'.~ Xrn2.N5' · ' ' VoL V No. 11 1 August,' 1957

Incorporating the 'Free Economic Review'

IND£PEm>ENT JoUR.'IAL oF EcoNoMic AND Ptrnuc AFFAIRS

IN THIS ISSUE FOOD PRICES AND LIBERTARIAN SOLUTION Pak Smear-Campaign In Full Swing

..'5poonerism And The Irish Bull

l'tlake English the Liagua Franca of India

Unless speciJied pubUcaUoa of matter does Do& aee rU:r mean editorial endorsement

Prke 20 Naue Paise The Indian Libertarian To Combat Economic Illiteracy, Independent Journal of Economic and Public Affairs and Edited by MISs KusUM LOTWALA Social Injustice Published on the lst and 15th of Eaeh month To Safeguard National Democracy Single Copy 20 Naye Paise Annual Rs. 4.50

JOIN

CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE The Libertarian Social EDITORIAL 3 Institute Food Prices and Libertarian Solution by M. A. Venkata Rao 6 Is Pakistan Preparing for a Showdown? 8 THE ONLY INSTITUTION OF ITS KIND Spoonerism and the Irish Bull IN INDIA by K. D. Valicha 9 Our Foreign Policy FOR DISCUSSION by Sumant S. Bankeshwar 10 Supplement of Research Department of AND CRITICISM R. L. Foundation A to D Nuclear Weapons for Our Defence OF CURRENT AFFAIRS by Mehta Puran Chand 12 Pak Smear-Campaign in Full Swing AS THEY AFFECT YOU by Vigilant 13 WHAT WE STAND FOR-WORK OF THE LIDERTARIAN SOCIAL INSTITUTE . 14 ACTIVITIES OF R. L. FOUNDATION PUBLIC LIDRARY & FREE READING ROOM 15 R. L. FOUNDATION HOLDS A SEMINAR 16 INDIAN NEWS PARADE 16 IT MAINTAINS WORLD NEWS 17 BOOK REVIEWS 18 A LIBRARY, READING ROOM

AND A PUBLISHING HOUSE ADVERTISEMENT RATES Full Page . • . . . • Rs. 100 Half Page • • • • • • Rs. 50 AT Quarter Page .... Rs. 25 One-eighth Page •• Rs. 15 One full column of a page ...... Rs. 50 BOMBAY COVER PAGE BACK COVER ...... • • • • • • • • • • Rs. 150 SECOND COVER •...... •.••••.••• Rs. 125 THIRD COVER . . • • • • • • • • . . . . • . . . . • Rs. 125 Head Office: * Articles from readers and conbibutors are accepted. "Arya Bhuvan" Articles meant for publication should be typewritten and on one side of the paper only. Sandhurst Rbad, (West) Bombay-4. * Publication of articles does not mean editorial endorse· ment, since the Journal is also a Free Forum. * Rejected articles will be returned to the writers if accompanied with stamped addressed envelope. Branches: Write to the Manager for sample copy 9, Broadway, Venktes Bldg., Shanta KDD.I, Madras. ·Mill Comer Baroda. Arya Bhuvan, Bangalore 3. Ravpura Sandhurst Road, Bombay 4. Editorial ·········•····························•·········•···•············•·•···•···········•················•·•··••••••········•·•·

TilE liARD CORE OF INDO-PAK TROUBLES in the pre·independence years. He criticised the addi­ tion of Rs 50 crores to defence in the current budget tfR. GURUDIAL SINGH., the New Governor of on Gandhian grounds of non-violence in complete 1\I Rajasthan, in a speech last month referred oblivion of the fact of Pakistan's threat of jehad. It to Pakistan's stand that Kashmir should go to her is difficult to understand how grown men, apparently on account of her Muslim majority is keeping the two in complete possession of their senses, and indeed nnlion theory alive and ls confusing Indian Muslims. endowed with intelligence out of the ordinary and It Is putting obstacles in the way of the rapid assimi­ spending their whole lives in the limelight of politics, lation o! Indian Muslims in the Indian national society. could ignore such plain facts as the need for adequate He also pleaded with Indian Muslims to merge them­ defence from hostile neighbours. It shows the sopori­ selves ln Indian nationalism as an integral and in­ fic effect of theories (or ideologies accepted on the separable part thereof as early as possible. This basis of sentiment and hero-worship) on the thinking speech of Mr. Singh elicited a critical note in the of even able men. Times of India in its Current Topics column, which It was a refreshing contrast to see Dr. Kunzru charncterlsed it as unfortunate and uncalled for, and president of the Servants of India Society adopting a queried whether Mr. Singh thought that Indian more serious and realistic attitude. He said that Muslims had not already assimilated themselves into defence required even more funds than we are giving Indian citizenship? today. He added that if Pakistan is equipped with This raises an important question. While Pakistan atomic. warheads by the USA, we too should acquire­ was founded on a two-nation theory a:s: between Mus­ those and other weapons in the latest armoury of the· lims and Hindus, India has continued on the theory of advanced nations. one nation as between them. All the contradictions Mr. Kodanda Ra9.. has written to the Press com­ that continue to plague the two States after Partition bating this view and recommending that about Rs 120 in 1947 are to be traceable to a failure to resolve this crores as against Pakistan's Rs 100 crores without problem. Mr. Singh should have added that the American aid should be enough. He recommends that problem of assimilating Muslims in Indian national the funds released should be used for ec~nomic deve­ society is rendered more difficult on account of the lopment. His position is that if America helps Pakis­ claim of guardianship made by the leaders of Pakis­ tan -against India, even Rs 250 crores would not be· tan over Indian Muslims, indeed over Muslims of the sutlicient. And if America does not help Pakistan, whole of the Islamic bloc. On the occasion of Id Rs 120 crores should be sufficient to deal with her­ prayers in the Lahore Mosque, the late Mr. Liaquat effectively. Ali Khan used to proclaim that Indian Muslims were still suffering in Dnr-ul-Harab (the country of kafi.rs) DANGEROUS, COMPLACENCY and needed to be liberated or brought into the country of the believers, Dar-ul-lslam. Thus Indian Muslims This is too dangerous a risk. For India needs were encouraged to reserve their final loyalty to vaster armed forceS than Pakistan in view of her Pakistan, and accord only temporary and expedient much greater extent of territory and length of coast­ _loyalty to India, however good the treatment they line. The Muslim invaders in the past came through received at the hands of kafirs. In the past, India mountain passes In the North-West and the British assimilated wild and barbarous tribes like the dreaded came by sea from the West. Today we have to guard Sakas, Scythians and Hunas but could not have the both the North-west as well as the North-east passes snmc success with the Muslims. Herein lies the in view of Russian and Chinese militarisation of the national tragedr of India. This requires more re­ entire North·west, North and North-east border line. search on Islam and Hindui~m than we have today. We have also to safeguard our far-flung coast lines. Our air force and navy have to be greatly augmented KRIPALANI ON DEFENCE for we can no longer depend on the British Naval and Air Forces. The size of the armed forces depends Acharya Kripalani is noted for trenchant criticism thus on the extent of territory as well as on the of the Government not sparing Nehru himself. But possible aggressor. he is a more extreme Gandhian than Nehru and does The second point that vitiates Mr. Kodanda Rao's not ~iffer from him on essential matters of policy. dilemma is that he does not give due weight to real For mstance his attitude to Pakistan and Indian inwardness of American foreign policy. For India to be defence requirements in view of Pakistan's truculence sUccessfully engaged in war by Pakistan over any a~d rnilit_ary _preparations for all-out trial of strength length of time, America will have to continue to sup­ wtth Ind 1a d1splays the same myopia as the Govern· ply Pakistan with ammunitions and parts and rein­ ment. The fetish of non-violence is trotted out in forcements of supplies of aircraft and oil. It is in­ j~tifi~ation of a non-military attitude to military credible that America will do this for Pakistan. S1tuat10ns, the kind of ostrich policy that the For America knows that the moment it appears to­ Gandhian leadership adopted towards Muslim rioting Indian military and civil leaders that America is likely

s Augu.rt I, 19-57 io go as far to assist Pakistan, they will go in instantly Islam and the West for Russian armament and assistance rather than be defeated and pass under foreign rule this time under ~ The Russian empire of the Tsars was always pres­ Muslim rule, the unspeakable horror of which should sing to the south towards the Mediterranean and the be plain to all Indians. Independence and self~govern­ Islamic lands of the Middle East as it was penetrating ment are not blessings that can be enjoyed without relentlessly to the East towards the Far Eastern Paci~ paying a grim cost for them. It is the fundamental fie. And throughout the nineteenth century, the British error and failure of Congress leadership to make light empire with its base in India governed its global of this cost, and consequently to make light of the policy with opposition to this drive of the Russian danger of foreign aggression. To trust to ideals like rival. The Crimean War of 1854-56 was an incident Panchashila declared by aggressive nations to humour in this policy of containing the Russians. Another plank our tender-minded pacifism is too naive and child­ of this policy was the bolstering of the "sick man like, totally out of place in the grim jungle of inter­ of the East"-the Ottoman Sultan at the Porte (Cons­ national relations. tantinople). After the war of 1914-18 when the Ottoman Caliph and Sultap sided with Germany, the British obtained hegemonY over the Arab subject Mr. Suhrawardy in America princes and lands and created the kingdoms of Jordan, Syria and Iraq under their protection. Then Britain The joint communique issues from Washington afte,r played the role of Protector of Islam, a title that was Mr. Suhrawardy's discussions with Mr. Eisenhower taken by the Kaiser, who arranged for the Berlin~ and State Department officials in the USA scrupulous­ Baghdad railway to wrest influence in this area from ly eschews all anti-Indian overtones in its reference the British. Mussolini in the second World War as­ to Kashmir Canal waters disputes between India and . sumed the title hypocritically to rally the Muslim Pakistan. It is clear that Mr. Suhrawardy's vendetta peoples to his side. against India did not receive much encouragement Today we find America gradually replacing Britain from American authorities. The American Govern­ in the role of protector of Islam partly for oil and ment was agreeable to continue to give aid to Pakistan partly to contain Russian expansion into the Mediter~ both in the military and economic spheres but drew • ranean, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. As the line at encouraging anti-Indian attitudes. part of the World politics of these Great Powers, we Press reports indicate that the Pakistan leader tried have the byproduct of Arab unity as well as a strcng~ to get the USA to accept the role of his country thening of Islamic consolidation. Egypt, Turkey and as the leader of Islamic states. It was pointed out Pakistan are leading States in the area. that Egypt, Iraq and Turkey would contest that We find British politicians conscious of the role that honour. It was also pointed out that from the point Islamic consolidation can play as a bulwark against of view of population, Indonesia had greater claims Russian expansion if fostered by the West. Mr Anthony for the Position of leadership. Nutting who resigned as Minister of Foreign Affairs The point for us in India is to note which way the in Sir Anthony Eden's Cabinet over the Suez im~ wind blows. We have been making the point for broglio has expressed this point of view in a series years that there is a rivalry among Islamic nations of travel notes published in The New York Herald for leadership, and that the 'present divisions amon·g Tribune (May 26) quoted in Organiser of 17 June. them are not to be regarded as final. Islam has no He advocates a strengthening of Pan~lslam combin­ clear commitments to nationalism; rather it is steeped ing sound national and economic motives aided by in the consciousness of the over-riding reality and the West as an unbroken line of resistance to commua claims of the community of the Falthful-Dar-ul-lslam­ nism from Casablanca to Karachi. And in this policy, This renders it easier for outstanding leaders .in any he recommends that Pakistan as the eastern anchor one State to get the population of all other Islamic of the Baghdad Pact could be encouraged to play lands to rally round them in the name of Islam. To­ the role of leader of the Islamic Union. day President Nasser is having a vogue in Arab coun'~ tries so that he is emboldened to appeal to Arabs Sandwiched Between Two Dangers everywhere to support him. Tomorrow, it may be Turkey or Pakistan. Thus is Pan-Islam being encou­ This is a contingency which is being pressed on raged to take shape before our eyes in the conflict the attention of our publicists and Government by between the Global Blocs_ this journal and its predecessors for years. India by While we may be neutral in this situation, it is reason of her historic experience of Islamic supre­ NO part of our national duty to support any of the macy in her national and cultural affairs for hundreds contestants like Nasser. of years has a specia1 duty in these days of her While Mr. Suhrawardy disclaimed all intention of independence to study and assess this factor on her attacking India over the Kashmir or river issues, he own future as a nation and an independent cultural also said that people should not blame the Pakistanis entity. "Blood and iron" remain the substance of if they decide to fight India, if she denied her share politics as well as the secret of survival today as in of the waters, for it is better to die fighting than die the chequered past and Indian statesmen will fail of .starvation! to rise to the occasion if they do not evolve a satis­ This lets the cat out of the bag and gives a glimpse factory relationship to this new development of Islamic into the mind of Pakistan leaders which is all made union encouraged by the Western Powers for their up to attack India, whatever the cost. own ~nds. A mere negative refusal to take sides in

THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN 4 the immense global struggle is no policy. We need UN command, may be accepted by all parties as a a more concrete policy, based upon understanding step towards the solution of the intractable problem. and preparedness to reckon with the for~es being His idea is that whatever the rights and wrongs of consolidated in the historic cradle of fanatic expan­ the quarrel, we should support an arrangement that sion to our immediate West. India is poised precar­ holds the promise of making a start in breaking the iously today between resurgent Islam and expanding deadlock. We have agreed to a fair plebiscite, under communism in a wide encircling area from the West UN auspices. But we want Pakistan to fulfil the through the North to the East and South-east. With preliminary condition of withdrawing her forces from fifth-columns active within the country from both cen­ Aiad Kashmir,-so-called. She refuses to do so. Hence tres of influence, India has her work cut out to main­ the deadlock. Now if we admit UNO forces and tain her integrity. get both India and Pakistan to withdraw their forces, the plebiscite can be held and the final decision made, Sqeezing Hindus out of Pakistan whether Kashmir should go to Pakistan or remain A report, purporting to emanate from a high Indian in India. source at Karachi, has appeared in· the press drawing Now this is too much of a simplification. In the attention to what seems a further squeeze on Hindus first place the UNO has not shown a capacity to be In East Pakistan. A further series of emigrants is, just and impartial when a dispute involving the cold thcrcCorc, to be expected. In addition to this there war occurs. Kashmir is a pawn in the cold war Is set afoot in Pakistan an officially-inspired move between the Soviet and the Western powers. No to drive out the few thousands of Indians employed impartial person or group can be set up equally satis­ there, whether by foreign companies or Pakistani factory to West and East to dispense absolute justice in commercial and industrial establishments. The modus the present State of International relations. operandi is to refuse them an extension of their visa Further, once we admit white troops again on. for staying in the country. Recently they were call­ Indian soil, our freedom and independence are in ed upon to renew their residential permits. The num­ jeopardy. They cannot be pushed out for generations, bers of Pakistanis employed in India are differently and no patriotic Indian can agree to this suggestion. estimated at 3 lakhs to 8 lakhs. Many of these Pakis­ To accept Mr. Kodanda Rao's suggestion, which tanis nrc at Calcutta, employed in the steamers and is but a relic of the one proposed in the UNO itself, wharves. They have been living in India, for years is to concede a locbs standi to Pakistan, the aggres­ after their visas had terminated, without harrassment. sor, equal to that of India the complainant. It is to But the few thousands of Indians in Pakistan are ignore justice and reward the aggressor. This would an Intolerable burden to her rulers. Recently Pakis­ be an end of the UNO as a world peace-maker. The tani officials complained Utat Indian employers in essential flaw of the suggestion is that the UNO is Calcutta were unfairly ousting Pakistani employees made to give peace without justice, which is another and claimed compensation for such dismissals! Ap­ nahte for collective aggression. parently in Pakistani logic, India is responsible for If this is adopted as a principle, why not India and the livelihood of every Pakistani even at the cost of China and Japan demand large areas for settlement Indian nationals! Incredible as it may seem, Indian in Canada and Australia and Central Africa? They officials immediately hastened to announce that India have only to create a nuisance and keep it up for was not guilty of any such move to send the Pakis­ the UNO to step forward and propose a plebiscite or tanis out to make room for the employment of her hand them to them on a platter. own nationals! It looks as though in this Gilbertian There is no way but the acceptance of the justice· world, Indian officials feel primary responsibility for of India's case. Peace-makers should persuade the Pakistani citizens, and only secondarily for Indian UNO to recognise justice without fear or favour and citizens! considerations of cold war strategies. If the UNO· The authorities should be made to realise that this cannot do so, Kashmir will fonn part of the inter­ kind of policy will not be tolerated any longer by national unsettlement that will have to be decided the Indian people. They should be made to realise only after the next war. that such expectations, on the part of Pakistani offi· cinls, is the inevitable consequence of our long-conti· nucd policy of appeasement or mollification of Pakis­ U.S.A. AND FREE WORLD tanis at tpe expense of our own national interest. ERTAINLY we have an interest and a stake in the 1'he Hindu in its second leader on the 4th July says C wellbeing of the rest of the world. But America that Pakistan must be aware that such conduct on will perform its role in the world affairs better, if in­ her part must induce India to retaliate. But The stead of being a Santa Claus to all the nations, it first Hindu forgets that Pakistani leaders know fulL well of all protects the rights and liberties of its own citi­ that so long as the present Congress leadership under zens, conserve its own economy and its own strength, Nehru remains in charge, they need not fear any and encourages other nations to stand on their own such retaliation! feet. · Mr. Kodanda Rao's Suggestion of UN Rule for In all the world we are the last hope and the last Kashmir stronghold of individual liberty. When the great pro­ blem of world peace is examined from all sides the 1\Ir. Kodanda Rao has suggested that a temporary' necessity· for preserving America's identity, integrity rule of the ~NO in Kashmir during a plebiscite, sup. and strength, becomes more and more apparent. ported by mtornational military contingents under -FRANK E. HoLMAN in "Dangers of Treaty Law".

5 August 1, 1957 Food Prices And ·Libertarian Solution By M. A. Venkata Rao

N a predominantly agricultural country like ours, Libertarians And Libertarians I surplus in food grains and industrial raw materials (like jute and oil seeds) is the foundation of industrial There seem to be different types of libertarians. advance. Unlike England we cannot pay for our One type is that of libertarians committed to com­ imports with manufactured goods in export. Our plete laissez faire.. Thinkers of this laissez faire school exports of manufactures though growing in the post­ advocate a "hands off" policy so far as the Govern~ war years (and can grow phenomenally if socialism ment is concerned in matters of public economy. They will let it alone without meddling) are to'O meagre want Government to confine themselves to law and to support an industrial drive of the dimensions con­ order, foreign affairs, defence and currency and leave templated in the second Five Year Plan. all economic functions. production, exchange and dis­ Just a year ago, the authorities were spreading the tribution to citizens in their private capacity. They illusion that the country had turned the corner in have_ their own answer to critics who complain that the matter of agricultural production and had ·raised this policy would put the majority of the public at it enough to meet the full needs of consumption with the mercy of capitalists. even a little to spare for export! They gave impre:S~ A more extreme school would go further and abolish sive figures of millions of tons of extra production the government itself as an institution. They are achieved through the grow more food campaign, called anarchists who believe that the Government through additional acres brought under irrigation and as an instrument of coercion is the source of all evil through the impetus given through the community in society and that man is essentially so good that development projects etc. and number of prices dec~ released from fear of the Government he would follow lined a little from around 420 to 390 and things iook­ the star of justice and good will in all his relations ed promising, and settle all affairs in society through peaceful ncgo~ tiation. Such an anarchist society would be full of A Different Tale natural harmony! In such a society there is no mean~ ing in controls and government price fixing, for But now immediately after the elections the autho~ government will have ceased to exist! rities come out with a sadly different tale. They speak of the millions of tons of wheat and rice put­ The Way Out chased from abroad which would tide over the acute scarcity everywhere and lower the rising prices which Leaving these two types of arrangement as extremes have again approached war-time records! Now the or even as stages of future development inapplicable authorities shamelessly speak of importing more mil­ at the present stage of social affairs in India, we wish lions of tons, the foreign exchange for which would to suggest a third tYpe of regulated economy which add to the almost impossible strain already placed would set free the natural man and set him going on on it by the greatly accelerated imports of machinery the road to free economy and help the present gene­ on account of the requirements of the second Five ration to unwind the coils in which it has bound itself Year Plan! under the glamour of communism (socialism) of the Confronted with this crisis of their own making, the Marxist variety. authorities now speak alarmingly of fixing floor and As solutions of great generality are pointless and ceiling prices for agricultural products at one and unfruitful unless they are shown in illuminating appli­ the same breath! Meanwhile, as an interim measure cation to current problems, we propose here to indi­ they have passed an Amendment to the Essential Com­ cate the libertarian way for the easing of the food modities Act whereby the Government takes power problem in India in the current crisis. to requisition stocks of food grains in the hands of We shall begin by approving the present amend­ hoarders at prices calculated at an average of three ment to the Essential Commodities Act whereby the month preceding instead of at current rates. And so Government has taken power to requisition hoarded we move deeper and deeper into controlled econon1y stocks at reasonable rates. The amendment has a and ourselves within the realm of communism with­ duration of three months after which it will lapse. out realising where we are! This js only a temporary administrative measure to It is a vicious circle. The more the Government induce hoarders to cOme into the market and not intervenes in the economy, the more the deletel"ious wait for further rises during the lean months before consequences necessitating further interference w!ll the harvest. But what after the next harvest? ensue until the private citizen loses all freedom of The proposal of the Congress party and Government action and of initiative. What then is the remedy? to. fix floor and ceiling prices are costly, impractica­ What would a libertarian suggest in the circumstances ble and will necessitate a proliferation of bureaucracy for a way out of the labyrinth and return to a saner adding to tax burdens without a corresponding advan­ way out of the economic deadlock brought about by tage. Further, they would render socialism or inter~ socialism or interventionism? ventionism a permanent feature of the economic land-

THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN 6 scape. The country would do well to oppose such grains. he will not_ sell in a hurry and in distress to defeatist m£>asures which are sure to result in conse­ the middleman. He will sell at leisure and derive the quences worse than the present troubles. Floor pri:es profits of timeliness himself instead of surrendering would necessitate Government purchase of all grams it to the middleman. offered for sale throughout the country at prices The best way of giving such credit to the grower guaranteed. The entire resources of the tre~.ury is through cooperative credit societies. Every village would be imulliclrnt for this purpose. The Umted area of about 20 to 30 miles should have a multipur­ States may find this feasible with their astronomic pose cooperative society which could purchase the rcwurces but for a poor country to play at fann price offerings of member-peasants at normal rates. The dis­ support would be disastrous. High-placed persons who tance from the peasant to the society should not exceed toy with this idea do not know what they are speak­ one night's march for his bullock cart transport. The ing of. Pandit Pant remarked in Parliament that high purpose or credit society will purchase the stocks and prices were good for farmers~ Nothing more irres­ store them in its godown or warehouse. For this ponsible could have been uttered by a member of purpose, the immediate phase of policy-making should Government. be the establishment of such societies equipped with large and generous warehouse space. The Danrer Ahead The credit society or multi-purpose wholesale so­ ciety. as the case may be, will sell grains and cash Government should be classless in the sense of crops to city merchants or preferably to city coope­ working for all classes. It should not identify itself rative societies which will retail them to their members w1th any particular class. That way lies the Marxist at a reasonable margin of profit. The idea should be danger. Moreover. the Indian farmer has been receiv­ to minimise the expenses of middlemen and ensure ing war prices since the middle of the last war i.e. to members. selling and purchasing members in vil­ since about 1941-2. In every well-conditioned coun­ lage and city, the best practicable rates. The bottleneck try in the wold, including the leading States like or hurdle of the hoarding middleman is thus eliminat­ Britain and the USA. war prices came down nearly ed. There will be no need to fix minimum prices at to normal levels. but in India. the free independent the cost of the treasury. Competition among growers Government had not the wisdom and the social will remain though •within limits. Inefficient growers courage to bring down prices. The consequence has who cannot market goods at nonnal prices at a profit been that the lower and middle classes and those with will leave the business of farming and more efficient a fixed income bave been squeezed between high agri­ farmers will automatically take their places. Govern­ cultural prices and high consumer goods. Pandit Pant ment floors on the other hand will maintain inefficient spoke like a party politician who has his eye on the farmers and create a privilegzd community at public vott's of the large farming population. He and his cost. like are inviting the revolt and revolution of the petit If prices are still higher than what the public could bour~:eoisie in alliance with the intelligentsia. It may afford. Government should hold stocks themselves and take a Fascist or Nazi form. store them ir:rState warehouses in every town and city. They should enter the market and unload it on the The Right Remedy markets or retail it to citizens through fair price shops without banning private trade or interfering with The right remedy is not to attempt any price fixing trade prices. Such buffer stocks with Government at all but to remove the hindrances in the way of the together with warehouse credit to growers at their smooth working of the agricultural economy and let own doors will set free economy functioning with free enterprise have a chance. What is obstructing maximum benefit for alL This would be a libertarian fair prices is not free economy but partial monopoly remedy, for it removes obstacles in the way of free on the part of hoarding merchants a few months be­ trade by offering opportunities to growers and con­ fore the harvest. They buy up stocks from the produ­ sumers through cooperative societies without inter­ cers and hold them for rising prices above normal fering with free trade. Cooperative societies will and fair levels. The actual growers have not the compete with traders and keep them within fair limits. economic stamina to wait. Their consumption needs The principles of such Government action would be are too Pressing and they sell their surplus for nonnal one of regulation for maximising freedom. This is a • prices ?r for what they can get. Their bargaining policy infinitely better than socialism towards which power as low. Prices rise as soon as stocks move from we are drifting under mistaken idea that there is nO> the ~asants• haystacks to the mandi of wholesale alternative to it. merchants in the towns. Here is the bottle neck. If harvests are poor. ma.ndi merchants hold up sales and wai.t for higher prices. They borrow money against SOVIET STATE LOA.'i OR LOOT? gram stocks and hold them for price rises. The Government has instructed the banks of the countrv· freezing for twenty years of the SO\iet State through the Reserve bank not to be free with THE advan~ loan, amounting to 260 million roubles, virtually on grain. This together with the hoard acquisition means confiscating Rs. 30,000,000.000 (at the officia! amendment has been able to check profiteering. But exchange) of So\iet workers and who this cannot be adopted as a permanent measure. The peasants, had forced to subscribe to various government loans permanent remedy is to provide credit to the grower bee? dunng the last ten years, at the expense of their per­ himseU. U he can get advances on his harvested sonal needs.

7 August I, 1957 Is Pakistan Preparing For A Showdown?

N August 14, 1947, both India and Pakistan the issue of Kashmir, as though it were the be aU and O emerged as independent nations, free from all the end all of the existence of Pakistan. trammels of foreign domination, and embarked on the great adventure of moulding their destinies. The Additional Grievance progress in India no~withstanding the grave difficul­ ties under which she had to labour, had been steady, In this setting, the Jarring Report will cause great substantial and many-sided. Probably the greatest disappointment in Pakistan. During recent years she social revolution knowp in history has been brought has had far too much her own way at the United about peacefully wiiliout·-any sector of the society Nations, and pronouncement which does not support being grossly victimised, and there has been marked her will doubtless cause discontent. Although the political and economic progress. Jarring Report does not contain concrete proposals for the solution of the Kashmir problem, it presents in The Contrast In Pakistan clearer perspective what earlier resolutions of the Security Council had tended to slur over. In striking contrast to this, conditions in Pakistan Mr. Jarring has done well by drawing attention to have steadily deteriorated. They have used up the the fact that a plebiscite now in Kashmir would patrimony they received at the time of the PartitiOn in create grave problems, that the promise of a plebiscite the matter of liquid assets and balances almost with was not isolated, but one of the terms of agreement prodigal recklessness. Industry has made no progress which were based on conditions prevailing many years worth mentioning, and agriculture which was once the ago, and that situation having changed, it is not right pride of the former united India, has so deteriorated to enforce the isolated condition of plebiscite alone. that even in the matter of food, Pakistan is now faced with a crisis. Politically there has been no stability, Prospects Of A Showdown and since the deaths of Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, we have seen the strange spectacle of the Prime Satisfactory as the position may be from the Indian Minister sacking the President and the President sack- shmdpoint, the Jarring Report may create difficulties ing the Prime Minister, and the President's rule being for India in the coming months. Since obtaining imposed from time to time. It has taken them eight military aid from Amenca. Pakistan has been thirsting years to frame their constitution, and has passed more for a fight with India, and her President and Prime and more into the hands of a small coterie of upper- Minister have been openly talking of recourse to arms class people, and the masses remain steeped in poverty if the question is not settled by negotiations. Added and ignorance. to this, the whole regime in Pakistan is tottering In order to sidetrack the attention of the masses politically and economically, and may well collapse from the prevailing economic ills, the rulers of Pakistan before long. It is not unlikely in the circumstances have been .compelled to keep _up their hate campaign that Pakist;m may try to strike a last blow at India .against India and to magnify .. beyond all proportions, with her increased armed might. -:\lysindia ·~----~~------DID YOU kNOW ... by SCIO

Raindrops nre three wct•ks old hy Mnn, the Rh('Sus monkey and the \Vorkcrs in the So\'ict Union aw the time they fall. Haindrnps pigeon c:.m discrimimtte bt"twt•t•n forhiddcn to or~anizc their own which fall into the oct·an don't mix n.·d, yellow, J.!:Tt·en, blue and viold. labor unions. The only lahor with water deeper thun 50 feet. Alligators, owls, bats, cnts, dogs unions permitted in Sovid eount­ and guinea pigs have no color rit·s ttrc thnse dircdcd by the vision. Communist Party.

THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN 8 Spoonerism And The Irish Bull By K. D. Valicha

1\;fR. H. S. Suhrawardy is in America, nego~iatin_g Nehru may go down in history for is: He made Com­ ll with President Eisenhower. He has patd hts munism acceptable to the South-East Asian peoples~ tributes to U.S. foreign policy and to the U.S. 'Big But what he doesn't know is that the future history Brother' attitude towards underdeveloped countries. books will be written by a political department in Suhrawardy has an oily face and a smooth tongue. Moscow. He is smart and knows which side the bread is but­ Nehru and Communism tered. He now desires to settle the Kashmir dispute ' pcncc!ully and in accordance with international law. In India, Nehru tells the mugs around him that NJcc words go to effect polish and Suhrawardy, if Marxism is obsolete. Abroad, he says that Commun­ anything, loves polish. ism is no danger in Asia because the capitalist stage But Suhrawardy can be exceedingly foxy at times. has not yet set in. One wonders if he r~ally believes in Not that he can help it: '•In this game, you are either all that ballyhoo. The historic lesson of Communist dumb or smart." Suhrawardy is smart. Particu­ march proves that Communism infects only the feu­ lurv when he is worried. Internal economy which is dalist areas and certainly not the capitalist com,i;ries. we~k. political troubles cropping up, then E. Pakis­ Capitalism means better resistance against Commun­ tan, Kashmir, canal waters; he has so much on his ism: feudalist economy is a diseased econor. y which mind. But the man sees his way clearly ahead: He can offer little or no resistance to Communh.m. Was has wonderful insight and he knows the route to Russia capitalist before the advent of Communism? Uncle Sam's heart. Communism itself is a feudalist economy. It is state· feudalism-and it is precisely this characteristic which More Lucky Than Clever is of the essence of Communism. Kerala Communism in India is not Communism in Nehru's double-talk. But Suhrawardy is more lucky than clever. The Kerala Communism is an instance of infiltration and gods are kind to him. They go out of their way to is symptomatic of the bouleversement of Indian demo­ help him. It just so happens that the Indian military cracy. delegation headed by none other than General Thi­ Communism is this, any where and at any time mnyya himself is on a visit to Soviet Russia. What under the sun. The recent happenings in China assure o fortuitous combination of lucky circumstances for us of the truth of this. Mao Tse-tung hit upon an Mr. Suhrowardy! And he knows how to use it for ingenious idea to liquidate the dissatisfied intellectuals he has the astuteness of a fox. who were growing in number. He took the short-cut Suhrawardy can be helpful. He can whisper into and a very characteristic way out. He declared publicly the American ear the possibilities inherent in General that Communism did not inean a single opinion. Com­ Thimnyya's visit. He can ask questions too, ques­ munism could tolerate various opinions. What a tions that are highly suggestive. Is India arming her­ Self-stultifying idea! For Communism, once it permits self? Of course, India is going communist. If India even the slightest opposition, is no longer communism. is luming herself, ,it will be a danger ...... a serious Some intellectuals have been taken in. Frustration danger ...... does not always breed caution. How many martyrs is President Eisenhower may not be taken in. But you Communism going to claim? can't select your customers all the time. Suhrawatdy wants aid, India is arming herself; Suhrawardy .is Time-honoured Dupes American, India is going red. Suhrawardy comes through successful. He smiles Some of our Indian intellectuals have also infected through the worst storms. He now has full American misguided ideas about Communism. .They are catch­ backing. The world is in conflict; it is torn by ideo­ ing the Nehruian ascetic outlook. Some intellectuals logies; there are moves and countermoves; there are point their finger at occurrences such as Hungary, Mao Nasser's and Nehru's; above all, Nehru's'; Suhrawardy Tse-tung's speech, the recent rift in the party leader­ likes the world; he sees his way about. ship in Moscow and claim that these are indications of Nehru is always charming abroad. In America he a "process of liberalisation". It is a smug thought but charmed the President and the journalists. He t~ied smacks not only of wishful-thinking but of dupery. to sell the idea of a seat for China in the U.N. Now These intellectuals, as usual, are the time-honoured too he is very busy. One thing is indisputable about dupes. Nehru: the man is very busy. Very recently, he had In India, there is growing today a power vacuum. a 1 00-minute meeting with the Sudanese Prime Minis­ It is being skilfully created by a group of persons ter, Sayed Khalil, and later he had a talk with jour­ who know their job. It is an ingenious contrivance of n~lists when he denied that he was mediating on the circumstances, of events. Much the same thing hap­ differences of opinion between the Sudan and Egypt pened in China before Communism. History holds a over the utilization of the Nile waters. mirror up to man: but man, if he could learn, would He also talks about Communism. One thing that not need history.

9 August I, 1957 OUR FOREIGN POLICY By Sumant S. Bankeshwar

~------~------~ HE historica~ era that began four hundred years The Imminent Dangers T ago with the expansion of Europe over Asia, call­ ·ed the Vasco da Gama epoch, is now coming to a The way Indian politics has been shaping since our close. Most Asian countries have at last liberated political independence, is causing deep concern to all themselves from the yoke of European imperialism. nationalists and democrats. On the one hand, India The turning point for. Asia towards an era of liberty is being beguiled into a new hegemony of Russian and national self-direction of her own destiny has totalitarianism, under the pressure of the false propa­ been passed. ganda of the Communist Party of India, completely India woke up from the sleep of ages to see the under the control of International Communism, head~ light of day on August 15, 1947, after a long period ed by Russian Communist imperialists. The success of political slavery and untold suffering. On the at­ of this party will hand over India, bound hand and tainment of freedom, India decided through her Cons­ foot, to the tender mercies of Russian totalitarian tituent Assembly in favour of Democracy, and some imperialism which is much worse than the British of the best brains of our country drafted a democratic variety from which we have just escaped. On the constitution based on adult franchise. The gigantic other hand, the prevailing trend in our foreign policr ·experiment of Parliamentary Democracy in India hav­ endangers our national independence, and the tendency ing to contend with a predominantly illiterate electo­ in our domestic policy is towards the abandonment rate is being watched with interest by all the natiOns of of effective democracy by a step~by-step introduction the world, as the Success or failure of our Democracy of totalitarian methods and atmosphere. will determine the future of Democracy in the world. Though initially India's foreign policy was one of Though it is too early to draw any definite conclusions strict neutrality, since the Korean war, that policy regarding the prospects of Democracy in India, if the has undergone a fundamental change. In the name prevailing trends in India and the policies of· the of neutrality,- India is in fact giving almost consistent Government are any. indication, the prospects for De­ support to one side in the world conflict. Our much­ mocracy in India are dim. boasted neutrality has been, by the manner of our diplomatic exchanges, to befriend the communist bloc (Continuell from pllge 9) and alienate the democratic bloc. We are exaggerat­ The "dupes" are the result, to a great extent, Of ing the danger of the dying Western colonialism and Nehru's speechifying. Nehru is part and parcel of wrongly minimising the menace of international com­ Communist propaganda and infiltration-indeed, we munism to the freedom of India. Let us not forget may say, an indispensable part. Whether he is aware that a third of the world is already enslaved by Rus­ -of it or is an unwitting tool is a moot point. The net sia, and that she is ideologically committed to world result is that he is helping both our enemies-Pakistan conquest. Lenin declared long ago, "As long as we and Communism. have not conquered the whole world and so long Pakistan, indeed, must love Nehru. For in Nehru, as communism and capitalism exist side by side, we Pakistan has probably a very great benefactor. What cannot live in peace; in the end, one or the other a thing is, is by virtue of what it is not. must triumph" (Collected Works of Lenin, Vot 3). Perhaps the failure of the man to understand the This reason is similar to that of robbers, who have world situation arises from his Buddhist conception of voiuntarily exiled themselves from the peaceful mem­ -ethics. Buddhism lacks in its consideration of grega­ bership of society and made themselves its implac­ tional morality. It indeed fails to make a distinction able enemies so that their co~existence with peaceful between inter-personal and group ethics. My duty citizens has become impossible. towards my wife is different, not only in degree but That Russia is imperialist Is proved by the simple also in kind, from my duty towards society. The first fact that since 1945 when the war ended, she has is the sphere of personal ethics; the second that of added 15 countries with a population ot 600 million group morality. people to her slave empire. And such conquest is His failure to respond to the international situation, written into the basic gospel of Marxism-Leninism­ to see beneath the surface moves, the game behind and Stalinism on which communism is built. the game behind the game behind-all these are in the nature of an intriguing argument: Communism The Red Imperialism wants power. America wants trade. Each has got its good points, and both can be synthesised. There Nobody will disagree with our Prime Minister when should be security of the British type, prosperity of he condemns Western colonialism. Having ourselves the American type and the way lies through Soviet suffered under colonial rule for more than a century, Russia. · it is but right that we should support the colonial It has an advantage. You get good sleep and you people's struggle against the Western colonial impe~ -can be an international figur~. It has a disadvantage, rialisms. But the silence of our Prime Minister over too, which is: You cannot last long. the Russian conquest of 15 countries in East Europe and

THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN 10 Supplement Of The Research Department Of The IL L Foundation

BREAD AND CIRCUSES • By B. S. Sanyal

ELFARISTS fail to see that all intervention has "If the government of any underdeveloped W a tremendous nuisance value. At least to all country truly wants its resourc~s and people those who have developed some sense of freedom. developed to the fullest possible extent in the Most have not. Hence the welfarists thrive. shortest possible time, here is all it needs to do; It is not necessary for one to be a capitalist, an First, abolish all trade and currency restrictions­ exploiter or a criminally selfish man to abhor state all of them, internal and external. Second, enact Jntcrvcntionism. It is quite easy to see that if power, laws guaranteeing the protection of the private both economic and political, be concentrated in the property of its own citizens. Third, enact laws hands of the rulers, we lose not only freedom but also that guarantee the same treatment to foreigners prosperity. One cannot show a surer way to lose and foreign capital as is then guaranteed to its both. own citizens and their capital. Fourth, convince Freedom-loving men wish to plan their own course both its own citizens and the world in general of life. In the welfare state this prerogative rests only that this is a permanent policy. Fifth, be pre­ in the planners. 'Everyone else is a planee,' as Regi­ pared for an immediate and dramatic start to­ nald Jcbb puts it. Wclfarism thus emasculates the ward the development of both the resources of ruled and degrades the character of the rulers. Confis­ the country and the skills of the people to their catory policies destroy freedom, slow down further maximum capacity in the shortest possible time." accumulation of capital, and start the process of capi­ (THE FREEMAN, May 1957, p.ll). tal consumption. These arrest progress towards pros­ In the interventionist economy, the incentive and perity and bring about ~ disposition to progressive power to save and the. savings are dissipated by the poverty. government. For a state-planned economy, the govern­ ment requires a very large amount of money. It looks TilE FAILURE OF BRITISH EXPERIMENT IN for all possible ways of extracting money from private SOCIALISM enterprise. Banks and insurance companies are made The wclfarist misses or deliberately ignores the to· invest in government bonds. Various measures permanent elements in Free Economy which make up taken to curtail big incomes and fortunes do away the ground of all economics. He refuses to see that with the wealthier people's power to save. In the the British experiment in socialism is sustained by process the private enterprise gets stifled or atrophied. American capitalism and the Communist experiment And the would-be investments of the small savers are by state capitalism. He also does not recognize that manipulated into lines of consumption. The result is. between the two methods of capital formation, the disinvestment and capital co~umption. welfarist political and the ordinary economic, the Inttcr has greater efficiency. WHAT JIAPPENS WHEN STATE INTERVENES In the unhampered market economY saving, capital accumulation and investment coincide. The saver Besides, the sums collected by the rulers are not forgoes a part of his present satisfaction for some efficiently utilized. The whole of it is not invested. future benefit. As he saves through savings bank or A substantial part of it is spent on current expenditure: an insurance policy, the bank or the insurance com­ to this extent the saving of the individual does not pany invests the equivalent. The saver may later result in capital accumulation. The rest is invested consume the savings; yet no disinvestment or capital but not economically. Most of it is eaten up by re­ consumption results. The withdrawals do not affect latively unproductive enterprises. The big projects the investments of the banks and insurance companies: like TVA, DVC, Aswan and Dneprostroi bear testi..; the investments increase steadily. The ordinary mony to this. Control of vast sums by an army of saver's ordinary selfish conduct thus leads to social bureaucrats and their politician bosses invites corrupt welfare. practices. What matters most, however, is that there is no way THE LIBERTARIAN STAND to prevent the government from spending the whole A libertarian, therefore, recommends Free Eco­ of citizens' savings for current consumption_ Govern­ nomy as the surest way to prosperity and freedom, ment accumulation kills the citizens' disposition to equality and justice. As Dean Russell puts it: abstinence and hence it cannot be a substitute for A private accumulation: it has always destroyed the CLASS OF NON-PRODUCING BUREAUCRATS condit.ions making for private accumulation. What matters, however, is that they recommend the STATE SQUANDERING formation of a class of non-producing rulers. This class is more dangerous and pernicious than the capi­ The private citizens may go on saving; but the t~list class. The capitalist class enjoys some mono­ government squanders the savings by spending them poly rights by means of which it can do some limited for current expenditure and malinvestment. The wei· harm to others in the economic life. And then, these farists fail to understand that even the mere mainten· monopoly rights can be done away with by means of ance of capital requires skilful handling of the ques· democratic legislation without abolishing the market tions of in'-'estment and successful speculation and economy, with its manifold economic freedom. The presupposes economic calculation and hence the ope. new class, however, namely the class of non-producing .ration of the market economy. In any case they pres· rulers, controls the economic, the political and the cribe spending as a panacea while denouncing over· rest of the cultural life, and is in a position to do much saving and underconsumption. greater harm to the class of the ruled. And once it Furthermore, on the one hand they say that both gets entrenched in power, there is no method of demo­ maintenance of capital and further accumulation of cratic legislation left to the people to kick it out of capital will be the preserve of the government and n·o the privileged position. And worse, there is no revo· longer left to the selfish individuals; on the other lutionary method of continuing the class-struggle left hand, they falsely assume that the good of the futUre to them. In the democratic capitalist state the com­ generation will tum one's selfishness to greater saving. munists and other welfarists can with impunity take And these, when under ordinary market economy advantage of the democratic constitution and carry conditions the selfishness drives man to save and in· on the class-struggle and may even constitutionally vest in such a way as to fill best the most urgent needs form governments. In the communist welfare state, of the consur.uers: the people can never try to revive the struggle against the new class of exploiters. The Hungarians tried and THE PROBLEM FOR SOCIALISM we all (except our Prime Minister) know what hap­ pened to them. The problem Of maintaining and increasing capital is insoluble for the socialist system which cannot resort to economic calculation On account of the THE TWEEDLEDUJ\1 AND T\VEEDLEDEE absence or abolition of market economy. Such a system has no method of fixing whether its capital equipment is· on the upgrade or downgrade. Some of our readers may here point out that there If welfarism is under a democratic government is a distinction between welfarism of the democratic sustained by market economy elsewhere, demagogues socialist variety and welfarism of the communist out of power will contend that more could be left to variety. The distinction may hold good in advanced current consumption than those in power will admit. capitalist countries of West Europe. This too is doubt~ The various parties vie with one another in promising ful now. In the backward underdeveloped near-feudal the voters more government spending and at the countries of Asia, like India, it is a distinction bet­ same time a reduction of all taxes which do not ex~ ween Tweedledum and Tweedledee. elusively burden the rich. The workers and farmers The reason is not far to seek. Welfarism in a back­ begin to think that the state is a spender. ward country inevitably leads to communism. Nehru, History shows no example of capital accumulation the father of Indian socialism, has done greater ser· by a government. The capital for all national const~ vice to Indian communism than the pioneers of · ructions was provided by citizens' savings and borrow~ Indian communism, many of whom (e.g. 1\lr. R. B. ed by the government. • But greater part was spent for Lotvala and late M. N. Roy) later turned anti-commu­ current expenditure. In short, "the Santa Claus nists. But not the arch welfarist Nehru. He has been fcibles of the welfare school are characterised 'by their the spearhead of communist invasion on the psycho­ failure to grasp the problems of capital". (Mises). logical and the economic front. He has methodically They do not see that profit may be partly an un­ undermined the resistance of the Indian people to earned income but that it is certainly not the result 'of communism by means of his welfarist moves. exploiting labour, not a part of the wages. And ~11 Recently he has blabbed about there being no dan· unearned incomes are justly distributed as a matter ger of communism for under-developed countries, of course: City allowances or higher wages m· ·an since communism comes after capitalism digs its own industrial city are instances of sharing the unearned grave, while the hi.S:tory of communist expansion income. Whatever injustice and exploitation may still shows it has come precisely into those countries where be shown to be there will cease to be if only · the there has been no capitalist system worth the name. market economy is allowed to function in an unham~ A welfare state in an underdeveloped country is pered manner. The welfarist's intervention in the bound to be a communist state. The best check to form of taxation collects most of the unearned income communism is more and more of capitalism. In India, and redistributes it in such manner as not only to do there were great chances for a capitalist growth. great injustice to private savers and investors but to Nehru has methodically killed them and prepared the do away with capital formation and further prosperity ground for communism in the name of welfarism. He .also. is a past-master in double talk..

B Foreign Investments And India · By K. D. Valicha

CONOMIC dcvclpomcnt or growth depends upon men"t of branches or subsidiaries in a. foreign country E a number of factors. It depends most of all on Yet this is no easy task--due solely to the superstitions capital investment, since widening capital is, by defi­ that the under-developed economies are given to. nition un increase in the avaiJability of natural re­ It is a mere abstraction to say that man, as. he sourc~s-likc we may say, the discovery of land. travels along the road of time, sheds his superstitions By dcvdopm~nt or growth is meant growth in produc­ one by one. If primitive man had his superstitions, tivity per head, though not per worker. Thus the modem man has them too nonetheless. The difference proportion of growth is initiated by the amount of is one of kind, not degree. Our superstitions today capital investment. This docs not mean, howe~er, are different from those of primitive man. In the that capital investment is the sole factor responsible field of economics, the most glaring superstition may for economic development. We may take the example be found in the patronizing urge of the state to pro­ ol n mature economy like that of the U.S.A. where tect its home industries from foreign competition at capital investment will not go a long way towards all costs. This urge can perhaps best be understood giving u start to production unless it is accompanied in its psychological background. But, economically, by grcntcr technical progress or newer methods of it has no foundations. In the case of Mr. Prohibitor production. The case of the under-developed neutra­ who obtains protection from the state for his indus­ list countries is just the opposite. Where thus there try and Jacques Bonhomme, the consumer, Frederic Js unemployment and technical progress has yet to Bastiat writes: "A multiple of preventive officers make headway, capital investment travels a long dis­ must be maintained not in any useful, of even harm­ tance in productivity. less employment, but for the sole purpose of forbidd­ ing the passage of Belgian iroh across the French fron- WAYS OUT tier ...... What, then, is the condition of Jacques Bonhomme? What is that of the national industry? However, the point is that economic development Jacques Bonhomme, who pays his fifteen francs to depends upon the following factors: Capital invest­ Mr. Prohibitor in charge for a cwt. of iron, has no ment, technical progress, the capacity of a firm to more than the enjoyment of that cwt. of iron. He adapt Itself to newer methods, and the will of the loses five francs. Who gains them? Certainly not workers to produce more. These we may consider the national industry. For, after the law, as before, the main factors that initiate production. the national industry can at most (with a reserve to Thus the problem before an under-developed eco­ be yet made) be encouraged only to the extent of nomy like that of India is capital investment. At the fifteen francs-fiv~ of which, in the one case, are em­ same lime, it is fairly obvious that she cannot provide ployed by Jacques Bonhomme for his own satisfac­ all the capital needed for her full development. The tion, and in the other, transferred to Mr. Prohibitor choice is either to borrow capital (which again means for his. It is Mr. Prohibitor who alone gains the five an equivalent debt) or to import it in some other form, francs that Jacques Bonhomme loses." like foreign investments . . But the tendency in under-developed countries is to follow the Soviet methods. By concentrating on NO ECONOllllC DANGER a 'few branches' and waiting for the rest of the eco~ nomy to catch up, results may appear to be rapid. Thus there is no economic danger in attracting for­ By cutting down 1% production in agriculture, we eign investments. It is strange resilience on our part may manipulate 4% production from- industry. But not to do so and avoid having to face a problem that these results are highly ambiguous and speculative, could be thus easily solved. It is to be realized that the .apart from being risky and even at times misleading. problem is a temporary mal-factor and not a perma­ It is to be appreciated that socialism, even on its own nent one. To eliminate it, it is necessary to look for showing, Is simply not suited to an under-developed economy. only a short-term policy. It is certainly not necessary to launch any radical programme, like socialism. No A SUPERSTITION economic activity, as a matter of fact, is permanent. It is realistic to face the problem directly and simply. It becomes clear that you cannot create capital by Prosperity and welfare are not attained by peremp­ means of the socialist nightmare. Capital investment tory laboratorial processes; problems have to be faced with a correct estimate of one's own relative capacity it is then realised, is the crying need of the hour and and weaknesses. whatever steps we take, must be taken towards this ?irection. By far the safest and most convenient way rt is pertinent in this regard to point out that of the two major power blocs, America is investing fcu- more lS to attract foreign investments. BY foreign invest­ ments, we understand direct investment in manufac­ than the communist power in the under-developed turing activity which takes the form of the establish- countries of Asia. India could wisely turn to benefit this favourable inclination of America. c MY· BELIEF AND HOPE By James Peter Warbasse

•

EING in health of body and mind, in this my nine­ I believe that to walk uprightly and to live justly B tieth year, I asset my belief in truth, in kindness, toward all men are ·the companions of happiness, that in beauty, and in deeds for the virtues come to nothing to be generous and charitable are requirements, with­ unless confirmed by action. out which the highest degree of happiness is impossible. I believe the adoption of that course of life which I belie:ve these virtues best promote self-interest, is the most virtuous, as it becomes a habit, will be which is the great goal, and that the virtuous are, in found to be the most agreeable. general, the most successful and the happiest. I believe the cultivation of virtues should prompt people to see that their virtues impinge upon and effect I believe, as old age approaches, the knowledge of other individuals to their advantage; for isolated a life that has exemplified these self-interests can be virtue is sterile. the supreme comfort, and to have won a life of happi­ I believe that the dark realm, represented by the ness by such practices is the consummate climax. unknown, is neither sacred nor adorable, but is a I believe that the phYsical constituents of my body challenge to man's curiosity and to his capacity to are indestructible and endure forever, that my child­ search for new information. ren and grandchildren can perpetuate my living subs. I believe that as time goes on, science will shed tance as long as mankind survives, that the influence more and more light on this realm of mystery, and I have had on material. things and the changes I have its ghostly inhabitants will continue to disappear. wrought in them endure beyond my life, and that I believe man does himself incalculable harm iD. the impact of my character upon other human beings looking to extranatural forces for help, when in need, expands and passes on from one to another while rather than making use of his own abilities. man exists. I believe I knoW more than my ancestors, that much These are my beliefs. I also have hopes. they believed was not true-which prompts me to I hope cooperation and brotherly sympathy among be as sure as I can that my own beliefs rest on men may displace the struggle to overcome men. grounds that will bear the scrutiny of time. ,, ,r I hope the movement towards better life will conti­ I believe in the continous expansion of knowledge nue until all have abundance. and understanding for I have seen the light illuminate I hope for the conquest of unnecessary pain and the distant turrets of the future. disease until man lives out his life in comfort. I believe the sun will rise in the morning, the tides I hope that freedom froffi superstition and mystic­ will ebb and flow, flowers will bloom in the spring, ism will continue to advance till man has freed him­ and the phenomena of nature will go on as of yore. self and depends on his own reasoning and his own I believe the grain that nourishes and the sun that responsibility for his fate. warms, the volcano that kills and the hurricane that I hope that my mind and memory will always cherish destroys, are caused by the forces of nature which the beauties and the grandeur of this earth, of its operate in all things and inspire man to meet them and people and its products. control them. I hope I may be spared the degenerative processes I believe that the war which murders, the airplane Which might affect my mind and spoil my capacity which crashes, and the hospital which burns reveal to see naturally and to think scientifically. only the inefficiency, injustice, and greed of man; and I hope to remain alive while still living, and to the responsibility should rest squarely on him. find happiness in the enjoyment of truth, beauty, kind­ I believe that mankind needs the emotions; for ness, and in useful action. science cannot supply the fineness which music, poetry, I hope I shall never persuade myself to believe the imagination, and the beauties of color and form what is unreal because it is pleasant to believe. engender. I believe in plan and purpose; but since plan and I hope that as my hour of death approaches. I shall purpose imply thinking, I have no conception of plan enjoy consciousness until the end, be free of pain, and purpose exccJpting 1such as emanate from the and enter into eternal sleep, aware that what I have brain; and such functions of the brain, I believe, are started still goes on. physiologic, occuring only in an organ of nerve-cells I hope I may have the satisfaction of observing the and nerve fibres. '' fading of function, and consciously take leave of I believe happiness is best attained by health .of life with intelligent resignation, viewing this event body and of mind, by efficiency directed to definite with equanimity and with the satisfaction I have goals in the interest of one's own wellbeing, by the always enjoyed in laying myself down to sleep when love of truth by acting in kindness, by creating beauty, tired at the day's end. Since I have no fear of death, and by doing what is needed to implement these or of an ominous hereafter, I hope to live to experience virtues. death as a beneficient and great adventure.

D I Uu: Chinese conquest of Tibet has shocked the con~ hardly be an effective answer to Pakistan's ann~ . . . e of freedom·loving people the world over. We might. We can no longer afford to take a complac~nt IIJCJ(;nch yet to hear a word o f d enuncm· tl·on from our. attitude towards Pakistan's preparedness for war with i p~~~e Minister of the new colonialism ~at RussUlll India. India's history is full of foreign in~asi~ns and ; 1· of 15 East European countnes and the conquests because of our internal feuds, dlSWllty and 1occupa 10n • ii 0 nders ICh:nese occupation of Tibet stg~ Y_· ne. wo unpreparedness for war, and if we re~ to 1~ whether our much·boastcd neutrality IS to be Interpret­ any lesson from our past experience. history will led as neutrality towards a particular pow_er-bloc onl~. repeat itself. ! The danger of International Commumsm ~ Indta India lost her freedom several times in the P~ is cnhanc(-d by the alliance bet~eent R~ssta ~nd when her ruling class failed in its duty to exerciSe ~China the Chinese occupation of T1bet, the mcreasmg perpetual vigilance over the enemies of the country, subvc~ivc activities of communists in Nepal,_ Bhuta~, whether across the borders or within the land. and .Sikkim and other border areas, the commums_t do~­ maintain an efficient intelligence department to d~­ nation of the present Kashmir cabinet ~nd tl_l~ll'R un1~y cover the sources of disaffection. and watch the hostile in Kcrala. It is the common land frontier WI uss1a moves of neighbours and their efforts to plant fifth­ that ht:>Jp the Chinese communists to overthrow columns within our nation. Chiang's regime in China. India bas aJ~ a long co.m­ The paramount objective of our foreign ~olicy ~ust mon land frontier with Russia and Chma, atrordmg be to secure our frontiers and save our national mde­ to the communists in Kashmir, Assam and Nepal, a pendence. culture and free way of life from foreign va... t Jand base which has every possibility of develop­ invasion. ln,r Jnro an Indian Yenan. The whole of our northern (To Be Continued) rc,rion, so far protected by the great Himal~yas,. has bern at the mercy of International commumsm smce the military conquest of the mainland of China and CHINA FACING REVOLUTION­ Tihrt by lhe Chinese communists. COMMUNISTS CRITICISED AT While our northern borders are endangered by the communists, our eastern and western borders. are UNIVERSITY FORUM threatened by the two aggressive wings of PakiStan ONG Kong: A University critic of Chinese commu­ between which we are sandwiched. Further, the H nism has charged that some Party members uin­ U.S.-Pak military pact and alliance between aggres­ dulge in the most evil acts." He gave a warning of si\'e Pakistan and imperialist Portugal have also the danger of revolution. threatened our national independence. The speaker, Mr. Wang Teh-chou, made the barbed remarks at a Forum of People's University. Peking's Radical Reorientation Needed China Youth News, organ of the Commnuist Youth League. did not say whether he was a student or a pro­ India needs a radical re-orientation of policy regard­ fessor in reporting his remarks in its June lOth issue Ing Pakistan if she is not to go under and be sub­ which has just been received here. merged in an Islamic resurgence. \Ve have to review "At any time. might overcomes right." Mr. Wang our policy towards Pakistan root and branch. Ever said. "It is possible to mount machine guns to deal since the partition of India, Pakistan has lost no oppor­ with trouble. But what is to be feared is that the tunity to blackmail and blackguard India and has machine guns may be turned round for action." been carrying on a campaign of vilification and pro­ Predicting that the Party will collapse soon, Mr. vocation against India which must be put an end Wang said, "To say that the Party has divorced itself lo.. Our policy of appeasement must give way to a from the masses is not so true as to say that the masses Brm and positive policy towards Pakistan based on :omplcte reciprocity. have divorced themselves from the Party." Every time we have stretched our hand of friend­ SECTARIANISM ship to Pakistan, we have been rebuffed with insults He said that 90 per cent of the Party was guilty and threats o! Jehad. While everyone in India wants of sectarianism or devotion to particular groups rather 1peace and a peaceful settlement of all our disputes than to the Party as a whole. Mr. Wang did not dwell \\oith Pakistan, the policy of surrender and appease­ on what were the uevil acts"' of some membei's but ment that has been pursued by India has only made he appealed for the abolition of special privileges. her more aggressive and ernboldenced her to ask for ·more. Mr. Wang said that the Party confronts a "dange­ rous crisis" and has lost the confidence of the masses. I Our whole policy towards Pakistan stems from our wrong reading of the Muslim League fanaticism. which One of the reasons was the shortage of pork, he has an intolerant attitude towards all non·Muslims. said. and vegetable prices have increased 600 per cent over last year. iCivilised methods of dealing with non-Muslims is foreign to the Muslim League. "The common people begin to lose confidence in In view of the threats of "Jehad" openly held out the Central Committee," he said, adding that unless by responsible leaders of Pakistan. and the mounting the present campaign to correct mistakes, has at least threat of war from the two aggressive wings of Pakis­ a 90 percent success, the Party would collapse. tan between which we are sandwiched, we must give Jllr, Wang made his statements under Mr. Mao Tse Priority· to our defence and guarding our frontiers. Tung's programme "to let all flowers bloom, let a :>ur sennons on non-violence and Panchashila can hundred schools of thought contend." -Times of India

11 August 1, 1957 Nuclear Weapons For Our Defence By Mehta Puran Chand

R. Hridyanath Kunzru's plea for arming the same meeting: "We will prove that we can liberatt M Indian Defence Forces with nuclear and thermo­ ' Kashmir with the strength of our arms." nuclear weapons deserves some consideration, specially Under these circumstances India can ill-afford t< today, when a situation exists which is very similar disregard her security. The safety and stabilitv ol to the one that existed to the invasion of Kashmir in our country and of the millions who inhabited ii art 1947. involved; and it is necessary that we are adequately Pakistan, from all accounts, would seem to have equipped to meet any threat. It is in this context turned the territory of Kashmir under her occupa­ that Hridya Nath Kunzru's call for arming our tion into a base for at.tack against India. The power Defence Forces with nuclear weapons becomes valid­ of the Pakistani Army has been vastly augme'nted by and urgent. Somewhat alarmist though it may ap­ U.S. arms aid which is said to include sabre jet fight­ pear, it deserves serious consideration by those charg­ ers and tactical atomic weapons. Not long ago General t:d with our defence. Ayub Khan, Chief of the Pakistani Army, referred to exercises envisaging the use of tactical atomic wea­ pons to cross riverine obstacles. He also spoke of attac­ THE MIND OF THE NATION king enemy concentrations from the rear. All this seems to sh~w that the present strength of the Pakistani Need For A Party for the "Right" Army constitutes a formidable threat to this country. Within a short distance of the Indian frontier, there So far as India is concerned, the question that is are said to stationed well over 200,000 men equipped being posed here is whether politics in the country with the latest weapons. And their number, it would should revolve round the road to socialism or whether appear, can vastly be increased. they should develop on the lines of those in the U.K., U.S.A., Canada and Australia. As matters stand, the Pak Preparations In Full Swing Congress, the PSP and the Communists are all com­ peting in following leftist policies, do not to that ex­ According to a report published in a London paper, tent, constitute alternatives in the real sense of the an "Azad" Kashmir Minister has said: "Azad Kash­ term ...... mir" forces now numbering 35,000 can be increased Perhaps India should have a party of those who overnight to 80,000 of whom 70,000 will be trained ex­ put a curb on intrusion by the State in the lives of soldiers. "Further more commandos are reportedly the people. There is indeed a great deal of conserva­ being trained at the rate of 800 men at a time in tive opinion in India which would rally round such . schools. Many hundreds of geurillas have been train­ a party and provide a real alternative to the Congress. ed. Brigade Headquarters have been established at Unfortunately every attempt to form such a party has Chakoti, Mirpur, Bhimber and Kotli and Bagh, all in been run down as an attempt at revivalism. COil).munal­ "Azad" Kashmir. Since 1954 about 900 miles of all­ ism or parochialism or capitalism. The result is that weather roads have been constructed linking these the small man,-the small trader and the small pea­ bases with a string of Pakistani cantonments at Abbo­ sant-is unable to decide where his interest lies. tabad. Rawalpindi, Muree Jhellum, Sialkot and -Insaf in Jlfnclustcm 'l'fm£'.'1 Kharian, all of which are within a few miles of the Kashmir border. The airfields at Gilgit and Chilat PAK CONSPIRACY? have been enlarged and improved; the former. now able to receive jet fighters. New airfields have been The seizure of large quantities of explosives from built .at Skardu, Bhimbar and Do Patta in "Azad" under a culvert bridge in Srinagar should help the Kashmir. Apart from Pakistani troop concentrations Police to track down those responsible for the last on the Indian border, tribesmen are apparently being week's bomb explosion in the city. If the explosives massed for action. Ex-Major General Akbar Khan, have been smuggled from across the cease-fire line, as who organised the 1947 invasion is said to have been is suspected, the explosion cannot be dismissed as an placed in command of these. isolated incident. 'I;here may be reason to believe that there is a conspiracy to disrupt the peace of the Our Security In Peril city and sow seeds of panic and confusion in the Valley. On the top of it all, an officially sponsored hate-cam­ The public in Srinagar will feel reassured only paign against India has been in progress for some time. when the whole conspiracy is unearthed and all the Chaudhary Mohammed Ali, former Prime Minister culprits have been brought to book. There is also the . of Pakistan, said for instance at a public meeting in need for stricter security measures along the cease-fire Karachi: "I am ready for the liberation of Kashmir, line to prevent the smuggling of dangerous material but I want the people to get ready." Mian Mumtaz in future. Daultana, Chief Minister of West Pakistan, said at the -Times of India

THE INDJAN LIBERTARIAN 12 Pak Smear-Campaign In Full Swing By "Vigilant"

HEN the Congress leaders decided to accept the he is reported to have stated that for once they may W vivisection of the country into Pakistan and forget about Kashmir but they cannot afford to leave Bhurat they had Imagined that it will solve the long­ the canal waters dispute alone. And he added, "If need stsmding feud between the Muslims and the Hindus be we will have to fight the issue and die fighting than and that India will be allowed to rest in peace. But be starved of water." So here is the latest stick to ithe long history for the last 10 years has completely beat India with. bC'!ll'd the hopes and expectations of the Congress As every one knows, who cares to have the facts, ~~·udcrship. Not a day passes and not a single oppor­ that India has accepted the World Bank suggestion of :tunity is lost by the leaders of Pakistan and the people three rivers going to Pakistan and ;three rivers com­ 1o keep alive the hate campaign against India. No ing to India, WITH THE ADDED RECOMMENDA­ ~mount of appeasement on the part of the Congress TION THAT INDIA SHOULD PAY Karachi Rs 60 ~l·adcrship has been able to prevent the blackmailing crores for building the linking canals. It is Pakistan ;and blackguarding of India and her rulers by Karachi. which at first accepted the recommendations is NOW ln spite of this, New. Delhi authorities still have not GOING BACK on them and yet Suhrawardy had the been moved to retaliate, much less at least to carry cheek to blame India on the canal waters dispute! Now en a counter-propaganda against the Goebellian lies the latest demand of Pakistan is that 80 per cent ·of ol Po klston. the waters of those rivers should go to her PLUS Rs. 170 crores for building the canals. It is once Geobellian lies again the story of the wolf and the lamb. It was, therefore, no wonder that the Pakistani ••• Painting India Red Prime Minister, Mr. Suhrawardy, during his recent visit to Britain and the USA, should have indulged From London, Suhrawardy went to USA and there his favourite past-time of spreading a lot of abject In again he indulged in making a number of wild and llC'S against India and the Kashmir issue as well as baseless allegations against India and her Govern­ the canal waters dispute. That all the statements that ment. Knowing the climate in USA and the general he made both to the press and the public have no iota temper of the people against communism and Soviet o[ truth in them does not seem to worry him. He Russia, Suhrawardy painted India as being ·in the scC'ms to believe in the Goebellian technique that a communist bloc of countries. Said he in one of his lie the bigger it is, and the more often it is repeated, statements at Washington: "How can such puny musters strength and is taken for granted by the Ignorant and gullible people. But what is most nations like India and Egypt defy U.N. mandates? nstounding is that with our diplomatic establishments Because they know that they have a strong Power be­ in Washington and in London, no attempt seems hind them-that is Russia." Continuing he added that to have been made by them to correct and carry on a India had defied U.N. mandate for allowing the people counter-propaganda against this campaign of lies. The of Kashmir to choose whether they want to be a part case of India over the Kashmir issue has been allowed of India or Pakistan. He, however, did not care to tell . by the Indian Government to go by default, due to the the American people that Pakistan was declared as the absence of correct information about our stand on aggressor .in Kashmir by one of the U.N. Observers, Kashmir, the result was that in the UN Security Coun­ that Pakistan still defies the UN mandate of with­ cil NOT n single nation in the Free World voted with drawing her forces from the so-called "Azad" Kashmir India on the issue. And this sorry spectacle of the area forcibly occupied by her, that instead Pakistan whole Free World against India is the result of our has turned the "Azad" Kashmir area into a strong having nearly 74 foreign missions stationed all over military base with the latest and modern air-field with the globe,· costing the country over 6 crores of rupees guerillas and regular military men massed on the annually. What a colossal waste of Indian taxpayers' border. Suhrawardy, while he was posing as the head money! of a State in the role of martyred innocence, also for­ got to tell the American people that Pak saboteurs Latest Stlek To Beat India have been arrested, both in Srinagar and Jammu, for the number of bomb explosions that took place there. While in London Mr. Suhrawardy tried to raise the Kashmir issue in the Commonwealth conference but No Grabbill:g But Mission of Mercy naturally by the very composition of the Common­ wealth, it could not be successful. Having been un­ Again in another of his statements over 1Kashmir, successful to bring the issue before the Commonwealth Suhrawardy again distorted the facts about Kashmir. conference, he then made a number of statements Said he: .. Nehru has grabbed certain territory that black-guarding India. Now that Kashmir being not a does not belong to him. The question was whether "hot" subject with foreign audiences, he invented the the views of the United Nations should prevail in the canal waters dispute. In one of his bellicose statements world or not." Yes, Mr. Suhrawardy the word of the

13 August 1, 1957 United Nations must prevail in the world, but what of the United Nations." Verily a case of Satan has Pakistan done so far to carry out the UN recom­ quotin!l the Bible. mendations of withdrawing her armed forces from Suhrawardy need not be reminded of the "honou­ "Azad" KashJllir area? What about the tribal depre­ rable" behaviour of this honest member of the United dations of arson, loot and rape that were carried on in Nations which against the Partition Agreement has Kashmir by Pakistan on the Muslim people of the forcibly and cruelly driven out ALL the Hindus and Valley, in whose name now Pakistan and Suhrawardy Sikhs from West Pakistan and Sind. Before Partition are asking for plebiscite? It is the Muslim people of there were 40 per cent Hindus and Sikhs and today Kashmir Valley that sent the SOS to India and India there are hardly 5 per cent of them living in West went to her rescue. Mr. Nehru has NOT GRABBED Pakistan, the rest being forcibly driven out or mas­ Kashmir; it was Pakistan that was trying to swallow sacred WITHOUT THE PAK GOVERNMENT raising Kashmir against the wishes of the people of Kashmir its little finger to protect its own non-Muslim nationals. and that is where India comes in the picture. India The same story is being repeated in East Pakistan. That has NEVER. been the aggressor nor had she any de­ is the Honourable member of the UN and that is the signs on Kashmir. It was an act of aggression on the honest spokesman of the dishonest and dishonourable part of Karachi that compelled New Delhi to go to Pakistan, which by any standards of international law, the rescue of Kashmir on a mission of mercy. has forfeitted its right' to be called civilised or modern. To further impress his point that India is sailing in But the most depressing and disheartening part of the same boat as Russia he stated that in Hungary, this sorry business is the Gandhian silence of the New Russia had defied the UN and India was defying the Delhi authorities, who are preaching the whole world UN in Kashmir. He asked the UN to declare both on the merits of uPanchasheela" and co-existence and India and Russia as "Outlaws" and he added: "Civi­ practising the Christian "virtue" 'of offering the other lised countries should turn their faces from them when cheek when the one is smitten . Christian virtues and they come to international gatherings." As against Gandhian code of conduct ill become the rulers that this Suhrawardy complimented Pakistan for be­ are called upon to defend and protect the security having as "a proper, honest and honourable member and integrity of a modern nation like India.

What We Stand For--Work Of The Libertarian .. Social Institute

HE Libertarian Social Institute which was started lege professors and teachers of the youth of the T in Bombay some years ago for the spread o~ true country. and scientific ltnowledge and to dispel economic illi­ The Present Conflict teracy, on the sole initiative of Mr. R. B. Lotwall~ and a few of the ardent students of economics and public Today two great Power blocs struggle for world affairs has been doing its work in a modest way. When supremacy - American Capitalism and Rus­ the Institute was started, it was never thought that the sian communism. Neither of them represents the true Congress Government would embark on carrying out interests and welfare of Humanity. Their conflict plans and programmes that have a definitely socialist threatens Humanity with atomic destruction. Under­ or communist bias. But from the way the Congress lying both these blocs are institutions that breed ex~ Government is acting, it is quite clear that they in­ ploitation, inequality and oppression. Without form­ tend to take the country down the slippery slope of ing ourselves into a_ political party we think we can socialism and economic chaos. The need for the guide and indicate the general and broad lines along spread and advancement of the right conceptions of which the solution to these problems can be found. the economic trends in the world and to show the Ours is to spread the knowledge and dispel the false fallacies and some of the misconceived theories of notions. Marxism and socialism are today more necessary and These two conflicting forms of societies of today important in India than at any time before.. The Must be Replaced by a New Libertarian World, which Libertarian Social Institute, therefore, has not come will proclaim Equal F.reedom and Equal Opportunity a day too late in the country. It is for the younger for all in a Free SoCiety.. Freedom without equal and present generation of Indians to take advantage opportunities leads to privileges and injustice. Politi­ of the Institute, its well-packed and large library cal liberty without economic freedom leads to totali­ in Bombay, its branches at Bangalore, Baroda ,~nd tarianism. Madras for enlightenment and knowledge, and thus The monopoly of power which is the State must be prepare an Advance Guard to fight systematically replaced by competition and co-operation between and with weapons of democracy-with arguments free communities, labour councils and co-operatives, and lectures and propaganda-to dispel economic operating according to the principles of free agree­ illiteracy and combat the fashionable slogans of ment. The government of political parties must be socialism and communism that are in current vogue replaced by a functiohal society based on the admini­ amongst the yOunger generation and many of the Col- stration of things.

THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN 14 What We Stand For all wedded to socialism and, or communism, and ALL .I State planning, in all cases leads to centralisation, are agreed that a planned economy is the only solution, : which in turn means regimentation from the top down, despite the planned chaos seen in the socialist countries, must be replaced by federalism which means co-opera­ even after 40 years of experimenting and tampering. Ilion from the bottom up. There is a crisis in the intellectual leadership of the-.­ 1 To popularisc these views and to advance the cause socialist or communist world, but they are unable to 1 o! Humanity, the Libertarian Social Institute was resolve their difficulties and contradictions because founded in Bombay. The Libertarian Social Institute they are fanatic Marxists. The Libertarian Social 1docs not accept the old and even so-called new socio­ -U~dtut~ rucets this challenge of the Marxist confusion .· political cliches but will boldly explore new roads and and chaos. There is a way out of both the capitalist lncw ways whllc examining anew the old methods and contradictions and the communists confusion. Liber­

1 ; social structure, drawing from all that time and ex­ tarianism is the solution to the challenge posed both )pericncc have proven to be valid and useful to Human­ by capitalism and communism. It is here that the ity. The need for such an Institution in the country, Libertarian Social Institute shows the light to the :which has been forcibly taken on the totalitarian paths intelligent man of the present generation groping in Iby the Congress Government, specially after the total the dark. It is, therefore, the duty of the intelligent :and complete failure of Marxist experiments in Russia young men and women who are going to be the future and East European countries is quite obvious. The same architects of India's destiny, to be forearmed with !experiences are being repeated in Communist China. knowledge that will guide them aright and lead the lin the face of these warnings it is a national tragedy country and Humanity to Freedom and Economic that our Congress Government should fall in the same Prosperity. trap that has meant the complete negation of liberty Join the Libertarian Social Institute immediately and freedom of the individual and economic chaos if you are not a member yet. Drop a post-card to the and contusion all round. ·"ecretary Libertarian Social Institute, Arya Bhuvan, Intellectual Crisis Sandhurst Road, Bombay 4 for literatur~ and applica­ Today in the country the known political parties are tion form. ... Activities Of R. L. Foundation Public (Marathi). 17. Kesari (Marathi), and 18. Jagriti (Telugu). Library And Free Reading Room Fortnightlies: 1. Bhavan's Jour­ nal, 2. Fortnightly Review, and The R.L. Foundation came into room daily. There are altogether 3. The Indian Libertarian. existence with a purpose. And the 100 members on our library list. Monthlies: 1. Economic Digest, purpose is something unique in the The books are well-kept and up-to­ 2. Socialist Commentary, 3. Read­ cultural life of India. It is to do date. Most books pertain to Eco­ er's Digest, 4. Encounter, 5. Pro­ researches and publish the results nomics, Sociology, Social Philoso­ 6. of the researches in libertarianism gressive, Faith and Freedom, phy, General Philosophy, History, 7. Saturn, 8. Land and Liberty, - as an integral response, econo­ Biography, Literature, Religion, etc. mic, political and cultural, to the 9. The Interpreter, 10. American · The Co-operative Book House Labour Review, 11. Unesco Chro­ challenge of all forms of collectiv­ stocks books which deal with the ist views and ways of life. nicle, 12. The Humanist, 13. Panch­ various aspects of Libertarian ideo­ shila, 14. Rural India, 15. Modern . The founder iS the vetern social logy. These books are published thinker, Mr. R. B. Lotvala, who has Review, 16. Indian Review, 17. by the Libertarian Publishers Kurukshetra, 18. Current Science, had direct experience of several (Private) Ltd. and are available at world movements of social thought 19. The Vedic Digest, 20. The the Libertarian Social Institute Henry George News, 21. The Word, nnd action, including the commun­ office. Books pertaining to Univer­ ist movement. His munificence and 22. The Freeman, 23. Co-op. Report, sity courses in Economics are sold 24. Filmindia, 25. Freedom First charity sustain the Foundation. at concession rates. Public Library and Free Reading (India), 26. Progress, 27. Bulletin The Libertarian Institute library Room as well the Libertarian of the Ramakrishna Mission of as subscribes to the following journals Social Institute. Culture, 28. The Indian Rationalist, and periodicals:- and 29. Bulletin of the Institute for College students and persons Dailies: I. The Times of India interested in public affairs and in the study of U.S.S.R. 2. Mumbai Samachar (Gujerati): economic matters are always wel­ Bi-monthlies: 1. The American 3. Tarun Bharat (Marathi), 4. Nava Journal of Sociology, 2. Quest, 3. come to the R.L. Foundation and Bharat Times (Hindi). the Libertarian Social Institute, The Humanist and 4. Problems of Weeklies: 1. The National Rev­ Arya Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road, Communism. ~ew.' 2. The New Leader, 3. Mys­ Bombay 4 and our branches at Quarterlies: I. The American Bangalore (Venkatesa Bldg., Mill mdta, 4. Organiser, 'S. Thought, Review, 2. The Economic Journal 6. The Radical Humanist, 7. The Corner), Baroda (Shanta Kunj, 3.' Indian Economic Journal, 4. Th~ New Statesman and Nation, 8. The Raopura) and Madras (9 Broad­ American Journal of Economics Listener, 9. Shankar's Weekly, 100. way). and Sociology, 5. International Cultural India, II. The Freethinker About 300 to 350 readers avail Affairs, 6. The Political Quarterly 12. Freedom, 13. The Sunday Ob: themselves of the R.L. Foundation 7. Foreign Affairs, 8. The server, 14. Commerce, 15. The Plai~ Public Library and Free Reading View, 9. Freedom First (England), Eastern Economist, 16. Vivek and 10. Oxford Economic Papers. 15 August 1, 1957 measures'. What is urgently needed R. L. FOUNDATION HOLDS A SEl'IINAR in India is bettering the general standard of living which is the Present Political Currents In The control, can only lead to anarchy, lowest in the world, and NOT aus­ Country This is sheer nonsense. For there terity and going into "ashes and cannot be an anarchy; there can sack cloths". Only India, under the The Research Department of the only be different patterns of eco­ false Gandhian conceptions, could R. L. Foundation held a seminar on nomy. When we defend Free Enter­ see a Congress Minister, with Tuesday, 15th. July, when discus­ prise, therefore, we do not mean hardly clothes worth Rs. 15 or 20 sions centred round the political just 3bstract freedom or laissez on his person riding a motor car currents in India. faire but a positive order of eco­ worth Rs. 10,000 and more, and Mr. B. S. Sanyal, the Assistant nomy." his chauffeur better-dressed and Director, talked on the "welfarist" Mr. J. K. Dhairyawan criticised better clothed. We have a facade tendencies in the Indian Govern­ the misdirected austerity measures of simplicity that costs a colossal ment. . He said: "The welfarist of the Government. With a smile waste of. the tax-payers' money. misses or deliberately ignores the he said: "The present President of 'It took a lot of money to maintain permanent elements in Free Eco­ India has nearly 5000 State em­ Gandhi in poverty,' Mrs. Sarojini nomy which make up the ground ployees under him and over 300 Naidu used to say. And Gandhi's of all economics. He refuses to see telephones in his home! The Prime example is being followed by the that British experiment in socia­ Minister has decided as "an auste­ Congress ministers and the Govern­ lism is sustained by American capi­ rity" measure to shift from his pre­ ment. talism, and the communist experi­ sent palatial lodgings. BUT a new Mr. Dhairyawan referred in th1s ment by state capitalism. He also house, estimated to cost Rs. One connection to the pioneering work does not recognise that between Lakh, has to be built. It is bound of Mr. R. B. Lotwala and late Mr. the two methods of capital forma­ to cost more than a couple of lakhs, M. N. Roy for creating a revolution tion, the welfarist political and the not to talk of the furnishings. This in the minds of the intelligentsia ordinary economic, the latter has is the beginning of the 'austerity for scientific and rational thinking. greater efficiency.'' Mr. M. V. Balakrishna Rao gave a rationalist critique of sodalism. He said: "The fundamental objec­ tion to socialism has been the im­ Indian News Parade possibility of economic calculation in the absence of a market ex­ change. Where there are no market PAK NATIONALS ADMIT this very gang of saboteurs was prices for the factors of production PLANTING OF BOMBS IN responsible for the bomb outrages because they are neither bought KASHMIR in Delhi in June-July last year nor sold, it is impossible to resort and that it had moved to Jammu to calculation in planning future Srinagar: Documentary evidence and Srinagar last month. action and in determining the re­ relating to the bomb explosions in The gang is believed to have its sults of past actions." Jammu and Srinagar along with operations headquarters in Pakis­ large quantities of explosives smug­ tan--occupied Kashmir with THE RESULT OF PLANNED gled from Pakistan have been cap­ Karachi directing it. ECONOMY tured by the Kashmir police follow­ A close watch is being kept all ing the arrest of a gang of sabot­ A member of the Libertarian along the cease-fire line and areas eurs yesterday, according to highly­ Social Institute asked: "How do adjoining it arc being patrolled. placed sources here. you think socialism will work out The active help and co-operation Among those arrested by the in India?" extended by the people of Kashmir police are two Pakistani nationals 'jChaos and poverty for all will to the police in the course of their believed to be ex-servicemen from inevitably result", replied Mr. Rao, investigation, authoritative source Pakistan and their agents smuggl­ 'jBecause socialism is uneconomi­ said, were largely l'esponsible for ed into the State in mid-June, these cal." To quote the Russian experi­ the failure of the sinister mission sources said. ment is of no avail. The Soviets are of'the saboteurs. operating wiihin a world the great­ Soon after the arrest of the gang -P.T.l er part of which still clings to yesterday "somewhere in the market economy. They make their valley," the Pakistani nationals, calculations on the basis of prices the sources said, told Kashmir PAK TIRADE AGAINST INDIA established abroad. Trotsky, for police that an explosive bad been Los Angeles: The Pakistani instance, freely admitted that eco­ planted by them on the mid-night Prime Minister Mr. Suhrawardy nomic accounting is unthinkable of June 27-the night of the first said that such nations as India and without market relations. explosion took place in Srinagar­ Egypt could defy U.N. mandates Mr. K. D. Valicha spoke next. He near the backdoor of a restaurant "because they feel that they have a talked on Free Enterprise. "Many on the main thoroughfare of the strong power - Russia - behind people in India believe that Free city. them." Enterprise, unchecked by State The Kashmir police suspects that

THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN 16 1 Mr. Suhrawardy said that India taken no steps, and propose to take Prof. M. A. Venkata Rao. presid­ had defied the U.N. mad ate for free no discriminatory steps. As re· ed over the meeting which came to :elections to let the people of Kash­ gards those Indians, who have been an end with a vote of thanks pro­ mir choose whether they wished to refused "F" visas by Pakistan, posed by the secretary of the Insti­ 1rcmnln a part of India or become apart from protests and drawing tute, Mr. Sumant Bankeshwar. '• part of Pakistan. the attention of the Pakistani I "How can such puny nations like Government, I do not know what RED RULE IN KERALA 'Egypt and India defy U.N. man­ the House would like us to do?"· A DARK PICTURE ,dates? It Is because they feel that -P.T.I they have a strong Power-Russia New Delhi: The Congress Sec­ -behind them." KODANDA RAO ON TAXATION retary, Mr. Shriman Narayan, is -Times of India understood to have submitted to Addressing a meeting of the the Congress President, Mr. Dhebar, PAK TRAINED SABOTEURS Libertarian Social Institute, Banga~ a report conveying a dark and dis­ I· CLASII WITII PAK POLICE lore, Mr. P. Kodanda Rao said that quieting picture of law and order private sector was in no way supe~ situation in Kerala. I Srinagar: Two men were killed rior to public sector so far as effi­ In an interview Mr. Narayan and five Injured when Pakistan ciency was concerned. "It is said said that he was sorry to find that trained saboteurs and Pakistan that private sector is more efficient the Communist Government there Police exchanged gun-flre in Muz­ than public sector because the for­ had "withdrawn from lay courts a tnfarabad, the "capital" of Pak­ mer has a profit motive. good number of police cases, in­ rtcld Kashmir. Speaking about taxation, Mr. cluding those of murder." . It Is stated that gangs of sabote­ Kodanda Rao said that all taxation Mr. Narayan said that certain pro- urs organised by the Superinten­ was confiscation without compen· Referring of the Educational Bill, I~dent of Police, Muzzafarbad, in sation and economically speaking, Mr. Narayan said that certain pro~ Hilan, were alleged to have given there was no difference between visions were certainly extra­ ln!ormntion to the Kashmir Police the two. "If your property is con· . ordinary. Another clause in the through their paid agents in Kash­ fiscated without compensation, you Bill providing for local education mir Valley. can rush to Supreme Court but if committees was clearly meant to Most of these paid agents have it is done in the name of Tax, you enable the Communist Party been arrested by the Kashmir cannot. This is the only difference workers to control all the educa· Police in connection with the re­ between Taxation and Confiscation'' tional institutions in the State. t:ent bomb explosions in Jammu said Mr. Kodanda Rao. -Times of India imd Kashmir. The gangs were summoned to Muzzafarbad by the Superinten~ ~jcnt who is in charge of the Hilan ·•sabotage camp." When they were charged as WORLD NEWS Indian agents In Pakistan and held , r~sponsible for disclosing secrets ~of. Pakistani sabotage activities in CIIINA DISSATISFIED WITH Yat Sen) quoted the New China IKashmir, they expressed their in· COMMUNISM News agency. The Superintendent i1no~cnce. She added, "Of all the political ~seemed to have lost his temper and Hon Kong: China's Timber In­ parties that existed or exist, in our !is allq:;cd to have beaten one of the dustry Minister, American-educat­ country, the Communist Party has !l;tnngs. This enraged one of the ed Mr. Lo Lung-chi, has disclosed shown the clearest understanding ~:ollcagues and they attacked both widespread dissatisfaction with the of our history and conditions." i U1e Police officers. Police re­ Communist Party by the country's tinforcements rushed to the spot "Even those ·who are· honestly intellectuals since the end of 1955. confused about some features of ~who opened fire. After an hour Defending himself against our system and Government, reject jibe situation was brought under "rightist" charges in · the Parlia­ ~:onlrol. it so ruefully. We want to go for­ ,, ment in Peking on Friday, Mr. Lo ward and not backward. We -UPI said that his own doubts sprung want democracy which all the peo­ i from last year's Hungarian revolt.' . APPEASEMENT OF PAKISTAN ple and in the first place the vast -Times ot India STILL CONTINUES majority exercise. At the same time the people had BID TO RESTORE CAPITALISM 1 New Delhi: "Does the Govern~ to proceed with the original pur­ -CHINESE PEOPLE WARNED pose of the movement to help the :nent propose to take any steps Hong-Kong: Reactionary ele- 11gainst Pakistani nationals employ~ Communist Party wage a stern ments in China have "anoymous campaign against "the deadly :ct in India, particularly in West threats and other low means" to '3engal? asked Mr. Arun Chandra enemies of socialism and the wel­ restore capitalism in the country, fare of 600 million people-bureau­ ~~uha in the Lok Sabha. according to Madame Soong Chian. . Mr. Nehru replied: We have cracy, sectarianism and subjecti· lin {formerly known as Madam Sun vism."

17 August 1, I957 SOVIET PEOPLE SEEK MORE so, I shall be deeply disappointed Continuing he said, "Though a LIBERTY because I expect from him a sense rectification campaign has opened Washington: The U.S. Secre- of justice-that he will try and see the gates of criticism, the Peking tary of State, Mr. John Foster that matters between us are ad­ Government's enemies were notifi­ Dulles, said today that Russia's justed." -Times of India ed that the communist dictatorship rulers are facing a rising, and in would not be changed. China's the long run, an irresistable de­ CHOU'S VERSION OF eight non-communist parties were mand from the Soviet People for "CO-EXISTENCE" warned that they "would be ex­ more personal liberty and security. Hong Kong: The Prime Minister cluded" from the present "united Speaking on the present situa­ of the People's Republic of China, front'' if they strayed. tion in Soviet Union he said: "The Mr. Chu En-lai, told the Chinese "No efforts to shake it (dictator­ 'Fundamentalists' in the :presidium Parliament that the Communist ship) would be tolerated," Mr. seemed to have believed that the bloc was riding high and stronger Chou En-lai declared. only course was to maintain abso­ than ever, but the United States He added that absolute democra­ lute centralised power in the was losing face everywhere in the cy practised in the West was Kremlin and to rule from there world. anarchy. with an iron rod in accord with Stalin's example. "The "Modernists" seem to be­ lieve that it was better to give an Book Re~ie.ws appearnance of flexibility and allow the people at least the hope ··················••······•····•···•······•····· of changes that improve their lot. CAUSES OF BUSINESS DEPRESSIONS The latter policy highlighted by Mr. THE CAUSE OF BUSINESS DE­ LAND QUESTION Krushchev's plan for industrial PRESSIONS by Hugo Bilgram & decentralisation, won by a margin. L. E. Levy. The whole affair showed how The Land Question is discussed at length. The Ricardian concept powerful were the forces for "EACH generation" observed change in the Soviet Union." of Rent was jsocialistic' in its very Marshall "looks at its own inception and naturally its later­ -Times of India problems in its own way", Adam day theoretical extensions have a Smith's "Wealth of Nations" re­ U.S.A. SHOWS COLD pronounced bias in favour of near­ flected the age of laissez~fairc; expropriation. But the approach SHOULDER TO PAKISTAN Ricardian thought was translated of these two authors is balanced Karachi: The United States has into the Charter of the Bank of and essentially pragmatic. They categorically told the Foreign Minis­ England and Keynsian Economics begin by stating that the land­ ter (Feroze Khan Noon) as also the which rescued most economists owner acquires an advantage, "in Prime Minister (S. H. Suhrawardy) from a too rigid adherence to classi­ so far as the products of intra­ who were in the United States that cal theory by stressing the need marginal land have a value that all they could do about Kashmir for governmental intervention, yields not only a return for pro­ was to express a desire for an early which has been followed by most duction, but also a further reduc­ and peaceful settlement to the g;overnments of the day in some tion in the shape of rent". The issue. form or other. To-day, as every one main argument spins on the thesis It is further understood that the knows, the choice is no longer bet­ that 'there is evidently a cert~in United States in its talks with the ween pure Capitalism and pure measure of inequity involved in the Pakistani leaders has made it clear Socialism. This book is an' attempt present system of land tenure'. that it cannOt be a partx to any to understand the peculiar econo­ They further state that the land­ action which may embitter its rela­ mic problems arising out of the ownership is a relic of a bygone tions with India. ethos of our age. Although Bil­ feudal age, by which the land­ -Times of India gram and Levy are primarily con­ owner obtains 'from the commu­ cerned in suggesting a remedy for nity an income which he docs not SUHRAWARDY IS OPTIMISTIC business depressions, they have also earn'. But as the authors point out, given us a brilliant restatement of mGst persons acquire landed pro~ Washington: The Pakistan Prime the whole body of economic perty by way of gift or by pre­ Minister, Mr. H. S. Suhrawardy, thought. emption, just as other forms of said that he was virtually certain The major portion oi the book property are obtained. No wonder, that President Eisenhower would is devoted to a clear and up-to~date they do not agree with Henry back Pakistan's formula for solving analysis of a chain of fundamental George's remedy of depriving the Kashmir problem. concepts-from value and credit to land of its market value through Asked if Pr~ident Eisenhower monopoly and currency. The range confiscation of the economic rent would give strong backing to Pakis­ is truly ·. encyclopaedic-Public by the community. Since years tan's call for a United Nations~ ple­ Debts, Tariffs, Trade Unions and elapse before the full benefit of biscite to decide K~shmir's future, Business fluctuations have been labour bestowed on land is enjoyed Mr. Suhrawardy replied, "I am explained lucidly with a wealth of by the landowner, they warn us certain about it. If he doesn't do illustrations. that 'unless a reasonable remedy is

THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN 18 Instituted, the cure may be worse not the wickedness or greed of the by Soviet Russia since 1917 on the than evil 'The remedy proposed by Capitalist but due to the 'constric- awakening peoples of the East as Henry George Is the surest way to tion of the facilities of exchange'. an example of gigantic achieve­ universal collectivism. The logical thing then would be to ment in technical and military pro­ remove all arbitrary restrictions on gress. Sir Francis gives 2: clear AMERICAN CAPITALISM the natural expansion of the means account of the inward feelings of Some of the most brilllant reflec­ of exchange. Indeed, this is a Eastern peoples against the past tions In this book are to be found much better remedy than the· and the present Imperialisms of In the chapters dealing with the excessively high measures of taxa- the West. various systems such as Capitalism lion which affect Incentives for pro- The centre of the story is the and Socialism. The well-known duction or the usual habit of colossal experiments in revolution­ defects of an orthodox Capitalistic humouring the recalcitrant Trade ary reconstruction taking place in system are mentioned. Capitalism Unions involving the loss of thou- India and China-In India on a •bringeth the treasure of the realm sands of man-days thereby affect- democratic basis and in China on Into a few hands' bringing In Its ing production. It would be inst- the basis of Leninism and Stalinism. train, periods of depression and un­ ructive at this stage to state the He gives a sympathetic sketch of employment. Like many other remedy that Keynes proposed In Nehru as a great leader moved by Institutions, Capitalism Itself has order to achieve a better world. nationalism and democracy. He undergone a change, To cite an In the final analysis, Keynes hop- discounts the criticism of him in the Instance, American Capitalism Is ed for a time when there would be West as a pro-communist. He different from classical Capitalism, an ueuthanasia of the rentier class" pleads that the West make a genu­ as It developed during the uneasy living on gilt-edged securities lne effort to understand the newly­ transition between the end of an rather than production. awakened nationalisms of the East era of feudalism and the beginning This is the sort of book which who coquet with Soviet Russia of the Industrial revolution. The ought to interest not only students only because of their admiration 1 great private Interests of America of Economics and intelligent lay- ·' for hl!f vast effort and because of are controlled by what Professor men, but also one or two bright Russian sympathy (cleverly props­ Galdbraith terms the countervail­ boys and girls studying in the gandised) towards Asian peoples. Ing power of those who are subject Junior classes of our Universities. He gives a discerning explanation to lt. But this system of American In fine, this book is not so much a of India's Panchsheela policy vis a Capitalism based on the counter­ text book of political economy as a vis communist States. He thinks vailing power of Its own creation brilliant interpretation of a pene- that the crucial issue today is can work only in America. !rating inquiry Into the nature of whether Nehru will succeed in gett­ U 'Capitalism' Is no anawer to monetary values· in the modern ing Russia and China to observe the our economic problems, neither world. principles of Panchsheela. He Socialism nor Communism of the A most enjoyable book! ends up with a recommendation of Marxist Pattern can provide the -A. Ranganathan the sort of co-operative undertak- answer. Marx's drastic remedy STRUGGLE FOR ASIA ~g of East and West symbolised that the Capitalistic system should m the Colombo Plan. He wants be discarded as useless Is like STRUGGLE FOR ASIA By Sir America to support this way of throwing the baby away with the Francis Low published by Frede­ Co-operation with the resurgent bath water. Socialism or Com­ rick Muller Ltd. London. pages East in a genuine spirit of partner­ munism of the Marxian type is 239. 1955. ship. The intricate and baflling based on his peculiar theory of This work on the present situa­ coalescence of national and pro­ value, which has a Ricardian ring tion in Asia by Sir Francis Low, communist motives are Indicated about It, and can only work within formerly Editor of the "Times of with insight. the limits of perfect competition. India", is a useful running account M. A. Venkata Rao Labour is reckoned as the sole fac­ of the background of political af­ tor of production and the most sur­ fairs in Asia today. The master prising thing about the Marxian key to the survey Is the theme of FOR THE UNINITIATED theory of value Is that It reduces all the awakened East. Though writ­ AND THE INITIATED/ kinds of labour to only one kind, ten primarily for Western readers an approximation which is not to give them the right perspective ·Economics In One Lesson true In actual life. to forces and happenings In the East By Henry Bazlitt as a whole from Egypt to Japan, PENETRATING INQUIRY the hook is useful to Indian pub­ Published by the Foundation for According to the authors 'the re­ licists as well. The vast area · Economic Education, Inc. curring economic paroxysms known is covered in a rapid manner with New York as financial crises, which are fol­ sketching the new aspiration to­ Price Rs. 1.7 5 lowed by periods of Industrial de­ wards national revival and econo­ pressions arc the Inevitable out­ mic progress awakened throughout Available from: come of the arbitrary limitation of Asia of varying degrees and forms Libertarian Book Bouse the volume of currency'. It is of contact with the West. The story rightly suggested that the basic Arya Bhuvan, Sandburst Road gives a clear and understanding ac­ Bombay 4 defect of our economic system is count of the fascination exercised

19 Augustl, 1957 August 1, 1957 Regd. No. B 6520

The Duncan Road Flour Mills Before making any of your INSURANCE CONTRACT nave you tried the Cow Brand flour manufac· lured by the Duncan Road Flour Mills? Prices are economical and only the best grains are kindly consult: ground. The whole production process Is auto­ matic, untouched by hand and hence our produce Is the cleanest and the most sanitary. Bhaichand Damodar Esq. Write to: BOMBAY- CALCUTTA THE MANAGER DUNCAN ROAD FLOUR ~LS BOMBAY 4 A succt!$Sful and Immense underwriting Is

Telephone: 70205 Telegram: LOTEWALLA done since 20 years with cent per cent competency and sound experience. Agent• at Poona LALDAS AMARSEE & SONS, 437, Raviwar Peth, Telephones: Poona-2. 38081/38082 6181 City Telegraph add: 'STELLATEA' Telephone: 2468 Bombay Calcutta

A BOOK IN A THOUSAND For every lnteUigent siudent this book show& the way out of present dav chaos Very Frank and Correct THE ANALYSIS OF USURY analysis of Political By J elfrey Mark Trends In Asia Published by The Libertarian Publishers Ltd., THE CHALLENGE OF ASIA Arya Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road, BY DR. RALPH BORSODI Bombay 4. ChonceUor of M elboume University Price: Rs. 3/· This is a book that analyses the basis and Price Rs 15 foundation of Usury, Today in Capitalist Conc...wnal Price of Rs 12 to Member• of the countries the control of credit is mono~olised by banking system. This is a perversion, or the Libertarian Soclallnstltule and to the Subscribers of community is made to hay lar{ce sums of money "The Indwn Libertarian" by way of interest to anks or hire of money which in the last analysis, is its own credit On the other hand Socialists understand this per- Available from: version but Socialism is corrupted by political and personal ambitions and its leaders. Libertarian Book Honse Arya Bhuvan Sandhurst Road This book suggesta a way out Bombay, 4. ORDER YOUR COPY NOW

Edited. by Miss K. R. Lotwala for the Libertarian Publ.laherl (Private) Ltd. Printed by J. K. Ohairyawan at The Kanada Prea. l09 Parat Bazar Street, Fort, Bombay. and pub111hed. by him .- the otflee of the LJ.bertarlan Publishen (Private) Ltd., 10 ' Durpdnl Hood. Bomba7 4.