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His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol of Songkla 1892-1929

CONTENTS Page Welcoming Address to the Honorary Lectures 6 Schedule of the Special Lectures by the Prince Mahidol Laureates 2010 10 His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol of Songkla 11 The Prince Mahidol Award %oundation 19 ÃÒ§ÇÑÅÊÁà´ç¨à¨ŒÒ¿‡ÒÁËÔ´Å 22 µÃÒÊÒÃÁÙŹԸÔÃÒ§ÇÑÅÊÁà´ç¨à¨ŒÒ¿‡ÒÁËÔ´Å ã¹¾ÃкÃÁÃÒªÙ»¶ÑÁÀ 25 Members of Board of Trustees 32 Previous Prince Mahidol Laureates (1992-2009) 33 Prince Mahidol Laureates 2010 53 - Professor Nicholas J. White 54 - Professor Kevin Marsh 55 - Professor Ananda S. Prasad 56 - Professor Kenneth H. Brown 59 - Professor Robert E. Black 60 List of the Prince Mahidol Laureates Who Already Passed Away 62 Editorial Committee 63

5 WELCOMING ADDRESS TO THE HONORARY LECTURESS BY THE 2010 PRINCE MAHIDOL LAUREATES by Clinical Professor Teerawat Kulthanan, Dean )aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand

6 Professor Nicholas J. White, Professor Kevin Marsh, Professor Ananda S. Prasad, Professor Kenneth H. Brown, Professor Robert E. Black, Distinguished quests, ladies and gentlemen. On the behalf of the %aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University it is my great pleasure to welcome all of you here to the special lectures by the Prince Mahidol Laureates of the year 2010. We are delighted and honoured to especially welcome the Prince Mahidol Laureates of the year 2010 and we are grateful that all of them have taken the time to come here and to give a lecture at Siriraj Hospital. The Prince Mahidol Award %oundation under the Royal Patronage was established on January 1st, 1992 in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol. The %oundation is under Royal Patronage, with Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn as president. The Prince Mahidol Award are conferred annually upon individual(s) or institution(s), which have demonstrated outstanding and exemplary contributions to the advancement of medicine, public health and social services throughout the world. Each Award consists of a medal, a certificate and a sum of US $50,000. The award in the filed of Medicine is given to Professor Nicholas J. White who is a Professor of Tropical Medicine at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, and Professor Kevin Marsh who also is a Professor of Tropical Medicine at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Professor Nicholas J. White is world leader on the treatment of malaria especially on the use of artemisinin-based combination therapies. He and his team carefully conducted a series of clinical studies that clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of artemisinin for treatment of previously

7 drug-resistant malaria, first in Southeast Asia and subsequently elsewhere around the world. This approach saves millions of live of the population in developing countries especially in Asia and Africa where drug-resistant malaria is endemic. Professor Kevin Marsh pioneers the studies of immune epidemiology of malaria. Based mainly in Africa, his earlier studies showed the importance of strain-specific immunity in malaria. These works provide the basis for the development of vaccines for malaria to cover various strain variations. The award in the filed of Public Health is given to Professor Ananda S. Prasad who is a Professor of Medicine at Wayne State University in the United States of America, Professor Kenneth H. Brown who is a Professor of Nutrition at the University of California in the United States of America, and Professor Robert E. Black who is a Professor at the Department of International Health Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in the United States of America, the three of them will be receiving an award in the field of Public Health. Professor Ananda S. Prasad described first cases of human zinc deficiency syndrome in 1963 in young adults with delayed sexual development, short stature, anemia, enlargement of liver and spleen, and abnormalities of bone maturation. The study lead to the understanding how zinc deficiency affects human white blood cells and lower host defense system. Professor Kenneth H. Brown devotes most of his career generating information and developing programs to improve nutritional and health status, especially in controlling and preventing zinc deficiency. Professor Brown is instrumental in the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group that advocates zinc supplementation, which is now widely accepted as an important

8 public health measure to prevent zinc deficiency as a major contributor for childhood morbidity and mortality. Professor Robert E. Black's long-standing works on the importance of childhood nutrition significantly contribute to the wide application of zinc supplementation. The World Health Organization and UNICE% currently recommend that all childhood diarrhea cases should be treated with zinc supplement as well as oral rehydration. The program has been implemented in more than 40 countries around the world. The achievements of these five distinguished professors are of great importance to mankind. Without any further undue, Ladies and Gentlemen, it is my pleasure to welcome our honorary Prince Mahidol Laureates. I wish all of you a pleasant stay here in Thailand and I hope you will be able to bring some good memories back to your home.

9 The Special Lectures by the Prince Mahidol Laureates 2010 January 25, 2011 at the Atitiyadhonkitikhun Conference Room Siamindhra Building, 7th )loor )aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand

1.30 pm Welcome Ceremony 1.35 pm Opening address by Clinical Professor Teerawat Kulthanan, Dean of the %aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital 1.40 pm Results of the Prince Mahidol Award 2010 by Clinical Professor Supat Vanichakarn, Secretary General of the Prince Mahidol Award %oundation 1.50 pm Introduce the Prince Mahidol Laureates 2010 in the field of Medicine by Professsor Yupin Suputtamonkol 1.55 pm Prince Mahidol Laureates 2010 Lecture by Professor Nicholas J. White 2.10 pm Prince Mahidol Laureates 2010 Lecture by Professor Kevin Marsh 2.25 pm Introduce the Prince Mahidol Laureates 2010 in the field of Public Health by Professor Pipop Jirapinyo 2.35 pm Prince Mahidol Laureates 2010 Lecture: Discovery of zinc deficiency by Professor Ananda S. Prasad 2.50 pm Prince Mahidol Laureates 2010 Lecture: The global risk and consequences of zinc deficiency and current strategies for its prevention by Professor Kenneth H. Brown 3.05 pm Prince Mahidol Laureates 2010 Lecture: Zinc in the treatment of diarrhea: Evidence for current recommendations and progress in their implementation by Professor Robert E. Black 3.20 pm Questions and Answers 3.30 pm Closing Ceremony by Clinical Professor Teerawat Kulthanan, Dean of the %aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital High tea 10 His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol of Songkla 1892-1929 HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE MAHIDOL O SONGKLA His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol of Songkla was born on January 1st, 1892, to Their Majesties King Chulalongkorn and Queen Savang Vadhana. He was brought up in his formative years according to the Royal Thai tradition and ordained as a Buddhist novice like his brothers before receiving his education at Harrow, a renowned Public School in England. He then proceeded to Germany to continue his studies in accordance with the wishes of his father who was a close friend of Emperor William II. Prince Mahidol first attended the Royal Prussian Military Preparatory College at Potsdam which also offered courses on humanities and sciences in addition to military science. This liberal education background as well as self-study and sedulous visits to museums during that period together helped to form the intellectual and philosophical basis of his attitude and personality. Prince Mahidol subsequently attended the Imperial Military Academy at Gross Lichterfelde in Berlin for two more years. He then followed the wishes of His Majesty King Vajiravudh by entering the Nurwik Imperial German Naval Academy at 4lensbourg in 1912. In that year, Prince Mahidol was commissioned by His Majesty King Vajiravudh as Lieutenant in the Royal Thai Navy. He was concurrently commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Imperial German Navy. Prince Mahidol completed his naval study but was prevented from joining the Imperial German Navy since he was instructed by His Majesty King Vajiravudh to return to Thailand at the outbreak of the 4irst World War. After a year’s service in the Royal Thai Navy, Prince Mahidol resigned, with His Majesty King Vajiravudh’s permission, to pursue a civilian career. This was both the decisive turning point in his personal life and a momentous national event signaling his lasting contributions to the advancement of higher education, especially in the fields of basic sciences, public health, medicine, nursing and medical research.

12 H.R.H. Prince Mahidol with H.R.H. The Princess Mother and his daughter Princess Galyani Vadhana Prince Mahidol had noted, while serving in the Royal Thai Navy, the serious need for improvement in the standard of medical practitioners and public health in Thailand. In undertaking such mission, Prince Mahidol set in motion a whole range of activities in accordance with his conviction that human resources development at the national level was of utmost importance and his belief that improvement of public health constituted an essential factor in national development. One of his primary tasks was to lay a solid foundation for teaching basic sciences which Prince Mahidol pursued through all necessary measures. These included the provision of a considerable sum of his own money as scholarships for six talented students to study physics, chemistry and biology in England. Upon their return, these students formed the core of well-qualified teaching staff in basic

13 sciences which the country had hitherto lacked. Once the teaching of basic sciences was well established, the teaching of other fields of applied sciences was upgraded. Here, Prince Mahidol placed special emphasis on medical education, public health, nursing, and medical research. His initia- tive and effort produced a most remarkable and lasting impact on the improvement of modern medicine and public health in Thailand such that he was subsequently honoured with the title of “4ather of Modern Medicine and Public Health”. In implementing his plan for institutional development in these areas, Prince Mahidol decided to study public health and medicine himself. Upon leaving the Royal Thai Navy, he proceeded to the United States and enrolled at Harvard University in 1916. In spite of having to shuttle between Harvard for his study and Thailand for his official duties and work as well as his ill health, Prince Mahidol managed to concentrate on his study. He succeeded and received the Certificate of Public Health in 1921, the degree

Siriraj Hospital during the initial phase

14 of Doctor of Medicine (cum laude) in 1928 and the honour of Alpha Omega Alpha membership. During the first period of his residence at Harvard, Prince Mahidol also negotiated and concluded, on behalf of the Royal Thai Government, an agreement with the Rockefeller 4oundation on assistance for medical and nursing education in Thailand. During his stay in Thailand after receiving his C.P.H. in 1921, Prince Mahidol was appointed Director-General of the University Department, Minis- try of Education. In that capacity, he implemented the assistance from the Rockefeller 4oundation. He upgraded the teaching of biology, physics and chemistry through curricula development, acquisition of up-to-date equipment, and construction of laboratories and classrooms. To meet these and many other expenses in the expansion of the medical school, Prince Mahidol generously supplemented government budget with his own personal fund, and secured donations from members of the Royal 4amily. In implementing his institutional development plan for the improvement of the teaching of

Residence of H.R.H. Prince Mahidol at the McCormick Hospital, Chiang Mai

15 basic sciences and pre-medical education, Prince Mahidol mobilized all available resources, including teaching vertebrate anatomy himself. But it was in his capacity as Chairman of the Committee to establish the Siriraj School of Medicine that Prince Mahidol demonstrated his capability and farsightedness as an educational planner, as well as his efficiency as an institutional builder. After discharging his official duties and working as an educator, Prince Mahidol went back to Harvard and returned home with his well-earned M.D. (cum laude) in 1928. Back again at Siriraj Medical School, he taught preventive and social medicine to final year medical students. However, he was not permitted to serve an internship because of his pre-eminent royal status as a celestial Prince. Thus, to overcome this obstacle and to enable him to personally help the sick and bereaved, Prince Mahidol decided to leave the establishment he loved and had tolled for, to work as a resident doctor at McCormick Hospital, an American missionary hospital in Chiang Mai. Leaving his family behind in Bangkok, Prince Mahidol stayed with Dr. E.C. Cord, Director of McCormick Hospital, and performed operations alongside Dr. Cord. As ever, Prince Mahidol did much more than was required in attending his patients, taking care of needy patients at all hours of the day and night, and even, according to records, donating his own blood for them. 4inally, Prince Mahidol was able to accomplish, through his determination and effort, an affirmation of the noble principle of dignity and worthiness of everyone as human being, irrespective of social origin, prop- erty, birth or other status. During the last days of his life and still continuing to fulfill his noble and zealous mission, Prince Mahidol took temporary leave to Bangkok in order to attend the funeral of a senior member of the Royal

16 4amily. He never returned. He had been suffering from a severe kidney disease, for which he was once hospitalized while at Harvard, and refraining from disclosing to his family that he only had almost a year to live. The nation mourned a great man’s death at young age of 37 years, 8 months, and 23 days. The resounding message affirming the dignity and the value of life, so forcefully translated into action by Prince Mahidol, was enunciated in 1948 with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. His teaching of the spirit of brotherhood towards all human beings without discrimination of any kind is well-known. Many of his exhortations and pronouncements given to his medical students have been highly re- spected for their wisdom and their eternal moral values. 4or instance: “I do not wish you to be only a doctor, but I also want you to be a human being.” “Real success exists not in learning but in its application for the benefit of mankind.” Prince Mahidol’s humanistic attitude and idea permeated the lives of his consort, Her Royal Highness The Princess Mother, his eldest daughter Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana, his first son His Majesty King Ananda Mahidol, and his youngest son His Majesty the King as well as all members of His Majesty’s family, by motivating each and all of them alike to be selfless, acting on the principle that each of us, without discrimination, has human dignity and worth, ardently devoted to the betterment of health, happiness, and well-being of the sick, the poor and the deprived. In the words of Professor A.G. Ellis, a former Dean of Siriraj Medical School, “Prince Mahidol was born to make the world a better place.”

17 Siriraj Hospital at present THE PRINCE MAHIDOL AWARD %OUNDATION The Prince Mahidol Award 4oundation was established on January 1st, 1992 in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol. The 4oundation is under Royal Patronage, with Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn as the president. The Award Two Prince Mahidol Awards are conferred annually upon individuals or institutions which have demonstrated outstanding and exemplary contri- butions to the advancement of medicine, public health and human services throughout the world. Each award consists of a medal, a certificate, and the sum of US$ 50,000. Nomination An individual or group of individuals or an institution may be nomi- nated by national medical or health authorities or by individual or group of individuals in non-governmental capacity as candidates for the award. Nomi- nations are submitted to the Secretary General of the Prince Mahidol Award 4oundation before May 31st each year. Screening and Selection The Secretary General of the Prince Mahidol Award 4oundation transmits all nomination forms to the Chairman of the Panel of Scientific Advisors for initial screening. Once approved by the Panel of Scientific Advisors, the nomination forms are forwarded to the International Award Committee which comprises a number of world renowned experts in the fields of medicine and public health. Members of this committee are Vicharn Panich (Thailand), Donald Henderson (USA), Joshua Lederberg (USA), Adetokunbo Lucas (Nigeria), Navin Scrimshaw (USA), Visith sitprija

20 (Thailand), Gustav Nossal (Australia), Kraisid Tontisirin (Thailand), Aree Valyasevi (Thailand), David John Weatherall (UK), Bert Sakmann (Germany), Tadamitsu Kishimoto (Japan), Miriam K. Were (Kenya), and John E. Sulston (UK). The International Award Committee considers and recommends names of the proposed laureates to the Board of Trustees of the Prince Mahidol Award 4oundation for final approval. Award Ceremony The Prince Mahidol Award Ceremony normally takes place in Bangkok in January each year. The ceremony is presided over by His Majesty the King.

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31 MEMBERS O BOARD O TRUSTEES

1. H.R.H. PRINCESS MAHA CHAKRI SIRINDHORN PRESIDENT 2. DEAN, 4ACULTY O4 MEDICINE SIRIRAJ HOSPITAL, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY VICE PRESIDENT 3. SUPAT VANICHAKARN, M.D. SECRETARY GENERAL 4. HIS MAJESTY’S PRINCIPAL PRIVATE SECRETARY 5. MR. LORD CHAMBERLAIN 6. PERMANENT SECRETARY, MINISTRY O4 4OREIGN A44AIRS 7. PERMANENT SECRETARY, MINISTRY O4 PUBLIC HEALTH 8. PERMANENT SECRETARY, COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION 9. PRESIDENT, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY COUNCIL 10. PRESIDENT, CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 11. PRESIDENT, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 12. PRESIDENT, PRINCE SONGKLANAKHARIN UNIVERSITY 13. DEAN, 4ACULTY O4 MEDICINE, CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 14. DEAN, 4ACULTY O4 MEDICINE RAMATHIBODI HOSPITAL, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 15. DEAN, 4ACULTY O4 PUBLIC HEALTH, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 16. DIRECTOR GENERAL, DEPARTMENT O4 IN4ORMATION, MINISTRY O4 4OREIGN A44AIRS 17. DIRECTOR, INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION, MINISTRY O4 PUBLIC HEALTH 18. M.R. KASEM S. KASEMSRI 19. PRAWASE WASI, M.D. 20. VISITH SITPRIJA, M.D. 21. VICHARN PANICH, M.D. 22. SRICHITRA BUNNAG, M.D. 23. MR. SAKTHIP KRAIRIKSH 24. PRIVY PURSE O%%ICE GRAND PALACE 25. M.L. ANUPORN KASEMSANT

32 PREVIOUS PRINCE MAHIDOL LAUREATES 1992 - 2009 1992

Sir William Richard Shaboe Doll, UK Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford, and Honorary Physician, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK. Outstanding research on the relationship between smoking and disease.

Professor Chen Minzheng, China Professor in Internal Medicine with subspecialty in Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Peking Union Medical College, and )ormer Minister of Public Health (1992), People’s Republic of China. Leading role in the fight against smoking in China and outstanding contribution to the development of China’s Medical and Health Service.

34 1993

Professor John B Stanbury, USA Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. Contribution to the studies of iodine deficiency and diseases of the thyroid, and organizing a prevention and control project against iodine deficiency for South American coun- tries.

Doctor Ciro de Quadros, Brazil Senior Advisor on Immunization, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), USA. Leading role in the eradication of polio from South America using the Poliomyelitis Eradication Programme.

35 1994 Professor William Trager, USA Professor Emeritus, Rockefeller University, USA. Leading role in the fight against malaria. His outstanding work was the cultivation of malarial parasite in vitro.

Professor Ho Wang Lee, Korea Professor of Microbiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Director, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research (Hantaviruses), Korea, and Rockefeller University, USA. Successful isolation of the Hantavirus, the etiology of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, leading to the discovery of at least five closely related hantaviruses and the information on epidemiology, epizootology and ecology of theses viruses.

36 1995 *Professor Egon Diczfalusy, Sweden )ormer Head, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden, and Senior Consultant, WHO Special Programme of Research in Human Reproduction. Outstanding work on the use of steroid hormones in control- ling the reproductive system.

*Professor Carl Djerassi, USA Professor of Chemistry, Stanford University, USA. Contribution to methodology and structure determination of steroid synthesis, leading to the synthesis the first contracep- tive hormone.

**Professor )rederick Sai, Ghana Honorary Professor of Community Health, Ghana Medical School, Ghana, and President, International Planned Parenthood )ederation (IPP)). Leading role in developing family planning in Ghana and other African countries.

**Doctor Nafis Sadik, Pakistan Executive Director, United Nation Population )und (UN)PA), USA. Leadership in the development of family planning policies, and improving women’s health and well being.

* Receive Medicine Award together ** Receive Public Health Award together 37 1996 *Professor Prasong Tuchinda, Thailand )ormer Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, )aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol Univcersity, Thailand, and Dean, )aculty of Medicine, Rangsit University, Phya-Thai II Hospital, Thailand. Contribution on finding an effective treatment of Dengue Haemorrhagic %ever (DH%) by conducting researches to understand the etiology, pathophysiology, and immunopathogenesis of DH%

*Doctor Suchitra Nimmannitya, Thailand Staff member, Children’s Hospital, Thailand, )ormer President, Pediatric Society of Thailand, Lecturer, )aculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol Univerisity, Thailand, and University of London, UK. Contribution on finding an effective treatment of Dengue Hemorrhagic %ever (DH%) and developing guidelines for the management of DH% which were later adopted as recommen- dations by the WHO.

Professor Vincent P Dole Professor Emeritus, Rockefeller University, USA. Pioneering work on the rehabilitation of people addicted to morphine and heroin, using a chemical opium analogue; the principles of which were later adopted by WHO as models for managment of drug addiction.

* Receive Medicine Award together

38 1997 *Professor Satoshi Omura, Japan President, Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Isolation of Streptomyces avermitilis, leading to the discovery of avermectin and ivermectin, a specific medicine for onchocerciasis *Doctor Roy P Vagelos, USA Chairman Board of Trustees, University of Pennsylvania, USA, and )ormer President and Chief Executive Officer, Merck & Co., USA Role in the production and free contribution of ivermectin to treat onchocerciasis in Africa and Central America, leading to the prevention of blindness from this disease and improving the quality of life for millions of peple in the endemic area. **Professor Alfred Sommer, USA Professor of Epidemiology, Ophthalmology and International Health, Johns Hopkins University, and )ormer Dean, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, USA. Pioneering role in vitamin A supplementation researches, leading to a reduction in child morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. **Doctor Guillermo Arroyave, Guatemala Member of Technical Advisor Group, International Science and Technology Institute and Vitamin A )ield Support Project (VITAL), USA. Pioneering role in promoting vitamin A supplementation, leading to a reduction in child morbidity and mortality in Guatemala and other Central American countries. * Receive Medicine Award together ** Receive Public Health Award together 39 1998 *Doctor Rene G )avaloro, Argentina The Instituto de Cardiologia & Cirugia Cardiovascular, )undacion )avaloro, Argentina. Pioneering role in the development of coronary artery bypass surgery.

*Doctor Harvey D White, New Zealand Director, Coronary Care and Cardiovascular Research, Green Lane Hospital, and Honorary Clinical Professor of Medicine, Universtity of Aukland, New Zealand. Introduction of non-invasive thrombolytic therapy of the coronary artery.

**Professor Kennedy ) Shortridge, Hong Kong Chair-Professor, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. Major role in rapid characterization of H5N1 influenza virus during the outbreak of the virus in Hong Kong in 1997, and working with WHO and CDC to prevent pandemic spread of the virus.

**Doctor Margaret )C Chan, Hong Kong )ormer Director, Health of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, and Director General, WHO. Leadership in controlling the outbreak of H5N1 influenza in Hong Kong in 1997.

* Receive Medicine Award together ** Receive Public Health Award together 40 1999 Professor Palmer R Beasley, USA Dean and Professor of Epidemiology, University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health, USA. Contribution to understanding the of pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. He was the first who showed that immunization with hepatitis B vaccine in newborn can prevent hepatitis B infection in infant.

**Professor Adetokunbo O Lucas, Nigeria Professor of International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, USA, and Honorary President, Alumni Association of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. Conduct outstanding researches, leading to the improvement of health in tropical countries.

**Doctor Tore Godal, Norway Executive Sectetary, Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization (GAVI) of the UNICE), and UNDP/World Bank/ WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), WHO, Switzerland. Strong commitment and selfless dedication to a special programme for research and training in tropical diseases, which became the embodiment for the hope and survival of millions of people in tropical areas.

** Receive Public Health Award together

41 2000 *Professor Ernesto Pollitt, Peru Professor of Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA. The first to demonstrate the effect of sub-clinical iron deficiency on cognitive performance of young children.

*Professor David JP Barker, UK Director, MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, and Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Southamton, and Consultant Physician, Southamton University Hospital, UK. Outstanding researches showing that people with low birth weight have a high risk of coronary disease, strokes, diabe- tes, and hypertension in adult life.

**Sir Richard Peto, UK Professor of Medicine, and Professor of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Oxford, Radcliff Infirmary, UK. Introduction the technique of meta-analysis, and performing outstanding researches leading to the use of tamoxifen as a treatment for breast cancer and researches influencing national policies against tobacco by demonstrating its harmful effects in China and many other countries.

**Sir Iain Geoffrey Chalmers, UK Director, UK Cochrane Centre, National Health Service Research and Development Programme, UK. %ounder of Cochrane Collaboration, an international organi- zation that aims to help people make well-informed decision about health care by preparing, maintaining, and promoting the accessibility of systematic reviews of the effective health care intervention. * Receive Medicine Award together ** Receive Public Health Award together 42 2001 Sir David John Weatherall, UK Regius Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, University of Oxford, and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK. A pioneer researcher on molecular genetics, hematology, pathology and clinical medicine of thalassemia. His labora- tory and clinical findings contribute to the treatment of thalassemic patients and antenatal diagnosis of the disease.

**Professor Lam Sai Kit, Malaysia Department of Medical Microbiology, )aculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia. Discovery of “Nipah” virus, a paramyxovirus found in pig causing encephalitis in human, leading to a significant impact in the management of patients, and prevention and control of the deadly Nipah encephalitis in human.

**Professor Barry Marshall, Australia Professor of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Australia. Discovery of Helicobacter pylori, the infectious cause of peptic ulcer, leading to the change of treatment for peptic ulcer from the consumption of antacid, H1 receptor, or radical gastric surgery, to a short highly effective course of antibiotics.

** Receive Public Health Award together

43 2002 *Professor Thomas E Starzl, USA Professor of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, USA. Pioneer of organ transplantation, developing novel tech- niques in immunosuppressive therapy, organ procurement, organ preservation, tissue matching, surgical technique and team work in organ transplantation. He is the first to perform liver transplantation.

*Sir Roy Y Calne, UK Emeritus Professor of Surgery, Cambridge University, UK, and Professor of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Pioneer of organ transplantation, developing immunosuppres- sive therapy to prevent organ allograft rejection, leading to the widespread use of transplatation as a therapy for end stage organ failure.

**Doctor Maurice R Hilleman, USA Director, Merck Institute of Vaccinology, and Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, USA. Leading scientist in vaccinology who has pioneered 36 licensed vaccines, leading to a reduction in death from various infectious diseases in children worldwide.

**Professor Helena P Makela, )inland Professor Emerita, National Public Health Institute of )inland, )inland. Contribution to the development of Hemophilus Influenza type B (Hib) conjugated vaccine and vaccine for Pneumococ- cus pneumoniae, reducing more than one million deaths from these diseases annually. * Receive Medicine Award together ** Receive Public Health Award together 44 2003 Professor Herbert L Needleman, USA Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, USA. Contribution to the understanding and prevention of child- hood lead poisoning through series of epidemiologic studies, influencing public health policy and promoting the campaign to reduce the use of lead in industrial products including children’s toys, interior paint, and gasoline.

China Co-operative Research Group on Qinghaosu and Its Derivatives as Antimalarials People’s Republic of China. Discovery of Qinghaosu, an extracted compound from a traditional Chinese herb, with extensive studies in the chemical structure, synthesis, pharmacology, toxicity, and clinical researches of Qinghaosu and its derivatives. The compound was found to be effective on Plasmodium. vivax and P. falciparum malaria, especially the one with resistance to chloroquine, resulting in the improvement of treatment for malaria, saving millions of patients worldwide.

45 2004 Professor Norman Sartorius, Germany Professor of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland, and )ormer Director, WHO Division of Mental Health, WHO. Contribution to international mental health, establishing the first internationally-agreed upon classification of mental disorders, leading to the development of programmes for the delivery of appropriate care for patients with mental disor- ders which were enable by his establishment of a firm basis of diagnosis using applicable, reliable, and crosscultural criteria and instruments.

Professor Jonathan M Samet, USA Professor and Chairman, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA The world’s leading environmental epidemiologist, especially on the health effects of air quality, playing a major role in the interpretation and policy formation in the areas related to the impacts of indoor and outdoor air pollution, air borne particulate matters, tobacco smoking and occupational health effects on workers, sparking a global movement for improving air quality.

46 2005 Professor Eugene Goldwasser, USA Emeritus Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, USA. Discovery and purification of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the human body to make red blood cells, provid- ing an effective therapy for severe anemia in kidney failure and cancer patients.

Professor Harald zur Hausen, Germany Professor Emeritus, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. Discovery of human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16 and 18 and initiating the hypothesis that HPV causes cervical cancer, leading to further research and development of vaccines against cervical cancer.

47 2006 *Professor Stanley George Schultz, USA Professor in the Medical Sciences, )ondren )amily Chair in Cellular Signaling, Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, USA. Outstanding research on sodium absorption by mammalian small intestine and epithelial transport, leading to important basis for discovery of “Oral Rehydration Therapy”.

*Doctor David R Nalin, USA WHO consultant, and )ormer Director, Vaccine Scientific Affairs, Merck & Co., USA. Contribution to the development of international formula of oral rehydration solution (ORS) and successfully demonstrat- ing the efficacy of ORS to be used instead of intravenous fluid for the treatment of patients with severe cholera.

**Doctor Dilip Mahalanabis, India Pediatrician with subspecialty in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, and Staff member of WHO. Conducting the first definitive field trial of oral rehydration therapy during the outbreak of cholera in Bangladesh refugees’ shelter in India in 1971, leading to the develop- ment of Global Programme of Diarrhreal Diseases Control of the WHO and UNICE%.

**Doctor Richard Alan Cash, USA Senior Lecturer on the International Health, Department of Population and International Health, and the Director of the Programme on Ethical Issues in International Health Research, Harvard School of Public Health, USA. Contribution to the work on applying the oral rehydration solution in the treatment of severe diarrhea worldwide. * Receive Medicine Award together ** Receive Public Health Award together 48 2007 Professor Axel Ullrich, Germany Director of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Germany. Discovery of the breast cancer oncogene, HER2/c-erbB2 gene, allowing further development of monoclonal antibodies to HER2 which have been used successfully in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. His contribution has opened a new era of targeted cancer therapy.

**Professor Basil Stuart Hetzel, Australia Honorary President, International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), Australia. The founder of the International Council of Iodine Deficiency (ICCIDD) and the first who showed that providing iodine to women during their reproductive period can avert endemic cretinism and mental retardation among affected infants. His contribution helped promote comprehensive use of iodized salt in food industries and livestock sectors.

**Doctor Sanduk Ruit, Nepal Medical Director, Tilganga Eye Center of Kathmandu, Nepal. A pioneer in the development of an effective suture-less cataract operation and a leadership role in the maufacturing of inexpensive high quality intraocular lenses for this operation, allowing rapid operation to be perfomed for a large number of patients in the remote and low resource locations.

** Receive Public Health Award together

49 2008 Professor Sergio Henrigue )erreira, Brazil Department of Pharmacology, )aculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. His contribution on the discoveries of the bradykinin potenti- ating factor (BP%) and the mechanism of action of non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) led to the syntheses of a new class of anti-hypertensive agent (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) and an anti- inflammatory drug, cox-2 inhibitor, respectively.

**Professor Michiaki Takahashi, Japan Director, The Research )oundation for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan. His discovery of the varicella vaccine led to the worldwide use of the vaccine to prevent chickenpox. The vaccine helps relieve physical and mental pain of the patients as well as reduce the death rate of patients with chickenpox, particularly millions of children from all over the world.

**Professor Yu Yongxin, China Director Emeritus, )irst Department of Viral Vaccine, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, People’s Republic of China. His research and development of Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine have contributed to the prevention of the diseases with no cure; consequently millions of patients in Asia would avoid death and disability caused by the disease.

** Receive Public Health Award together

50 2009 Professor Anne Mills, United Kingdom Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, United Kingdom. Her work has put public healthcare as one of the major issues in the global policy agenda and results in four-fold increase in public healthcare investment in the past 2 decades. By directing healthcare resource to the cost-effective interventions, the mortality rate of children and poor people in Africa and Asia has significantly reduced and this benefits the health conditions of billions of lives in developing countries.

**Dr. Wiwat Rojanapithayakorn, Thailand World Health Organization Representative, Mongolia. )ormer first Director, Prevention and Control of AIDS Center, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. He while serving as Director, Office of Communicable Disease Control Region 4 in Ratchaburi, Thailand, initiated the “100% Condom Use Programme” which has been recognized worldwide as one of the most successful HIV/AIDS prevention tools.

**Mr. Mechai Viravaidya, Thailand )ounder and Chairman of the Board of Directors Population and Community Development Association, Thailand. He founded the Community-based %amily Planning Services in 1974, currently known as the Population and Community Development Association (PDA), to provide family planning education for the rural women. His tireless proponent of the use of condom has demystified condoms, previously the taboo subject and unspoken issue in the public to become commonly- use item.

** Receive Public Health Award together 51

PRINCE MAHIDOL LAUREATES 2010 Professor Nicholas J. White Professor Kevin Marsh Professor Ananda S. Prasad Professor Kenneth H. Brown Professor Robert E. Black Professor Nicholas J. White, M.D. Chairman, Wellcome-Trust South East Asian Tropical Medicine Research Units Professor of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand Professor of Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom )or outstanding contribution in the use of artemisinin-based combination treatment for Malaria Contact Information Professor Nicholas J. White, M.D. Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand email: nickw[at]tropmedres.ac

54 Professor Kevin Marsh, M.D. Director, Wellcome-KEMRI (Kenya Medical Research Institute) Research Programme, Kenya Professor of Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom )or outstanding contribution in the understanding of immune epidemiology of Malaria Contact Information ProfessorKevin Marsh, M.D. Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya. Phone: +254-1255-22390 )ax: +254-1255-22063 email: KMarsh[at]kilifi.kemri-wellcome.org

55 Professor Ananda S. Prasad, M.D. Distinguished Professor of Medicine Wayne State University, School of Medicine Detroit, Michigan, USA Contact Information ProfessorAnanda S. Prasad, M.D. Wayne State University School of Medicine 1122 Elliman Building, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2194 United States Phone: (313) 577-1597 )ax: (313) 577-1128 email: prasada[at]karmanos.org

56 Abstract Role of zinc in biology was first recognized by Raulin in 1869. In 1934 the essentiality of zinc for rats was shown. Until 1961 it was considered improbable that zinc deficiency in humans could occur and lead to any significant clinical problems. In 1961 we published a description of the clinical syndrome of iron deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, hypogonadism, dwarfism and geophagia, affecting Iranian males and speculated that zinc deficiency may have caused growth retardation and hypogonadism in these individuals. Our studies later showed that zinc was essential for humans and that zinc deficiency was prevalent in the Middle East. Currently it is estimated that nearly two billion subjects in the developing world may have zinc deficiency. Most dwarfs died early due to infections. On my return to USA, we established a human model of mild zinc deficiency, induced by experimental diet. We showed decreased serum thymulin activity, decreased generation of IL-2, decreased NK-cell lytic activity and decreased generation of I%N- . The Th cytokines were not affected. Thus our studies in ! 2 experimental human model of zinc deficiency suggested that the cell-mediated immune dysfunctions in human zinc deficiency might be due to an imbalance in Th and Th cell functions. Our studies in human and cell culture models 1 2 have shown that zinc is involved in maturation and differentiation of TH 1 cells. The gene expression of IL-2 and I%N- (Th cytokines) are zinc dependent. ! 1 IL-2 is involved in the activation of NK (natural killer cells) and T cytolytic cells. IL-12 is generated by stimulated macrophage-monocytes and is zinc dependent. I%N- ! and IL-12 together play a major role in the killing of parasites, viruses and bacteria by macrophage-monocytes. Our studies also show that zinc functions as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in humans. Inasmuch as oxidative stress and chronic inflammation have been

57 implicated in many chronic disorders such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes type 2, neurogenerative disorders, prostate cancer and colon cancer and others, we propose that zinc may be a useful chemo- preventive agent and a controlled clinical trial of zinc supplementation in these conditions should be carried out.

58 Professor Kenneth H. Brown, M.D. Professor of Nutrition, University of California, Davis )or outstanding work on zinc supplementation Contact Information ProfessorKenneth H. Brown, M.D. Helen Keller International 11, Nord %oire Azur, P.O.Box 29 898 Dakar-Yoff Senegal Phone: +221-33-869-1083 )ax: +221-33-820-7477 email: kbrown[at]hki.org

59 Professor Robert E Black, M.D. Edgar Berman Professor and Chair Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, Maryland, USA Contact Information Professor Robert E. Black, M.D. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA 615 N. Wolfe Street, E8527 Baltimore, MD 21205 Phone: 410-955-3934 email: rblack[at]jhsph.edu

60 Abstract Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of global child mortality in spite of declines in the number of deaths in the last three decades. The implementation of oral rehydration therapy (ORS) for diarrheal treatment has contributed to that mortality decline. The use of the new reduced osmolarity ORS will improve rehydration, but will not reduce the duration of diarrheal episodes or the occurrence of persistent diarrhea. The use of zinc supplements as adjunctive treatment along with ORS has been shown to reduce the duration of acute diarrhea episodes by 20% and of persistent diarrhea episodes by 29%. %urthermore, the use of zinc for 10-14 days during and after diarrhea reduces future diarrhea episodes by 34% and pneumonia episodes by 26%. Community-based, cluster-randomized trials in Bangladesh and India have demonstrated large reductions in diarrhea and pneumonia hospitalizations and in under-five mortality. WHO and UNICE% now recommend zinc for treatment of all childhood diarrheal episodes and national implementation of this recommendation is underway in most low-income countries.

61 LIST O THE PRINCE MAHIDOL LAUREATES WHO ALREADY PASSED AWAY

1. Sir William Richard Shaboe Doll, the laureate of 1992 2. Professor William Trager, the laureate of 1994 3. Doctor Maurice R Hilleman, the laureate of 2002 4. Professor Chen Minzhang, the laureate of 1992 5. Doctor Rene G %avaloro, the laureate of 1998 6. Professor Eugene Goldwasser, the laureate of 2005

62 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

Professor Doctor Supat Vanichakarn Consultant Professor Doctor Achra Sumboonnanonda Committee Associate Professor Doctor Angkana Chaiprasert Committee Professor Doctor Manee Rattanachaiyanont Committee Professor Doctor Wanicha Chuenkongkaew Committee Doctor Gulapar Srisawasdi Committee

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