 percent in 1995-98 to 1.02 percent 2002-05. The proportion of net sown area in the state has also marginally declined from 82.12 percent in 1995- 98 to 80.16 percent in 2002-05. Barren and un-cultivated land, land uses for grazing and as permanent pasture and cultivable land have all decreased over the study period 1966 to 2013. Land under miscellaneous tree crops and grove is almost non-existent in the state. Fallow land other than current fallow is almost non-existent in the state. Such land found in Jhajjar, Panchkula and . Net sown area is increased in 1966- 69 to 1990-93 but in 1990-93 to 2010-13 net sown area is same proportion 79 percent and 80.42 percent. Net sown area is decreased in Faridabad, Panipat and Sonipat districts because these districts

are nearby National Capital Region.

Submitted by- Keshav Jindal

*Three tables shown in the project of the years related to 1966-69, 1990-93 and 2010-13 are in the picture format, due citation is given to that thereby considering that world limit does not exceed and project does not become lengthy. I have made this project of around 3700 words.