International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp. 112–131, Article ID: IJMET_08_09_012 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=8&Issue=9 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

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A SURVEY ON EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT ON METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

G.Sivakaruna Assosiate Professor, Visakha Institute of Engineering College

Dr. P.Suresh Babu Professer, Maha Veer Institute of Science and Technology

ABSTRACT: In the recent years the use of composites is increasing rapidly and likely to increase more rapidly in the future .In the present industrial scenario Aluminium and its alloy based composites are having importance in the elevating fields of engineering. Aluminium metal matrix composite (AMMC) are mostly preferred for their , high strength to weight ratio, hardness, resistance, and creep resistance. Hence they are widely used in aerospace, automobile, marine, sports, electronic and automation industries. The material makes as tailored material when it reinforced with many material for various application. Hence in this paper we present a survey on the effects of different reinforcements on the mechanical and tribological behavior of AMMCs fabricated by various methods. Keywords: AMMC, Reinforcement, Weight Ratio, Tribological Behavior Cite this Article: G. Sivakaruna and Dr. P. Suresh Babu, A Survey on Effects of Reinforcement on Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(9), 2017, pp. 112–131. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=8&Issue=9

1. INTRODUCTION: Composite is a material which has two distinct phases, one is matrix phase and other one is reinforcement phase. The matrix is monolithic material into which the reinforcement is embedded. In all the engineering applications, the matrix is generally lighter metal such as Aluminium, (or) . The matrix phase surrounds and supports the reinforcement phase by maintaining their relative positions. Aluminium is most abundant metal and the third most abundant metal chemical element in the earth’s crust. Among metal matrix composites, Aluminium based composites were always on first step of research. AMMCs are widely using in industrial, automation, aerospace and electronics applications because of their desirable properties and mainly due to its light weight. So as the time goes on

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 112 [email protected] G. Sivakaruna and Dr. P. Suresh Babu demand for AMMCs is growing. Aluminium may be laminated, fibers or particulates composites. The reinforcements should be stable in the working temperature and non-reactive too. The reinforcement can be either continuous (or) discontinuous. Continuous reinforcement uses wires (or) fibers such as carbon fiber. In continuous reinforcement the reinforcement is embedded into the matrix in a certain direction, as result the structure is anisotropic. In discontinuous reinforcement the structure is isotropic. Discontinuous reinforcement uses whiskers, short fibers or particles. The first reinforcement used in MMC’s is boron filament AMMC is usually reinforced by,SiC,SiO2,AlN,TiB2,TiC,B4C,BN,Graphite,Zirconium,Beryl and some other ceramic particles. They can reinforce with fibers like carbon, glass, boron, silica, tungsten, molybdenum, beryllium etc. From the last decade the use of industrial wastes and agricultural wastes because of their low cost and availability. Some of industrial wastes which are using as reinforcement are blast furnace slag, electric arc furnace slag, grinding stone dust, alumina slag (red mud), ferrochrome slag and fly ash. The agricultural wastes such as coconut shell ash, snail shell particles and walnut ash. The reinforcements impart special physical properties to enhance matrix properties. Distribution of reinforcement has a strong impact on mechanical, tribological properties and quality of the composite. Hybrid reinforcement enhances the properties of composites.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY:

2.1. CARBIDE REINFORCED AMMCs: Lal Krishna S.K [1] investigated that the weight of the actuating cylinder can be reduced by replacing the cylinder material with Al-SiC matrix composite. Al-SiC composite possess a density of 2.69g/cc compared to 7.85 g/cc of stainless steel and when replaced, reduces the weight of actuator cylinder by 65.73 %. Mass of the actuator cylinder came down from 2.1435 kg to 0.73452 kg. From the cost analysis, total fabrication cost and time consumed can also be reduced by replacing the existing design with Al-SiC composite in addition to weight saving attributes N. S. Kalyankar [2] studied that most of the AL alloys supports the reinforcements of the material and due to this reinforcement properties of the matrix material increases up to some extent some of the alloys supports reinforcements up to 50% of wt. % but increase in properties is limited up to some wt. % for e.g. In case of AL (98.41%) it is found that properties get decreased after wt % of SiC crosses 25%. Dr. R. Subramanian [3] fabricated Al2024 alloy reinforced with varying volume fraction of SiC particulates by stir casting method and revealed that strength of the composite increased with increasing volume fraction of SiC particulates, ductility of the composite decreased with increasing volume fraction of SiC particulates and SEM shown that the composite failed by brittle fracture mode. [4] examined the behavior of SiC particles in Al6061/SiC MMCs during by microstructure examination and enhancement of mechanical and physical properties after hardening process.[5] concluded that increase in percentage of SiC reduces the density, increases the strength and reduces the corrosion resistance .the corrosion rate of composite was lower than that of matrix alloy. Sourabh Gargatte [6] observed that the wear rate decreased by increasing the reinforcement percentage of SiC particles. The hardness of Al -5083 increased with increase in percentage of SiC particles up to 7 wt %. [7] Demonstrated that the weld zone can display homogeneous distribution of SiC particles when the friction stir welding is used for joining AMMC. The weld can exhibit higher hardness than parent material due to homogeneous distribution of reinforcement particles. [8] prepared AMMC by Two step-mixing method of stir casting method by varying weight fraction of SiC. Hardness and density are increased

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 113 [email protected] A Survey on Effects of Reinforcement on Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites with increase in size and weight fraction of SiC. Impact strength decreases with the increase in reinforced particulate size and increases with the increase in weight fraction of SiC particles. Corrosion rate and wear rate are also satisfactory. Vicky Kumar [9] proved that Al- SiC composites enhance wear and hardness values. Sic improves elevated temperature strength and hardness of the matrix. Sic particles works as pinning points to hold wear debris on the wear surface because of this Al- SiC composites have less wear. Amir Hussain Idrisi [10] fabricated Al- 5083 composite by ultrasonic assisted casting and concluded that addition of SiC particles increases the tensile and compressive strengths by increasing wt% of SiC. C. Thiagarajan [11] explained about the effect of percentage of SiC volume fraction on cylindrical grinding parameters. With increase in % of volume fraction of SiC grinding parameters such as tangential grinding force, surface roughness and grinding temperature also increases. C.Neelima Devi [12] studied about micro structural behavior of Aluminium with SiC (grit size 60by varying mass fractions. the obtained microstructures consists of Aluminium solid solution -rich (SiC) intermetallic particles in the grain boundaries are observed this can influence the fracture behavior.[13] fabricated (Al + 4% Cu + 5% SiC) composite by stir casting route and observed effect of grit sizes of SiC on mechanical properties with vary pouring temperatures 700, 725 and 750°C.in this work they concluded that impact, tensile strengths and hardness are increased by increasing the grit size of SiC. Deeparaj.E[ 14]prepared A 7075 –SiC composite fabricated by melt stir casting technique and observed that with increase in weight fraction of SiC tensile strength ,impact strength, strength and hardness increases and % of elongation decreases. Ashok Kr. Mishra [15] examined wear mechanism of composited prepared by stir casting method. For different percentages of SiC, the worn surfaces are examined by Scanning Electron Microscope. By increasing the percentage of SiC the wear resistance of composites will increase by forming a protective layer between pin & counter face. Sedat Ozsen [16] carried out work for examining impact behavior of Al-SiC particle reinforced composites under different temperature conditions .Composites specimens based on Aluminium alloys of 2124,5083 and 6063 and reinforced by SiC particle were manufactured .Two different SiC Sizes of 157 lm and 511 lm and two different extrusion ratios of 13.63:1 and 19.63:1 were used .The impact behavior of composites was affected by clustering of particle , Particle cracking and weak matrix –reinforcement bonding. Agglomeration of particles reduced the impact strength of Al 2124 and 6063 based composites. Aluminium 6063 alloys and composites showed a better impact strength. The impact Strength of 6063 composites increased with particle size and extrusion ratio. [17] Examines the mechanical properties of Al-6063 silicon carbide metal matrix composites by varying weight fraction of SiC. The microstructure study proves that distribution of particles becomes better with increasing weight fraction of SiC. The Mechanical properties like, Ultimate tensile strength, % Elongation, Hardness, Yield Strength are increasing. The hardness of the composite is increased gradually from 2-6 % and drastically from 8-10%. The tensile strength and ultimate break load are increased with rising of reinforced weight fraction and the improvement varies between 15.8- 27 % and 2-15 % respectively. Srinivasa.K [18] observed the mechanical properties of Al-Mg-SiC composites prepared by stir casting technique by varying compositions of SiC .XRD analysis was carried out to know the phases present in it. SEM analysis revealed that the distribution of SiC particles was uniform. With increase in percentage of SiC particles the hardness of the composites also increased and wear coefficient decreases. In this investigation Navnath Sambhaji Kalyankar [19] focused on the change in mechanical properties of AL LM-25 alloy when reinforced with SiC prepared by using stir casting technique. Sic was reinforced with various wt% to know

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 114 [email protected] G. Sivakaruna and Dr. P. Suresh Babu the effects in mechanical properties. With increase in % of weight of SiC tensile strength, yield strength, % elongation and wear resistance were increased and hardness was decreased. In this experimentation [20] conducted study on mechanical properties of Al 6061 reinforced with SiC MMCs are fabricated by stir casting by varying size and wt% of SiC. With increase in size and % wt of SiC Tensile strength upper yield point, Tensile strength lower yield point, Ultimate tensile strength and Breaking strength, Hardness and density were increased and % Elongation and % Reduction in area were decreased. Optical micrographs indicated uniform distribution of SiC particles. Surya Kumar [21] evaluated the mechanical properties of MMC by varying weight percentage of SiC with increase in weight percentage of SiC tensile strength, density, hardness were increased and elongation was decreased. In the present thesis Atul Kumar [22] had chosen Al 2024 as matrix and Sic as reinforcement and developed AMMC. The work was done by changing weight fraction of SiC and keeping other parameters constant. Increase in strength and hardness was observed by increasing % wt of SiC. LOM, SEM, XRD revealed that there is proper dispersion of SiC in Aluminium matrix. [23] Studied mechanical properties, wear characteristics and microstructure of cast silicon carbide (SiC) reinforced Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) by varying weight % of SiC. With increase in % of SiC the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength and Rockwell hardness were increased. Wear characteristics also enhanced by increase in the content of SiC. The micro structural study of AMMC revealed that the distribution of SiC particles in Al matrix was fair and also porosities were observed in the micro structural study. B. Venkatesh [24] fabricated Al/SiC composite by powder metallurgy method and investigated mechanical properties by varying weight % and size of SiC. Hardness was increased by increasing weight percent of SiC and decreased by increasing size of SiC particles. Density was increased by increasing weight % and size of SiC. Microstructure revealed that the distribution of SiC particles was uniform in matrix and exhibited high localized residual porosity. In this work, the metal matrix composite is fabricated by stir casting process with different volume fractions of Silicon carbide with Aluminium 6061 alloy. A. Venugopal [25] concluded that flexural strength and Brinell hardness increases with increase in weight % of Silicon Carbide. In this research Pranjal Bordoloi[26] examined the mechanical properties and microstructure of 63401 MMC reinforced with silicon carbide particles of different weight % and different grain size. Mechanical properties like impact strength, tensile strength and hardness increases but the percentage elongation decreases with increase in weight percentage of SiC and increases with decrease in grain size of SiC. The microstructure shows that the distribution of SiC is uniform in the matrix. In this experimentation Sourabh Gargatte [27] reported the dry sliding wear behavior & Brinell hardness of AA5083. BBBB

2.2. BORON CARBIDE REINFORCED AMMCs:

In this work S. Dhinakaran [28] fabricated (AA6061) AMMC with varied % of weight of B4C particle of size at 220μm by stir casting route. K2TIF6 flux were added for enhancement of wettability of B4C .the tensile strength and hardness of AMC increased with increase in content of B4C.Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) confirmed that there is a uniform distribution of B4C particles in the matrix. [29] Investigated that wear resistance for AA2024 is less compared to AMC reinforced with B4C.The micro structure study reveals that the distribution of B4Cparticles is uniform in Al matrix. [30] Investigated the mechanical properties of cast and cold rolling followed by heat treatment. He observed that mechanical properties are increased with percentage increase in B4C and low % of elongation. He studied that the mechanical properties of 4% B4C cold

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 115 [email protected] A Survey on Effects of Reinforcement on Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites rolling followed by heat treatment AMMC showed better results. Optical microscopy and SEM revealed that the distribution B4C particles are uniform. Yu-Mei Han [31] investigated the corrosion behavior of Al- B4C MMCs in a 3.5 wt% NaCl. In this experimentation, the corrosion behaviors of solution were studied using potentio dynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. He observed that the corrosion resistance decreased when there is increase in volume fraction of B4C.Bhargavi Rebba [32] evaluated the mechanical properties of Al 2024 reinforced with B4C of 325 mesh size with different weight %.the composite was prepared by stir casting technique. She observed that Al 2024 with 5% B4C, tensile strength and hardness reached highest values. XRD reveals that the presence of B4C in the composite is uniform. Optical micrographs proved that B4C particles were uniformly dispersed in Al matrix. In this work M. Marimuthu [33] studied tensile properties, hardness and micro structure of Al-Mg-boron carbide particulate composites fabricated by stir casting. The composites are prepared with B4C of size ranging from 30 to 100 μm by varying weight % from 3to 7%.he revealed that the tensile properties and hardness are increased at 6% weight of B4C. From SEM, the uniform distribution of B4C particles was observed Cun-Zhu Nie [34]investigated mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus values Boron carbide particulates reinforced 2024 Aluminum matrix composites were fabricated by mechanical alloying–hot extrusion technology. The yield strength and Young’s modulus values were improved significantly over the monolithic 2024 alloy. The microstructure was studied scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).the microstructure revealed that there is homogeneous distribution of B4C particles in the Al matrix. N. Venkat Kishore [35] wear rate decreases and an increasing trend of hardness and tensile strength with increase in weight percentage of B4C. Optical Metallurgical Microscope revealed that B4C particles are dispersed uniformly in the aluminum matrix for all wt% and also Grain refinement was increased by increasing in percentage of Boron Carbide (B4C) reinforcement in the Aluminum (LM25) Matrix. In this experimentation Sadineni Rama Rao[36] prepared aluminum-boron carbide composites, with 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt% of boron carbide (B4C) particulate reinforced, by stir casting method. He observed that wear rate of 7.5 wt% B4C composites is 0.375 mg/min which is significantly lower than pure Al alloy (3.125 mg/min). The friction coefficient decreases from 0.477(for pure Al alloy) to 0.261(for 7.5 wt% B4C composites. Gopal Krishna U B [37] analyzed the mechanical properties and microstructure of Al 6061 matrix reinforced with B4C particulates of 37, 44, 63, 105, 250μ sizes by varying the weight % of 6,8,10 and 12wt%.the Vickers hardness was found to be maximum for the particle size of 250μ and 12 wt%. The tensile strength was maximum at size of 105μ for 8 wt%. Microstructure from XRD and optical microscope reveals that B4C particles in the composite are homogeneously dispersed. In this work K. Shirvanimoghaddam [38] investigated mechanical and physical properties of Aluminium –boron carbide composites prepared by stir casting method. Vickers hardness and ultimate tensile strength were highest for Al -15% B4C composites at 1000 °C.Sridhar Raja K. S. [39] studied corrosion behavior A356 alloy reinforced with B4C particles manufactured by stir casting method. A356- B4C composite exhibited corrosion resistance when immersed in 5% NaCl solution. S. Rama Rao[40] fabricated Aluminium-boron carbide composites by liquid metallurgy technique with different weight fractions of 2.5,5 & 7.5%.with increase in weight % density of composite decreases and hardness ,ultimate compressive strength are increased. SEM revealed that boron carbide particles are uniformly distributed in the Aluminium matrix. [41]

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investigated mechanical properties of Aluminium 8081 reinforced with B4C composites fabricated by stir casting technique. With increase in weight % of B4C particles the mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and hardness of composites were significantly increased.

2.3. TITANIUM CARBIDE REINFORCED AMMCS: In this work, Jayasheel Harti [42] studied mechanical properties of TiC reinforced Al2219 composites by varying weight % of TiC from 0 to 6 weight % in steps of 2 wt. % prepared by stir casting method. Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were increased with the increase in weight percentage of TiC .Scanning electron microphotographs revealed that there was uniform distribution of TiC particulates in Al2219. Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil [43] manufactured nanocomposites of TiC nanofibers reinforced Al matrix composites by High Frequency Induction Heat Sintering. Composite containing 5 wt% TiC has the highest value of compression and yield strength of about 415 and 350 MPa, respectively. In this experimentation, Hülya Kaftelen[44] studied the effects of TiC content and size on the microstructure, density, hardness and wear resistance of Al–4 wt.% Cu matrix composites were investigated. Al–4 wt. % Cu matrix composites were fabricated using two main processing routes of powder metallurgy and casting. Wear resistance and the hardness of cast composites improved with TiC content. The sintered composite containing smaller TiC particles (0.6– 3.5 μ m) exhibited higher hardness than that reinforced with coarser TiC (0.8– 5.6 μ m) particles. Ramakoteswara Rao[45] fabricated AA7075 reinforced with TiC particles composites with stir casting by varing from 2 to 10 weight % of TiC. With increase in content of TiC the wear resistance improved. Coefficient of friction of the AMMCs decreases by an amount of 20% as the filler content of TiC increases from 0 to 8 wt. %. Mahesh L [46] developed AMMC; Titanium Carbide of 5, 10 and15 weight percentages has been reinforced in to pure aluminum (Al) using Powder Metallurgy technique. Aluminum and TiC were mixed in a horizontal ball mill to obtain a uniform mixture followed by pressing in a cylindrical die. Brinell hardness, density and compressive strength of composites were increased with increase incontent from 5 to 15 weight percent of TiC. Micrograph reveals that TiC particles were uniformly distributed in the matrix. In this work, R.Kumar [47] produced Al-TiC MMC with stir casting method by varying wt% of Tic. Improvements were observed in the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness with the increase in TiC content.

2.4. TITANIUM DIOXIDE REINFORCED AMMCs: Vrupaksha Gouda [48] investigated the wear characteristics of metal matrix composite reinforced with varying wt. % of TiO2 by stir casting method. Resistance to wear and hardness were increased with increase in wt. % of TiO2 particles K. Yoganandam[49] fabricated Al6082- TiO2 composites with various weight percentages of 3,6 and 9% by semi solid compo casting method. Ultimate tensile strength and hardness of composites are found to be increased with enhanced TiO2 up to 9%.optical microscopes revealed that the distribution of TiO2 particles is uniform in the matrix. K. R. Padmavathi[50] analysed the wear characteristics and mechanical properities of composites produced with Al 6061 and variable weight fractions as 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of nano TiO2 by technique of Stir followed by Die Casting. The micro hardness, tensile and compressive tests have revealed increased mechanical properties of Al - nano TiO2 composites due to the impact of nano reinforcement for 1% weight. Wear rate and co-efficient of friction of the Aluminium - nano TiO2 composites are reduced at 1%weight.

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In the present experimentation M.Ravichandran [51] aimed to fabricate AMMC by liquid powder metallurgy route by varying wt. % of TiO2 additin 5% weight reinforcement improves tensile strength and hardness.SEM image of 5% TiO2 Aluminium matrix composite Showed uniform distribution of TiO2 particles in matrix Adil Nazaruddin [52] conducted experimental investigation to fabricate Aluminium nano composites using nano TiO2 particles. The study revealed that mechanical properties are improved with TiO2 particles than pure Aluminium. Micro structural evaluation and X-ray diffraction studies showed a positive response to the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles into the Aluminium matrix. In this work Siddesha.S [53] prepared composites by stir casting technique and studied mechanical properties by varying volume fraction of titanium oxide from 2% to 8% in Aluminium metal matrix composites. He found that properties like tensile strength, hardness and impact strength are increased by increasing % of TiO2. Manickam ravichandran [54] synthesized AMMCs with TiO2 as reinforcement by varying percentages of TiO2 and studied mechanical properties and microstructure. The optical microscope revealed that the distribution of TiO2 particles were uniform throughout Aluminium matrix. The compressive strength was high for Al -5%TiO2 composite.

2.5. TUGSTEN CARBIDE REINFORCED AMMCs: In the present investigation Abhijith R [55] fabricated composites using Al 2024 as matrix and tungsten carbide as reinforcement by insitu casting method. Micro hardness and wear property of composite were increased compared to base alloy metal. K. Punith Gowda[56] investigated the study of mechanical properties of Al2024-Tungsten carbide MMCs by varying WC particles from 0% to 5% by weight. Highest values of mechanical properties like hardness, tensile strength and compressive strength were found at 3 wt% WC. S Jerry Andrews Fabian [57] prepared AMMCs by powder metallurgy method with tungsten carbide particulate of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% on weight % basis. He indicated that increase in WC particulate increases density of the composites and a relative density of 93.73% were achieved.

2.6. ALUMINA REINFORCED AMMCs: M. Kok [58] fabricated 2024 Aluminium alloy MMCs reinforced with three different sizes and weight fractions of Al2O3 particles up to 30 wt. % were fabricated by a vortex method and subsequent applied pressure. . The tensile strength and hardness of MMCs increased but the elongation of them decreased, with decreasing size and increasing weight fraction of particle. In this experimentation Srinivasan Ekambaram[59] investigated effect of alumina reinforcement on mechanical properties of Aluminium alloy Al 6061 composites samples, processed by stir casting method. The composites were prepared with varying percentage of alumina (4%, 6%, and 8%) by weight fraction. From the experiment it was observed that the best properties were obtained from the sample containing 8% alumina as compared to the base metal. Mr. Vishwanath Patil [60] carried out research work on Al 6061 MMCs reinforced with alumina i.e. Al2O3 particulate in weight percentage of 3%, 6% and 9% prepared by Liquid metallurgy technique. Hardness and rate of wear are decreased with increasing in Alumina wt %. In present study Dr. Suneelkumar N Kulkarni[61] investigated wear behavior of aluminum alloy metal matrix composite reinforced with aluminum oxide fibers in varying percentage like 10%, 20% and 30% produced by stir casting method. He observed that wear behavior enhanced by increasing aluminum oxide percentage of weight in AMMCs.

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2.7. MOLYBDINUM REINFORCED AMMCs: Anis Micheal Visu .A [62] investigated the mechanical properties of AMMCs reinforced with 10%MoO3 and developed by stir casting method. He observed that AMMCs exhibited better properties than pure Aluminium. In the present experimentation E. Subba Rao [63] evaluated the mechanical properties of AA6061 metal matrix composites reinforced with varying percentage by different wt. 1% to 5% MoS2 particles developed by stir casting technique. 4% MoS2 composite shows better mechanical (hardness, yield strength and tensile strength) properties and low % of elongation than all other composites. Sujan R[64] developed composites Al 7039 alloy as matrix and MoS22 as reinforcement with 3%, 6% and 9% using stir casting method for studying mechanical and tribological characteristics. Compressive strength was increased for 3% Molybdenum disulphide particulate composite and hardness was increased with increase in percentage of molybdenum disulphide. Less wear rate was observed for 9% Molybdenum disulphide reinforced composite.

2.8. ZIRCONIUM REINFORCED AMMCs: Dharmesh M. Patoliya [65] investigated mechanical properties of Al6061 MMCs reinforced with Zirconium dioxide by varying weight fractions as 0 Wt.%, 2.5 Wt.%, 5 Wt.%, and 7.5 prepared by stir casting method. Tensile strength, hardness and impact strength of MMC’s was improved and percentage elongation of the MMC’s decreased with increase weight fraction of ZrO2 particle in Al6061 matrix. Micro structural study revealed that the distribution of ZrO2 particles in the Al6061 matrix was uniform. Girisha .K .B [66] fabricated A356.1 Aluminium alloy reinforced with 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% of Nano sized ZrO2 through stir casting technique. The results revealed that 2% reinforcement composite has improved mechanical and wear properties compared to base metal. Rishav Kumar [67] synthesized A356.1 Aluminium alloy composites reinforced with varying Wt. % such as 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 of Nano-sized ZrO2 for studying wear properties through Solution Combustion Synthesis process. Nano MMC with 3.5 Wt% ZrO2 showed improved wear characteristics. SEM micrographs revealed that the presence of Nano- ZrO2 particulates in A356.1 alloy. In this work A. R. Sivaram [68] analyzed creep behavior and microstructure of Aluminium alloy (LM25) reinforced with Zirconium di-oxide (ZrO2) particulate composites by varying proportions of Zirconium-di-oxide from 0% to 9% prepared by stir casting. With the increase in addition of ZrO2 with LM25 the creep strength of the composite material increases, but 3% particle reinforcement has no appreciable effect on creep properties. SEM micrographs revealed that the presences of ZrO2 particles in Aluminium alloy matrix are uniform. Adil Ahmed.S [69] fabricated AMMCs with Molten Al356.2 and Zirconium Nano Particles of different proportions such as 10, 15 and 20 wt% through stir casting at 750°C. Results showed that microstructure and mechanical properties for 15wt % of reinforcement particle fabricated at has homogenous reinforcement particles and thus it enhanced the mechanical properties. In this work M. Ramachandra [70] studied corrosion behavior of MMCs of Al 6061 alloy reinforced with ZrO2 by varying wt% of ZrO2 (2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) prepared through stir casting. It is found that the corrosion rate decreases with increase in wt% of ZrO2 compared to base metal. Shivanna [71] fabricated A356-ZrSio4 metal matrix composites by varying percentage of Zirconium Silicate from 0to 7.5% through stir casting method. Brinell hardness of composites increases with increase in reinforcement content. The structural analysis results indicated that as reinforcement content in the composites increase the wear resistance improved.

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Anup Mandal [72] prepared Al– ZrO2metal matrix composites by varying wt% such as 5, 10 and 20 wt% through stir casting method. The wear resistance increased with the increase in amount of ZrO2 in the composite. The coefficient of friction decreased with the increase in amount of ZrO2 in the composite. P. Chinna Sreenivas Rao[ 73]developed MMCs by reinforcing of Zirconium oxide Nano powder in Aluminum alloy Al7075 ,using stir casting technique by varying the percentage of weight fraction of the reinforced particles as 5% and 10%. The maximum tensile strength was observed at 95% Al 7075 + 5% ZrO2, is 135 N/mm2. The maximum hardness was observed at 10% zirconium Nano powder (ZrO2) with 90% Al 7075 is 104.

E. G. Okafor[74] synthesized Al-4.5Cu/ ZrSiO4 particulate composite through stir casting ,varying the percentage ZrSiO4 in the range of 5-25wt%.the studies revealed that addition of ZrSiO4 reinforcements, increased the hardness value and apparent porosity by 107.65 and 34.23% respectively and decrease impact energy by 43.16 %. As the weight percent of ZrSiO4 increases in the matrix alloy, the yield and ultimate tensile strength increased by 156.52 and 155.81% up to a maximum of 15% ZrSiO4. Sumod Daniel [75] fabricated MMCs with aluminum alloy (LM 13) and Nano- ZrO2 particles by varying size from 2 to 10wt% in steps of 2%.The wear resistance increases as the wt. % of reinforcement content increases in the matrix material. Wear resistance is more in Nano composites as compared to the LM13 matrix material. C.F. John [76] prepared Al-12Si-xZrC MMCs using High-energy mechanical alloying method by varying wt% from 0to 15% in steps of 5.the prepared composites were sintered in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 550°C, followed by cooling up to room temperature. The results indicated that with increase in reinforcement content wear rate decreases and coefficient of friction increases. Arun C Dixit U [77] fabricated MMCs Al 6061 alloy as matrix and Zirconium Oxide as reinforcement using stir casting method by varying wt% of Zirconium Oxide from 2% to 10% insteps 2%.the investigation concluded that the fracture toughness is highest at 6% reinforcement of ZrO2 and hardness is found to be more at4% reinforcement .The yield strength and the ultimate strength of the composite is reduced as the weight fraction of ZrO2 is increased in the matrix. Microstructure shows reasonable homogeneous distribution of ZrO2 particles in the composite. S. A. Khorramie [78] fabricated MMCs , A356 aluminum alloy reinforced with 0.75%, 1.5% and 2.5% Al2ZrO5 nanoparticles were fabricated through stir casting technique. The composite with 1.5% Al2ZrO5 exhibited improved values of hardness and compressive strength with values of BHN 61 and 900 Mpa respectively.

2.9. GRAPHITE REINFORCED AMMCs: In this experimental work M. Loganathan [79] prepared Al6061MMCs through stir casting method with graphite proportions ranging from 3 to 12% by weight. From experimentation he revealed that ultimate tensile strength of 117.34 MPa, maximum percentage elongation of 14.48% is obtained for Al6061-9% graphite. [80] Graphene reinforcement was prepared by oxidizing graphite powder to graphite oxide (GO) using Hummer’s method followed by chemical reduction of graphite oxide using benzyl alcohol (BnOH). SEM micrographs showed that graphene particles were also clearly visible. Dendrite microstructure observed in the sample containing 0.5 wt. % graphene. Compressive strength increased with increase in the concentration of graphene reinforcement from 0.1 wt. % to 0.5 wt. % indicating increase in load bearing capacity of the composites. In this work Pardeep Sharma [81] fabricated AA6082 metal matrix composites reinforced with graphite particles varying from 0% to 12% in a step of 3%. The ultimate tensile strength also decreased by 5.88% with a reduction in percentage elongation from 8.7 to 6.8. The

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 120 [email protected] G. Sivakaruna and Dr. P. Suresh Babu density decreased by 4.1% with an increase in porosity from 0.37% to 2.27% as the weight percentage of graphite particles increased from 0% to 12%. B Latha Shankar [82] prepared Aluminium 8011 metal matrix composites reinforced with 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of graphite via stir casting technique. Optical micrographs revealed that distribution of Graphite in matrix alloy was uniform. With increase in weight% of Graphite the wear resistance of composite was also increased. In this experimentation Surendra Kumar Dwivedi [83] fabricated AMMCs reinforced with graphite varying wt % from 1% to 7% in steps of 2% through stir casting method. It is observed that hardness of Composite first increases and then decreases with increase in reinforcement weight fraction. At 5% of reinforcement the hardness is high compared other composites. B.Sai Jagadish[84]manufactured Al2024 MMCs reinforced graphene with varying wt% such as 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1% via powder metallurgy technique. In 0.5% sample the maximum impact strength of 11.7714J/cm2 in Charpy Test and 3.5428J/cm2 in Izod test sample were observed. In 0.75% sample maximum tensile strain of 0.60025 was obtained.

2.10. CARBON REINFORCED AMMCs: In this investigation T.Prasad [85] fabricated AA7020 MMCs reinforced with 100nm carbon black nanoparticles by varying volume fractions such as 10%, 20%, and 30% through stir casting and low pressure die casting process. The tensile strength and elastic modulus were increased with an increase of carbon content in the nanocomposites. Suhas [86]synthesized Al 7075 Aluminium matrix composites using stir casting technique at speed of 200rpm and temperature of 780-8000C by varying weight percentage of carbon fiber reinforcement such as 1,2& 3%.The ultimate strength was increased by 13.80, 29.45, and 41.25% with increase of carbon fiber wt%.The SEM images indicated that the carbon fiber was uniform throughout the matrix phase. In this work Cheng-chang Jia[87] prepared Aluminium matrix composites reinforced with Mo-CNT by varying wt% of reinforcement through the combination processes of powder mixing and spark plasma sintering. When the Mo-CNT content is 0.5wt%, the tensile strength and hardness of Mo-CNT/Al reach their maximum values. The tensile strength of 0.5wt% Mo-CNT/Al increases by 29.9%, while the electrical conductivity only decreases by 7.1%. Manjunatha L. H [88] developed Al6061 MMCs reinforced with MWCNT through stir casting and powder metallurgy methods by varying wt% of reinforcement. From the SEM images and microstructure of the composites it is observed that there is uniform distribution of MWCNT and good bonding exists between the carbon nano tubes and the matrix, establishing the stir casting technique for production of Al6061-MWCNT metal matrix composites. [89] Manufactured AMMCs reinforced with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 wt. % of MWCNTs using cold compaction followed by sintering through powder metallurgy techniques. As the weight fraction of CNT increasesd, the relative density was decreased. Grain size also decreased from 127 μm to 53.4 μm and hardness was improved as wt% of CNT was increased. In this experimentation T. Prasad [90] prepared AA6061-carbon black metal matrix composites by the stir casting and low-pressure die casting process with 10%, 20%, and 30% reinforcement wt%. In AA6061/10%CB composites, the fracture was occurred in the matrix only. While, the fracture was noticed in the regions of particle-matrix interface and in the matrix for the composites of AA6061/20%CB and AA6061/30%CB. Sliding wear resistance increases by 42.56% for AA6061/30%CB metal matrix composites as compared to the matrix alloy AA6061.

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2.11. AGROWASTE REINFORCED AMMCs: C.U.Atuanya [91] fabricated Al–Si–Fe alloy matrix composites reinforced with breadfruit seed hull ash particles of size 500 nm by varying weight fractions through double stir casting method. microstructural study revealed that with increase in weight fraction of reinforcement ,the matrix grain size decreases. the mechanical properties were improved with increase in weight percentage. Fracture study showed that fracture initiation does not occur at the particle-matrix interface. Ankesh Kumar [92] prepared Al 1100 metal matrix composites reinforced with 15% coconut shell ash of size 60μm through compo casting. It was found that the density of Al-CSAp composite is less than Al alloy. The average density of composite was 0.3628 gms. The Al-CSAp composite exhibit harder than Al material due to the presence of hardening substances like SiO2 and MgO in the reinforced material. S.B.Hassan[93]fabricated Al–Cu–Mg composites reinforced with egg shell particles of 2– 12 wt. % The results revealed that the tensile strength increased by 8.16% at 12 wt.% uncarbonized ES and 14.28% at 12 wt.% carbonized ES, the hardness values increased by 10.01% at 12 wt.% uncarbonized ES and 25.4% at 12 wt.% carbonized ES with decrease in the density by 6.50% at 12 wt.% uncarbonized ES and 7.4% at 12 wt.% carbonized ES. The impact energy decreased by 23.5% at 12 wt. % uncarbonized ES and 24.67% at 12 wt. % carbonized ES particles, respectively. [94] prepared AlSi10Mg composites reinforced with rice husk ash of different particle sizes like 50–75, 75–100 and 100–150 μm by 3, 6, 9, and 12% by weight through the liquid metallurgy method. The results revealed that composite reinforced with coarse rice husk particles shows better wear resistance compared to fine particles. The wear rate of composite decreased with increase in the weight percentage of rice husk. In this paper T. B. Asafa[95] fabricated Aluminium metal matrix composites reinforced with snailshell particles of weight fraction ranging from 16 to 48 wt.% and size of 200,400 and 600 μm by using stir casting technique. The results showed that, at 48 wt. % and 600 μm particle size the tensile strength was 236 MPa and hardness was 48.3 HRF, respectively. Omole, Sylvester O [96] manufactured Aluminium 6063 alloy composites reinforced with 150 μm walnut powder by wt% of 3 %, 5 %, and 7 % through stir casting .At 7% of reinforcement the hardness is high with value of 113.6 BHN and tensile properties were also increased compared to other composites.

2.12. INDUSTRAIL WASTE REINFORCED AMMCs: In this experimentation A. K. Senapati [97] prepared AMC with untreated an treated fly ash have 14.2% and 13.4% volume respectively through stir casting method. Mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile properties and compressive strength are more for treated fly ash AMC. Deepak Singla [98] Al 7075 composites were fabricated fly ash reinforcement by varying proportions of fly ash using stir casting technique. Results showed that among all compositions, the AMC having 30 gms of fly ash exhibited high toughness, hardness, tensile strength and low density. In this work Prashant Kumar Suragimath [99] manufactured Aluminium Alloy (LM6) composites with fly ash as reinforcement by varying weight fraction from 5% to 15% by stir casting technique. The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of Elongation. Inampudi Narasimha Murthy [100] developed Al-fly ash (ALFA) and Al-GBF slag composites reinforced with 5% fly ash and 5% GBF slag by stir casting route. The hardness of the composites increased whereas the density of the composites decreased with presence of reinforcement than the base alloy. Higher hardness values were reported for Al-fly ash

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 122 [email protected] G. Sivakaruna and Dr. P. Suresh Babu composite than Al-GBF slag composite. Enhanced mechanical properties were observed for both the composites. [101] fabricated E-waste Al 6063 composites reinforced with E-glass fiber and Fly ash by varying wt% of fly ash through stir casting process. The hardness of the composite material is found to be increased with increase in wt% of fly ash content in the composite. The improvement in compressive strength is also observed. Muruganandhan.P[102] prepared Al7075 composites reinforced with fly ash and titanium carbide by varying wt% of flyash through stir casting method. The tensile strength increases by 32% more than the base alloy when the fly ash content increases.By increasing the wt% of fly ash content upto 10% in the composite ,the hardness also increases up to 40%,but after 10% the hardness decreases. It is found that the elongation tends to decrease with increasing the weight percentage of fly ash particles upto 10%.Beyond 10% addition of fly ash particles, the mechanical properties tends to decrease. [103] developed Aluminium matrix composites reinforced different wt% of red mud through stir casting technique. The effect is the increase in interfacial area between Aluminium matrix and red mud particles leading to the increase in strength. With increase in red mud content wear rate of the composite decreases. Neelima Devi Chinta[104]manufactured pure Aluminium matrix composite at 2%, 4%, and 6% weight at 100 microns size as well as 42 nano meters along with 4%Tungsten carbide of 5 microns size by weight by vacuum sintering. The maximum wear resistance is obtained for 0.042micron level of 6% red mud, and is 0.119x10-6N/m. It is also observed that, for the same weight fraction of red mud, the hardness is higher for the nano structured reinforcement than micro structured reinforcement. In this investigation Shaik Mujeeb Quader [105] fabricated Aluminum 6061 alloy metal matrix composites reinforced with four different weight fractions of (Al2O3 + red mud) particles up to 10 wt% by a vortex method. The density and porosity of the composites increased with increasing weight percentage of reinforcement. The tensile strength and hardness of MMCs increased, with increasing weight percentage of the reinforcement. SEM observations of the microstructures showed that the coarser particles were dispersed more uniformly, while the finer particles led to agglomeration. K. V. Sreenivasrao [106] manufactured aluminum 8011 alloy composites reinforced with red mud particles of size 90μm with different compositions from 2% to 20% by stir casting route. Tensile strength of composite increases by 27% with the addition of 14 weight percentage of red mud. Compression strength of metal matrix composites increased to 76.001 KN from 38.06 KN. From the overall results it is observed that 14 wt% of red mud is a fair value to obtain better performance of composite. [107] developed Al7075 composites reinforced with SiC and Red mud particles by varying proportions of reinforcements through stir casting technique. It has been observed that at SiC6%+Red Mud 2%+Al7075 there is considerable increase in almost all the mechanical properties like tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness and yield strength. Microstructure studies indicate the presence of Aluminium dendrite structure with fine inter metallic particles SiC and Red mud reinforced in between. [108] prepared Al6061 alloy composites reinforced with SiC, red mud and fly ash by varying proportions of reinforcements. The tensile strength in Al6061+SiC+Flyash and Al6061+SiC+Redmud, is found to increase with increase in SiC weight percentage, while it decreases with increase in Fly ash and Red mud weight percentage respectively. Higher tensile strength was observed in Al6061+SiC+Flyash samples when compared with Al6061+SiC+Redmud samples. The impact strength in Al6061+SiC+Flyash is found increase with increase in Fly ash content. In Al6061+SiC+Redmud the impact strength is found to increase by maintaining constant weight percentage of SiC and Red mud. Higher impact strength was observed in Al6061+SiC+Flyash.The wear resistance of the composite Al6061-

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SiC-Flyash is found to higher by maintaining the constant weight percentage of SiC and Fly ash. In Al6061-SiC-Redmud wear resistance increases with increase in SiC weight percentage content C. Karthikkumar[109] developed Metal Matrix Composite of Aluminium alloy is reinforced in conjunction with Boron Carbide of grain size of <10μm and Red Mud of grain size 150μm by using stir casting technique with different proportions of reinforcements. The work revealed that the combination of a matrix material with reinforcement such as B4C and Red mud particles, improves mechanical properties like tensile, compression strength, hardness and yield strength. The microstructure studies also indicated the presence of Aluminium dendrite structure with the fine inter metallic particles of B4C and Red mud reinforced in between interfacial areas of the matrix. In this research work Vikas [110] fabricated Al 6061 composites reinforced with SiC, Fly Ash through stir casting technique by varying proportions of reinforcement. The composite with 10% weight percentage of SiC & 5% of Fly Ash exhibited highest hardness, toughness and tensile strength among other composites. It is found that elongation tend to decrease with increasing particles weight percentage. [111] developed Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite by reinforcing discarded waste particles like wet grinder stone dust particles and waste tonner through two step stir casting method. The results concluded that the composite prepared by reinforcing 5wt % of Wet grinder stone dust particles and 5 wt % of Al2O3 has shown good resistance to the wear rate compared to Al6063 alloy and the composite prepared by reinforcing 5wt % of waste tonner + 5 wt % of Al2O3.

3. CONCLUDING REMARKS: The following conclusions can be made from the present extensive literature survey: • The mechanical properties were reviewed, it is concluded that properties like tensile strength, impact strength, compressive strength and hardness were increased with increase in content of reinforcement. • The physical properties were reviewed. it is concluded that properties like density decreases when composites reinforced with reinforcements like SiC, Agrowaste, nano reinforcements . • The tribological properties were reviewed, it is concluded that the wear resistance increases with increase in content of reinforcement. • Finally there is immense potential, scope and opportunities for research in the field of prediction on tribological and mechanical properties of the Aluminium alloys by reinforcing with different reinforcements.

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