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Thesis Compleet FACULTEIT WETENSCHAPPEN Vakgroep Geologie en Bodemkunde Seismic stratigraphy of Plio-Pleistocene deposits on the shelf edge SW off Mallorca, Spain Thomas Vandorpe Academiejaar 2009–2010 Scriptie voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad Van Master in de Geologie Promotor: Prof. Dr. D. Van Rooij Begeleider: L. De Mol Leescommissie: Prof. Dr. M. De Batist, Prof. Dr. J. Henriet, Prof. Dr. P. Van Rensbergen FACULTEIT WETENSCHAPPEN Vakgroep Geologie en Bodemkunde Seismic stratigraphy of Plio-Pleistocene deposits on the shelf edge SW off Mallorca, Spain Thomas Vandorpe Academiejaar 2009–2010 Scriptie voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad Van Master in de Geologie Promotor: Prof. Dr. D. Van Rooij Begeleider: L. De Mol Leescommissie: Prof. Dr. M. De Batist, Prof. Dr. J. Henriet, Prof. Dr. P. Van Rensbergen Seismic stratigraphy of Plio-Pleistocene deposits on the shelf edge SW off Mallorca, Spain Preface Hij is af! Een grote opluchting! Ongeveer een jaar geleden kon ik enkel maar dromen van het moment waarop ik deze magische woorden zou kunnen typen. Nu ik dit eindelijk kan doen laten ze toch enigzinds een wrang gevoel na, want ongetwijfeld volgt hierna een groot gat. Zeker het laatste half jaar was de thesis zo goed als het enigste waar ik aan kon denken bijna. Dit valt nu allemaal weg. Toch ik ben ik heel trots mijn eigen onderzoek hier te kunnen presenteren. Natuurlijk heb ik dergelijk iets niet alleen kunnen doen. Vele mensen hebben mij met raad en daad bijgestaan. Hen zou ik dan ook zeer graag bedanken. Ten eerste zou ik uitdrukkelijk mijn promotor, David Van Rooij willen bedanken. Deze heeft mij uitstekend begeleid, stond altijd klaar om mijn vragen vrijwel onmiddellijk te beantwoorden en zorgde voor een uistekende, snelle feedback. Ik weet dat het op tijd afkrijgen van mijn thesis voor een groot deel aan hem te danken is. Ten tweede zou ik Lies De Mol willen bedanken voor de meer praktische hulp. Het inladen van de profielen in Kingdom en mijn weg vinden in de (voor mij) nieuwe software was zonder haar nooit zo vlot verlopen. Ten derde zou ik de vele mensen van de “Mariene gang” willen bedanken voor de vele hulp met al mijn vragen, in het bijzonder professor Henriet en professor De Batist. Professor Henriet voor de hulp bij enkele lastige geofysische problemen en professor De Batist voor het beantwoorden van vele van mijn (waarschijnlijk soms wel stomme) vragen. De studenten die hun thesis op de mariene gang deden (Anouk, Joris, Myriam, Nele en Robbert) en Willem wil ik zeer graag bedanken voor de deugddoende ontspanning en afleiding tijdens het vele werk (met een bijzondere vermelding voor de “voetballers”). Hun aanwezigheid maakte het werk soms veel minder zwaar. Het is waar wat ze zeggen: in groep werken is zoveel plezanter en geeft veel meer moed om verder te doen. Ten slotte (maar zeker niet het minst belangrijk) zou ik mijn ouders willen bedanken voor de mogelijkheid om hogere studies aan te vatten en om te zijn blijven geloven in mijn kunnen. Voor al deze mensen nog één maal: BEDANKT! 1 Tables Table of content PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1 INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................... 10 2 GENERAL SETTING ................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Geomorphology ................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2 Geology ............................................................................................................................................ 16 2.2.1 Basin Evolution ........................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Stratigraphy and sediments ....................................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Hydrography ..................................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.1 Present-day hydrography ........................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.2 Paleoceanography ...................................................................................................................................... 46 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................. 50 3.1 Geophysical dataset .......................................................................................................................... 50 3.2 Multibeam bathymetric data ............................................................................................................. 52 3.3 Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 52 3.3.1 Seismic processing ..................................................................................................................................... 52 3.3.2 Seismic interpretation ................................................................................................................................ 53 3.3.3 Description of seismic data ........................................................................................................................ 54 3.3.4 Map making ............................................................................................................................................... 56 4 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................... 60 4.1 Multibeam bathymetry ..................................................................................................................... 60 4.1.1 Mallorca channel ........................................................................................................................................ 60 4.1.2 Southwestern shelf and shelf break of Mallorca ....................................................................................... 62 4.2 Seismic stratigraphy .......................................................................................................................... 62 4.2.1 Northern Grid ............................................................................................................................................. 62 4.2.2 Connection profiles .................................................................................................................................... 67 4.2.3 Southern Grid ............................................................................................................................................. 68 5 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................. 92 2 Seismic stratigraphy of Plio-Pleistocene deposits on the shelf edge SW off Mallorca, Spain 5.1 Reef .................................................................................................................................................. 92 5.2 Depositional history Plio-Pleistocene sequence .................................................................................. 93 5.2.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................... 93 5.2.2 Sequence 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 94 5.2.3 Sequence 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 97 5.3 Plio-Pleistocene Stratigraphy ............................................................................................................. 99 5.3.1 Discontinuities ............................................................................................................................................ 99 5.3.2 Sequences ................................................................................................................................................ 101 5.4 Sedimentation rates ........................................................................................................................ 104 6 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................... 106 6.1 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 106 6.2 Recommended future reearch ......................................................................................................... 107 6.3 Dutch summary/Nederlandse samenvatting ..................................................................................... 109 6.3.1 Doelstelling............................................................................................................................................... 109 6.3.2 Materiaal en methode ............................................................................................................................. 109 6.3.3 Situering
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