STATE OF ENERGY REPORT Jinja Municipality, Uganda

Alex Ndibwami | Herbert Drazu Faculty of the Built Environment Uganda Martyrs University

STATE OF ENERGY REPORT | Jinja Municipality, Uganda. Published by the Faculty of the Built Environment, Uganda Martytyrs University P.O.Box 5498, Kampala UGANDA E.A. t: +256 79 fbe 1010 (323 1010) f: +256 38 241 0100 w: http://www.umu.ac.ug e: [email protected]

DISCLAIMER: This document is an output from a project co-funded by UK AID from the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) and the Department for Energy & Climate Change (DECC), for the beneft of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID, EPSRC or DECC or any institution partner of the project.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Project Coordinators: Alex Ndibwami, Mark Olweny Research Assistant: Herbert Candia Drazu Design and Layout: Jonathan Kateega SAMSET Contributors: David Mann, Josephine Namukisa, Bryce McCall, Louise Tait, Hlengiwe Radebe, Adrian Stone, Mark Borchers, Xavier Lemaire, Zanie Cilliers Municipality Contributors: Ernest Nabihamba, Christine Kayongo Enumerators: Mathew Ngango, Joseph Kigozi Nsubuga, Sheila Namutebi, Charlotte Kobusingye Editors: Alex Ndibwami, Herbert Candia Drazu

©Faculty of the Built Environment, Uganda Martytyrs University, 2017 Foreword

The State of Energy report for Jinja is a reference document that has been compiled under the Supporting African Municipalities in Sustainable Energy Transitions (SAMSET) research project that was undertaken between 2013 and 2017. This energy transition study was triggered by a new approach to sustainable development that seeks to strengthen urban communities across Africa. Save for South Africa, sustainable energy policy, planning and implementation in many SSA countries like Uganda has been the core mandate of central governments with little participation of municipalities. Until now there has been a lack of disgregated data on the state of energy profle at municipality level often dragging or misdirecting any attempts at municipal planning. Inventories or state of energy profles have been country specifc and energy mandates like electricity generation, distribution and regulation have been vested in national corporate bodies and not in municipal governments yet they are charged with local urban development planning. Even key pilot climate change action programs targeted only Kampala. This therefore, is the frst attempt to generate an energy profle on the various energy uses by sector as a step towards planning for energy transitions. The study has reemphasised that development activities dwell largely on un- sustainable energy sources like biomass (charcoal and frewood), fossil fuels and less on sustainable energy sources like electricity, solar energy and biogas. In addition overall planning in key sectors like commerce, industry, housing, agriculture, public buildings and transport are not integrating the principles of energy efciency nor promoting renewable energy as such exacerbating climate change. Nonetheless, the study has revealed more details on current initiatives among households and industrial sector to harness renewable energy (waste to energy ) practices of use of cofee husks, peanut husks, bagasse, rice brand in fring boilers and investments in solar energy mainly by the private sector. Jinja municipal council and its stakeholders will utilise this information to streamline planning, regulation and implementation of sustainable energy practices and above all use it to lobby for favourable policies that will allow development of Solar PV, solar minigrids, biogas generation, energy efcient buildings and an improvement of urban mobility as a strategy to harness the potential in our urban heritage fabric. We therefore appreciate all who participated and we invite all to ensure the success of the transition to sustainable energy.

Majid Batambuze His worship the Mayor Data Quality Statement

This publication presents the state of energy consumption within the administrative boundaries of Jinja municipality. Energy consumption presented this way is likely skewed by political boundaries, amidst the functional service area of the municipality - its hinterland. Surburbs have grown due to urban sprawl evidenced by the largely migrant variation in day and night time population in the municipality, from 300,000 - 400,000 people by day against 76,000 by night, characteristic of a largely migrant day time population. Data collection on requisite energy parameters has not been historically collected by statistical departments and bodies at municipality, district and national level. Limitations of access to quality data may skew actual production fgures across municipal economic sectors. Energy Futures models have to some extent relied on available data sourced from various research studies. The national statistical body - Uganda Bureau of Statistics, collects econometric data.There is an urgent need for data collection, beyond econometrics, to facilitate energy analysis and planning. Existing surveys, such as the population and housing census and the National household panel surveys do not capture the details of energy usage in households. Whilst the EEBEA project made its household energy audit information public, a major bottleneck was access to industrial energy audit data, which data was available though inaccesible. Government’s information on energy is highly fragmented across various departments and often not shared in between. Vision 2040 envisages an improved standard of living, with improved access to and use of cleaner modern energy sources. With the current lack of information on the actual energy use patterns within diferent spheres of the economic, this report perhaps ofers a benchmarking study to where and how energy is being put to use. Strategies to be developed or those in development can then be frmed up with actual fgures.

This report, is to our knowldge the frst of its kind in Uganda to consider energy usage across all economic sub sector categorisations at municipal level. However, because prior to this attempt, local level data collection has not taken place on the same, inference to national level statistics has had to be made. Transport sector information was markedly difcult to model at the local level. The political categorisations of town areas versus their actual service areas is markedlly problematic especially in determination of population. Jinja Municipal Council has a resident population of about 76,000 compared to a daytime population of 300,000 - 400,000 people. Most of Jinja’s workers live in its hinterland - in the towns of Njeru - Buikwe district, west of the Nile; and Bugembe, Kakira and in Jinja district.

We recomend this document be read in conjuction with the jInja Municipality Sustainable Energy Strategy (UMU, 2017) and Jinja Municipality Energy Futures Report (UMU, 2017) as it is a tripartite publication series. For detailed data collection methodology and analysis see Kasese LEAP modelling technical report (ERC, 2017) Figure 1: Jinja›s functonal service area. Njeru to the west, Bugembe and Kakira to the east STATE OF ENERGYKASESE | Jinja STATE Municipality OF ENERGY | September JANUARY 2017 2017

Jinja

NORTH

Figure 2: Jinja municipality aeriel view

7 STATE OF ENERGYKASESE STATE| Jinja Municipality OF ENERGY | September JANUARY 2017

Figure 3: Jinja municipality aeriel view

8 STATE OF ENERGYKASESE | Jinja STATE Municipality OF ENERGY | September JANUARY 2017 2017

Figure 4: Jinja›s locaton within Uganda›s administratve divisions

9 STATE OF ENERGYKASESE STATE| Jinja Municipality OF ENERGY | September JANUARY 2017

Figure 5:Jinja›s locaton within climatc regions of Uganda

10 STATE OF ENERGYKASESE | Jinja STATE Municipality OF ENERGY | September JANUARY 2017 2017

Figure 6: Jinja energy consumpton by sector

11 Contents 17 1. Introduction 18 2. Methodology

3. National Context 3.1. Institutional and Policy Context 19 3.2. National Energy Picture

4. Local Municipality 4.1. Institutional and Policy Context 22 Context 4.2. Socio-economic Context 26 5. Energy Overview 28 6. Municipality 30 7. Households 36 8. Commercial 40 9. Industrial 42 10. Transport 47 11. Issues and Opportunities 48 Reference List 49 Appendix STATE OF ENERGYKASESE STATE| Jinja Municipality OF ENERGY | September JANUARY 2017

List of Figures

No. Figure Page 1 Jinja energy consumption by sector 16 2 Jinja energy consumption by fuel 17 3 Jinja fuel use by sector 18 4 Local government energy consumption by sub-sector 18 5 Local government energy consumption by fuel 18 6 Local government fuel use by sub-sector 19 7 Number of households and energy consumption by electrifcation status 20 8 Number of households and energy consumption by income band 20

9 Household energy consumptoin by fuel 21 10 Household fuel use by electrifcation status 22 11 Household fuel use by income 22 12 Household fuel use by end-use in electrifed homes 22

13 Household fuel use by end-use in non-electrifed homes 23 14 Household fuel use by end-use in middle-income households 24 15 Household fuel use by end-use in low-income households 24 16 Commercial energy consumption by sub-sector 25 17 Commercial energy consumption by fuel 25 18 Commercial fuel use by sub-sector 26 19 Commercial sub-sector energy consumption by end-use 26 20 Fuel use by end-use in hospitality sub-sector 26

21 Fuel use by end use in ofces 27 22 Fuel use by end-use in restaurants 27 23 Fuel use by end-use in schools 27 24 Industrial energy consumption by fuel 28 25 Industrial energy consumption by sub-sector 28 26 Industrial fuel use by sub-sector 29 27 Transport energy consumption by freight, passenger, and corridor transport 30 28 Transport fuel use by freight, passenger, and corridor transport 30 29 Freight energy consumption by vehicle type 31 30 Freight fuel use by vehicle type 31 31 Passenger-km and energy consumption by modal split 31

32 Passenger-km and energy consumption by vehicle type 32 33 Passenger transport fuel use by vehicle type 32

14 STATE OF ENERGYKASESE | Jinja STATE Municipality OF ENERGY | September JANUARY 2017 2017

List of Tables

No. Table Page 1 Jinja energy balance (energy consumption by fuel & sector) 16 2 Household energy intensity by income & electrifcation status 21 3 Energy related policy, regulatory frameworks, and programmes 35 4 Institutional and policy context 40

Acronyms and Terms

GJ Gigajoule (109 joules) LPG Liquefed Petroleum Gas Pass-km Passenger-kilometre (a product of the number of passengers in a vehicle and the distance the vehicle travelled)

15 Supporting Sub Saharan Afri- can Municipalities in Sustaina- ble Energy Transitions

Why transitions research? The emergence of persistent sustainability problems in such sectors as energy, transport, water and food have turned the attention of scholars from various scientifc communities to the ways in which society could combine economic and social development with the reduction of its pressure on the environment. A shared idea among these scholars is that due to the specifc characteristics of the sustainability problems (ambiguous and complex) incremental change in prevailing systems will not sufce. There is a need for transformative change at the systems level, including major changes in production and consumption that were conceptualised as ‘sustainability transitions’. What is transitions research? Transitions research is a new approach to sustainable development (SD) and is drawing on several inputs: complexity theory, integrated assessment, Science Technology and Society (STS), innovation studies, history, governance studies, refexive modernisation, but is also developing its own core set of questions and theories. [...] We have learned that change involves more than technology alone. Rather, technical changes need to be seen in their institutional and social context, generating the notion of ‘socio-technical (s-t) systems’, which are often stable and path dependent, and therefore difcult to change. Under certain conditions and over time, the relationships within s-t systems can become reconfgured and replaced in a process that may be called a system innovation or a transition. (Sustainability Transitions Research Network, 2016) STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

1. Introduction Introduction Methodology

Supporting Sub-Saharan African Municipalities in Sustainable Energy Transitions (SAMSET) is a project that seeks to develop a knowledge exchange framework for supporting local and national bodies involved in municipal energy planning in the efective transition to sustainable energy use in urban areas. Through close Context National partnering with six cities in three African countries (Ghana, Uganda and South Africa), the project aims to develop an information base from which to support cities – by undertaking direct support for cities around strategy development and priority initiatives, and facilitating knowledge exchange and capacity building.

The following document is a State of Energy (SOE) report for Jinja municipality. Municipality Local Context This report is a compilation of the state of afairs as regards energy in Jinja Municipality across key sectors. It looks at demand, supply and implications for energy options/access at macro and micro scale. The sectors include: Households, Commercial, Industry, Local Government (the Municpality in particular) and Transport as relevant to Jinja Municipality. Energy Overview Energy The report will provide the background to other key outputs aimed at drivng implementation. These documents will include: 1. The Sustainable Energy Strategy 2. The Energy Futures Report 3. Technical/Policy Briefs Local Government Local

Local Collaboraton UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY

JINJA MUNICIPALITY Residential

Partcipatory Engagement Commercial

Implementaton Support Industrial Capacity Development Transport

Networking Figure 7: SAMSET project methodology. Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

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2. Methodology Introduction Methodology

Five sectors including: Households, Commercial, Industry, Local Government (the Municpality in particular) and Transport were identifed for their relevance to Jinja Municipality. The Agriculture sector›s contrubution to the energy National Context National picture is minimal and thus not considered. Through surveys and reference to existing documentation at national and municipality level the energy picture was captured. The detailed data collection and collation methodology is outlined in the LEAP energy futures modelling report, a summary of which is provided below. Local Municipality Local Context Households A household survey on energy consumption patterns was undertaken. Data entry was done using Microsoft Excel and Apple Numbers software. The software package “R” was used to analyse the survey data and produce average household energy intensities and shares of appliance and fuel use. Energy Overview Energy Commercial 15 commercial entities were surveyed. No foor space data was available, in which case absolute values of energy consumption were used. The data was scaled up based on electricity sales by customer type.

Local Government Local Industrial The local government supplied various datasets of energy consumption of some industries (e.g. steel works) over the previous 2 years. This data was scaled up using the number of known industries per industry type. This was cross-checked with electricity sales to the industrial sector. The unallocated

Residential electricity was assigned to the “other” sector, i.e. unknown industry type. Transport Passenger transport data, such as passenger-kilometres by mode, were gleaned from the household surveys, which included questions with regards

Commercial to transport use. Energy consumption by vehicle type was calculated using vehicle energy intensities and assumed vehicle speeds. Remaining fuel after model calibration was assigned to corridor transport, i.e. vehicles that fuelled up within municipal boundaries, but drove through to another area, as

Industrial opposed to local transport within the area. Municipality 15 commercial entities were surveyed. No foor space data was available, in Transport which case absolute values of energy consumption were used. The data was scaled up based on electricity sales by customer type. Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

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3. National Context Introduction 3.1 Institutional and policy context Methodology

It is often said that Uganda has a number of good policies and legislation but weak enforcement. The energy sector though has gained a lot of traction over the years especially given the shortage and unreliable access to power, plans for new power plants and related policy have since been established. With Context National the on going reviews of the National Energy Policy of 2002, the drafting of the Energy Efciency Roadmap for Uganda, the development of the Building Regulations and Standards and, the recent launch of the Housing Policy of 2016, it is evident that steps are being taken.

There are currently a number of initiatives to promote Energy Efciency Municipality Local Context and Renewable Energy in Uganda. These are from credit related strategies; development agencies on energy, awareness raising to furnishing curricula to integrate Environmentally Conscious Design in schools delivering Built Environment Education.

The project is also cognisant of the millieu of factors at play in assessing and Overview Energy improving the State of Energy and thus recognises that: 1. What happens in one sector with regard to energy/fuel can impact heavily upon events in all other sectors; 2. Harnessing the balanced potential in all sectors with regard to energy/fuel endowments is necessary for holistic development; 3. The absence of institutional capacity and a work ethic familiar with energy is a manjor deterrent to sustainable development. Government Local Residential Commercial Industrial Transport Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

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3.2 National Energy Picture Introduction Methodology National Context National Figure 8: Nalubaale and Kiira hydro electric dams and Bujagali dam, a litle further downstream. Current exploitable energy sources across the country include Electricity production from Hydro, Solar and Wind concentrated in the Northern fatlands. There has also been a desire to include nuclear sources in the National Electricity

Local Municipality Local Context picture. The Albertain Graben has geothermal power hotsprings. It is unclear when oil production will start but if it does start electricity generation from oil is expected. Uganda currently has an installed generation capacity of about 860MW of Electricity. Of this, 200MW and 180MW is from the combined parallel hydroelectric dams of Kiira and Nalubaale respectively, on the River Nile

Energy Overview Energy in Jinja/Buikwe. Although the installed capacity for Hydro is 380MW, the combined output from the two dams is currently less than 160MW, a result of decreased levels or so it was suspected of Lake Victoria that serves as the main reservoir yet today the level is at one of its highest in history. Between 2006 and 2012, an additional 200MW of power was generated from Diesel/Heavy Oil based generation plants installed as temporary facilities to supplement the generation capacity lost in hydro generation capacity. These were Namanve Local Government Local (Jacobsen) 50MW, Lugogo (Aggreko) 100MW and Tororo (Electromax) 50MW. With the commissioning of the Bujagali large hydro dam in 2012 at 250MW, dependence on heavy fuel reduced signifcantly and currently only the Tororo and Namanve plants are active to serve as peak demand plants. A further 65MW is being generated from small hydro projects across the country, as Residential well as 63MW from baggase based cogeneration plants at Kakira, Kinyara and Kaliro sugar factories. Current Demand for Electricity is averaging at 551MW and peaks at 595MW. Transmission losses are estimated to be between 3% to 4% and distribution Commercial losses are between 19% to 20% of dispatched energy, further reducing available energy supply in the country. The national electricity demand growth rate is averaged at 6%, yet concentrated in centres along the Lake Victoria Basin. Currently, about 900,000 enterprises and households are legally connected to Industrial the main electrical grid. The North Western part of the country relies on of grid plants for their electrical energy, powered formerly by diesel generators and now by Nyagak (>3.5MW) a small hydro power plant on Nyagak River, about 7 km to the north of Paidha town. Moyo town is still supplied by heavy Transport diesel generators even though the national grid is being extended there. Supply is expected to grow by 12% in 2021, but over the next fve years, it is expected that supply will be triple with the addition of Karuma (600MW) and Isimba (183MW) large hydro plants and a combination of thrifty committed

Issues and Opportunitues renewable energy with a combined output of 383MW. Recently the largest 10MW grid connected Solar Power Plant in the whole of East Africa was commissioned in Soroti. In addition following this in 2022 there will be the Ayago Power Station, a proposed 840MW plant to be located at Ayago on the Victoria Nile and the Muzizi Hydro Power Station, a proposed 44.7MW to be Reference List Reference located along Muzizi River in the District of Kibaale. 20 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

Under the GETFiT programme a total of 17 small scale renewable energy projects with a total of 160MW is being developed. This increased supply will be adequate to meet the country’s medium to long-term energy needs. There Introduction will however be a surplus in the short term - deceptive surplus because Although the share of renewable energy in Uganda’s total energy mix is quite high, at 90%. This level is in a sense artifcial as it is a result of high shares

of cooking enegy demand being served by woody biomass using highly Methodology inefcient systems in combination with an economy marked by low use of other energy sources. (WWF, 2015) While government emphasis is on upscaling electricity access and new connections, it is expected most of the country shall continue using biomass and biomass derived energy sources for the foreseeble future. This is in light of Context National over 90% of the population using biomass to meet their basic energy needs.

The biomass energy sector is largely fawed: there is scanty and inadequate data with no clearly defned data collection, archiving and updating mechanisms. (MEMD, 2013)

There is a wide range of non-traditional forms of biomass that have not been Municipality Local Context utilised mainly due to lack of technology to harness them. The total tree biomas is estimated at 44 milliion tonnes of wood equivalent providing about 440 Peta joules of energy. About 3.5 million tonnes of vegetal waste mainly used in industries provide over 39 PJ of energy. Total biomass delivered is therefore about 479 PJ. Overview Energy Local Government Local Residential Commercial Industrial Transport Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

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4. Local Municipality Context Introduction Methodology National Context National Local Municipality Local Context Energy Overview Energy Local Government Local Residential Commercial Industrial Transport Figure 9: Jinja municipality administratve divisions

Broadly, the municipality has a role as regulator, planner, service delivery vehicle and facilitator of development. Jinja municipality is also part of a wider energy sector that includes households, commercial, industry, transport and to a Issues and Opportunitues much lesser extent, agriculture. The energy types/fuels used include: biomass (wood and charcoal), electricity, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, coal, HFO and LPG. The potential for renewables (and clean energy) is huge in solar, among other site specifc sources like waste. In addition, given the geographical and climatic context of Jinja, how far design, construction, operation and management of Reference List Reference buildings addresses energy efciency is a key area. 22 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017 Introduction Methodology National Context National Local Municipality Local Context Energy Overview Energy Local Government Local

Figure 10: Jinja municipality land uses Residential Commercial Industrial Transport Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

23 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017

4.1 Institutional and policy context Introduction

Broadly, the municipality has a role as regulator, planner, service delivery vehicle

Methodology and facilitator of development. Jinja municipality is also part of a wider energy sector that includes households, commercial, industry, transport and to a much lesser extent, agriculture. The energy types/fuels used include: biomass (wood and charcoal), electricity, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, coal, HFO and LPG. The potential for renewables (and clean energy) is huge in solar, among other site specifc sources like waste. In addition, given the geographical and climatic National Context National context of Jinja, how far design, construction, operation and management of buildings addresses energy efciency is a key area. Local Municipality Local Context Energy Overview Energy Local Government Local Residential Commercial Industrial Transport Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

24 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

4.2 Socio-economic context Introduction Methodology National Context National Local Municipality Local Context

Figure 11: Nalubaale dam and Hydropower staton Overview Energy

Jinja played a signifcant role in the industrial development of Uganda, especially during the colonial period and is often referred to today as the second Government Local largest town in the country (which could be true in terms of infrastructure and housing stock, but not in terms of population). According to the Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Jinja municipality has the seventeenth largest urban population in Uganda with 76,051 people (UBOS 2016). Residential Sitting between the right bank of the Nile River and Lake Victoria, it marks the western boundary of the traditionally Busoga tribal lands. Before the arrival of Europeans, Jinja was a small fshing village on the edge of the River Nile which constituted the border between two distinct peoples - the Baganda to the West and the Basoga to the East. With the arrival of British colonial rule in Commercial 1906, the town began to grow as a trading centre and important river crossing. By mid-century, the town had grown signifcantly with Indians, Africans, and Europeans living in somewhat segregated neighbourhoods on the East side Industrial of the river. With the arrival of the railroad and later, hydroelectricity (from Owen Falls dam), Jinja was ideally situated to become the industrial capital

of the country with sugar and cotton processing making up a large part of Transport employment. During the difcult political crises of the 1970s, Jinja’s trading and manufacturing economies sufered. Though that importance has become dispersed in recent years, the municipality retains rail, water and road connections to many important regional consumer markets, agricultural (sugar, maize, tea) and extractive industries (limestone Issues and Opportunitues and gold?), and the Indian Ocean ports. The infrastructure and urban pattern was planned with a large number of industrial and supportive land uses in mind and therefore has capacity to accommodate signifcant future economic development. Reference List Reference

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5. Energy Overview Introduction Methodology National Context National

Table 1: Jinja energy balance (energy consumpton by fuel and sector) GJ Local government Households Commercial Industrial Transport TOTAL

Bagasse 0 0 0 257,535 0 257,535 Local Municipality Local Context aerie 0 237 0 0 0 237

Biogas 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solar 0 168 9 0 0 177

0 0 0 492,071 0 492,071 Energy Overview Energy Biomass

Charcoal 0 506,557 84,815 666,395 0 1,257,767 Firewood 0 88,588 242,126 1,263,645 0 1,594,359 Coal 0 0 0 30,189 0 30,189

Candles 0 54 0 0 0 54 Local Government Local Diesel 1,728 0 0 0 603,977 605,705 HFO 0 0 0 64,143 0 64,143 Kerosene 0 40,468 47 0 0 40,515 Residential LPG 0 2,882 17,686 0 0 20,568 Petrol 314 0 0 116 930,930 931,360 Electricity 121 28,581 62,739 754,321 0 845,762

Commercial TOTAL 2,163 667,535 407,422 3,528,415 1,534,907 6,140,442

Residential Industrial 11% Commercial 7%

Transport Transport 25% Local government 0.04%

Issues and Opportunitues Industrial 57%

Figure 12: Jinja energy consumpton by sector Reference List Reference

26 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

Bagasse Solar Biogas 4% Batteries LPG 0.00% 0.00%

0.00% Introduction 0.33% Candles Kerosene Petrol Biomass 0.00% 1% HFO 15% 8% 1% Charcoal Methodology 20% Firewood 26% Diesel Electricity 10% Coal 14% 1% Context National

Figure 13: Jinja consumpton by fuel

In Jinja, more than half (57%) of all energy is consumed by the industrial sector, followed by a quarter (25%) in the transport sector, a tenth in the household sector (11%) and just under a tenth in the commercial sector (7%) (Figure 1). Due Municipality Local Context to its location as a historically signifcant transport hub, and access to nearby large hydropower: Owen Falls Dam (now known as Nalubaale Dam), Kiira Dam and recently Bujagali Dam, Jinja was the industrial capital of Uganda (which title has since shifted to Kampala). As a result, it comes as no surprise that the largest proportion of energy is consumed in the industrial sector, with transport as the second major energy-consuming sector. Overview Energy The major energy sources used in Jinja are frewood (26%) and charcoal (20%) (Figure 2). Transport fuels, diesel (10%) and petrol (15%), together with electricity (14%) and biomass (8%) make up most of the remainder. Small amounts of bagasse (4%), kerosene, HFO and coal (1% each) are consumed, with very small amounts of energy coming from biogas, solar, LPG and batteries. Government Local Fuel use by sector Solar 100% Petrol 90% LPG 80% Kerosene Residential HFO 70% Firewood 60% Electricity 50% Diesel

40% Coal Commercial 30% Charcoal 20% Candles Biomass

10% Industrial Biogas 0% Batteries Residential Commercial Industrial Local Transport Bagasse government Transport Figure 14: Jinja fuel use by sector

Firewood is a major fuel used in the commercial sector, with some used in the industrial and residential sectors (Figure 3). Most charcoal consumption occurs in the residential sector, with some in the commercial and industrial sectors. Electricity is largely consumed in the industrial and commercial sectors, with Issues and Opportunitues small amounts in the residential and local government sectors. Diesel and petrol are largely used for transport purposes and therefore represent the major fuels consumed in the transport sector (i.e. freight and passenger transport) and the local government sector (in their vehicle feet). Reference List Reference

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6. The Municipality Introduction Methodology National Context National Local Municipality Local Context

Figure 15: City Hall, Jinja Municipality Energy Overview Energy

Most energy consumption in the local government sector (i.e. energy used by the Jinja Municipality authority in its operations) is by the municipal vehicle feet, with the remainder (6%) consumed in ofces (Figure 4). Municipality Residential

Offices 6% Commercial Industrial

Transport Vehicles 94%

Figure 16: Local government energy consumpton by sub-sector Issues and Opportunitues Most energy consumption in the local government sector (i.e. energy used by the Jinja Municipality authority in its operations) is by the municipal vehicle feet, with the remainder (6%) consumed in ofces (Figure 4). Reference List Reference

28 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

Petrol Introduction Electricity 14% 6% Methodology

Diesel 80%

Figure 17: Local government energy consumpton by fuel Context National Given that the vehicle feet consumes the largest chunk of energy, it is not sur- prising that transport-related fuels (diesel and petrol) represent the majority of the fuel consumed by local government (Figure 5). Local Municipality Local Context Energy Overview Energy

Figure18: Garbage collecton remains a challenge within the municipality

100% Municipality 90% 15 80% 70%

60% Petrol Residential 100 50% Electricity 40% 85 Diesel 30%

20% Commercial 10% 0%

Offices Vehicles Industrial Figure 19: Local government fuel use by sub-sector

Electricity is consumed in local government ofces and for street lighting, while diesel and petrol are consumed in the vehicle feet (Figure 6). Transport Issues and Opportunitues

Figure 20: Solar powered streetligts have been installed. However, many streets remain Reference List Reference

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7. Households Introduction

Household groupings are accorded as high, middle and low income. Stratifcation is measured based on quality of housing; determined according to quality of

Methodology building material fnishes, size of plot, size of house (in square metres), location of house, ownership and number of electronic appliances, ownership of house, monthly expenditure on electricity and where possible responses to household income level.

National Context National 100% 90% 24 80% 34 70% 60% 50% Non-electrified Local Municipality Local Context 40% 76 Electrified 30% 66 20% 10% 0%

Energy Overview Energy Households GJ

Figure21: Number of households and energy consumpton by electrifcaton status.

Households were classifed as “electrifed” if they indicated in the household survey that they used grid electricity or if they were using electric light bulbs

Local Government Local (rather than torches, candles, etc.) for lighting. Two-thirds of all households in Jinja are electrifed (Figure 7). Proportionally, electrifed households consume more energy than non-electrifed households.

Residential 100% 90% 80% 37 50 70% Commercial 60% Low-income 50% Middle-income 40% 52 Industrial 30% 42 High-income 20% 10% 11 Transport 9 0% Households GJ Figure22: Number of households and energy consumpton by income band.

Issues and Opportunitues The majority of energy is consumed by middle-income households, because a large proportion (42%) of households are middle-income (Figure 5) and because middle-income households consume considerably more energy per household than low-income households (Table 2). Proportionally, low-income households consume much less energy than would be expected given their number. Reference List Reference

30 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017 Introduction Methodology National Context National Local Municipality Local Context Energy Overview Energy Local Government Local Residential Commercial Industrial Transport Issues and Opportunitues

Figure 23: Selecton of household typologies in Jinja Municipality. List Reference

31 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017

Table 2: Household energy intensity by income and electrifcaton status

Introduction Householder Category GJ / household High-income electrifed 43.6 Middle-income electrifed 44.5 Low-income electrifed 30.8

Methodology High-income non-electrifed 62.2 Middle-income non-electrifed 40.1 Low-income non-electrifed 22.7 Average 43.7

National Context National Electrifcaton GJ / household Electrifed 40.4 Non-electrifed 25.1 Income GJ / household High-income 45.7

Local Municipality Local Context Middle-income 44.3 Low-income 25.9

There is marked inequality in the amount of energy a household uses based on their income and whether they are electrifed. On a per household basis,

Energy Overview Energy middle and high-income households consume almost double the amount of energy compared to low-income households (Table 2). Similarly, an electrifed household consumes almost double the amount of energy being consumed by a non-electrifed household.

Local Government Local Solar Batteries Candles Kerosene LPG 0.03% 0.04% 0.01% 6% 0.43% Firewood 13% Residential

Electricity 4% Commercial Charcoal 76% Industrial

Figure 24: Household energy consumpton by fuel

Transport More than three-quarters (76%) of energy consumed in the residential sector comes from charcoal. Firewood (13%) constitutes the majority of the remainder, followed by kerosene (6%) and electricity (4%). Small to negligible amounts of energy consumption demands are met through the use of LPG, solar, batteries and candles (Figure 9). Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

32 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

100% Solar

90% Introduction LPG 80% 70% Kerosene 60% Firewood

50% Methodology Electricity 40% 30% Charcoal 20% Candles 10%

Batteries Context National 0% Electrified Non-electrified Figure 25: Household fuel use by electrifcaton status

Electrifed households do not use a large amount of electricity, potentially

due to high cost of this fuel (Figure 10). Instead, charcoal is the preferred fuel, Municipality Local Context supplemented largely by frewood and, in the case of non-electrifed households, kerosene.

100% 90% Solar

80% LPG Overview Energy 70% Kerosene 60% 50% Firewood 40% Electricity

30% Government Local Charcoal 20% 10% Candles 0% Batteries

High-income Middle-income Low-income Residential Figure 26: Household fuel use by income

100% Commercial 90% Solar 80% LPG 70% Kerosene Industrial 60% 50% Firewood 40% Electricity Transport 30% Charcoal 20% 10% Candles 0% Batteries

Appliances Cooking Cooling Lighting Refrigeration Issues and Opportunitues Figure 27 Household fuel use by end-use in electrifed households. Reference List Reference

33 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017

100% Introduction 90% Solar 80% LPG 70% Kerosene 60%

Methodology 50% Firewood 40% Electricity 30% Charcoal 20% Candles

National Context National 10% 0% Batteries Appliances Cooking Cooling Lighting Refrigeration Figure 28: Household fuel use by end-use in non-electrifed households

Higher-income households are more likely to use charcoal and electricity, while Local Municipality Local Context lower-income households are more likely to use frewood and kerosene (Figure 11), potentially as a result of cheaper fuel prices for kerosene and frewood when compared with charcoal and electricity. Very few households make use of electricity and those that do are largely higher-income.Both electrifed and non-electrifed households favour charcoal Energy Overview Energy for cooking (Figure 12 and Figure 13), supplemented by frewood. Electrifed households use electricity for appliances, refrigeration and cooling, while non- electrifed households use charcoal in appliances (e.g. clothes irons), LPG for refrigeration and forego cooling entirely, i.e. they do not cool their houses using energy sources. Non-electrifed households use kerosene for lighting, while electrifed households use a mix of electricity and kerosene. Local Government Local

100% 90% Solar 80% LPG Residential 70% Kerosene 60% 50% Firewood 40% Electricity Commercial 30% Charcoal 20% 10% Candles Industrial 0% Batteries Appliances Cooking Cooling Lighting Refrigeration

Figure 29: Household fuel use by end-use in high-income households Transport Issues and Opportunitues

Reference List Reference Figure 30: Batery powered lights and entertainment units in low income households

34 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

100% Solar 90% Introduction 80% LPG 70% Kerosene 60% Firewood 50% Methodology 40% Electricity 30% Charcoal 20% 10% Candles National Context National 0% Batteries Appliances Cooking Cooling Lighting Refrigeration

Figure 31: Household fuel use by end-use in middle-income households

100% Municipality Local Context 90% Solar 80% LPG 70% Kerosene 60%

50% Firewood Overview Energy 40% Electricity 30% Charcoal 20% 10% Candles

0% Batteries Government Local Appliances Cooking Cooling Lighting Refrigeration

Figure 32: Household fuel use by end-use in low-income households

Households largely use charcoal, supplemented by frewood for cooking, no Residential matter the income band, with the use of charcoal slightly higher in higher-income households (Figure 13, Figure 14 and Figure 15). Electricity is the favoured fuel for refridgeration and cooling across all income bands, with some use of LPG for refrigeration. The impact of income can be seen largely in the fuel use in appliances (with higher-income households using electricity and lower-income Commercial households using charcoal) and lighting (with higher-income households using electricity or solar and lower-income households using kerosene).

Energy poverty manifests itself as the use of dangerous or damaging fuels as Industrial a result of lack of access or inability to aford safe and clean fuels. Unsafe fuels include frewood, charcoal, kerosene and candles, which cause health problems through Indoor air pollution, poisoning through accidental ingestion (in the case of parafn) and higher risk of fre. A change in the use of the type of fuels used Transport across income bands and electrifcation status indicates that a household will favour electricity for most end-uses if it was able to access electricity and aford Issues and Opportunitues

Figure 33: Fuelwood use in households, sawdust being dried for fuel List Reference

35 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017

8. Commercial Introduction Methodology National Context National

Figure 34: Commercial scene in municipality

Hospitality 5% Offices 3% Local Municipality Local Context

Other 42% Restaurants 21% Energy Overview Energy

Schools 29%

Figure 35: Commercial energy consumpton by sub-sector Local Government Local During the up-scaling and calibration of energy consumption data from the survey to cover the entire Jinja area, unallocated energy was assigned to the sub- sector “other” – constituted by retail shops, supermarkets, cooking stalls, ‘home distilleries’ etc When excluding this sub-sector, schools is the largest energy- Residential consuming sub-sector (29%), followed by restaurants (21%), with the remainder going to the hospitality sector (hotels and guesthouses) (5%) and ofces (3%) (Figure 16).

LPG Solar Commercial Kerosene 4% 0.00% 0.01%

Charcoal Industrial 20.82%

Transport Electricity Firewood 15% 60% Issues and Opportunitues Figure 36: Commercial energy consumpton by fuel

Firewood constitutes the bulk of the energy consumed in the commercial sector; the remainder mainly coming from charcoal and electricity, with small to negli-

Reference List Reference gible amounts from LPG and kerosene respectively (Figure 17).

36 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017 Introduction Methodology

Figure 37: Selecton of educaton insttutons in municipality

100% Context National 90% 80% Solar 70% LPG 60% 50% Kerosene Municipality Local Context 40% Firewood 30% Electricity 20% 10% Charcoal Energy Overview Energy 0% Hospitality Offices Restaurants Schools Other Figure 38: Commercial fuel use by sub-sector Ofces rely almost exclusively on electricity, while schools get the majority of their energy needs from frewood (Figure 18). Restaurants and the hospitality industry rely on a mix of charcoal, electricity, frewood and LPG. Government Local

100% 90%

80% Residential 70% Refrigeration 60% Lighting 50% Cooling 40% Commercial 30% Cooking 20% Appliances

10% Industrial 0% Hospitality Offices Restaurants Schools

Figure 39: Commercial sub-sector energy consumpton by end-use Transport The largest proportion of energy consumption in ofces goes towards cooling the buildings, with the remainder for lighting and appliances (Figure 19). The hospitality sector, schools and restaurants on the other hand, use most of their energy consumption for cooking. Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

37 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017 Introduction Methodology

Figure 40: Selecton of hotels in Jinja

100%

National Context National 90% 80% Solar 70% LPG 60% 50% Kerosene

Local Municipality Local Context 40% Firewood 30% Electricity 20% 10% Charcoal 0%

Energy Overview Energy Appliances Cooking Cooling Lighting Refrigeration

Figure 41: Fuel use by end-use in hospitality sub-sector Local Government Local Residential

Figure 42: Ofce buildings are increasingly being fted with Air Conditoning units Within the commercial sector, electricity is the fuel of choice for appliances, space cooling, lighting and refridgeration. Charcoal, frewood and/or LPG are Commercial used for cooking, with the choice of fuel possibly linked to cost. Ofces use LPG exclusively, while schools mainly use frewood. The hospitality industry and 100%

Industrial 90% 80% Solar 70% LPG Transport 60% 50% Kerosene 40% Firewood 30% Electricity

Issues and Opportunitues 20% 10% Charcoal 0% Appliances Cooking Cooling Lighting Refrigeration

Reference List Reference Figure 43: Fuel use by end-use in ofces

38 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

100%

90% Introduction 80% Solar 70% LPG 60% Kerosene 50% Methodology 40% Firewood 30% Electricity 20% 10% Charcoal National Context National 0% Appliances Cooking Cooling Lighting Refrigeration

Figure 44: Fuel use by end-use in restaurants Within the commercial sector, electricity is the fuel of choice for appliances, space cooling, lighting and refridgeration. Charcoal, frewood and/or LPG are used for cooking, with the choice of fuel possibly linked to cost. Ofces use LPG Municipality Local Context

100% 90% 80% Solar

70% Overview Energy LPG 60% 50% Kerosene 40% Firewood 30% Electricity

20% Government Local 10% Charcoal 0% Appliances Cooking Cooling Lighting Refrigeration

Figure 45: Fuel use by end-use in schools Residential

Within the commercial sector, electricity is the fuel of choice for appliances, space cooling, lighting and refridgeration. Charcoal, frewood and/or LPG are used for cooking, with the choice of fuel possibly linked to cost. Ofces use LPG exclusively, while schools mainly use frewood. The hospitality industry and Commercial restaurants use a mix of the three fuels. Industrial Transport

Figure 46: Informal alcohol producton, Walukaba division

Within the commercial sector, electricity is the fuel of choice for appliances, Issues and Opportunitues space cooling, lighting and refridgeration. Charcoal, frewood and/or LPG are used for cooking, with the choice of fuel possibly linked to cost. Ofces use LPG exclusively, while schools mainly use frewood. The hospitality industry and restaurants use a mix of the three fuels. Reference List Reference

39 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017

9. Industrial Introduction Methodology National Context National Local Municipality Local Context

Figure 47: Industry in Jinja

Energy Overview Energy Jinja’s industrial sector is large and varied, which results in the use of a range of fuels. The largest local employer is Kakira Sugar Works, which burns bagasse by- products from sugar manufacturing to generate electricity for internal use and sale to national grid, hence the sizeable presence of bagasse as a fuel in Figure 21. Other large industries in the area include Nile Breweries Limited, MM Integrated Steel Uganda Limited (the leading manufacturer of steel in the region) and the Bidco palm oil factory. Firewood (36%) is the main fuel used in the industrial Local Government Local sector, followed by electricity (21%), charcoal (19%), biomass (14%) and bagasse (7%). Small amounts of HFO (2%), Coal (1%) and petrol (<1%) are used. HFO Petrol Bagasse 2% 0.00% 7% Residential

Biomass Firewood 14% Commercial 36% Charcoal 19% Industrial Electricity 21% Coal 1% Transport Figure 48: Industrial energy consumpton by fuel Jinja’s industrial sector is large and varied, which results in the use of a range of fuels. The largest local employer is Kakira Sugar Works, which burns bagasse by- products from sugar manufacturing to generate electricity for internal use and

Issues and Opportunitues sale to national grid, hence the sizeable presence of bagasse as a fuel in Figure 21. Other large industries in the area include Nile Breweries Limited, MM Integrated Steel Uganda Limited (the leading manufacturer of steel in the region) and the Bidco palm oil factory. Firewood (36%) is the main fuel used in the industrial sector, followed by electricity (21%), charcoal (19%), biomass (14%) and bagasse

Reference List Reference (7%). Small amounts of HFO (2%), Coal (1%) and petrol (<1%) are used.

40 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

Lime Milling

2% 0.29% Introduction

Steel Other 17% Tanneries

36% 1% Methodology

Vegetable oils 44% National Context National

Figure 49: Industrial energy consumpton by sub-sector

100%

90% Petrol Municipality Local Context 80% HFO 70% 60% Firewood 50% Electricity

40% Overview Energy Coal 30% 20% Charcoal 10% Biomass 0% Lime Milling Steel Tanneries Vegetable Other Bagasse oils Government Local Figure 50: Industrial fuel use by sub-sector

Firewood is used as the primary fuel in the lime industry and tanneries (Figure

26), with substantial use, alongside bagasse and biomass, in the production of Residential vegetable oil. Charcoal is the main fuel used in the steel industry (supplemented by electricity, coal and HFO), while milling relies exclusively on electricity. Commercial Industrial Transport Issues and Opportunitues

Figure 51: The BIDCO palm oil factory in Masese Reference List Reference

41 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017

10. Transport Introduction Methodology National Context National Local Municipality Local Context

Figure 52: Corridor transport via Kampala - Malaba road. Most trafc is corridor trafc by road.

The Jinja municipal area is small (? Sq. km); hence corridor transport (transport

Energy Overview Energy moving through, rather than in the area) is a major component of transport energy consumption (Figure 27). Most residents live outside the boundaries of Jinja municipality, in the suburbs, and travel to Jinja for work. Local transport (freight and passenger) consumes less than a tenth of transport-related energy.

The Jinja municipal area is small (? Sq. km); hence corridor transport (transport

Local Government Local moving through, rather than in the area) is a major component of transport energy consumption (Figure 27). Most residents live outside the boundaries of Jinja municipality, in the suburbs, and travel to Jinja for work. Local transport (freight and passenger) consumes less than a tenth of transport-related energy. Residential

Passenger Freight 6% 3% Commercial Industrial

Transport Corridor 91%

Figure 53: Transport energy consumpton by freight, passenger and corridor transport Issues and Opportunitues The Jinja municipal area is small (? Sq. km); hence corridor transport (transport moving through, rather than in the area) is a major component of transport energy consumption (Figure 27). Most residents live outside the boundaries of Jinja municipality, in the suburbs, and travel to Jinja for work. Local transport

Reference List Reference (freight and passenger) consumes less than a tenth of transport-related energy.

42 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | JInja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

100% 90% 22 Introduction 80% 70% 60 60% 86 50% Petrol Methodology 40% 78 Diesel 30% 20% 40 10% 14

0% Context National Corridor Freight Passenger Figure 54: Transport fuel use by freight, passenger and corridor transport Local Municipality Local Context Energy Overview Energy Local Government Local

Figure 55: Corridor transport via Kampala-Tororo road uses most liquid fuel Petrol is the dominant fuel used in passenger transport and corridor transport, while mainly diesel is used in freight vehicles (Figure 29). Residential In freight transport, most energy is consumed by medium commercial vehicles (58%), with pickups (28%) and heavy trucks (14%) making up the remainder (Figure 30). Commercial Heavy commercial vehicles rely exclusively on diesel, with petrol use becoming more prevalent in smaller freight vehicles (Figure 31). Industrial

Heavy trucks Pickups 14% 28% Transport

Medium Issues and Opportunitues commercial vehicles 58%

Figure 56: Freight energy consumpton by vehicle type List Reference 43 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017 Introduction Methodology National Context National Local Municipality Local Context Figure 57: Light commercial vehicles within muncipality

100% 90% 17 Energy Overview Energy 80% 43 70% 60% 50% 100 Petrol 40% 83 Diesel

Local Government Local 30% 57 20% 10% 0% Heavy trucks Medium commercial Pickups

Residential vehicles Figure 58: Freight fuel use by vehicle type Commercial Industrial Transport Issues and Opportunitues

Reference List Reference Figure 59: Major round about within municipality. Freight corridor transport consttutes bulk of usage 44 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | JInja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

100%

90% Introduction 31 80% 70% 73 60%

50% Public Methodology 40% Private 69 30% 20% 28 10% National Context National 0% Pass-km GJ Figure 60: Passenger-km and energy consumpton by modal split

In local passenger transport, the majority of energy is consumed by private

transport (Figure 31), with cars being the main consumers (Figure 32). Municipality Local Context While private transport only makes up only 28% of passenger-km, it consumes 69% of all passenger transport energy (Figure 31). This is largely as a result of the very energy inefcient nature of transporting people by cars, which cannot carry as many people as a minibus and hence use more energy per passenger moved. Energy Overview Energy

100% 9 90% 15

80% 22 Minibus (public) Government Local 70% 31 Boda boda 60% 9 57 50% Omnibus

40% Motorbike Residential 30% 31 56 Minibus (private) 20% 8 Car 10% 16

0% Commercial Pass-km GJ Figure 61: Passenger-km and energy consumpton by vehicle type Industrial A passenger-km is a product of the number of passengers in a vehicle and the distance a vehicle moves. Therefore a car carrying 2 people for 4 kilometres will equal 2 people x 4 km = 8 passenger-km. A minibus may use more energy than a car per kilometre, but if it carries more people than a car, each person uses Transport less energy per kilometre travelled. Therefore private transport modes, such as cars and private minibuses, which often carry fewer passenger than public modes, consume more energy per passenger-km than public modes, such as boda bodas and public minibuses. This can be seen in Figure 32, where boda

bodas and public minibuses contribute to a smaller percentage of energy Issues and Opportunitues consumption than their percentage contribution towards passenger-km. Cars and private minibuses show the opposite, i.e. their percentage contribution towards passenger transport energy consumption is larger than their percentage Reference List Reference

45 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017 Introduction Methodology

Figure 62: Passenger transport modes within Municipality National Context National

100% 90% 25 25 80% 70%

Local Municipality Local Context 60% 50% 99 100 98 100 Petrol 40% 75 75 Diesel 30% 20%

Energy Overview Energy 10% 0% 1 2 Car Minibus Motorbike Omnibus Boda boda Minibus (private) (public) Figure 63: Passenger transport fuel use by vehicle type

Local Government Local Motorbikes and boda bodas exclusively use petrol, while cars and omnibuses use it almost exclusively (Figure 33). Minibuses largely use diesel. Residential

Figure 64: Disused Rail and Harbour infrastructure in Jinja

Commercial Motorbikes and boda bodas exclusively use petrol, while cars and omnibuses use it almost exclusively (Figure 33). Minibuses largely use diesel. Industrial Transport

Issues and Opportunitues Figure 65: New road bridge (lef), Existng bridge (right)

Motorbikes and boda bodas exclusively use petrol, while cars and omnibuses use it almost exclusively (Figure 33). Minibuses largely use diesel. Reference List Reference

46 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | JInja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

11. Issues and Opportunities Introduction Methodology

This section lists a summary of the issues that emerged in the data analysis in the sector chapters. It is of use to inform the strategy direction for sustainable

energy promotion. Context National 1. Industrial energy consumption could be a signifcant strategy focus, since it comprises the majority of energy used in Jinja. 2. The substantial use of frewood and charcoal, in particular in the industrial sector, suggests serious environmental degradation issues may be looming. This is the case for all sectors, except transport and local government. Municipality Local Context 3. Over a third of all households have no electricity. As a result, households rely mainly on charcoal, frewood and kerosene, which are known to have harmful respiratory impacts or can cause poisoning (in the case of kerosene if ingested accidentally). Energy Overview Energy 4. Even where households have electricity, it is little used, suggesting an afordability and / or reliability issue. The disadvantages of frewood and charcoal use therefore pertain to electrifed households as well. 5. Unmet energy demand and, hence, energy poverty, is indicated by use of energy for cooling of the home in electrifed households, with a lack of this Government Local activity in non-electrifed households. 6. Given the small area encompassed within the Jinja boundaries, many of the energy-consuming activities that are linked to its activities and population are not captured (e.g. most of the working population of Jinja live outside its Residential boundaries, hence the small energy consumption of the residential sector); inhibiting the identifcation of sustainable energy strategies. In future, it is suggested to collect energy data on the area that can be considered as the “functional area of Jinja”, i.e. including areas where the population work and live, rather than only the one or the other. Commercial 7. Energy use in municipal operations is dominated by transport, suggesting that this is an important area of focus for efciency and fnancial gains. Industrial 8. Private cars consume a disproportionate amount of energy, given the number of passengers they move. They also contribute to congestion, given the large road space required for moving only very few people in this transport mode. There should be a focus on the encouragement of the use of public transport Transport modes as opposed to cars.

9. The proliferation of boda bodas for passenger transport is of signifcance. There may be energy efciency and safety intervention opportunities here. Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

47 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017

Introduction Reference List Methodology National Context National Local Municipality Local Context Energy Overview Energy Local Government Local Residential Commercial Industrial Transport Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

48 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

Appendix A Introduction Table 3: Energy related Policy, Regulatory Frameworks and Programmes Methodology

Instrument/Initiative and Key Players Key points and Goals/Objectives

The various Electricty Acts and Regulations - To regulate the electricity industry in accordance with applicable laws, National Context National Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA) policies, standards and international best practice.

Compact Florescent Lights (CFL) Distribution, 2007 To distribute CFL to households. Funded by ERA and implemented by UMEME and 32MW savings CREEC.

Uganda Strategic Investment Framework for The goal of the Uganda Strategic Investment Framework for Sustainable Municipality Local Context Sustainable Land Management (U-SIF SLM) - Land Management (U-SIF SLM) is to promote key sectors cooperation to Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and improve natural resource based livelihoods and other ecosystem services. Fisheries It is estimated that %85 of Uganda’s population is rural and dependant on the land for its livelihood. The availability and productivity of land in turn depends on how it is managed to generate food, income, and environmental benefts such as clean water and reduced climate risk. Land and unskilled labour are, in general, the principle assets of the rural poor. The few human or Overview Energy capital endowments spent by farmers on land care can be overwhelmed by land degradation and climate risks.

Energy Efciency Roadmap for Uganda (Under The Roadmap prioritises recommendations for implementing energy development) - Ministry of Energy and Mineral efciency and maximising benefts to meet the goals and priorities Development (MEMD); Power Africa and established in Uganda’s SE4ALL Action Agenda and the SE4ALL Investment Local Government Local Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) Prospectus. This was developed to build on current progress toward achieving Uganda’s energy goals situating itself under three main components: carrying out a Situation Assessment of Uganda’s electricity market; explaining the Electricity Savings Potential and; developing an Energy Efciency Action Plan. Residential National Energy Policy (2002 Energy Policy, The goal of the policy is to meet the energy needs of the Ugandan population Under Review) - Ministry of Energy and Mineral for social and economic development in an environmentally sustainable Development (MEMD); The Uganda National manner. Council for Science and Technology (UNCST); t
5IF
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5P increase access to modern afordable and reliable energy services as a contribution to poverty eradication;

t
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GPS efective implementation by the government. Additionally, the policy outlines demand Transport and supply side objectives, each with specifc objectives and strategies for efective implementation. The demand and supply side objectives are summarized in the succeeding sub-section. Details of the specifc objectives can be found in the energy policy 2002.

Efciency Standards and Labelling, 2009 To develop standards for lighting, air, conditioners, refrigerators, freezers and Issues and Opportunitues Funded by GIZ and WB, and implemented by motors. MEMD and UNBS Yet to be implemented as no regulation has been passed. Reference List Reference

49 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017

Energy Audits, 2009 To undertake subsidised audits for commercial and industrial consumers. Lack of expected efciency investments due to a lack of access to fnancing.

Introduction Funded by WB, GIZ and MEMED and implemented by MEMD, PFSU and CREEC Lack of tracking mechanism for implemented energy audit

Energy Management Training, 2015 To hold training workshops to transfer knowledge of energy management Funded by GIZ and MEMD, and implemented by system to energy managers. MEMD and UMA Methodology

Energy Efciency Week, 2014 Annual regional sustainable energy awareness campaigns: Funded by MEMD and ESKOM, and implemented t
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on pertinent energy by MEMD. related issues and engage stakeholders in the energy sector on matters of energy access and sustainable development. t
The specifc objectives include: National Context National t
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public on efcient utilisation of Uganda’s energy and mineral resources. t
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goal number 7. t
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mainly utilities and high energy consumers to dialogue on various aspects of power supply and consumption. Local Municipality Local Context t
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sector’s involvement in the development of the energy sector. t
To create awareness about sustainable utilization of biomass energy and its impacts on the environment and climate change. t
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coordinated actions of government, private sector and civil society towards increasing sustainable energy use for the development of the

Energy Overview Energy country.

Awards, under development Demonstration of energy efciency benefts - To promote Corporate Social Funded by GIZ, and implemented by UMA and Responsibility. MEMD Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy The goal is to promote sustainable use of energy for social economic Efciency Programme (PREEEP), 2008 - todate empowerment, increased access to renewable energy, and efcient utilisation Local Government Local GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for of the existing energy resources. Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Focus areas include: t
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FMFDUSJDJUZ for rural Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and households, social institutions and small and medium enterprises, and; Nuclear Safety (BMUB). t
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BU district level, monitoring and evaluation, and mainstreaming of cross cutting Commercial issues such as Gender and HIV/AIDS. Worth noting is that In Uganda, GIZ ofers technical support in three focal areas: Renewable energies and energy efciency, Agricultural and rural fnance, and Water and sanitation. Other areas of cooperation are human Industrial rights, good governance, transparency and accountability, climate change mitigation, preservation of peace in northern Uganda, and capacity development for evaluation and governance statistics.

Transport Power Factor Correction, 2014-2011 To cover %50 of investment cost. Funded by World Bank ERTII and implemented by 8.6MW savings stimulated creation of energy audit companies. PFSU and CREEC.

Solar Water Heaters, 2014-2011 To cover %50 of investment cost.

Issues and Opportunitues Funded by WB and implemented by PFSU 3.9MW of avoided peak load at cost of approximately USD1.0M Reference List Reference

50 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

City Leadership, 2015 Strategic plan for future action on energy efciency in Kampala - To develop a climate change strategy.

Funded by AFB and AU, and implemented by KCCA Introduction

Equity Promotion Strategy Paper, 2012 - Ministry of The goal is to promote equity for marginalized groups in Uganda Gender, Labour and Social Development (MGLSD) The objectives include:

t
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JO the sector. According to the 2014 Uganda Census:

Nearly one-quarter (%25) of the households is living in urban areas Context National The mean household size is 4.7 persons %72 of the households has access to an Improved water source %8 of the households have no access to a toilet facility %20 of the households have access to electricity %94 of households use frewood or charcoal for cooking %69 of the households depend on subsistence farming as their main source

of livelihood Municipality Local Context %32 of the households own a bicycle

The Uganda National Housing Policy, 2016 The goal of the policy is to provide a framework that promotes and enables - Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban adequate housing for all.

Development (MLHUD) Overview Energy The objectives include: t
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BMM income groups, from the current 60,000 to 200,000 housing units per annum to meet the need by 2022; t
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JNQSPWF the quality of the existing housing stock; t
5P
QSPNPUF
UIF efcient utilisation of energy and other resources in housing; t
5P increase access to afordable housing; t
5P
JNQSPWF
TFDVSJUZ
PG
MBOE tenure; Government Local t
5P
JNQSPWF
UIF
NFDIBOJTNT
GPS
EFWFMPQNFOU
BOE
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PG real estate industry. The goals, objectives, mission, vision and principles of the NHP all aim at delivery of adequate housing for all. The policy recognises the role of

housing in the social economic transformation and development of the Residential country particularly as an indicator of growth and development.

Energy Efciency in Buildings in East Africa (EEBEA), The aim of the EEBEA project is to improve energy efciency, energy saving 2016 – 2009 and conservation measures in buildings in the member countries of the UN-Habitat in collaboration with UNEP and the fve East African Community. A core approach for the project is mainstreaming Commercial East African countries (Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, energy efciency (EE) measures into housing policies, building codes and building practices in East Africa and to achieve considerable avoidance of Burundi and Tanzania) and the Ministry of Lands, GHG emissions as a result of improved building practice. Subsequently, it will Housing and Urban Development (MLHUD) be possible to use the existing generated electricity more efciently and thus

to expand the electricity supply to satisfy the increasing demand by both Industrial residential and economic productive activities of the partner countries In addition Schools of Architecture in East Africa, were convened for the Machakos Resolutions on Sustainability

In order to promote energy efciency, the project developed 5 components: Transport t
&TUBCMJTINFOU
PG
FOFSHZ
FóDJFODZ
EBUB
BOE
benchmarks in the building sector; t
'PSNVMBUJPO
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PG
QSPWJTJPOT
for energy efciency in building codes and regulations; t
"XBSFOFTT
SBJTJOH
and capacity building in EE and best practices in the building sector; Issues and Opportunitues t
"QQSPQSJBUF
öOBODJBM
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JNQMFNFOUBUJPO
PG
&&
measures in buildings; t
%FWFMPQNFOU
BOE
JNQMFNFOUBUJPO
PG
QJMPU
QSPKFDUT Reference List Reference

51 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017

Energy for Rural Electrifcation Programme (EREP) This is a World Bank funded programme that seeks to up scale participation Markets and Agriculture Trade Improvement and involvement and the efcient use of energy by the LGs. Introduction Project (MATIP) Community Agriculture Infrastructure The objectives include: t
5P
JNQSPWF
BDDFTT
UP
FOFSHZ
JO the districts by providing solar energy to Improvement Programme (CAIIP) primary institutions (Primary Health units, primary schools, sub-county District Livelihoods Support Programme ofces, primary staf houses; Ministry of Local Government (MLG)

Methodology t
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-(T
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JO
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&35
QSPHSBNNF; t
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*$5 in their development plan and programmes; t
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-(T
DBQBDJUJFT for regulating some rural electrifcation related business in accordance with the electricity act; t
5P
TVQQPSU
-(T
DPMMFDU
EBUB
BOE
JOGPSNBUJPO of energy in their areas; t
5P
QSPNPUF
BOE
GBDJMJUBUF
TPMBS acquisition using local government structure; National Context National t
5P
EFWFMPQ
TUSVDUVSFT
JO
FBDI of the LGs to address energy and ICT issues.

MATIP contributes to the agricultural Chapter of the National Development Plan specifcally towards improved market access and infrastructure development.

Local Municipality Local Context The objectives include: t
5P
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UP
QPWFSUZ
SFEVDUJPO
BOE
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in Uganda through enhanced marketing of Agricultural produce and other merchandise; t
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GPS
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UP
HFOFSBUF
BOEPS
raise their incomes t
5P
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BOE
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working conditions in selected markets by providing better structures, proper access, proper drainage, water, electricity and general amenities; Energy Overview Energy t
5P
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street vending and illegal markets, which have caused many roads in the city being blocked almost half way and causing trafc jam; t
5P
JODSFBTF
SFWFOVF
DPMMFDUJPO
CZ
VSCBO
DPVODJMT t
5P
reduce solid waste management by illegal markets and street vendors, which usually cause blockage of road drains and make maintenance

CAIIP is being implemented in a phased manner, with the project area spread

Local Government Local across a total of 89 Districts around the country. The aim is to contribute to poverty reduction and economic growth in Uganda through enhanced commercialization of agriculture.

The objectives include: t
5P
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UP
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BOE economic growth in Uganda Residential through enhanced commercialisation of agriculture; t
5P enhance farmers access to markets to attract competitive prices; t
*ODSFBTFE incomes through improvements in rural infrastructures and their management by well mobilised communities.

Commercial The Programme is being implemented in 18 Districts, namely; Kamwenge, Kyenjojo, Kyegegwa, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Masindi, Kiryadongo, Buliisa, Luwero, Nakaseke, Mayuge, Bugiri, Namayingo, Busia, Apac, Kole, Oyam and Yumbe. The aim is to improve the standard and sustainability of the

Industrial livelihoods of poor rural households in the programme area.

The objectives include: t
5P
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SVSBM
IPVTFIPMET
UP
increase their food security and incomes. t
5P
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MPDBM
HPWFSONFOUT
to deliver decentralized services. Transport Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

52 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

National Forestry Authority The National Forestry Authority (NFA) is responsible for sustainable National Environment Management Authority management of Central Forest Reserves (CFRs), supply of seed and seedlings, Introduction (NEMA) and provision of technical support to stakeholders in the forestry sub-sector National Water and Sewerage Corporation on contract. NFA is a semi-autonomous business entity and generates most of its own revenues and fnances its activities, i.e. NFA’s support is contingent Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) upon payment for its services.

NEMA is responsible for the regulatory functions and activities that focus Methodology on compliance and enforcement of the existing legal and institutional frameworks on environmental management in Uganda. NEMA’s mandate covers both green and brown issues of environmental management. It oversees the implementation of all environment conservation programmes and activities of the relevant agencies both at the national and local National Context National The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) is a parastatal that operates and provides water and sewerage services for 23 large urban centres across the country including Kampala. NWSC’s activities are aimed at expanding service coverage, improving efciency in service delivery and Local Municipality Local Context Energy Overview Energy Local Government Local Residential Commercial Industrial Transport Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

53 Appendix STATEKASESE OFJINJA ENERGY STATE | OF Jinja ENERGY Municipality JANUARY | April 2017

Introduction Appendix B Table 4: Institutional and Policy Context Methodology

Energy-related mandate* Competence Assessment Recently done and on going energy related initiatives and emerging opportunities either

National Context National directly or indirectly undertaken by the L M H municipality.

UNEP-Global Initiative for Resource Efcient Cities (GI- Built Environment Services / Housing and REC) - Promoting planning for efcient use of material Town Planning resources in all sectors including energy, capacity building and awareness for leaders. New developments within Jinja generally follow Updating of the Jinja Municipal physical plan being Local Municipality Local Context planning area classifcation and densifcation undertaken with support from the Ministry of Lands, patterns. Areas on the fringes of town growing Housing and Urban Development under the Model city- Building control t into informal settlements. planning project. Negotiations are under way to merge existing peri-urban areas under the governance of Jinja Municipal council pending elevation of the municipality to a city status

Energy Overview Energy Transport and Spatial or Town Planning

Jinja, like in the rest of Uganda, private public Uganda Support to Municipal Infrastructure transport operators such as motorbikes Urban roads, cycle and Development (USMID) - Infrastructure development and ‘bodabodas’ and taxis dominate the transport t capacity building - improving on roads to provide for pedestrian walkways sector. Pedestrians unfortunately are secondary walkways. to planning often competing for space with cars.

Local Government Local Public Facilities Existing in only a few streets compared to previous years. The cost of street lighting is borne by the municipal Councils. With irregular Uganda Support to Municipal Infrastructure Street and trafc lighting t payment, bills become unmanageable Jinja Development (USMID) - Solar street lighting being municipality though has installed solar powered installed on major streets under rehabilitation. Residential streetlights on Clive-Nalufenya road. In a bid to reduce cost to UMEME. Utilities/Services Municipality is a net consumer of energy. While a big player is ESKOM Uganda Ltd we also have Kakira co generation plant that produces 51MW and Commercial sells 45MW to the grid. Additionally, Nile agro-limited is Electricity production planning to install a 10MW solar generation plant while t SWT tannery plans to set up a biogas plant that will (generation) generate enough power to reduce the over reliance on the main grid. Last but not least, the municipal council Industrial is installing solar powered street lights and has planned for solar power generation on it’s roof tops. Electricity distribution or Municipality is a net consumer of energy. connection t Transport Decentralised renewable Jinja-oldest baseload hydroelectric dam/s. The private sector is playing a big role in the solar power t industry with distribution of solar equipment (lamps, energy (generation) lanterns, batteries, panels, lighting systems, etc.)

Gas supply services N/A Supplied by private vendors

Government Utility – National Water and Issues and Opportunitues Water supply services t Reference List Reference

54 Appendix STATE OFKASESE ENERGYJINJA STATE | Jinja OF Municipality ENERGY JANUARY| April 2017 2017

Jinja- is on a grid as part of the original planning National water and sewerage corporation is mandated

Sewerage and sanitation / of the town. Sprawling Jinja operate on localised to ofer sewerage services. A sewerage plant was built Introduction t septic tank systems. Overall there isn’t much for Kimaka to serve the army school. Expansion is being wastewater treatment efort to institutionalise and improve the current carried out for Kirinya sewerage works. There is also an systems. annual extension of a 1 km sewer line for new areas. While there are some eforts, the challenges faced Solid waste composting project (CDM project). Initially include inadequate plant and vehicle feet. The funded by world bank, maintained by municipal Refuse collection (solid compost plants are currently operating at their authority. Methodology t maximum limit not because there isn’t space, waste) rather because the process is yet to be optimised. Living Earth Uganda and Jinja Municipal council also trained community on briquette making.

Environment and Public Sanitation National Context National Considerable efort being made. There is a campaign to plant one million trees in the municipality while controlling cutting down of trees. Environmental protection t There is a drive to keep the town clean. A solid waste management strategy was formulated; in addition, a solid-waste management bylaw has since been enacted. No mechanism in place to control air quality and NEMA will soon publish air quality standards. emissions. The Environment Department acquired a gas meter Air quality control t for use in detecting levels of gases in the industries Municipality Local Context however the standards for compulsion are yet to be furnished for efectiveness. Public toilets in key places such as parks, markets, TSUPU project under the Bil Gates fund contributed to and public buildings. The Private sector also increasing the number of such facilities. contributes such as hotels, restaurants and bars Public Sanitation In addition, the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban t have toilets utilised by the public.

Development is spearheading improvements in this Overview Energy Jinja municipal council and the private sector are sector. carrying out solid waste management. Local Government Local Residential Commercial Industrial Transport Issues and Opportunitues Reference List Reference

55 Appendix

This document is an output from a project co-funded by UK AID from the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) and the Department for Energy & Climate Change (DECC), for the beneft of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID, EPSRC or DECC or any institution partner of the project.