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I “PENOLAKAN KELOMPOK AGAMA TERHADAP PERNIKAHAN

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I “PENOLAKAN KELOMPOK AGAMA TERHADAP PERNIKAHAN “PENOLAKAN KELOMPOK AGAMA TERHADAP PERNIKAHAN SESAMA JENIS DI AMERIKA SERIKAT” The Refusal of Religious Groups towards Same-Sex Marriage in the United States SKRIPSI Oleh Amaliatul Izzah NIM 120910101022 JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS JEMBER 2016 i “PENOLAKAN KELOMPOK AGAMA TERHADAP PERNIKAHAN SESAMA JENIS DI AMERIKA SERIKAT” The Refusal of Religious Groups towards Same-Sex Marriage in the United states SKRIPSI diajukan guna melengkapai dan memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk menyelesaikan pendidikan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional (SI) dan mencapai gelar Sarjana Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Oleh Amaliatul Izzah NIM 120910101022 JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS JEMBER 2016 ii PERSEMBAHAN Skripsi saya yang berjudul “Penolakan Kelompok Agama Terhadap Pernikahan Sesama Jenis di Amerika Serikat”, saya persembahkan untuk : 1. Dosen pembimbing saya yang sabar membimbing hingga skripsi ini dapat terlesesaikan dengan baik 2. Guru-guru sejak taman kanak-kanak hingga perguruan tinggi 3. Almamater Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Jember. iii MOTTO . iv PERNYATAAN Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini: Nama : Amaliatul Izzah NIM : 120910101022 menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa karya ilmiah yang berjudul “Penolakan Kelompok Agama Terhadap Pernikahan Sesama Jenis di Amerika Serikat” adalah benar-benar hasil karya sendiri, kecuali kutipan yang sudah saya sebutkan sumbernya, belum pernah diajukan pada institusi mana pun, dan bukan karya jiplakan. Saya bertanggung jawab atas keabsahan dan kebenaran isinya sesuai dengan sikap ilmiah yang harus dijunjung tinggi. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya, tanpa ada tekanan dan paksaan dari pihak mana pun serta bersedia mendapat sanksi akademik jika ternyata di kemudian hari pernyataan ini tidak benar. Jember, 13 September 2016 Yang menyatakan, Amaliatul Izzah NIM 120910101022 v SKRIPSI “PENOLAKAN KELOMPOK AGAMA TERHADAP PERNIKAHAN SESAMA JENIS DI AMERIKA SERIKAT” The Refusal of Religious Groups towards Same-Sex Marriage in the United States Oleh Amaliatul Izzah NIM 120910101022 Pembimbing Dosen Pembimbing Utama : Drs. M. Nur Hasan. M. Hum Dosen Pembimbing Anggota : Honest Dody Molasy, S.Sos., M.A vi PENGESAHAN Skripsi berjudul “Penolakan Kelompok Agama Terhadap Pernikahan Sesama Jenis di Amerika Serikat” telah diuji dan disahkan pada: hari, tanggal : Selasa, 13 September 2016 tempat : Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik jam : 09.00 Tim Penguji: Ketua, Drs. Himawan Bayu Patriadi, MA. Ph.D NIP. 196108281992011001 Pembimbing Utama, Pembimbing Anggota, Drs. M. Nur Hasan, M.Hum Honest Dody Molasy. S.Sos., M.A NIP. 195904231987021001 197611122003121002 Anggota I, Anggota II, Drs. Agung Purwanto, M.Si Drs. Pra Adi Sulistiyono, M.Si 196810221993031002 196105151988021001 Mengesahkan Dekan, Prof. Dr. Hary Yuswadi, M.A. NIP. 195207271981031003 vii RINGKASAN Penolakan Kelompok Agama Terhadap Pernikahan Sesama Jenis di Amerika Serikat; Amaliatul Izzah, 2016:195 Jurusan Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Jember. Dalam Amandemen Pertama Konstitusi AS menyebutkan “…freedom of (or from) religion;freedom of speech; freedom to assemble; freedom to petition the government.” Artinya, AS membebaskan setiap warga negaranya untuk menganut (ataupun tidak) suatu agama tertentu. Pada umunya, ahli modernism dan secularism akan melihat bahwa dengan adanya konsep “freedom of (or from) religion” akan membawa AS menjadi negara sekuler yang memisahkan lembaga pemerintah (termasuk orang-orang yang bekerja di pemerintahan) dengan keagamaan tertentu. Namun demikian, hal tersebut perlu ditinjau kembali karena fakta yang terjadi justru sebaliknya. Kelompok keagamaan, baik dalam bentuk perserikatan maupun intitusi gereja, justru tumbuh dengan pesat di AS. Sebagai negara demokrasi, religiusitas masyarakat AS kemudian juga berpengaruh terhadap politik dan pemerintahan AS. Hal tersebut juga membawa kelompok agama-kelompok agama yang ada di AS untuk turut serta mengambil peranan dalam pemerintahan AS, atau setidaknya kebijakan yang dibuat oleh pemerintah AS. Skripsi ini akan membahas mengenai kelompok agama dalam politik dan pemerintahan AS, khususnya bagaimana kelompok tersebut berupaya untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan pemerintahan AS. Untuk mendapatkan penjelasan yang lebih komprehensif, penulis akan memfokuskan pada isu pernikahan sesama jenis yang dalam beberapa dekade terakhir menjadi salah satu isu penting di AS. Sebagain besar kelompok agama di AS, terutama kelompok agama masyoritas, menolak diakuinya pernikahan sesama jenis secara hukum. Dengan adanya upaya-upaya yang dilakukan viii oleh kelompok pro-LGBT, prinsip penolakan kelompok agama terhadap pernikahan sesama jenis kemudian menjadi terancam. Penolakan tersebut yang akan menjadi fokus utama dalam karya tulis ini, khususnya mengenai bagaimana upaya yang dilakukan oleh kelompok agama untuk melindungi kelompoknya dari ancaman legalnya pernikahan homoseksual. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Sedangkan pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi kepustakaan (library research) dan teknik analisa data deskriptif kualitatif. Selanjutnya, untuk membantu penulis mendapatkan gambaran yang jelas, penulis akan menggunakan konsep kelompok kepentingan sebagai kerangka pemikiran. Dalam konsep kelompok kepentingan tersebut, penulis kemudian akan memaparkan 4 metode atau cara yang digunakan oleh kelompok agama untuk menolak dan mencegah legalisasi pernikahan sesama jenis di AS, yaitu lobi, kampanye media massa, membangun jaringan politik melalui pemilu, dan demonstrasi. ix PRAKATA Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat, taufik serta hidayahnya, sehingga penulis mampu menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul “Penolakan Kelompok Agama Terhadap Pernikahan Sesama Jenis di Amerika Serikat”.Sholawat serta salam, semoga senantiasa tetap tercurahkan atas junjungan Nabi Muhammad SAW. Penyusunan skripsi ini tidak lepas dari bantuan berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, penulis menyampaikan terimakasih kepada: 1. Drs. Bagus Sigit Sunarko, M.Si, Ph.D selaku Ketua Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu politik Universitas Jember 2. Drs. M. Nur Hasan, M.Hum selaku dosen Pembimbing I dan Honest Dody Molasy, S.Sos., M.A selaku Dosen Pembimbing II yang memberikan segenap waktu dan pemikiran untuk membimbing dan memberi arahan sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. 3. Seluruh Dosen dan Staff Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Jember yang telah membantu dalam proses akademik hingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan studi. 4. Semua pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu-persatu yang telah membantu dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini Semoga Allah SWT selalu memberikan hidayah dan rahmat kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dengan ikhlas sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan. Jember, 13 September 2016 Penulis x DAFTAR ISI Halaman SKRIPSI……. ............................................................................................................... i SKRIPSI…. .................................................................................................................. ii PERSEMBAHAN ....................................................................................................... iii MOTTO……............................................................................................................... iv PERNYATAAN ........................................................................................................... v SKRIPSI….. ................................................................................................................ vi PENGESAHAN ......................................................................................................... vii RINGKASAN ........................................................................................................... viii PRAKATA.. ................................................................................................................. x DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................... xi DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................. xv DAFTAR TABEL ..................................................................................................... xvi DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................ xvii BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan ..................................................................... 8 1.2.1 Batasan Materi ............................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Batasan Waktu ............................................................................... 9 1.3 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................... 10 1.4 Tujuan Penelitian..................................................................................... 10 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran ................................................................................ 10 1.5.1 Kelompok Kepentingan ............................................................... 11 1.5.1.1 Lobi (Lobbying)............................................................
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