CEU eTD Collection
INTERPRETATION OF A F in Partial Fulfilment oftheRequirements Doctor DegreePhilosophy for the of ROM R OMANIAN M Presented ofthe University totheFaculties Central European ĂMĂLIGĂ TO Supervisor of Dissertation: Constantin IordachiSupervisor Constantin ofDissertation: V ILLAGERS Mircea A DISSERTATION Budapest, Hungary B DIETARYCHANGE READ AS THE History - Lucian Scrob 2015 : in
A
CONSUMER
‘C ORE - CENTERED (1900
’
F OOD OF
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1980)
CEU eTD Collection written and previously materials no and institutions other any in degrees other any for accepted materials no contains dissertation this that declare hereby I instructions may not madebe without the written European permission of Author. the Central in the made copies Further made. copies such any in of part lodged a form must page and This librarian. the from obtained Author be may Details Library. the by given instructions either process, Copyright in the text thisof dissertation rests with the Author. Copies by any /or published by person another unless otherwise noted.
in full or in part, may be made only in accordance with the with accordance in only made be may part, in or full in
accordance with such with accordance
CEU eTD Collection complexity foodconsumers’ flexi ofthepreferences. more a of favor in food ‘core’ novel the for or food ‘core’ established the for either preference general a assume that approaches interpreted fruitfully more be can staples dietary bread to bread of formation the in involved processes competing by overridden the be can that culture food b) a into socialization region, early an the of influence to specific are that practices consumption in developments capt to fail socialism during experiences reevaluating consumers’ for approaches standard the that a) show dissertation my of results The European defined perceptions consumers’ the of reconsideration a later on culture food a into socialization early an the of assessment an first, for, data basic the provides change dietary consumers reevaluating for proposed been have that approaches of range the to theoretically, and, socialism of phase researched t of empirically, understanding contributes, study my topic, its By 1960s. the during bread of consumption predominant a to mămăligă of consumption predominant a from masse toswitchperspectivecompact enof ruralresidentsa ofRomania decision region from the standard a from analyzes study the level, broadest the At diet. population’s traditional a of foods ‘core’ the involved had that change dietary a describes study This - ieadcrety lbltasto fo non from transition global currently and wide mjr change major a
n h lfsye o rrl eiet drn a under an during residents rural of lifestyles the in A food BSTRACT ’
experiences during socialism. I socialism. during experiences prefere
- life food preferences and, secondly, for for secondly, and, preferences food life
ble approach that captures better the the better captures that approach ble
nces
and c) that the change fro change the that c) and ure important ‘unconventional’ ‘unconventional’ important ure - bread to bread dietary staples. dietary bread to bread eoial o te historically the of hedonically by overcoming binary binary overcoming by debated n addition, the addition, n o a better better a o
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- - CEU eTD Collection of my dissertation. section driest the discussion for proposed had having for me forgive will they that hope Professor to regard this Zimmermann in grateful especially am I CEU. from Department participated having of benefits the appreciate to come have I hindsight, of benefit the With disciplines. history have Seminar Research Annual the at research my present to me offered they opportunity The 2013. in visit research a during members own their of one as me F the of to gratitude my extend to like also would the through straightforwardly r my in showed constantly has he interest the for Murgescu Bogdan Professor to grateful Iam appreciated. much are drafts myseveral to comments his and dissertation afinishing research have helped a such been has researchmydi yearsforthe started after having perseverance. Five sac ad o al i avc ad upr ta hv helped have that support and advice his all for and esearch
enab I am grateful to Professor Constantin Iordachi for having accepted to supervise a a supervise to accepted having for Iordachi Constantin Professor to grateful am I and endurance in exercise an is dissertation a on work that opinion the is There OST research group from Vrije University, Brussels for having readily adopted adopted readily having for Brussels University, Vrije from group research OST project with a rather exotic topic. His guidance in the complicated process of of process complicated the in guidance His topic. exotic rather a with project led m led
me
and to and
n exercise n e to reevaluate my theoretical my reevaluate to e shoulder this pleasantthis shoulder ‘burden’.
the at the Third Year PhD Research Seminar organized by the History the by organized Seminar Research PhD Year Third the at participants to the Seminars for their very useful comments and I and comments useful very theirfor Seminars the to participants
for me and, accordingly, I would like to thank the people who people the thank to like would I accordingly, and, me for
ope lnsae f oain cnmc ttsis I statistics. economic Romanian of landscape complex A CKNOWLEDGMENTS Professor Peter Scholliers Peter Professor
position within the food studies and food and studies food the within position
ssertation, I find that itI that find ssertation,
and their comments their and members the to and me
navigate
Susan Susan iv more more
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understand most grateful to Liana for all her patience and and patience her all for Liana to grateful most
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CEU eTD Collection 1980 C I L L T A A NTRODUCTORY NTRODUCTORY IST OF IST OF IST ABLEOF HAPTER CKNOWLEDGMENTS BSTRACT 1.2 Long1.2 Tren Term Long1.1 of Bread theConsumption Trends Term and Mămăligă, in 1900 Introduction Structure ofthe Dissertation Methodology and Sources DefiningTemporal Spatial theAnalysis and Coordinates of the Studies Rev Literature The ‘Core’ MămăligăConceptualizing Bread?: or thedecisional process 1.2.2 The 1957Dietary Methodology,representativeness Study: results and Total Cereal Consumption Macro 1.2.1 1.1.3 The 1938Dietary Methodology,representativeness Study: results and 1.1.2 The 1906Dietary Methodology,r Study: Human Consumption Macro 1.1.1 ...... A Note onSources Methodology Defining Temporal Coordinates the Defining Spatial Coordinates the ofmyContribution Study C the on Literature the of Review and of my theContribution Study on Literature the of Review my Study ReviewLiterature Model ofthe andtheof on theDietary Contribution Conservatism T F IGURES ABLES
1: ...... C
......
ONTENTS L - ONG ONG ‘Fringe’ Pattern‘Fringe’ Dietary for Practices
......
...... C
...... - e ad otiuin o h Fed o Fo Suis n Socialism and Studies Food of Fields the to Contribution and iew - HAPTER Level Estimates of the Contribution of Industrially of Contribution the of Estimates Level
Level Estimates of Quantities of Wheat/Rye Cereals available for for available Cereals Wheat/Rye of Quantities of Estimates Level T ...... ERM
......
...... ds in the Consumption of Bread theConsumption and Mămăligă,ds in 1950
...... T
......
RENDS IN THE IN RENDS ......
......
...... T ABLE OF the ......
...... Transition from Non from Transition
...... onsumers’ Experiences during Socialism and the the and Socialism during Experiences onsumers’ ...... C ...... ONSUMPTION OF ONSUMPTION ...... C ...... ONTENTS ......
epresentativenessresults and ......
...... B - Bread to Bread ‘Core’ Foods Foods ‘Core’ Bread to Bread READ AND AND READ ......
......
...... - Produced Bread to to Bread Produced ...... M ...... ĂMĂLIGĂ ...... - - ...... 1980 1940 ......
...... ,
...... 1900 vi ......
20 19 12 82 77 77 70 62 53 53 51 51 49 46 41 41 37 32 32 28 25
iii xi ix vi iv
2 1 -
CEU eTD Collection ...... C C A C ONVENIENCE HAPTER HAPTER REAS Conclusions producedBaking Services through Cha Dietary the of Explanation Economic an of Limits The 3.4 Incomes3.3 Rising De and 3.2 From Wheat Maizeas to theMain CashCrop and supplies in commercial production, plot Private Food: as Maize of Availability 3.1 Introduction toChapterAnnex 2 Conclusions 2.3 Macro 2.2 DevelopmentsBakingIndustry, the in 1950 1950 Industry, Baking the performance tocapitaland accumulation contribution in Developments 2.1 Introduction Conclusions - 3.3.3 Real Incomes3.3.3 Real Demand andAnimal Products for County 3.3 3.3.1 Developments theNominal in RevenuesRural Residentsfrom of Romania Maize Availability Region Relevant the to Discussion the Extending 3.1.5 3.1.4. Estimates ofMaize Availability Network Centrally 3.1.3...... Production Landholding Private and Plot Private from Maize of Availability 3.1.2. In from Agricultural Cooperatives Maize of Availability 3.1.1. 2.1.2 Developments theCooperative in Sector 2.1.1. Developments t in Methodology, 1960s): vs. (1950s Study Dietary representativenessresults and Retrospective 2013 The 1.2.4 1.2.3 The 1979 k ind remuneration for workind remuneration Cooperatives performed inAgricultural for ...... 2 eeomns n h Nmnl eeus f ua Rsdns rm Arg from Residents Rural of Revenues Nominal the in Developments .2 3: 2:
...... - R T Level Distribution of Industrially of Level Distribution ...... ISING
HE ...... F OODS R ...... - L OF OLE - I 1980 Dietary Study: Methodology, representativeness1980 Dietaryresu Methodology, Study: and Planned Distribution of Maize/Maize Flour thr Flour Maize/Maize of Distribution Planned NCOMES :
......
C
...... ONSUMER ...... B he State mand for Animal Products,mand for Rural andUrban , KRE IN AKERIES
...... D ...... MN FOR EMAND ......
...... -
ETRD DETERMINANT CENTERED
...... - Owned SectorOwned ...... P ...... ROMOTING ROMOTING ...... - A id amns o Wr Promd in Performed Work for Payments Kind - ...... Produced Bread Produced NIMAL - 1980: L 1980:
......
......
...... P B
...... OUT AND RODUCTS ...... READ -
ooking atooking the bread ...... 90 Pouto, economic Production, 1980: ......
and Interpreting the Data on Data the Interpreting and ...... OF S ...... C ...... NUPIN IN ONSUMPTION nge: The Case of bread of Case The nge: ...... H DEAY CHANGE DIETARY THE ough the Commercial Commercial the ough ...... A ......
PEITO OF PPRECIATION ......
......
...... R .... vii ... lts .. URAL .
141 138 128 118 115 103 103 101 101 209 207 198 193 185 181 173 167 165 161 154 149 146 144 144
98 94 86 eș eș
CEU eTD Collection B A A A toChapterAppendix 1 G C M C IBLIOGRAPHY ONTEXT HAPTER PPENDIX TO PPENDIX TO PPENDIX TO PPENDIX ENERAL MLG BT IH THE WITH BUT ĂMĂLIGĂ Conclusions Inductive4.2 Food Analysis of PreferencesTime of theDietary at the Change Change Ev for Models Deductive 4.1 Introduction toChapterAnnex 3 .. Cret rfrne a Idctr o Ps Peeecs Cnrlig o post for Controlling Preferences: dietary food change preferences developmentsin Past of Indicators as Preferences Current 4.2.2 4.2 Interpretation4.2.1.1 Data Collection and interpretation andresults sel The Dishes: Served Six with Commonly Mămăligă or Bread for Preference the on Survey Dietary 2013 The 4.2.1 Mămăligă Disheswith Particular Calorie The 4.1.3 4.1.2 The Model Predictinga Dietary Preference Conservatism for M 4.1.1 The Socio .1.2 Results
...... C
...... 4: ONCLUSIONS
C C C T
......
HAPTER HAPTER HAPTER ...... HE HE
C ...... - MLXT OF OMPLEXITY Cultural ‘Prestige’ Model Predicting aBread for Preference
...... -
...... Based Conditioning Model Predicting a Preference for Bread and and Bread for Preference a Predicting Model Conditioning Based 4 3 2
......
......
A
...... PPROPRIATE PPROPRIATE laig od rfrne a te ie f h Dietary the of Time the at Preferences Food aluating ......
...... F OOD ...... cin f ‘fringe’ of ection ...... ‘F ...... P RINGE
...... REFERENCES ...... ’
D ...... SE AD N THE IN AND ISHES ...... : ......
- ihs dt cleto and collection data dishes, L ...... IKING BOTH BOTH IKING ...... ămăligă ...... A B ...... PPROPRIATE READ AND AND READ ......
......
......
...... viii ......
258 255 255 249 233 220 220 215 215 213 322 300 292 281 277 269 267 265 261
-
CEU eTD Collection Adjusted Results Acc having In and Residents Production Plot Private from Maize Rural of Percentage 4 In 3. Figure and Production Plot Private from Maize Payments Cooperatives byAgricultural of Quantities Sufficient to Access Mountainous and Hilly from Residents Rural of Percentage 3 3. Figure Cooperatives In and Production Plot Private from Maize of Quantities Figure Rural Regions 3.2PercentageResidentsfrom of Plain having ...... havingIn and Production Plot Residents Private from Maize Rural of Percentage 1 3. Figure Total Cereal Needs Kg Bread Consumption evaluated Re at Year) 140 of per Rural per Distribution Bread of Levels 9 2. Figure FigureLevelsBread perResident by 2.8 ofDistribution Rural (Kg) County Year) per Bread of Three (October Quarters Kg 140 at evaluated of Needs (Percentage Consumption County Cereal by Total Resident Rural per Distribution Bread of Levels 7 2. Figure Three (October Quarters (Kg) County by Resident Rural per Distribution Bread of Levels 6 2. Figure FigureLevelsBread 2.5 ofProduction perResident by Rural(Kg) Region, 1959 and ofIndustriallyConsumption Quantities of Bread Produced Rural Populati Rural and Urban of the of Growth Capita of Rhythm 4 2. per Figure Bread Produced Industrially of Quantity Resident (Kg) Residual 3 2. Figure Figurefor EachTypeBread 2.2TotalOutput of Figure intheStructureBread 2.1Changes of Production per kg 162.5 at evaluated Needs Industrially ofYear covered by Distribution Consumption Cereal Total of Percentage 3 1. Figure per kg 162.5 at evaluated Needs Industrially ofYear covered by Distribution Consumption Cereal Total of Available Percentage 2 by 1. Figure covered Needs Consumption Cereal Total Quantities of Percentages 1 1. Figure
of Wheat/RyeCereals
......
......
...... - - June) ofJune) the1975 ofJune) the1975
...... L ...... IST OF ......
...... - - - - 1976 Agricultural Year 1976 Agricultural Year Kind Payments by Agricultural Cooperatives, Agricultural by Payments Kind - - Kind Payments by Agricultural Cooperatives Agricultural by Payments Kind F Produced Bread,1978 Produced Bread,1948 Produced IGURES
...... ces o ufcet uniis of Quantities Sufficient to Access ......
sident by County (Percentage of of (Percentage County by sident
- ...... s t Sfiin Qatte of Quantities Sufficient to ess Kind Payments by Agricultural Agricultural by Payments Kind ......
...... ons, of Urban Levels of of Levels Urban of ons,
-
...... 1975 ...... Access to Sufficient to Access
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...... - Regions having having Regions
...... 1978 -
...... 1978 - -
...... The First First The
...... The First First The
...... - ix Kind
285 284 283 279 278 277 295 294 293 292 291 290 289 288 287 286
CEU eTD Collection ‘Fringe’Six Dishes Calorie the of the Fit of Distribution Hypothesized The 3 4. Figure Dishes the of each with Mămăligăpreferring Respondents of Percentage 2 4. Figure Dishes ‘Fringe’ Six the of each with Mămăligăpreferring Respondents of Percentage 1 4. Figure Figure 3.8RelativeofWheat Prices of Quantities Sufficient to Access having Residents Maize fromby allSources, and County Agricultural Year Rural of Percentage 7 3. Figure State Commercial andLandholding Network Private Production In Residents Production, Plot Private from Maize Rural of Percentage 6 3. Figure the State Commercial Network Acce having In Residents Production, Plot Private from Maize Rural of Percentage 5 3. Figure - -
Only Respondents with High ofYouth with MămăligăOnly Respondents intheir Consumption All Respondents
...... Respondents’ Relative Preferences for Bread or Mămăligă with the the with Mămăligă or Bread for Preferences Relative Respondents’
......
...... - Basedand - - ...... Kind Payments by Agricultural Cooperatives, the the Cooperatives, Agricultural by Payments Kind Kind Payments by Agricultural Cooperatives and and Cooperatives Agricultural by Payments Kind ...... aig ces o ufcet uniis of Quantities Sufficient to Access having Maize ...... - ae Cniinn Mdl o the to Model Conditioning Based - Based Products
...... s o ufcet uniis of Quantities Sufficient to ss ......
......
...... Six ‘Fringe’ Six ......
...... x
301 300 299 298 297 296 302
CEU eTD Collection Commonly Table Unit, 1950 per Production of Capacity Average and Workers Productive Directly of Number Funds, Table have had C P Rural the of Proportion 2 1. Tabel NeedsConsumption Evaluated at 162.5kg. K in Region, Relevant the Table
2. 1 Changes in the Volume of Production, Volume of Investments, V Investments, of Volume Production, of Volume the in Changes 1 2. 1. 1 Average Quantities of Wheat/Rye Cereals Avail Cereals Wheat/Rye of Quantities Average 1 1. . MNmr et fr eaie Prefere Relative for Tests McNemar 1 4. - - Breadonsumed Preponderantly 1975 Served ‘Fringe’ Dishes ‘Fringe’ Served
...... ad n em o ter otiuin o h Ttl Cereal Total the to Contribution their of Terms in and g
L ...... IST OF opul ation from the Relevant Region Considered to Considered Region Relevant the from ation
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...... able to Rural Resident Rural to able a o Mmlg wt Six with Mămăligă or ead ...... alue of Fixed of alue ...... s from s ... xi
303 281 280 280
CEU eTD Collection study, historical the for relevant is change dietary the of analysis my that consider long I Finally, by shaped are that practices food of aspects specific studying information case my that maintain I level, general more a At verified. adequately not but hypothesized culture food a into socialization early an of influences the concerning researchers food by entertained case my that argue I particular, In the of understanding case European I sense, this In studies. for relevance has change dietary this of analysis comprehensive a that show to hope I but anthropologists and historians re to exotic appear may dissertation aof topic central the choicefora Such change. the actualized have who consumersby the perceived been have may it how and it to attached meanings the it, promoted have which maize - - study analysis illustrates the benefits of combining historical data and sources of of sources and data historical combining of benefits the illustrates analysis study better a to contributes bread to mămăligă from transition the of analysis study - ae pout mr gnrly o d a to generally more products based is, f h slce rgo fo Rmna eas i dsrbs n important an describes it because Romania from region selected the of first, hs israin icse te hne rm de cnee o mmlg and mămăligă on centered diet a from change the discusses dissertation This - wide and currently global transition from non from transition global currently and wide
with the standard methods of analysis from consumer behavior science for science behavior consumer from analysis of methods standard the with n later on processes of dietary changes and of formation of food preferences. food of formation of and changes dietary of processes - life food preferences, influences which have been frequently frequently been have which influences preferences, food life ru ta bsds t vle s n cs o te historically the of case one as value its besides that argue I NTRODUCTORY various disciplines beyond the ‘ the beyond disciplines various aders from outside a outside from aders - study analysis clarifies some of the assumptions assumptions the of some clarifies analysis study e cnee o wetn ra: h factors the bread: wheaten on centered iet C HAPTER - small bread starchy staples to bread, a bread, to staples starchy bread
but thriving group of food of group thriving but softer’ branch of food food of branch softer’ - em influences. term 1
CEU eTD Collection Perspective in Europe,” Modern in Foodways Past on Scho Research House: Peter the in see Rooms practices food of study the to research multidisciplinary of contribution Anthropology Christi and Mintz W. Sidney in Diet,” on Perspectives “Anthropological Messer, Ellen in changes dietary and practices food of topics the on 1982 to works major the of review a following Messer Ellen by compiled been had that factors of list the see Acceptab changes, dietary in involved influences of diversity the confirming anthropology from contributions Food of Interpretation Behavior an Cultural 1 2006), Publishing, Social, CABI (Wallingford: Biological, of Integration “The in Choice,” Food Rozin, on Influences Paul and Course,” Life the Preference Determin the in “Diversity Köster, foods, of 1 qualities sensory intrinsic and perceived subjectively the by interaction the by shaped are configurations or Bread?: Mămăligă theprocessConceptualizing decisional andinvolved inthe dietary bread, twofoods change. the read the familiarize to foremost, and first and, data the of analysis the in applied methods the arguments, my support which sources the present to issues, these all to contribution dissertation’s my detail in discuss to chapter present the of task the economic relative of It consumers. of group large a to salient nonetheless were which but underdevelopment stage a to and region the to particular were bread, consume to ap normative customary the than socialism during experiences consumers’ of accounts valid more produce to expected is approach anthropological an of application The socialism. ad East wider the of secondly, and, socialism under residents rural of lives the in development
Tanis Furst et al., “Food Choice: A Conceptual Model of the Process,” Process,” the of Model Conceptual A Choice: “Food al., et Furst Tanis proaches by picking up a set of needs which, like the Romanian rural residents’ desire residents’ rural Romanian the like which, needs of set a up picking by proaches during experiences consumers’ reevaluating in approach anthropological an opting - European region because it underlines the benefits of, and it provides a model for, model a provides it and of, benefits the underlines it because region European osset ih h gnrl osnu aog od eerhr ta dietary that researchers food among consensus general the with Consistent Annual Review of Anthropology of Review Annual
, ed. Kyri W. Claflin and Peter Scholliers (London: Berg, 2012), 59 2012), Berg, Scholliers(London: Claflin Peter and Kyri W. ed. , 20 (2009): 70 (2009): 20
1 20) 99 (2002): 31 - 82, Jeffery Sobal et al., “A Conceptual Model of the Food Choice Process over over Process Choice Food the of Model Conceptual “A al., et Sobal Jeffery 82,
- 119. For a food historian’s review of the current state and potential potential and state current the of review historian’s food a For 119. ne M. Du Bois, “The Anthropology of Food and Eating,” Eating,” and Food of Anthropology “The Bois, Du M. ne The Psychology of Food Choice Food of Psychology The ants of Food Choice: A Psychological Perspective,” Perspective,” Psychological A Choice: Food of ants
-
18 and 19 and 18 13 (1984): 205 (1984): 13 ility,” - od ult ad Preferences and Quality Food 40 and Jean A. McEwan and David M. Thompson, “A “A Thompson, M. David and McEwan A. Jean and 40 of economic, cultural and social factors and and factors social and cultural economic, of - 249 as well as the subsequent review of the field field the of review subsequent the as well as 249 , ed. Richard Shepherd and Raats, Monique Monique Raats, and Shepherd Richard ed. ,
Appetite Writing Food History: A Global Global A History: Food Writing - 71.
26 (1996): 247 (1996): 26
er with mămăligă with er (98: 3 (1988): 1
Food Quality and Quality Food lliers, “The Many Many “The lliers, Annual Review of of Review Annual d Psychological Psychological d
published up published 1
- 266, E. P. E. 266, I have have I - . For 9.
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CEU eTD Collection 105. 2000), Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: ConeeOrnelas 2 flour maize which to water the boiling for pot a source, heating reliable a to access have porridge. boiling by prepared commonly most been has it bread, leavened changeas earlyanalysis as inthe possible. t of view selectedbeenin has rather but change dietary the to contribution their of terms in factors of arrangement hierarchical a imply to intended been not has that order particular a in below paragraphs analysi my underlying assumptions the of some clarifying by and excluded been have others while model explanatory the in included been have factors certain why explaining by factors, these general in describing se current the and from bread to change mămăligă to residents rural persuaded had factors these involving developments detailhistorical discussin how will eachchaptersempirical of The food. consumption the s the and products final the of composition culturally nutritional the and appearance into physical properties, them textural distinct preparing the dishes, of appropriate methods different the by required time and of opportunity comparative the maize or wheat by,consuming decisions their in influenced were or account, into take to had mămăligă or bread consuming of decision the pondered who residents factor of mix a of influences the reflecting process multidimensional a as bread to mămăligă from change dietary the conceptualized
Ellen Messer, “Maize,” in in “Maize,” Messer, Ellen Because maize lacks gluten and, therefore, it is unsuitable for the preparation of preparation the for unsuitable is it therefore, and, gluten lacks maize Because 2
For this purpose, the person responsible with preparing mămăligă needed to needed mămăligă preparing with responsible person the purpose, this For The Cambridge World History History World Cambridge The
he advantage of describing the two foods involved in the dietarythe in involved foods two the advantagedescribing heof -
the primary ingre primary the
. h dsuso o ec fco poed i the in proceeds factor each of discussion The s. to i itne t spot y icsin by discussion my support to intended is ction ocio
. pcfcly I ae osdrd ht rural that considered have I Specifically, s. - dients of bread and mămăligă mămăligă and bread of dients cultural norms and values associated with associated values and norms cultural of Food of , ed. Kenneth F. Kiple and Kriemhild Kriemhild and Kiple F. Kenneth ed. ,
t for no thick a into flour its - , the labor labor the , 3
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in some regions even accompanying mămăligă in mămăligă accompanying even regions some in
o consume to gh a number of respondents to my to respondents of number a gh
ăăiă hl cl wt certain with cold while mămăligă t t cnupin a declined had consumption its at - ae ăăiă was mămăligă made top. The rural residents residents rural The top.
was turned over a over turned was since mămăligă since h tm o the of time the rcumstances rcumstances not very very not
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eea ssin bfr ec ma epcal drn te ihl scheduled tightly the during especially meal each before sessions several
, the preparation of bread involved work of higher intensity and and intensity higher of work involved bread of preparation the , fficient to last a number of days as bread was usually consumed while consumed usually was bread as days of number a last to fficient
which were heated over an open fire and then used to transfer to used then and fire open an over heated were which done using a heat source that generated and maintained a maintained and generated that source heat a using done re aerated and elastic and a more or less thin thin less or more a and elastic and aerated re
leavening catalysts before baking it in the the in it baking before catalysts leavening - off preparation of an equivalent equivalent an of preparation off -
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CEU eTD Collection in and Country Seasons] Different the of Regions Different in Diet and Footwear, and Clothing Houses, Their Hygiene. and Dif în și Țerii ale Regiuni Diferitele în Alimentațiunea the 3 of from resulted exception density notable nutrient the in with difference respect a Nevertheless, this niacin/tryptophan. in slightly only differed foods, two princip the flour, wheat and flour maize that fact the despite weight of unit per content micronutrient and macronutrient of terms in significantly differed sponge its and bread with case the is as coat foods these that result the with bread to semi and liquid with differently blended consiste thick a to boiled properties, elastic properties, textural of had and compact was which bread terms to compared crumbling to prone In more was mămăligă grain. from rates extraction different having flour w of use the from resulted which bread, of colors white and brown, black, the tocompared varieties, yellow maize predominantlycultivating of practice residents’ rural the of result the color, yellowish a typically had mămăligă appearance, visual of terms in Specifically, composition. nutritional and properties textural appearance, physical of terms in significantly differed foods two the bread, and mămăligă acquire to order made from the outside household. fun the acquired bread that result the with production bread of industrialization the facilitated season. harvest
Gheorghe Crăiniceanu, Crăiniceanu, Gheorghe ction of convenience food since consumers had the possibility of purchasing it ready it purchasing of possibility the had consumers since food convenience of ction In addition to these differences in the immediate tasks needed to be performed in performed be to needed tasks immediate the in differences these to addition In 3
(Bucharest: Lito (Bucharest:
oe motnl fr y ae td, ehooia dvlpet had developments technological study, case my for importantly More
it had had it gea eauu Român. Țeranului Igiena
dfeet otfe ad dsic fao. Moreover, flavor. distinct a and mouthfeel different a c bt oehls retaining nonetheless but ncy -
Tipografia Carol Göbl, 1895), 234. 1895), Göbl, Carol Tipografia
- liquid foods by being less permeable compared permeable less being by foods liquid - like properties. Finally, bread and mămăligă mămăligă and bread Finally, properties. like ed eritele Timpuri ale Anului [The Romanian Peasants Peasants Romanian [The Anului ale Timpuri eritele
mămăligă rather than being a being than rather mămăligă
Locuința, Încălțămintea și Îmbrăcămintea. Îmbrăcămintea. și Încălțămintea Locuința, high water content, mămăligă mămăligă content, water high
al ingredients of the of ingredients al bsorbed by it it by bsorbed heat/rye
being 6 -
CEU eTD Collection Nutrition Ni of 335 (1949): disease,” deficiency A “Pellagra: Elvehjem, A. 6 period. socialist bakingthe during to units applicable Moldavian 5 the Pellagrins],” of of Diets Diets Hygiene] the the of on Study Observations the with to Peasant, [Contributions pelagroșilor regimului asupra observațiuni 4 pe of form the under consequences important more biologically historically it had has makes organism human which the to form unavailable bounded chemically a in niacin of presence the the through preferences processenergy of relative consumers’ the influenced had have is content to caloric considered its to food a of intake their imperfectly adjust consumers that and per calories more 40% provided bread that fact the argume the for Significant literature). the of discussion nutritiona its by than rather food a of weight the by more regulated are satiation and/or appetite person’s a that showing consider intake nutrient total consumers’ the influenced bread. of mămăligă data yielded produce has to used was practices flour maize of cookingkilogram 1 that indicating residents’ rural the on literature the of review nutrientsapartbut not afew product. from sense, thefinal inthis Suggestive a mineralsto wh mămăligă, of preparation the in water more considerably of addition
On pellagra as a deficiency disease caused by insufficient insufficient by caused disease deficiency a as pellagra On Calculated based on the consumption norm of 720 gr. of wheat flour for every 1 kilogram of bread bread of kilogram 1 every for flour wheat of gr. 720 of norm consumption the on based Calculated Moise Enescu and A. Radenschi, Radenschi, A. and Enescu Moise acin Requirement in Man. II. Requirement on Wheat and Corn Diets Low in Tryptophan,” Tryptophan,” in Low Diets Corn and Wheat on Requirement II. Man. in Requirement acin Lastly, the Lastly,
56 (1955): 381 (1955): 56 10 (1937): 457. (1937): 10 5 4 -
339. On the relationship between maize and pellagra, see Grace A. Goldsmith et al., “Studies “Studies al., et Goldsmith A. Grace see pellagra, and maize between relationship the On 339.
The resulting differences in nutrient content per ingested quantity may have have may quantity ingested per content nutrient in differences resulting The while 1 kilogram of wheat flour was used to produce at least 1.40 kilograms 1.40 least at produce to used was flour wheat of kilogram 1 while -
based conditioning.based low content of tryptophan, a precursor of niacin, in maize and possiblyand maize in niacin, of precursor a tryptophan, of content low - llagra, a nutritional disease caused by a deficient intake of niacin. of intake deficient a by caused disease nutritional a llagra,
385.
“Contribuțiuni la studiul alimentației țăranului moldovean, cu cu moldovean, țăranului alimentației studiul la “Contribuțiuni /aoi cnet Se hpe 4 Chapter (See content l/caloric
rceig o te mrcn hlspia Society Philosophical American the of Proceedings
eit d Iin Scaă Rve o [Review Socială Igienă de Revista levels of niacin and/or tryptophan see Conrad Conrad see tryptophan and/or niacin of levels
unit of weight compared to mămăligă to compared weight of unit nts presented in this dissertation, this in presented nts n te xesv evidence extensive the ing at least 2.2 kilograms of of kilograms 2.2 least at Scin fr a for 3 Section , ich adds weight adds ich Journal of Journal f Social Social f 6
93 In 7
CEU eTD Collection Rozin Paul see ‘hungers’ specific thiamine and sodium documenting animals on experiments laboratory adaptive the emphasizes which val it for interpretation different a proposed have practice the discussed have who authors the that and form bounded its from niacin the release to sufficient water in flour maize boiling au some that organism, human the to unavailable form a in maize in had present is niacin that niacin claim the disputed have established authors some that unbounded considering remained defend to difficult had is however, of it that presence and the maize soaked because wi from habituation to due afterwards made established tortilla the originally for become preference a had conditioned it practi that nixtamalization the be of would trajectory the the of to interpretation available An niacin bounded body. chemically human the make may (nixtamalization) it milling before water lime for miss preference the a containing foods display the minerals certain of deprived subjects test animal that showing evidence together 8 Inte Spitalul Boli (Ploiești: 7 specific a niacin. missing the of for ‘hunger’ because or disease the against measure prophylactic a as consumption residents rural that unlikely find I because and disease the with concerns by way any in motivated been have to appear not does consumption bread promoting in interest regime’s socialist the because dissertation my in problem pellagra to not decided have I aspects, these beyond dietary Nevertheless, practices. established of rigidity the to testifies disease the eradicating in successful be would mămăligă for bread of substitution the that consensus medical the on based policy p rural a effectively the implement of to section inability authorities’ large state a the of while population diets the of quality nutritional low the of indicator century. 20 the of half first duringthe in Romania problemspublichealth serious most the of one pellagra made had manifestations pathological its of severity the with together provinces o incidence high persistent the and pellagra from suffered had have to estimated been had Romania) of population entire the of 1% (roughly persons 200000 as many as example, for 1937
The idea that a specific ‘hunger’ for the missing niacin may have promoted bread consumption meshes meshes consumption bread promoted have may niacin missing the for ‘hunger’ specific a that idea The o Cada ad . ri Ionescu, Gruia N. and Claudian Ion ue of consuming soaked maize for communities that already preferred the resulting tortilla. On On tortilla. resulting the preferred already that communities for maize soaked consuming of ue 7
Given the nature of the disease, the extent of pellagra in this period is a good a is period this in pellagra of extent the disease, the of nature the Given te ies epcal aog h rrl ouain rm h ms affected most the from population rural the among especially disease the f rne, 1944), 41 1944), rne,
ing nutrient and that the complex preparation technique of soaking maize in in maize soaking of technique preparation complex the that and nutrient ing th the particular textural properties of such tortillas. Such an interpretation, interpretation, an Such tortillas. such of properties textural particular the th
8
Furthermore, it cannot even be confidently argued than argued confidently be even cannot it Furthermore, ear: aooi, Sociologie Patologie, Pelagra: - 42.
thors consider the simple practice of of practice simple the consider thors
Plar: ahlg, Sociology] Pathology, [Pellagra: a icesd hi bread their increased had ce based on this evidence evidence this on based ce
discuss further the further discuss revention revention th 8
CEU eTD Collection 133 1987), Press, University Temple Ross (Philadelphia: B. Eric and Marvin Harris the Co and value nutritional 59 1998), Danone, Institut (Bruxelles: enhanced “Huma in between Experience,” Rozin, Individual and Paul relationship Culture Biology, see the techniques preparation of of perspective establishment evolutionary an from Alkali Traditional World. Process New the in Techniques Processing Maize “Traditional al., et Katz H. Solomon 17 1998), Danone, Institut in Selection,” “Food Schulkin, Jay and and cereal one of more sell could who residents rural of majority the unlike instance, For adequately reflect marketprincipalnetwork. the outside marginsor the atlocated residents ruralavailable to not do they that outset the from mentioned be to has it but distribution and production agricultural of systems different very across residents maize consuming financial relative the of indicator reliable and efficient an are The prices mămăligă. market and bread of ingredients primary the to the applicable for costs indicator opportunity principal the as flour maize/maize for prices market the to relative wheat/wheat for prices market the used have I practices, dietary residents’ rural the of substratum economic the of discussion my In of cereal. other the benefits or one consuming and costs relative the to process decisional their in sensitive particularly been had residents rural that expectation the supports production their for expended labor physical the of and value monetary of terms in both measured bread and mămăligă for previously unavailablePellagra the of administration the and diets residents’ rural the in improvement general a as such factors other since 1960s the with beginning pellagra of incidence the in decline general bee has areas rural in bread of availability increased the - Evolution of G of Evolution ing Enhances the Nutritional Quality of Maize,” Maize,” of Quality Nutritional the Enhances ing The primary importance of maize flour and wheat/rye flour among the ingredients ingredients the among flour wheat/rye and flour maize of importance primaryThe enes and Culture,” in Culture,” and enes - ae o wheat or based - 6 O te fet o tetn mie ih lai n t ntiinl au see value nutritional its on alkali with maize treating of effects the On 56.
- - Preventive 88 and Solomon H. Katz, “Fava Bean Consumption: A Case for the the for Case A Consumption: Bean “Fava Katz, H. Solomon and 88 Towards a Psychology o Psychology a Towards Food and Evolution. Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits Food Human of Theory a Toward Evolution. and Food - based products in the case of the majority of rural rural of majority the of case the in products based Towards a Psychology of Food Choice Food of Psychology a Towards vitamin are better candidates in this regard. are this candidates better vitamin in Science
184 (1974): 765 (1974): 184 f Food Choice Food f Fo Slcin Te neato of Interaction The Selection: Food n n indirectly responsible for the the for responsible indirectly n , ed. Paul Rozin (Bruxelles: (Bruxelles: Rozin Paul ed. , - 773. On the interpretation interpretation the On 773. - 159.
, ed. Paul Rozin Rozin Paul ed. , the options options the
ot of costs
flour flour , ed. ,
9
CEU eTD Collection of on bread on spent o range limited a otherwise purchasing money the use and mămăligă consume to or supplies purchase to quantiti sufficient to access con to but choice no on had therefore and centered mămăligă diet a support to maize of quantities sufficient to access having stopped Co Agricultural into processes distribution and production agricultural the of concentration the and market free the on imposed restrictions severe the bread, of form the under primarily network commercial 19 the with beginning scale, larger a On agriculture. smallhold in engaged households in available often labor of application the to sensitive more was output its that and regions parti in and generally requirements seed per yields higher gave maize that wheat/rye or maize cultivate to implication, by and, consume to decision their in account into take to had residents rural these barriers, technological and l the from separated Effectively supplies. wheat for of production maize expenses their exchange to additional wanted they the if region their incur of out to and in had cereals transporting land agricultural of plots small their on o from cultivated usually residentswho regions mountainous rural and hilly certain differential, price existing the of view in market the available on equally cereals other the or one of quantities more acquire could which or cereals o their from consumption personal for other the of more keep
60s, given the central planners’ central the given 60s, this succinct discussion is that no single indicator can represent adequately for all rural all for adequately represent can indicator single no that is discussion succinct this cereal products under the form of form the under products cereal es of maize had to choose between a different set of options: options: of set different a between choose to had maize of es f other goods available on the state market state the on available goods other f operatives and State Enterprises, part of rural residents residents rural of part Enterprises, State and operatives
decis ion to distribute cereal products on the socialist the on products cereal distribute to ion bread and thus augment their grain fodder grain their augment thus and bread sume bread. Moreover, those who those Moreover, bread. sume cular in geographically less favorable favorable less geographically in cular arger market by physical by market arger nly maize among cereals among maize nly n rdcin f both of production wn . The implication implication The
had 10
CEU eTD Collection and requirements technological and labor time, different their of view in food other the or one preparing of opportunity the also but dishes, side accompanying the on dependent mămăligă, or bread for participants influe preferences meal the of preferences the just not consider to had meal the preparing with responsible person the Specifically, meals. at consumed mămăligă breador consume to choice the that illustrate to sufficient is change dietarythe to relation cultural prescriptions the throughout dishes period studied side certain for accompaniment appropriate the as socio mămăligă Conversely, mămăligă. than desirable and valued cons rural to conveying by generally more but settings specific these in only not consumption influenced had argue I norms which children, for treat special a as and sick the for food comfort a as status, social ritual, at serving appropriate the as bread recognized had change dietary the before residents rural sense, this In food. other the or one consuming for dishes side specific or event context, rich social appropriate/inappropriate with mămăligă and bread of consumption regional and, mămăligă or bread consuming of cost opportunity the period studied entire the during residents This concise presentation of the factors that I will discuss in my dissertation in dissertation my in discuss will I that factors the of presentation concise This socio Finally, - specific indicators in addition to thegeneral inaddition to specific indicators market prices.
had numerous ramifications beyond the mere problem of what food was was food what of problem mere the beyond ramifications numerous had and the available evidence sug evidence available the and n iw f hs hrcmn, hv ue i m aayi period analysis my in used have I shortcoming, this of view in cd y socio by nced .
- utrl om ad rcie eitd hc ivse the invested which existed practices and norms cultural - cultural information and physiological processes and and processes physiological and information cultural umers the information that bread is socially more more socially is bread that information the umers
festive and workplace meals, as a marker of of marker a as meals, workplace and festive gests that rural residents had observed such such observed had residents rural that gests
meanings and which defined the the defined which and meanings - cultural norms prescribed prescribed norms cultural
-
and and 11
CEU eTD Collection ‘Core The Schlettwein Daniela and Mintz W. Sidney 11, 1991), Books, 9 pattern. m of History Modern in ‘Core’The of opportunity the consider actively consum to compelled been had residents rural argue, I that, extent an such to contexts cultural and economic specific by magnified been had changes dietary from it distinguished involv which household rural the for implications o foods ‘core’ the involved had change i such may they since change dietary the into significance or thought assumed automatically be cannot it mămăligă, involved. factors the of one Nevert each of relevance relative the augment or diminish to potentialthe hadsincedevelopments historical contexts cultural and successiveeconomic benefits of mix evolving historically the evaluate to the had process decisional the broadly, managing person More revenue. household’s the on claims competing given flour maize desirabi the
Sidney W. Mintz, Mintz, W. Sidney s pre ost n ls cnrl od opnns Mroe, h rlvne f hs implications these of relevance the Moreover, components. food central less ing dietary the because that show to section next the of task the is It mplications. ees dsie h mlil implications multiple the despite heless,
9 ing ‘core’ thefood. oneother or
In the introductory chapter to his studyhis to Inchapterintroductory the
- and costs associated with consuming preponderantly bread or mămăligă within within mămăligă or bread preponderantly consuming with associated costs and According to the author, the dietary configurations of these populations involved populations configurations dietary ofthese author, the According the to Fringe lity of foregoing larger or smaller parts of income for acquiring wheat/rye or or wheat/rye acquiring for income of parts smaller or larger foregoing of lity - ‘Fringe’ Pattern for Dietary Practices ‘Fringe’ forDietary Pattern - oen eetr ppltos olwd wl dfnd ‘core’ defined well a followed populations sedentary modern - Legume’ Hypothesis. A Dialogue,” Dialogue,” A Hypothesis. Legume’ wens ad oe. h Pae f ua i Mdr History Modern in Sugar of Place The Power. and Sweetness ,
Sidney Mintz has made the argument that the dietary configurations dietary the that argument the made has Mintz Sidney
f the dietary configuration, it it configuration, dietary the f Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies Food Critical of Journal The Gastronomica: Sweetness and Power. The Place of Sugar of Sugar Place The Power. and Sweetness
ht ua rsdns a ivse much invested had residents rural that f osmn peodrnl bed or bread preponderantly consuming of - Gsell, “Food Patterns in Agrarian Societies: Societies: Agrarian in Patterns “Food Gsell,
not
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found relevant found rk: Penguin Penguin rk: - ‘fringe’ ‘fringe’ 12
CEU eTD Collection 12 11 10 Diet,” 40 (2001): 1 that notions health to subscribe which and products vegetable fiber high or products energy of quantities considerable consume to afford can which regions groupstypical fromrestricted‘core’ foods largely tosocial is of quantities no or small with dishes ‘fringe’ typical consuming of practice the while them accompany to else anything without exceptionally only consumed historically been well physiological for essential micronutrients the supplied and food facilitated ‘core’ of quantities that large the of texture ingestion and flavor the added component ‘fringe’ the while tasks the performing for required calories the and hunger satisfy to needed food the of inter functionally a formed food. ‘core’ the in amounts insuffici wereonlyin presentthat or absent importantnutrients supplied and quantities smaller relatively in consumed was forms, various under presented was it since meal which needed the of parts significant and macronutrients. calories required the of most provided it and together taken meal a of othe components other any the all than than cases, some quantities in and, greater component in consumed was it since meal the of component principal the representedevery almost meal, at form unmodified largely in consumedwas it since diet a in stability of element the formed which (starch), carbohydrates complex in rich tubers or grains of product processed the commonly food, ‘core’ recognizable a
Ibid. 11 Ibid., Mintz, SidneyW. India International CentreQuarterly International India
typically sampled a wide variety of food sources, added welcomed diversity to the the to diversity welcomed added sources, food of variety wide a sampled typically - 13. - 2 n Sde Mnz n Sha and Mintz Sidney and 52
10 Sweetness and Power. and Sweetness
- y oprsn te fig’ opnn o deay configurations, dietary of component ‘fringe’ the comparison, By being.
12
- Indicative of this functional relationship, the relationship, functional this of Indicative dependent pair with the ‘core’ component providing the bulk the providing component ‘core’ the with pair dependent 11
ihn ah el te cr’ n ‘rne components ‘fringe’ and ‘core’ the meal, each Within
9
12 (1985): 193 (1985): 12 - rda Nayak, “The Anthropology of Food: Core and Fringe in in Fringe and Core Food: of Anthropology “The Nayak, rda 11.
- 204. 204.
the economicallythe developed
‘core’ foods had foods ‘core’
- es animal dense daily ent 13 r
CEU eTD Collection 14 1 2006), 13 County, Roman from families) (4 flour consumers 32 for mămăligă) of kg 1.5 cereal to (equivalent for levels consumption daily average work intensity resid rural of practices consumption the on data collected carefully on based reports several instance, For meal. the of components other to compared weight relative and weight absolute both of terms q in meals individual at consumed period been had foods studied three the foremost, the and First during above. presented criteria diets the to according residents’ rural the in foods ‘core’ secondary and the majority another number food ofmealsand ‘core’ ofmeals. at alimited at food ‘core’ one use frequently who consumers of practices dietary the better reflect to oflon level of consumption at the two the frequencythe differencesin mealthe individual and the of level the at categoriesfoods of of interchangeability functional the underline to intended is distinction The c are but meals individual at foods ‘core’ of of frequency functions the all perform which foods those covers high category latter the while consumption a distinctively, including, above described characteristics the all Mintz foods ‘core’ principal of subcategories the into foods ‘core’ of category the further differentiate to appropriate considered have foods. ‘core’ typical of consumption the proscribe
Moise Enescu and A Radenschi, “Contribuțiuni la studiul alimentației țăranului,” 457. țăranului,” studiul alimentației la “Contribuțiuni ARadenschi, and Enescu Moise Michael Pollan, Pollan, Michael - - Bread, mămăligă and, in some c some in and,Bread,mămăligă
3. and of secondary ‘core’ foods. The former ca former The foods. ‘core’ secondary of and
h Onvr’ Dlma A aua Hsoy f F of History Natural A Dilemma: Omnivore’s The ents during the 1930s had indicated for adults performing medium medium performing adults for indicated had 1930s the during ents
g uantities consistent with the function of ‘core’ food in food ‘core’ of function the with consistent uantities - term dietary configurations and it has been introduced introduced been dietaryconfigurations andhas it term ases, turtă had performed the function of principal principal of function the performed had turtăases, -
h tp o ‘oe fos icse b Sidney by discussed foods ‘core’ of type the onsumed only occasionally during the year. the during occasionally only onsumed 13
tegory covers those foods that meet meet that foods those covers tegory For the p the For our Meals Meals our urposes of my analysis, I analysis, my of urposes
(New York: Penguin, Penguin, York: (New ewe 60 gr. 650 between
14 14
CEU eTD Collection 16 Co the and Individual 15 rural the by confirmed interdependence perceived a dishes, side with combination always almost but alone consumed rarely been had products cereal three the pairs, amountingentire to40%of the foodweight. intake by cereal of gr. 360 bread of gr. 500 roughly to (equivalent day males consumingper products still adult intensity with physical moderate important of remained work performing nevertheless had it but labor, agricultural a of because partly and foods ‘fringe’ based animal of intake the in increase steady a of because partly levels modest more comparatively to decreased had foods cereal of consumption the 1970s, the and 1960s the During fruits. had cereals 1960s take meal a the of components other to all outweighed regularly up that fact the by visible more rendered position a diets, residents’ rural the within products cereal of importance central the affirm convincingly kc 1900 and kcal 1550 kcal, 2100 of loads impressive supply to region. studied the villagesfrom many for representative profile geographic a had which village a adul Transylvania, village, 131 for Benetato by reported and gr. limit 560 upper the the than less to not closer certainly been have may region studied the in products cereal of consumption the Romania, Interwar of regions richest the of one in and poorest the Crișana. County, Oradea Ineuvillage, from consumers 44 forbread) of gr. 770 to (equivalent gr. 465 and Moldova
Ibid. Grigore Benetato, Benetato, Grigore
Secondly, consistent with the functional relationship described for ‘core’ for described relationship functional the with consistent Secondly, Problema Alimentației pentru Individ și Colectivitate [The Nutrition Problem for the the for Problem Nutrition [The Colectivitate și Individ pentru Alimentației Problema mmunity] 15
(Cluj: Tipografia Cartea Românească, 1939), 185. 1939), Românească, Cartea (Cluj: Tipografia Anchored between the consumption levels consumption the between Anchored
16
Such consumption levels for cereal products, sufficient products, cerealfor levels consumption Such
decrease in the physical intensity of of intensity physical the in decrease
) as late as 1979 as late as ) n together excluding milk and and milk excluding together n al respectively per day, per respectively al
observed in one of one in observed - 1980, a quantity a 1980, ts from Măguri Măguri from ts - ‘fringe’ 15 in in
CEU eTD Collection Present] the to up Times Earliest prezent în șipână timpuri vechi 17 of a within frequency functions important shared the which foods of in consumption modification a essentially involved had change dietary the that information the efficiently more convey to intended is redefinition a Such food. ‘core’ t food ‘core’ secondary a of position the from evolved had bread how of problem the as breadmămăligăfromto change dietary the of problem reframethe region. villages4 from residents rural 940 Spring)for in week one and Autumn in week (one weeks two of period observation an during recorded mămăligă of everypart to bread of parts 10 of ratio consumption a by indicated as food) ‘core’ (secondary meals maize of consumption principal the while the food ‘core’ as established firmly was bread latest, the at 1975 by However, meals. m workplace and all public of ritual, festive, 25% included typically at which food) most ‘core’ (secondary at average, on consumed, By 1957. been in had meals bread all comparison, of 75% at least at average, on dishes, ‘fringe’ accompanied had it example, for as, region studied the from residents rural the of diets the in 1960s foo ‘core’ principal the been had mămăligă precisely, More year. the during meals of majority the at foods ‘fringe’ accompanied had turtă or mămăligă bread, either meals, across stability of element the represent components ‘core’ that understanding wi consistent Finally, alone. foods ‘core’ the to than rather dishes side specific to reference in mămăligă or bread for preferences their expressing of practice residents’
Data summarized in Iulian Mincu, Mincu, Iulian in summarized Data 17 n iw f hs deay rcie ivlig eel rdcs I ae pe to opted have I products, cereal involving practices dietary these of view In
[The Human [The (Bucharest: Editura Medicală, 1993), 287 1993), Medicală, (Bucharest:Editura
Impactul Om Impactul - Nutrition Relationship: A History of Roman of History A Relationship: Nutrition - Alimentație: Istoria alimentației la români din cele mai cele din români la alimentației Istoria Alimentație: - based products was restricted to occ to restricted was products based - 297.
meal and which had a had which and meal ta o a principal a of that o from the relevant the from ian Diets from the the Diets from ian d up to the the to up d asional h the th eals 16
CEU eTD Collection 20 Chapter. this ‘core’ novel a to switched having despite foods ‘core’ established their term the of sense hedonic the in prefer to continued have that communities of in Change, Pyrenes,” and Continuity Eastern 2: Vol. Valley, Taste Cerdanya 39 the in Preferences 1999), Food and Publishers, “Nationality Academic Harwood (Amsterdam: Habits Food Changing 19 18 of eaters into people Russian the bread, black of eaters into people Mexican the turning imagine nonetheless must one transformed, be to societies of and change, to beings human of capacity remarkable the ‘[despite] that proposal Sidney Mintz’s legitimizes therefore, evidence, available and The demanding. ethnographic prohibitively crop in documented extensively communities, subsistence of studies anthropological relationship a life, consumer’s preparation and cultivation for requirements technical and staple the between connections multiple the that argues ecological preference. a such assuming for i support theoretical extensive is principalthere and food ‘core’ established the for preference strong consumers’ the confirm communities habits. dietary and economic while available possibilities food the limit ‘core’ constraints ecological principal the of features symbolic and cognitive sensorial, the for preferences strong form consumers that fact the to due is rigidity This config component ‘core’ that given communities participant the on pressure significant of result the are they that argued has Mintz Sidney dietary changes, of types such Concerning configuration. dietary larger the in position central
Eric R. Wolf, R.Wolf, Eric SidneyMintz, Gerd Spittler, “In Praise of the Simple Meal: African and European Food Culture Compared,” in in Compared,” Culture Food European and African Meal: Simple the of Praise “In Spittler, Gerd -
cnmc xlnto fr h saiiy f cr’ opnn configurations component ‘core’ of stability the for explanation economic Peasants Sweetness and Power and Sweetness 18
In this regard, anthropological studies of traditional and modern modern and traditional of studies anthropological regard, this In Cs Suis rm fia Suh mrc ad Europe and America South Africa, from Studies Case :
(Englewood Cliffs: Prentice (Englewood
, 13. , ed. Hellen Macbeth Hellen ed. 19
food, see the Section on the Dietary Conservatism Model from from Model Conservatism Dietary the on Section the see food,
lentvl ad oeie i cmiain the combination, in sometimes and Alternatively - Hall, 1966). Hall,
(Oxford: Berghahn, 1997), 139 1997), Berghahn, (Oxford: - 40 and Hellen Macbeth and Alex Green, Green, Alex and Macbeth Hellen and 40 20
made the a the made n the consumer behavior literature behavior consumer the n to consumers for modifying their their modifying for consumers to
crop crop urations are commonly rigid. commonly are urations
- what would be involved in involved be would what -
and every sphere of the the of sphere every and its growth rhythm, labor rhythm, growth its doption of a new staple new a of doption Food Preferences Preferences Food , ed. Carola Lentz Lentz Carola ed. , -
155. For cases cases For 155. and 17
CEU eTD Collection 21 ‘core’ certain for preferences hedonic their of view in food ‘core’ other the or one preponderantly consuming of prospect the to, reacted go not rath but table could the at unnoticed bread to mămăligă from change dietary the that assures configuration dietary larger the within and meal each within foods ‘core’ of visibility high the Finally, into be moved had women and as employment industrial increased had food other the or one procuring frequently in requirements involved thetime parallelandhad butin the importancelabor of diminished the of importance the declined, had food ‘core’ of intake total the and together closer drew maize and wheat of prices the rose, incomes as period, studied the of years 20 last the During hunger. experiencing equi mămăligă or bread consume to decision seasonal with recurrently cope to had region studied the from residents rural of part larger the which in context economic an within i gap persistent a with foods ‘core’ of intake 20 the of years 60 first the during Especially mămăligă. or bread predominantly consuming with associated benefits and costs of mix peri studied the throughout consumption food ‘core’ principal characterized had that meal each at intake large and consumption of frequency turning residents theRomanian from rural eaters of cassava’ of eaters into Chinese the maize,
Sidney W. Mintz, Mintz, SidneyW. Specifically in the case of the Romanian rural residents, the combination of a high high a of combination the residents, ruralRomanian the caseof the Specificallyin Sweetness and Power and Sweetness
er that consumers had to actively consider, or to have had had have to or consider, actively to had consumers that er financial implications of consuming bread or mămăligă or bread consuming of implications financial , 13. 13. , oe oe cie n h Arclua Cooperatives. Agricultural the in active more come
21
and, by extension, what had been involved ininvolved been had what extension, by and, valent to the alternatives of breaking even or or even breaking of alternatives the to valent n the prices and yields of wheat and maize maize and wheat of yields and prices the n th -
and/ fig’ obntos n o te socio the of and combinations ‘fringe’ century, the intersection of a high total total high a of intersection the century,
mămăligă into eaters of bread.mămăligă eaters into of or annual food shortages made the the made shortages food annual or d anfe te eeac o the of relevance the magnified od
18 -
CEU eTD Collection Preference Japanese,” Young among Diets Traditional for Preference to Relate Childhood in Habits 25 435. 433, Habits, Food Human 24 180 1996), Press, University 23 518, 523 1987), Habits Food Human of Theory 22 assessing of analysis my of interests research main two other the with forwardly and backwardly connects topic this of exploration My it. for preference genuine a promoted v more socially was bread that socio information the that a argue who view ‘prestige’ of supporters the the for and bread preferences made hedonic ready traded purchasing of had convenience consumers that argue who change the of dietary a of supporters the between debate ongoing the to contribute Japan. 20 late France, century diver economically and culinary such characterized had that foods non from transition processof the of instance one breadas Studies Food of Fields the to Socialism Studies Contribution and Review Literature of periods during mămăligă and predominant of one consumption food. orthe other bread of mix optimum hedonically a consuming principal their changed had they as bread to mămăligă from switching of opportunity the minimally, considered, actively had residents rural that assume to safe is it believe I reasons, these presc norms cultural
Se Shirley Lindenbaum, “Loaves and Fishes in Bangladesh,” in Bangladesh,” in Fishes and “Loaves Lindenbaum, Shirley Goody, Jack rtl .Plo “oil ls ad it n otmoay eio” in Mexico,” Contemporary in Diet and Class “Social Pelto, H. Gretel e the data on bread consumption at breakfast for 2007 summarized in Atsushi Kimura et al., “Eating al., et Kimura Atsushi in summarized 2007 for breakfast at consumption bread on data the e 25 The arguments presented above establish the dietary change from mămăligă to to mămăligă from change dietary the establish above presented arguments The
In this sense, my discussion of the Romanian case Romanian the of discussion my sense, this In
21 (2010): 843 (2010): 21 - Cooking, Cuisine, and Class: A Study in Comparative Sociology Comparative in Study A Class: and Cuisine, Cooking, 524, 530 524,
‘core’ food during the 1960s and, maximally, the opportunity of of opportunity the maximally, and, 1960s the during food ‘core’
ed. Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), 1987), Press, University Temple (Philadelphia: Ross B. Eric and Harris Marvin ed. -
iig uh obntos s prpit o iaporae Fr all For inappropriate. or appropriate as combinations such ribing 531. - 848. - 181. 181. th
, ed. Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, Press, University Temple Ross (Philadelphia: B. Eric and Marvin Harris ed. ,
etr Mexico, century
22
Ghana,
Food and Evolution. Toward a Theory of Theory a Toward Evolution. and Food 23
n Bangladesh, and - bread to bread principal ‘core’ ‘core’ principal bread breadto - study has been structured to structured been has study
Food and Evolution. Toward a Toward Evolution. and Food
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CEU eTD Collection Identity National and Power Food, Diet: Japanese Modern 101 95, 1999), Publishers, Europe Academic and America South Africa, from Studies Case Habits: in Sudan,” Kordofan, Central in Consumption Food of Patterns “Changing Theis, Joachim Inn Agricultural Indigenous 63 1994), Press, Zambia of University 1890 Zambia, of Province Northern the in Change Agricultural and Nutrition, Gender, Vaugh and Moore L. Henrietta includes: foods ‘core’ principal established 27 26 staples. other to cons food hedonically defined preferences of formation the in exposures early favor which processes learning to referring vario of researchers food Specifically, designs. through research observational or laboratory matter conventional subject the studying of difficulty the given demonstrated adequately culinary myof Study Contribution the and Model Conservatism Dietary the on Literature the of Review the dietarymodel. conservatism issue this accordingly, and, change dietarythe of time the at mămăligă or bread for preferences residents’ rural the of problem the on converge consumerof frameworkwider the into perspecti consumers’ living of standard the a from change dietary of the of perceptions appreciation an deriving of and culture that of foods established the for preference hedonic enduring an conditions culture food a into socialization early m conservatism dietary the of prediction the data empirical proper against
Leann L. Birch, “The L.Birch, Leann A selection of such studies that is sufficient to illustrate the consumers’ preferences for a variety of of variety a for preferences consumers’ the illustrate to sufficient is that studies such of selection A umers had continued to prefer their established staples even decades after switching switching after decades even staples established their prefer to continued had umers The influence of an early familiarization with the with familiarization early an of influence The us persuasions have assumed such an influence either on theoretical grounds by grounds theoretical on either influence an such assumed have persuasions us
utr o ltr ie od rfrne hs fe be asmd u rarely but assumed been often has preferences food life later on culture
27
eetees I osdr ht h eprcl vdne ern o this on bearing evidence empirical the that consider I Nevertheless, Development of Food Preferences,” Preferences,” Food of Development vto ad itr Cag i Nrhetr Zmi (a 1650 (ca. Zambia Northwestern in Change Dietary and ovation
26 -
102, 106 in the case of millet porridges; Katarzyna J. Cwiertka, Cwiertka, J. Katarzyna porridges; millet of case the in 106 102, -
64, 80, Achim von Oppen, “Cassava, ‘The Lazy Man’s Food’? Food’? Man’s Lazy ‘The “Cassava, Oppen, von Achim 80, 64, or on empirical grounds by referring to cases in which in cases to referring by grounds empirical on or - supplier relations under socialism. All these topicsAllthese socialism. under relations supplier Annual Nutrition of Review Annual
(London: Reaktion Books, 2006), 69, 73, 77 73, 69, 2006), Books, Reaktion (London: e. aoa et (Amster Lentz Carola ed. , will be discussed first in relation torelation in first discussed be will principal an, Megan, Megan, an,
foods and flavors of a a of flavors and foods ve by integrating it it integrating by ve Cutting Down Trees: Trees: Down Cutting
- 19 (1999): 45. (1999): 19 1990 Changing Food Changing dam: Harwood Harwood dam: dl ht an that odel
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20
CEU eTD Collection Activity Physical and Nutrition Study,” Activity Heart Physical and Youth Nutrition European Behavioral The of Years: Journal Six over Sweden in Adolescents and Children Nutrition of Journal Study,” Finns Young in Risk Cardiovascular The Adulthood: to Childhood from Identified Patterns 49),” (EarlyBird Years 13 to 5 from Measures Repeat Annual Choices: Dietary Children’s of “Consistency al., Study,” et Frémeaux Health Women’s Young State Adolescen U.S. of Patterns Intake Nutrient “Longitudinal al., et Cardomone Deborah Study,” Adults Young in Development Rac Sex, of Effects Health Public of Journal (11 Adolescence between Habits Food in Amel includes tracking dietary on studies empirical important most Adolescence,” to Childhood from Patterns groups food specific of pro intake dietary of (dairy tracking the on studies important most the of review a For 184. Patterns,” Eating Later and Habits Food Early Between Tracking Eloi and Nicklaus Sophie see preferences food including practices 30 Preference 29 Association Dietetic 28 Ages, Middle the 195 2001), Berg, since Europe in Drinking and Eating Cooking, Identity: in Algeria,” French in Identities Conflicting Wine: Algerian and Bread “French Jansen, Fishes and “Loaves Lindenbaum, Shirley and on studies the of one but all of focus the 4, Chapter from studies these of review methodology and design study in limitations to due valid be typically which results, their but data longitudinal to applied been had that procedures assessment rigorous through practices e of stability the reasons, practical for or, preferences food formed long broadly defined preferences food analyzed long the analyzed which study 1 only returned has studies food of branches ‘harder’ the from literature the of review a sense, this in Illustrative assumption. conservatism dietary the against clear sufficiently not is issue
Jean D. Skinner et al., “Children’s Food Preferences: A Longitudinal Analysis,” Analysis,” Longitudinal A Preferences: Food “Children’s al., et Skinner D. Jean For a review of the most important studies on the stability of various aspects of early formed dietary dietary formed early of aspects various of stability the on studies important most the of review a For ohe ikas t l, A rsetv Stu Prospective “A al., et Nicklaus Sophie - em tblt o deay intake. dietary of stability term ducts) or of macro and micronutrients, see Samantha Madruga et al., “Tracking of Dietary Dietary of “Tracking al., et Madruga Samantha see micronutrients, and macro of or ducts)
15 (2004): 805 (2004): 15 - British Journal of Nutri of Journal British 218 in the case of unleavened ‘Arab’ bread. ‘Arab’bread. ofunleavened in the218 case
102 (2002): 1641. 1641. (2002): 102 - 93 (2005): 923 (2005): 93 e, and Education on Dietary Quality Score Change: The Coronary Artery Risk Risk Artery Coronary The Change: Score Quality Dietary on Education and e, term stability of food preferences defined hedonically, defined preferences food of stability term
- 8 20) 10 (2006): 28 818.
2009, 2009, - - 931 and Emma Patterson et al., “The Tracking of Die of Tracking “The al., et Patterson Emma and 931 6 u t jsiy cniet rnucmn ete for either pronouncement confident a justify to cut :91
h Aeia Junl f lncl Nutrition Clinical of Journal American The - tion 16, Femke PC Sijtsma et al., “Longitudinal Trends in Diet and and Diet in Trends “Longitudinal al., et Sijtsma PC Femke 16,
ora o Aoecn Health Adolescent of Journal - doi:10.1186/1479 2 er) n Autod (32 Adulthood and Years) 12 eit d Sue Publica Saude de Revista 30
106 (2011): 725 (2011): 106 show dy of Food Preferences in Childhood,” Childhood,” in Preferences Food of dy
hs suis ae etd h saiiy f early of stability the tested have studies These in Bangladesh,” 433, 435 in the case of rice and Willy Willy and rice of case the in 435 433, Bangladesh,” in 29
low to moderate levels of stability, may not may stability, of levels moderate to low and a number of studies which analyzed the analyzed which studies of number a and
6 (2009): 1 (2009): 6
- 5868 - 731, V. Mikkilä et al., “Consistent Dietary Dietary “Consistent al., et Mikkilä V. 731, - Current Obesity Reports Obesity Current se Remy, “Early Origins of Overeating: Overeating: of Origins “Early Remy, se 6 ia A. Lake et al., “Longitudinal Change Change “Longitudinal al., et Lake A. ia - 2 - 91. International Journal of Behavioral Behavioral of Journal International
6 21) 1 (2012): 46
- . Summarizing the detailed detailed the Summarizing . 33 Years): The ASH30 Study,” Study,” ASH30 The Years): 33 6 20) 194 (2000): 26 d Ptr coles (Oxfo Scholliers Peter ed. Journal of the American American the of Journal arly formed dietary dietary formed arly - the of selection A 9. t Women: The Penn Penn The Women: t 5(02: 580 (2012): 95 28 Food Quality and and Quality Food
Food, Drink and Drink Food, 1 -
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2). Considering the differences in physical, nutritional nutritional physical, in differences the Considering 2).
the stability of early formed dietary preferences by preferences dietary formed early of stability the either since they did not, and in the latter latter the in and not, did they since either
that could be observed. If the the If observed. be could that es defined hedonically, the the hedonically, defined es approach is is approach 22
CEU eTD Collection 5. 2002), Publications, Sage Oaks: (Thousand 31 that factors competing The preference. a such explain cannotfactors competingother that t mămăligă with frequently more dishes side those consume currently not do respondents the that condition on mămăligă with residents rural of majority the by ‘core’ one least at that indicates responses of p the if assumption conservatism dietary the of version narrower a of confirmation studies, observational in hypothesis a diet. confirm to the than of components other to compared Fur stability of degrees greater to above exhibit listed studies the in found been have foods ‘core’ principal for preferences consumers’ since assumption conservatism dietary the of rejection confident a enables regio relevant the from population rural the of majority the that indicating responses of pattern ‘m ‘bread’ the preferred had population rural target the ‘core’ 6 the of one least at t for obtained of responses of version pattern the hard if general, assumption conservatism a of rejection the permits study my of design adulthood early and childhood during mămăligă predominantly consumed had that respondents selecting ‘fringe’ for preferences relative current residents’ rural the manner systematic a in assessing by studies existing of limitations the overcome to expected
Peter Y. Chen and Paula M. Popovich, Popovich, M. Paula and Chen Y. Peter ămăligă’ thermore, consistent with the understanding that it is methodologically easier to reject to easier methodologicallyis it that understanding the with consistent thermore, crety rfr cran ‘fringe’ certain prefers currently n - ‘fringe’ combinations indicates at a given level of confidence that the majority of of majority the that confidence of level given a at indicates combinations ‘fringe’
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CEU eTD Collection 7. 2012), Press, CambridgeUniversity (Cambridge: Dunning, Thad in record historical 32 robustness andexternal oftheir validity fin the enhancing to comes it when of especially data sample to inference statistical of application methods the from and studies food of branches ‘harder’ the in used commonly sy more of construction the from benefit can food of studies sociological and anthropological historical, that argue I direction, opposite the record. historical the in available readily information using analyzed be can settings laborator in replicate or evaluate to unethical or impractical costly, are that consumption food of aspects certain science, behavior consumer from analysis of methods standard the with information of sources and data historical combining by and ‘harder’ st case my the that believe I precisely, More studies. food of branches ‘softer’ of practices research parochial largely the overcoming of benefits potential the level general more a at illustrates study case my practices, dietary formed theobservedcombination may beforeexplain 1960s result. the or functionally related that remains still possibility the discounted are factors mămăligă certain for preference calorie the of effects dishes ‘fringe’ certain of consumption socio the prescribe of explicitly influence the include analysis my in consider will I
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Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences: A Design A Sciences: Social the in Experiments Natural
- ‘fringe’ combinations. Nevertheless, even after these these after even Nevertheless, combinations. ‘fringe’ dings. dings.
stematic research designs of the type type the of designs research stematic nte fco wih has which factor another
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CEU eTD Collection or “Facilitating al., et Cooke J. Lucy from literature the of review the see preferences food on reward the Tell Characteristics Sensory 36 Do Foods: Specialty for with Story?,” Whole Pay Comparisons to Willingness Champagne: and for Liking Expectations, Pay to Willingness their Scores,” on Hedonic Consumers to Provided Information Pasta,” Semolina Dried 35 23 reader A Culture. 34 Europe and 186 1999), Publishers, America South Africa, from Studies in Techniques,” Preparation Food Forgotten and Nutrition, Grain, Debate: 33 consumers or with information external presented without are these when differently foods rate consumers that show which consumers. such whether on depending disliked or liked be may food a that result the with it with associated symbols and signs the also but materiality its in food the just not consume individuals that finding m than was valued bread more socially that information the by promoted preference hedonic genuine a by bread of consumption their increase to motivated been had residents rural that suggests change Meyer Elisabeth by and Spittler Gerd by proposed cautiously been has context European the in transition dietary the of lines these along interpretation an and diets their of foods ‘core’ preferen hedonic their despite bread of consumption of theContribution and my Study on Literature the of Review
Gerd Spittler, “In Praise of the Simple Meal,” 37 Meal,” Simple the of Praise “In Spittler, Gerd - On the influence of influence the On . i oao t l, Te fet f xettos eeae b Bra by Generated Expectations of Effect “The al., et Monaco Di R. oad Bart Roland 31.
- Renschhausen. The Dietary Conservatism Model suggests that rural residents had increased their increased had residents rural that suggests Model Conservatism Dietary The 36 34
e, Twr a scooilg o Cneprr Fo Cnupin” in Consumption,” Food Contemporary of Psychosociology a “Toward hes, in a direction consistent with the consumers’ appreciation of such aspects such of appreciation consumers’ the with consistent direction a in Food Quality and Preference and Quality Food h eprcl vdne n hs ead oe fo suis n advertising on studies from comes regard this in evidence empirical The
(3 od Quali Food rd
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Alternatively, the S the Alternatively,
y n Preference and ty , ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik (New York: Routledge, 2013), 2013), Routledge, York: (New Esterik van Penny and Counihan Carole ed. , - 205. 205.
mlg. h Socio The ămăligă.
uh s rn names, brand as such the
Transition from Non from Transition
17 (2006): 53 (2006): 17
3 20) 597 (2002): 13 , ed. Carola Lentz (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Academic Harwood (Amsterdam: Lentz Carola ed. , - 40 and Elisabeth Meyer Elisabeth and 40 ocio
15 (2004): 429 (2004): 15 - Cultural ‘Prestige’ Model of the dietary the of Model ‘Prestige’ Cultural - - 62. utrl rsie oe bid o the on builds Model Prestige Cultural 35
- 608, Gianluca Stefani et al., “Consumer “Consumer al., et Stefani Gianluca 608, rcs r h eautos f other of evaluations the or prices e fr h etbihd principal established the for ces - Bread to Bread ‘Core’ Foods ‘Core’ Bread to Bread - 437, C. Lange et al., “Impact of the the of “Impact al., et Lange C. 437, nd Name on the Acceptability of of Acceptability the on Name nd - Changing Food Habits: Case Case Habits: Food Changing Renschhausen, “T Renschhausen, he Porridge Porridge he od and Food 25
CEU eTD Collection 39 Meal,” Simple the of“In Spittler, Praise Mystery,” Culinary a as “Maize Brandes, Stanley 72, 2006), 37 489 (1980): Preferences,” Food Preschoolers’ on Behaviors Eating and Choices Models’ Peer 431 Preferences,” Food Children’s Young on Effects Contingency: a in Activity Preferences,” I “The al. et Birch L. Leann Preferences,” Food Children’s Young by studies empirical the and 497 Re Narrative A Acceptance. Food on Reward of Effect The Undermining? permitsstudy case Romanian the from broadly,data Morethe foods. ‘core’established or Socio the of and Conservatism Dietary the of predictions the well how of evaluation an permits change dietary the of time the at mămăligă or bread with dishes ‘fringe’ of combinations for observed the oncehad permittedincrease it. economicconditions inbreadconsumption for responsible been had bread for preference relative a as community soci a consumption, food ‘core’ established over consumption bread of valorization had relative a have to contributed to considered are food, reward and comfort of case, Romanian the in least s prestigious of food ‘core’ the of consumption. continent: European bread the across with bread by associated performed meanings functions the rich Specifically, the of view in foods ‘core’ c the rural that European suggest to authors several by interpreted been has practices and preferences food of formation the to contributes proper food the to external information that evidence appro deem they which foods consume to reject or accept consumers that show which studies observational from and
Massimo Montanari, Montanari, Massimo - 439. On the influence of peer pressure on consumers’ food preferences see Leann L. Birch, “Effects of of “Effects Birch, L. Leann see preferences food consumers’ on pressure peer of influence the On 439. The evidence that I present in my dissert my in present I that evidence The - 496. All thesestu 496. Child Development Child - Cultural Prestige models d models Prestige Cultural nues ih hd oe o rfr ra oe non over bread prefer to come had might onsumers Food is Culture is Food al judgment which once internalized by the members of the the of members the by internalized once which judgment al
dies are discussed in detail in Chapter 4, Section 1. Section 4, Chapter in detail discussedin are dies fune f Social of nfluence
ocial groups, of ‘core’ food at ritual and festive meals and, at and, meals festive and ritual at food ‘core’ of groups, ocial Joan Newman and Alan Taylor, “Effect of a Means a of “Effect Taylor, Alan and Newman Joan
51 (1980): 856 (1980): 51 priate or inappropriate by reference to various criteria. This criteria. various to reference by inappropriate or priate , trans. Albert Sonnenfeld (New York: Columbia University Press, Press, University Columbia York: (New Sonnenfeld Albert trans. , ora o Eprmna Cid Psychology Child Experimental of Journal - 40.
- Affective Context on the Formation of Children's Food Food Children's of Formation the on Context Affective - 861 and Leann L. Birch et al., “Eating as the ‘Means’ ‘Means’ the as “Eating al., et Birch L. Leann and 861 escribe the consumers’ preferences for novel novel for preferences consumers’ the escribe ation on the rural residents’ preferences residents’ rural the on ation
Ethnology
31 (1992): 332, 335 332, (1992): 31 view,” Child De Child
Appetite Child Development Child
- velopment 3 19) 200 (1992): 53 End Contingency on Contingency End -
bread principal principal bread
57 (2011): 493 (2011): 57 - 336 and Gerd and 336
55 (1984): 55 - 216, 216,
26 51 37 -
CEU eTD Collection ‘core’ other the or one of liking/disliking their outweigh to potential the had have factors between identifying incongruities potential by also, but hedonically defined preferences consumers’ against went or with fitted change dietary the whether just not show analysis my of results the particular, th in factor important an of position the clarifies foods ‘core’ both with dishes ‘fringe’ of combination a for or mămăligă bread, for preferences hedonic consumers’ of analysis my foods, ‘core’ established or novel component configurations centered ‘core’ ontheestablished foods. ‘core’ the than extent lesser or greater a to configuration component ‘core’ optimum an the to ‘c question of whether the solution a require therefore would perspective hedonic a from change dietary the of perception consumers’ European the of evaluation proper a model, this Under different in deviated their have may of configurations component ‘core’ established and novel the frustration both as preferences and fulfillment a as simultaneously foods ‘core’ principal bread co European the that suggests preferences, consumer against went or satisfied either had consumption bread in increase the that arguing than rather preferences, of model mixed This bread. with simultaneously prefer can consumers that assumes which approach flexible more a to relative foods ‘core’ principal general a either assumes ‘core’ that principal novel the for approach preference binary a of adequacy the of evaluation an eod t cnrbto t te schola the to contribution its Beyond
smr my ae xeine te rniin rm non from transition the experienced have may nsumers ietos rm n piu cniuain eie hedonically. defined configuration optimum an from directions ore’ component configurations centered on bread deviated from from deviated onbread configurations centered ore’ component certain ‘fringe’ dishes with mămăligă and other ‘fringe’ dishes dishes ‘fringe’ other and mămăligă with dishes ‘fringe’ certain dietary practices and consumers’ preferences, that other other that preferences, consumers’ and practices dietary e dietary change in the Romanian case study. In study. case Romanian the in change dietary e
food or a general preference for the established the for preference general a or food rly debate on consumers’ preferences for for preferences consumers’ on debate rly
- bread to to bread 27
CEU eTD Collection Capelle Antonela and Ragaru Nadère and l'Est à Consommer le sous Communisme. Pouvoir et 2012) Quotidienne Press, University Oxford York: (New 41 1996). 40 Germany,” 39 Kornai, Janos 38 experiences consumers’ of assessments valid more inform to promise approaches Such an experiences consumers’ of interpretation the in approaches normative context more towards studies socialism in turn welcomed a however, ‘needs’. fulfilling and creating thei in of inflexibility relative because expectations consumer to adequately cater to systems consumption present of expense the at consumption future of promises through rule their legitimizing of practice regimes’ systems. economic socialist the of historians economic of generations previous by presented assessments balanced more the of exclusion complete the to almost expectations unmet and shortage of perception emphasize which socialism during experiences consumers’ on narrative my of Contribution Study the and Socialism during Experiences Consumers’ the on Literature the of Review Section Concluding the in provided is assessment an such for besides model a and factors preferences hedonic additional of number a account into take to needs perspective living the of assessment perceptions consumers’ an that argue I dissertation, my from findings the on Based food.
Paulina Bren an Bren Paulina Katherine Verdery, Verdery, Katherine Greg Castillo, “Domesticatin Castillo, Greg Alec Nove, Nove, Alec
The demise of Socialist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe has promoted a promoted has Europe Eastern and Central in regimes Socialist of demise The of my dissertat Journal of Contemporary History Contemporary of Journal Economics of Shortage of Economics h Sve Eooi Sse (3 System Economic Soviet The d Mary Neuburger, Neuburger, Mary d What was Socialism and What Comes Next? Next? Comes What and Socialism was What ion.
of a dietary change involving ‘core’ foods from a standard of of standard a from foods ‘core’ involving change dietary a of g the Cold War: Household Consumption as Propaganda in Marshall Plan Plan Marshall in Propaganda as Consumption Household War: Cold the g
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40 (2005): 261 (2005): 40 rd
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ht ee commonly were that gories of consumer of gories he more ‘familiar’ more he - centric narrative narrative centric while while 29
CEU eTD Collection Cultures of 449 43 2013), Routledge, non and Western meaningsin with different invested hasact been consumption York: (New Esterik in Beijing,” in McDonald’s Culture Consumer of 42 is residents rural it of if majority palatable the that more considered become may socialism under consumers of expectations of horizon the adequately represent to fails houses) vacations machines, washing ovens, gas emphasis current the that argument My residents. rural of expectation of horizon the goods of selection customary the than better reflect argue, I which, needs specific locally such identify to necessary is approach anthropological highly th believe of I evidence, this quantities of view greater In fats. consume animal prestigious to or materials construction customary the than rather prefabricated from built house a have to fashions, urban wear to opportunity developments unconventional such of relevance further the had revealed age appropriate of residents rural with discussions unstructured through collected information finding, this to addition In them. for implications important carried rich with it invested had they as region studied the from residents rural the for relevant particularly been had literature, the in discussed changes typical the than lifestyles in change glamorous less a glance first at consumption, bread in that increase shows it as sense this in suggestive is dissertation my in presented evidence description. ‘thick’ Geertz’s Clifford of tradition the in approach anthropological byrely meanings, adequately approximated be cannot socialism during expectations with of horizon consumers’ practices consumption invest to consumers of
Clifford Geertz, “Thic Geertz, Clifford Melissa Caldwell, “Domesticating the French Fry: McDonald's and Consumerism in Moscow,” Moscow,” in Consumerism and McDonald's Fry: French the “Domesticating Caldwell, Melissa ing on Western or elitist consumption norms but that it has to be retrieved using an an retrieved using has thatit tobe normsbut consumption elitist or onWestern ing , ed. Clifford Geertz (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 3 1973), Books, (New Basic York: Geertz Clifford ed. ,
4 (2004): 5 (2004): 4 k Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture,” in in Culture,” of Theory Interpretative an Toward Description: k Food and Culture. A Reader A Culture. and Food
- 26 and Yungxiang Yan, “Of Hamburger and Social Space: Consuming Consuming Space: Social and Hamburger “Of Yan, Yungxiang and 26
- 472. These articles show how a highly standardized standardized highly a how show articles These 472.
(3 - rd
Edition) lar a - 30.
e eto o te ouain of population the of section ge on durable goods (automobiles, (automobiles, goods durable on , ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van van Penny and Counihan Carole ed. ,
t h apiain f an of application the at uig oils a the as socialism during - Western cultures. cultures. Western 42
enns n a it as and meanings age ht the that argue I The Interpretation Interpretation The
Journal Journal 43
The the the 30
CEU eTD Collection sources. on the section also See 45 44 negatively perceived was position current their from fall a that so living of standard attained their by downwards bounded were expectations consumers’ that suggests behavior consumer on literature the analysis, my the evaluating of and expectations their redefining the stresses constantly of analysis process a of in engaged were model consumers that acknowledging the of importance aspects, technical these as important Equally are that categories from data against conclusions crosscheck to and category each of spots blind the for up make to attempt an in problem single a to application combined their from but methods or sources of category particular The behavior. consumer this in emerge not does approach my of of character innovative of theories methods multidisciplinary inductive in and grounded deductive interpretation of information collected the to application retrospectiv literature, secondary (archival, sources of variety wide a sampling by retrieved be may expectations consumers’ the that argue I signals, market such of absence the In prices. fixed at commercialized were products demand consumer to inadequately responded production centrally a in perceptions such retrieving for model a offer to also but acts consumption of perceptions consumers’ the retrieving of benefits late as 1965 Romania
Arhivele Naționale ale României. C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică,19/1966. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. României. ale ArhiveleNaționale Nigel G. Fielding and Jane and Fielding G. Nigel
My case study analysis of the dietary change is intended n intended is change dietary the of analysis study case My -
did not have access, for example, to such basic utilities as electrical power as as power electrical as utilities basic such to example, for access, have not did 44
or running muchlater. watergas orreliable cookinguntil
L. Fielding, Fielding, L.
Linking Data Linking
irrespective of a previously substantial record substantial previously a of irrespective
(Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1986), 23 1986), Publications, Sage Park: (Newbury affected by different sources of error. of sources different by affected ir degree of fulfillment. Significant for for Significant fulfillment. of degree ir - e ethnographic interviews) and by the the by and interviews) ethnographic e planned, non planned,
and in which the majority of of majority the which in and
regard from the use of any of use the from regard -
market system in which in system market ot just to underline the underline to just ot
- 35. 35. 31 45
CEU eTD Collection most are incidentally which studies, dietary from data Alternatively, 1970s. the of half second the by bread predominantly consuming were region selected the from residents find a products, ‘core’ of intake daily the of 84% cover to sufficient been have would consumption, human for only used and perfectly distributed if quantity, a Such information). more for 3 Section regio the in resident rural per 1975 June) (October Year Agricultural the of Quarters three first the during that indicated evidence of foods ‘core’ principal the of terms in bread to mămăligă from changed had analysis of unit the from residents rural of majority the that likelihood the maximize to order in selected been has region This Prahova. and present the to roughly corresponds that theSpatial C Defining CoordinatesSpatialand Defining the ofthe A Temporal capitalize could regime the politically itsmore from successful attempts oneof which to extent the diminish significantly to potential the had preferences consumer t against went that system developments such any a performance, given broadly, More years before. few largely a just have from bread may of availability the varieties in increase profitability marked the overshadowed high cost, high to varieties profitability rese much of series a as such network commercial state the through bread of distribution the in consumer developments that on is behavior observation this of implication The experiences. consumer positive of My study focuses on the consumption experiences of rural residents from a region a from residents ruralof experiences consumption the on focuses Mystudy - 1976, an average of 87.8 kg of industrially produced bread was distributed distributed was bread produced industrially of kg 87.8 of average an 1976, oordinates n wih upre te supin ht h mjrt o rural of majority the that assumption the supported which ing n compared to a national average of 32 kg (see Chapter 2, Chapter (see kg 32 of average national a to compared n
nted changes in the output mix from low cost, low cost, low from mix output the in changes nted - day counti day their diets. In this sense, preliminary archival archival preliminary sense, this In diets. their a imdaey oiiie economic politicized immediately hat es of Gorj, Vâlcea, Argeș. Dâmbovița Dâmbovița Argeș. Vâlcea, Gorj, of es at shapingrural lifestyles. nalysis
32 -
CEU eTD Collection b things other is, region heterogeneous less a my ambiguous, was data observed of view In preponderantly). the whenever interpretations competing to precedence giving of principle methodological mămăligă consumed W% res rural and of Z% preponderantly while interest of variable the have not did consumers of had/Y% consumers of (X% level regional the at approximation with only but preponderantly) bread consume not consumed/did interest of variable the have not individual consumption the at correspondence strict a to on based practices related been have not could variables level, macro at only available usually been has data Because food. ‘core’ other the or one of consumption principal I that highly factors the the of given some for afterwards) data bread the of of nature aggregated consumers all and of point consumers a be to to up residents mămăligă rural all (ideally, practices consumption of terms in counties five of re selected the that requirement important the satisfied region the Additionally, limits. manageable within change dietary the on bearing data further collecting of tasks the keeping while 1970s the and 1960s the fro changed of have who residents rural of identification number greatest the permitted counties five of region particular the of selection the Accordingly, generally. more Romania of Kingdom Old the to compared possibly, neigh the to compared mămăligă predominantly consumed region selected the from population rural the of share larger a that suggested data the Furthermore, 1960s. the to up mămăligă overwhelmingly consumed had region selected major vast the that indicated area, studied the of part larger Sub the for abundant - Carpathian regions of Muntenia and Oltenia which include the the include which Oltenia and Muntenia of regions Carpathian gion be as homogenous as possible as homogenous as be gion m mămăligă to bread during the the during bread to mămăligă m boring plain region and, quite quite and, region plain boring
ity of rural residents from the from residents rural of ity level (consumer who had/did who (consumer level
intended to relate to the the to relate to intended dns osmd bread consumed idents eing equal, equal, eing 33
CEU eTD Collection Ialomița II: 19 from Population the of Census General the of Results Argeș Recensămâ ale definitive rezultatelor baza 46 un and literature secondary the differences, these to addition at incomes monetary and total lower had have to and socialism during flour maize distributed commercially of and bread produced industrially of quantities lower to but period studied the throughout cereals maize and h have to 1970s, the during the least at less least but 1940s at to up regions mountainous and hilly from residents more rural bread than consumed frequently had have to appear areas plain from residents rural example, majo the with relationship changing but longstanding a maintained have above mentioned factors the that suggests data available the because areas. plain in lived had Vâlcea, and Gorj half a over from counties between ranging 1283500), of out ( them of quarter a roughly but level) sea above meters 300 than higher altitudes defin (roughly areas mountainous and hilly in period studied the throughout lived had region selected the from residents rural most particular, In region. the of diversity varia The incomes. monetary to and bread) of and cereals of form the under (both non products and commercial both (from products maize to access of terms in and practices dietary of terms in both heterogeneous nonetheless was particular wascounties comparatively of five region advantageous.more the of selection the accordingly, and, region heterogeneous more a than informative more
Calculated based on the information from Leonida Colescu, Colescu, Leonida from information the on based Calculated - tion in these factors resulted from, or at least was associated with, the geographic geographic the with, associated was least at or from, resulted factors these in tion ai i o. I Ialomița II: Vol. și Iași The selected region was less heterogeneous than other possible candidates but it but candidates possible other than heterogeneous less was region selected The - Vlașca]
(Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice C. Sfetea, 1914 and 1915). and Sfetea, 1914 C. Arte Grafice de Institutul (Bucharest:
- Vlașca
Te ttsia Dcinr o Rmna ae o te Definitive the on Based Romania of Dictionary Statistical [The ntului General al Populațiunii din 19 decembrie 1912. Vol. I: Vol. 1912. decembrie 19 din Populațiunii al General ntului least after the collectivization of agriculture. In agriculture. of collectivization the after least 46
These differences in location are important are location in differences These th
of December, 1912. Vol. I: Argeș I: Vol. 1912. December, of ad access to larger quantities of wheat of quantities larger to access ad Dicționarul Statistic al României întocmit pe întocmit României al Statistic Dicționarul r geographic units of the region. For region. the of units geographic r - commercial sources), to wheat wheat to sources), commercial
in Dâmbovița to very few in few very to Dâmbovița in - elicited information from from information elicited
-
Iași and Vol. and Iași 283100 ed by by ed 34 -
CEU eTD Collection since alone County macro the individual, the case this in is analysis of unit the while However, level. individual appropriate the ‘core’ for preference current their and preferences current of r of practices consumption topic early the relate to me enabled has combinations the on analysis and collection data of process entire the manage to opportunityThe units. territorial to relationship their ofanalysisof Argeș thediscussionof completes units County usedstudy inmy thegeneralizinggeographic in unitasweights procedure. percentag the using corrected been have data sample the to methods statistical of application the from results the available, been had data level micro only and required been had estimates regional whenever Finally, level. regional t less related been have practices the is consumption and it, factors relevant permitted unit had data geographic the whenever each unit, regional larger because the than concretely, heterogeneous More data. sample on based pop rural the of profile the of secondly, and, factors of selection a and practices consumption food ‘core’ between relation the of first, analysis, my informed have differences these All region. selected the from residents rural the of of form the under flour maize of quantitiesgreater much consumed had present the to roughly u geographical across cut East possible a indicate questionnaire oral the The presentation of the analysis performed at the individual level and at the level the at and level individual the at performed analysis the of presentation The - - y nie ape osse of consisted sample entire my day counties of Gorj and, largely, Vâlcea are presented as having as presented are Vâlcea largely, and, Gorj of counties day nt o wih h dt i rlvn my e etitd o Argeș to restricted be may relevant is data the which for unit is Seiial, ua rsdns rm ein corresponding regions from residents rural Specifically, nits. s for bread or mămăligă with a sample of 6 ‘fringe’ dishes at at dishes ‘fringe’ 6 of sample a with mămăligă or bread for s - West divide in consumption practices that that practices consumption in divide West ulation from the selected region region selected the from ulation
e of rural residents from each each from residents rural of e 15
ilgs rm h various the from villages o each other at this sub this at other each o turtă than the rest rest the than turtă ural residents residents ural - ‘fringe’ ‘fringe’
and of and of 35 - -
CEU eTD Collection Mănicești,Popești, Mârghia, Băiculești, Ungheni, 47 the in differences these Given network. commercial socialist the through supplies maize as been has region entire the the from residents rural of proportion the County, Argeș for results on Based aggregation. of level appropriate the at counties other the for available fr obtained supplies maize of quantities the on information since County Argeș for only directly estimated been has mămăligă on centered diet a support to current maize of quantities sufficient residents’ rural the to addition In dishes. for preferences side 6 the of one least at with bread and mămăligă both to relative accompaniment preferred most the as residents rural frochange dietarythe more turtă consumed of interpretation my had into incorporated be to region has residents the of the rest the than frequently of part eastern the from residents rural that dietary of configuration the on entirel be not may preferences results my that possibility the and, them, acknowledged with be to together have region specific a from sample a using of limitations have to unlikely are preferences dietary that assumption the by and Plain) vs. Hilly and Mountainous or West vs. (East County the of regions various the between mămăligă or bread for preferences whi results early by also partly but pressures time and considerations cost by motivated partly was County Argeș County. the of regions economic and geographic
esd y dutn fr ifrne i gorpi cniuain n dsrbto of distribution and configuration geographic in differences for adjusting by sessed The surveyed villages are Rociu, Căteasca, Retevoiești, Bogați, Cerbu, Curteanca, Drăganu, Lăzărești, Lăzărești, Drăganu, Curteanca, Cerbu, Bogați, Retevoiești, Căteasca, Rociu, are villages surveyed The om Private Plot production and from Agricultural Cooperatives has not been been not has Cooperatives Agricultural from and production Plot Private om bread or mămăligă, the proportion of rural residents who had access to access had who residents rural of proportion the mămăligă, or bread m a hedonic preference perspective since turtă had been selected by by selected been had turtă since perspective preference hedonic a m en eie b Cut bres Nvrhls, h potential the Nevertheless, borders. County by defined been
h a son o ifrne i te ofgrto o relative of configuration the in differences no shown had ch
y representative across the region. For instance, the finding finding the instance, For region. the across y representative I zvoru and zvoruand 47 Recea.
The decision to limit my analysis to analysis my limit to decision The
36
CEU eTD Collection analysis the in inclusion for criteria my satisfied that 1900 to prior study dietary major a identify to able been not have I particular, In interval. this of side either on periods for 1900 the to analysis my limit to decided nonetheless, have, I but advantages certain conferred have would period the socialist regime’s policies (1921 system production smallhold (1921 trade wheat world syst production farm large (1900 trade wheat world the in engaged actively been had residents rural when times mămăligă, 1960 between (roughly bread of and 1960) and 1900 between (roughly mămăligă of of consumption times predominant both covers period selected the sense, this In happened. had change dietary centered patterns rela potentially factors the in and periodanalysis, forhasbeen my practices adequate toassure indietary variation intention long a such selecting In 1980. to 1900 years,from 80 of period a over region relevant the theTemporalDefining C ‘core’ for preferences relative combination are for accurate ArgeșCountyreasonably andaccurate whole for region. the past and current the on and supplies maize availabili the on analysis my of findings the that consider I procedures, estimation - 1914, 1930 1914, Seen from a purely research design perspective, the selection of an even longer longer even an of selection the perspective, design research purely a from Seen consumpti food ‘core’ the follows study My - on mămăligă had been firmly established for a long period before the the before period long a for established firmly been had mămăligă on 1931 and 1936 and 1931 -
198 n 18) n, n h cs o peoiat osmto of consumption predominant of case the in and, 1980) and - oordinates 99 n 1932 and 1929 m (1900 em 0 interval primarily because of the scarcity of adequate data data adequate of scarcity the of because primarily interval 0
of rapid and urbanization (1950 industrialization ted to such practices and to demonstrate that the dietary dietary the that demonstrate to and practices such to ted - 1940) and participated in the co the in participated and 1940) - 1962) and when rural residents had been affected by by affected been had residents rural when and 1962) -
94, hn ua rsdns a be otie the outside been had residents rural when 1914), - 95 ad atcptd n h consolidated the in participated and 1935) on practices of rural residents from residents rural of practices on - dependent smallhold dependent - 1960). - ‘fringe’ ‘fringe’ ty of of ty
37 -
CEU eTD Collection Theory 48 analy of units the that full a from differs but design research observational an of limits the within variables between relationships describe to it permits which study comparative an within mămăligă on centered practices asymmetrical research comparison design. of dietary source a by as defined 1960 before cases period contrasting the use to and place taken had change dietary when 1980) and 1960 (between years 20 of period a on analysis my concentrate to decided have I addition, In reasons. practical for suitable more relatively were presentation detailed their requiring without life rural of aspects indicato purpose, this given and, period time selected the novel a from revisiting for point starting during other each succeededhad which economicregimes and/or politicalperspective the a as than rather right own its in change interes my reflects approach this part, In change. the of context broader the further exploring without change dietary the to contributed immediately have that factors those strictly to analysis my limit to necessary considered have I years, 80 researching of project the manageable make to fact, In regime. socialist the of decade last meager the to analysis the of extension an by compounded particularly been that analysis i an conducting adequately of challenge the posed already interval time selected the addition, In unsatisfactory. generally be to found been has data relevant the whic and nvolved very economic differenta wouldhave regimes, and problem political, social that
Jürgen Kocka, “Asymmetrical Historical Comparison: The Case of the German Sonderweg,” Sonderweg,” German the Caseof The Comparison: Historical “Asymmetrical Kocka, Jürgen
38 (1999): 40 (1999): 38 h asymmetrical The h was needed to qualify the macro the qualify to needed was h - 50.
i ae o euly el eeoe. vrl, h patc of practice the Overall, developed. well equally not are sis
comparison design retains the logical structure of a a of structure logical the retains design comparison
48
-
level data while for the 1980s the quality of of quality the 1980s the for while data level
the consumption data suggest that the the that suggest data consumption the s ht umrzd multiple summarized that rs t of studying the dietary the studying of t - fledged comparison in comparison fledged a period of of period a History and and History 38
CEU eTD Collection Cleavage Economic the Buildup of The Europe. Murgescu, Bogdan see Romania 51 50 33 Reflexivity,” of Challenge the and Croisée Histoire Comparison: “Beyond Zimmermann, Bénédicte and Werner Michael see method, comparative the of criticism general a For food. illustratin for method comparative diachronic the of use the with contradiction no in view, my in and, argument my to central is meanings negative specific with invested become pa had may mămăligă result, a their as and, lives their throughout because precisely or young bread were to they when switched mămăligă have consumed may have they residents because rural that idea the Furthermore, practices. consumption tested have I that sense the in relationships causal of demonstrative than rather exploratory is method comparative diachronic the of use my section, methodological my in out point as I However, other. each not influence unitsdid the different if ha may results the that and unit compared the in emerge not did or did it because in precisely unit one not or emerged I have may phenomenon studies. studied the that longitudinal exists compara always possibility of the the since case relationships that the mean in to pertinent criticism especially this are understand approaches croisée histoire or entangled de 49 analysis the of depth and nature the change, dietary the to factors contributing immediate socialism. un 1960 period the on analysis my of focus bread. of consumption predominant to changed had no by 1960 the on focus primary my to that outset wish the from clarify I sense, this In study. my of case the in problematic less are design research criticisms comparison’. of unit the ‘abuses unit primary the better understanding of sake the for only unit a selectively studying of rationale its that and the studied, well method comparative the of characteristic shortcomings the for just not criticized been has comparison asymmetric
For a review of the areas of interest and of the time periods that have dominated the study of Socialism in in ofSocialism study the dominated have that periods time the of and interest of areas the of review a For 49. Comparison,” Historical “Asymmetrical JurgenKocka, The criticism that the units of a comparison are rarely sufficiently isolated to exclude the possibility that that possibility the exclude to isolated sufficiently rarely are comparison a of units the that criticism The velopments in one unit affect the developments in the other unit coming from supporters of transfer, transfer, of supporters from coming unit other the in developments the affect unit one in velopments - der 35. 35. -
eerhd oil aeoy uig rltvl under relatively a during category social researched other reason than the observation that at this time the majority of rural residents rural of majority the time this at that observation the than reason other
51 as valid, I believe that the shortcomings of an asymmetrical comparison comparison asymmetrical an of shortcomings the that believe I valid, as
utemr, cnie sgiiat ht ie m gnrl ou o the on focus general my given that significant consider I Furthermore,
researcher usually manipulates only superficial knowledge of such units units such of knowledge superficial only manipulates usually researcher , o eape te hnig cnmc ot o cnuig n o te te ‘core’ other the or one consuming of costs economic changing the example, for g, 49
with it only measures of association and not causation between variables and and variables between causation not and association of measures only it with
but also on the grounds that because the secondary unit is less is unit secondary the because that grounds the on also but oâi ș Erp. Acu Europa. și România
](Ia și: Polirom,2010 - 1980 helps shed some light on a relatively relatively a on light some shed helps 1980 tive method cannot definitively demonstrate causal causal demonstrate definitively cannot method tive uae dcljlr economice decalajelor mularea
As a merely fortunate merelya As ), 325 ), 50 - 1980 time interval is justified justified is interval time 1980
While acknowledging these these acknowledging While - 328. H istory and Theory and istory -
researched phase of of phase researched rents had consumed it it consumed had rents by - Rmna and [Romania product
45 (2006): 45 ve been been ve , the the , 39
CEU eTD Collection c period fromfactors one 52 awithin comparative diachronic research design. practices consumption residents’rural the relatedto beingfor adequate therefore,are and, periods two the across researched well equally been have these as factors individual 1960 the for reviewed been have factors more that fact the from only emerges design research my in asymmetry the Accordingly, maize. and wheat of prices relative the and residents rural of practices consumption food degree and sources of wealth approaches, similar using analyzed, micro specific Finall increase. this highly of combination a analyzed using been had residents ruralpractices of consumption of underpinnings economic and the into political going without incomes real of growth the and and production supplies; such the of distribution permitted had that Plots Private and Cooperatives Agricultural organizatio and technical the into going without 1970s the of half first the during supplies maize of availability the aggregate; the in them shaped had thateconomicconfiguration wider the going into without maize and wheatof prices fixed the into ma free the consumption; going promoting towards turn broader regimes’ socialist without development this supported had that factors the of some and 1960 period change, dietary the studying for approach my of broadly more Illustrative periods. two the between differ analyzed been have that factors of range the only that and period does
This aspect of my research design fits the customary criticism only to the extent that the analysis of more more of analysis the that extent the to only criticism customary the fits design research my of aspect This not vary depending on whether the factors of interest belong to a pre a to belong interest of factors the whether on depending vary not - 1980, I have discussed: the rising availability of industrially of availability rising the discussed: have I 1980, -
n macro and larifies better each factor in factor eachparticular. larifies better
- ee dt. y oprsn fr h pre the for comparison, By data. level
- 90 ie int time 1980
erval and does not apply to to apply not does and erval nal changes at the level of level the at changes nal
of strictness, the ‘core’ ‘core’ the strictness, of - y, the ‘core’ food food ‘core’ the y, 1960 period I have have I period 1960 - produced bread produced -
rket and state state and rket or post or for the the for - 1960 40 52
CEU eTD Collection 54 53 insuffici an whether test to study my designed have I particular,In system. centrally the of contours the given in sense terms made economic bread of consumption rising the that and dishes ‘fringe’ certain with he preferred had consumers that change, dietary the completely explain can factor reviewed single no that design, research the by allowed confidence of order rural of decreasing in demonstrate, to myI study designed have limitations, Acknowledgingthese practices consumption the explain itself by cannot factor a certain that information the to most at causation, of terms in or, causation) from association (different of measures to analysis my from derived be can that information of type restr it because primarily study my for implications important has design research individuals/cases. assigns randomly he/she which to conditions treatment create to interest of variable the manipulates researcher the design, interest. of variable the certain of a configuration display already to observed been have that cases them of each to assigning not have consumption on impact non a resultinguses regard this in study My practices. the observing then and cases of selection careful or bread of consumption predominant a to contributed had have to considered been have that factors Methodology SourcesMethodologyand
Ibid. Dunning, Thad
The analysis of the dietary change has involved successive assessments of the the of assessments successive involved has change dietary the of analysis The
manipulated the variable of interest but have constructed the units of analysis by by analysis of units the constructed have but interest of variable the manipulated
mămăligă by means of controlling each factor or group of factors through a through factors of group or factor each controlling of means by mămăligă
Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences Social the in Experiments Natural
53
y oprsn i a eprmna research experimental an in comparison, By - experimental research design meaning that I that meaning design research experimental ,1 - 21. 54
- lne, non planned, h ue f non a of use The - akt economic market donically bread bread donically ent availability ent - experimental residents. residents. icts the the icts 41
CEU eTD Collection apply by estimated been has dishes ‘fringe’ typical 6 the with mămăligă or bread prefers currently who and mămăligă on centered diet a support to maize of quantities sufficient to access had who period, time the during predominantly consumed had who residents rural of percentage the instance, For data. sample on based inferred been has which population increase inbreadconsumption. observed the to study, my in reviewed factors other the with combination in or itself by t of time the at combinations ‘bread’ specific for preference hedonic potential a inductively retrieving for current bread with6typical ormămăligă a preferencesfor ‘fringe’dishes starting point as ev have I mămăligă, or bread consuming of aspects convenience and implications financial the for controlling Finally, mămăligă. or bread consuming with associated costs financial the in reversal historic a with coincided ha analysis comparative diachronic a because bread of consumption rising the explaining for candidates prime as selected been have factors financial The consumption. bread (conven in increase an to well as contributed factors have preferences) other whether or cases all in change dietary the explain to sufficient are aspects financial whether tested have I mămăligă, on centered diet a support to maize of quantities sufficient to access had who residents brea to switching for motives residents’ rural the of discussion was question this further any justified have could alone which choice to of presence the establish to necessary solution a and change dietary the explain could flour maize of The analysis presented above is supported by information describing the r the describing information by supported is above presented analysis The he dietary change. Such a preference could have contributed, have could preference a Such change. dietaryhe
ing statistical methods of inference to sample sample to inference of methods statistical ing aluated for a sample of rural residents their their residents rural of sample a for aluated bread or mămăligă at different points points different at mămăligă or bread s shown that the dietary change has has change dietary the that shown s ience aspects and/or hedonic hedonic and/or aspects ience d. Subsequently, for rural for Subsequently, d. - ‘fringe’ ‘fringe’ elevant elevant 42
CEU eTD Collection 59 58 57 9. 56 55 have I dishes, ‘fringe’ typical 6 with mămăligă or bread for preferences their concerning age appropriate of residents rural 60 of sample a of responses the on based combinations conditions. identical under population same the from sampling repeated assuming not, do 5% while average population the contain Intervals Confidence the of 95% average, on that, assures observed average the from directions both in samples, the of size the on depending errors, standard 2.5 or 2 of length the by defined been has percentages of interval the outcomes, continuous est accurate more produce to found been has it because formula standard the of application the to preferred 2.5%. above by Co and 95% the configuration for retaining extreme more a or sample the in observed interest of variable the of configuration the conditions identical under sampling repeated through obtaining the each for calculating by but variables dichotomous for formulas standard the using assessed been not has percentages percentage. population true the of approximation an as calculated more mămăligă with dishes fringe certain prefer not prefer/do or preponderantly mămăligă consume not (did/did outcome dichotomous a with variables for sense, this In authors. other or myself by collected data
Ibid., 16 Ibid., 19 Ibid., 8 5, Ibid., Michael Smithson, This procedure for calculating the lower and upper l upper and lower the calculating for procedure This
- - 18. 23. - 9. 59
56
Finally, for inferr for Finally,
This more laborious method of deriving the Confidence Interval has been has Interval Confidence the deriving of method laborious more This
Confidence Intervals Intervals Confidence mts n h cs o dcooos variables. dichotomous of case the in imates n h sample. the in
nfidence Interval only those percentages that had probabilities had that percentages those only Interval nfidence
oretically possible population percentage the probability of of probability the percentage population possible oretically ing differences in preferences for specific ‘core’ specific for preferences in differences ing 58 than with bread), 95% bread), with than
(Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2003). Publications, Sage Oaks: (Thousand o al ntne, hrfr, h etmto method estimation the therefore, instances, all For imits of a Confidence Interval is outlined in Ibid., 5 Ibid., in outlined is Interval Confidence a of imits
Confidence Interval Confidence 57
55 o vrals with variables For
hs nevl of interval This s have been been have s - ‘fringe’ 43 -
CEU eTD Collection Conditional,” sample. in the observed giventhe distribution 2.5% Exact 61 then http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471 Better are 60 of principle general more a illustrates Interval Confidence the 95% using the of from manner information This 3%). least at by case, specific this (in average population e for with, guarantees the below not is average population true T flour. wheat/rye consume per value the the analysis representing my in use to preponderantly preferred have consumed I had date, this residents at mămăligă rural of majority the that Survey Dietary my that which observation of weeks 2 the Interval by values bounded Confidence corresponds the toa95% during flour wheat/rye any consumed not had Sur Dietary 1906 the to according instance, For argument. overall my for value convenient least the interval the from selecting consistently by analysis my of purposes the fit to product samples, independent two for test t the as such the other. each of independent be to considered be cannot that variables between differences of significance statistical the McNem the applied
Morten W. Fagerland et al., “The McNemar Test for Binary Matched Binary for Test McNemar “The al., et Fagerland W. Morten The 95% Confidence Interval is bounded by two values each having probabilities equal to or less than than less or to equal probabilities having each values two by bounded is Interval Confidence 95% The vey, 40 out of 111 (36%) relatively well relatively (36%) 111 of out 40 vey, McNemar test as well as in the case of other tests used less frequently in my analysis analysis my in frequently less used tests other of case the in as well as test McNemar The information summarized by the 95% Confidence Interval has been simplified simplified been has Interval Confidence 95% the by summarized information The - moment correlation hasbeen 5%.moment correlation evaluated a using significance of level intention has been to demonstrate based on the information from the 1906 1906 the from information the on based demonstrate to been has intention ar exact conditional test which is the appropriate test for evaluating evaluating for test appropriate the is which test conditional exact ar etg o rrl eiet fo te well the from residents rural of centage xample, 9 xample,
i poeue urnes ih 97.5 with guarantees procedure his
60 - 2288/13/91
0% confidence that the selected value is below the true the below is value selected the that confidence 0% The statistical significance of differences in the case of case the in differences of significance statistical The BMC Medical Medical BMC
eetd au (n hs ae 27 case, this (in value selected
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CEU eTD Collection Edition) 62 the decrease to intended is principle oflikelihood such an outcome. the of application the and entirety its in true than false be to likely more being up end actually may arguments of sequence enough conclusi overall the result, a As cumulative. are them of each with associated errors the consequently, and, interrelated usually are analysis an of arguments the that given generally more indispensable consider I which function a data, imperfect of impact error). the cushioning of II function same the performs analysis my (Type in principle the of application hypotheses true rejecting erroneously of risk the increasing hypoth false accepting erroneously of risk the limit to attempt an in hypothesis a confirming for proof of level high a demanding of studies quantitative experimental of practice standard multiple the of one each c supporting that arguments for required evidence of level the raising by findings overall my of reliability the boost to implemented been has principle The bread. w and 1970s the of half first the during mămăligă on centered diet a support to maize of quantities sufficient 1960 period the during preponderantly bread consumed had c residents who had rural of proportions the of assessment my in consequentially most prevailed has principle clear sufficiently not is evidence available the whenever in precedence giving
rdrc J Gravetter J. Frederick eses (Type I error) due, for example, to sampling imperfections even at the cost of of cost the at even imperfections sampling to example, for due, error) I (Type eses (Belmont: Cengage, 2011), 213 2011), Cengage, (Belmont:
ame together in my analysis. This procedure has been inspired by the the by inspired been has procedure This analysis. my in together ame onsumed mămăligă preponderantly during the period 1900 theperiod mămăligă preponderantlyduring onsumed ho currently prefers each of the 6 ‘fringe’ dishes with mămăligă or or mămăligă with dishes ‘fringe’ 6 the of each prefers currently ho
and Larry B. Wallnau, Wallnau, B. Larry and my analysis to interpretations that go against my argument argument my against go that interpretations to analysis my
- 216.
setas f ttsis o te eairl cecs (8 Sciences Behavioral the for Statistics of Essentials - cut. In my dissertation, this this dissertation, my In cut. - 90 wo a acs to access had who 1980, on of a long long a of on - 1960, who 62
The 45 th
CEU eTD Collection 63 emerge. mos applied been has triangulation may processes studied the of description accurate moreerrors,a of different kinds to susceptible are sourcesthat more fromcombiningdata no are sources of from types derived various data that assumes method This data. available the of quality the given how data from type different discuss to merely wish I paragraphs following the in and sections or chapters appropriate the of part introductory the in detail in presented been have information sources of types direct these All of deficiency this for up lef has that group social makea of characteristic to intended part in been has sources of variety a of sampling the fact, In value. problematic their by and recordings absen an change, dietary the of time the any are at used practices dietary their concerning sources themselves residents rural the by produced recordings among absent Conspicuously myself. by administered re rural 90 the by and provided surveys responses such discussing literature secondary the with the along from period Censuses relevant Agricultural and Industrial Population, major the Cooperatives, the p production concerning and authorities economic local and central by issued documents official practices, dietary and diets residents’ rural the on studies unpublished and published importantly, A Note Sources on
Nigel G. Fielding and Jane L. Fielding, Fielding, L. Jane and Fielding Nigel G. h ehdo aatinuain a be osdrdesnilfrm analysis my for essential considered been has triangulation data of method The draws analysis My
on information from a variety of sources including, most most including, sources of variety a from information on s of sources related havemys of been toeach other analysis. in romne o te aig etr n o te Agricultural the of and Sector Baking the of erformances
t inherently incompatible and, consequently, that by by that consequently, and, incompatible inherently t Linking Data Linking t persistently in my analysis of the dietary practices of of practices dietary the of analysis my in persistently t iet o aporae g t a oa questionnaire oral an to age appropriate of sidents t behind comparatively little written materials. written little comparatively behind t ce motivated by the limited number of such such of number limited the by motivated ce
(Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1986), 23 1986), SagePublications, (Newbury Park: 63
h mto o data of method The - 35. 46
CEU eTD Collection since However, questionnaire. oral my to responses residents’ rural the and mămăligă of 1979 the from and industrial a of distribution the of in markedincrease a showing data commercial includes changedietary argument the supporting evidence the example, For data. official the validating th in importance residents may bereliably retrieved for interval. a time long sufficiently sho the that been by has expectation Overall, my datasets, of purposes. types two other the qualifying and for confronting used been had that cereals wheat/rye of quantities resident been aggregation of level high havea at only available estimates such However, region. studied the from residents rural to 1980 bre for ingredients macro with data level micro the supplement to decided have I Accordingly, year. and season both by varied t given shortcoming year,potentiallyspecificaa significant of specificseasona from periodobservation short a during residents rural of sample a of practices consumption the described commonly quantitat residents’ rural the on data enough detailed provided which Studies Dietary 5 on practices dietary of analysis my in relied have I example, an As period. studied the during residents rural rtcomings of each method may be overcome and, thus, the dietary practices of rural rural of practices dietary the thus, and, overcome be may method each of rtcomings h cnrnain f aa rm aiu tps f ore aqie additional acquires sources of types various from data of confrontation The -
ly and are generally less accurate than the micro the than accurate generallyless are and - produced bread, consumption data from the Household Budgetary Surveys Surveys Budgetary Household the from data consumption bread, produced e study of the socialist period in which it can perform the function of function the perform can it which in period socialist the of study e - ad 1980 Dietary Studies showing a marked decrease in the consumption the in decrease marked a showing Studies Dietary 1980 ive consumption of bread and mămăligă. However, such data data such However, mămăligă. and bread of consumption ive a te vial eiec sgetd ht cr’ od consumption food ‘core’ that suggested evidence available the hat - -
that had remained available in each year during the period 1900 period the during year each in available remained had that flour wheat/rye of quantity the of estimates level -
typically at the level of the ‘average’ rural rural ‘average’ the of level the at typically - level data since they also include include also they since data level
-
the primary primary the 47 - -
CEU eTD Collection 65 24 1994), Press, CambridgeUniversity (Cambridge: in Statistics,” Economic 1913 Soviet Union, Soviet of the Mirror of Transformation Crooked “The Davies, W. R. and Wheatcroft 64 dataset to application their extend to appropriate considered have I errors source, contain that to can specific sources of type one only from data any since but, reputation low d to restricted be to initially intended been has proof high of principle the of and triangulation data of method the of application The misrepresentations. such identifying at efficient less was which control of system a and and m incentives the at starting misrepresentations encouraged of that rewards system a given distortions possible against safeguard completely not does administrators local even or central to available data of use the Nevertheless, Socialist and Soviet in misrepresentation of types and frequency 1950 period the for disagreement little very shows Yearbooks Statistical the as such sources published from interna ‘for or secret’ ‘strictly label the carrying them of many records, archival unpublished from production and performance economic on data quantitative of analysis my regard, this in Significant data. official the in misrepresentation potential for adjust to expected is proof high of principle the be of not application the could performed, triangulation data which for period socialist the from topics For place. ver to method triangulation the of requirements the with line in necessary been has it error, of kind same the to liable be may thereby, and, bread of consumption the exaggerate t first the
Ibid. Alec Nove, Nove, Alec ify from a source free of such pressures whether the dietary change had actually taken taken actually had change dietary the whether pressures such of free source a from ify
s
usedanalysis. inmy re ye o sucs a al elc etra ado itraie pressure internalized and/or external reflect all may sources of types hree The Soviet Econ Soviet The - 1980, consistent with the findings of other authors concerning the the concerning authors other of findings the with consistent 1980,
omic System omic
, the chapter on “Sources, Statistics, Evidence,” (363 Evidence,” Statistics, “Sources, on chapter the , - 1945 , ed. R. W. Davies, Mark Harrison an Harrison Mark Davies, W. R. ed. , - ata produced during socialism in view of its of view in socialism during produced ata 37.
icro - level of data collection collection data of level
ulse statistics. published d S. G. Wheatcroft Wheatcroft G. S. d l use only’, and only’, use l The Economic Economic The - 376);
such S. G. G. S.
48 all to to 65 64
CEU eTD Collection in presented evidence the when time a at mămăligă on centered diet a support to maize of quantities sufficient accesshadto residents ruralwhetherthe of discussion the with opens Cha Third The foods. home from move a meant also had change dietary the that industrially of distribution the in increase marked a with findi main Theperiod. socialist pre the during bread of production low the given consequential less is misrepresentation pre productio when period socialist the industrially for demand residents’ rural the to responses represented having than rather process decisional residents’ rural the by motivated is change se baking the in developments the that assumption dietary the on Chapter the after immediately Chapter 1950 period the during sector baking industrial the in place des Chapter Second The period. transition the of timing magnitude, its characteristics: important most its discuss to and change, dietary the interest: of phenomenon the introducing of task the has Chapter design. research comparison asymmetrical an for suited better is chronologically than rather thematically chapters the structuring of manner the while operations analytical change dietary the to contributed had of have to considered are which factors controllingthe order the matches chapters the presenting of order the Specifically, argument. main my of progression logical the fit to selected Structu - oils pro we pouto itrce mr feil wt dmn bt any but demand with flexibly more interacted production when period socialist A specific order of presenting and manner of structuring the chapters has been been has chapters the structuring of manner and presenting of order specific A re ofthe Dissertation re pter marks the shift of focus from producers to consumers and and consumers to producers from focus of shift the marks pter ng of this chapter is that the dietary change was associateddietary wasthe change that chapteris this ngof
- produced bread. This assumption is more justified for for justified more is assumption This bread. produced n was centrally was n cribes the developments that had taken taken had that developments the cribes ctor had actually set the context for the for context the set actually had ctor - planned and is less adequate for the the for adequate less is and planned - produced bread which indicates indicates which bread produced - prepared to purchased ‘core’ ‘core’ purchased to prepared -
1980. The position of this this of position The 1980. More concretely, the First First the concretely, More , coverage ,
performed for for performed
and duration duration and 49 -
CEU eTD Collection presentedabove. questions research the for implications broader their discusses and change dietary the Section Concluding The mămăligă. with dishes ‘fringe’ other prefer to continued had they that ph for non such discussing of task the up takes Chapter Fourth The change. dietary the to contributed of aspects consu convenience the as such factors other that and change dietary the explain completely cannot mămăligă or bread consuming of aspects financial the and supplies The fee. in an against ingredients customers’ the using bread preparing involved that Cooperatives Agricultural and Consumers’ by provided services baking on reliance diet a mămăl with on centered associated context economic the with it contrasts and bread diet on a centered with associated context economic the analyzes Chapter this of section second tw first the ig industrially ming ysiological or cultural reasons certain ‘fringe’ dishes with bread at the same time time same the at bread with dishes ‘fringe’ certain reasons cultural or ysiological
reevaluates and connects all these findings into a comprehensive interpretatio comprehensive a into findings these all connects and reevaluates
- main findings of this Chapter is that both an insufficient availability of maize maize of availability insufficient an both that is Chapter this of findings main economic factors and manages to show that rural residents may have preferred have may residents rural that show to manages and factors economic o Chapters indicated that they were consuming predominantly bread. The The bread. predominantly consuming were they that indicated Chapters o igă. Finally, the last section discusses the rural residents’ increasing residents’ rural the discusses section last the Finally, igă.
- produced bread and/or a preference for consuming bread have have bread consuming for preference a and/or bread produced - kind or monetary or kind n of of n 50
CEU eTD Collection A David 366 1996), & Professional, Academic in(London: Blackie MacFie H. J. changes dietary for in eating,” evidence of patterns Changing of sources the on section 1 a on focus which studies dietary the direction, opposite the In year. specific but entire an during or year a within period short a from practices consumption the described usually resul sensitive more the of relevance wider the interpreting for context necessary a provide flour wheat/rye of availability the mămăligă. tre term long the of depiction clear a generating in other each complement to intended been have which of all individuals, of number in provide which studies dietary consid a of intake food the on information large level, country the at available wheat/rye of quantity the of measurements gross including sources of variety a from T preponderantly. bread consumed which population rural the of proportion the and resident rural a of needs consumption cereal total the to 1900 period asses have I purposes, these For coverage. and predominant magnitude to timing, its mămăligă as such features essential its of of several describes and bread, of consumption consumption predominant from switch residents’ Introduction
For a review of the strong and weak points of these methods of collecting data on dietary practices see the see practices dietary on data collecting of methods these of weak points and strong the ofreview a For C HAPTER h peet hpe itoue te p the introduces chapter present The 1
More precisely, in this interaction, the long series of macro of serieslonginteraction,the this precisely,Morein - 1980 the levels of two indicators: the average consumption of bread relative bread of consumption average the indicators: two of levels the 1980 1:
L ONG ONG
T ERM Food Choice, Acceptance and Consumption and Acceptance Choice, Food
M T - ĂMĂLIGĂ depth descriptions of the dietary practices of a limited limited a of practices dietary the of descriptions depth RENDSTHEIN - scale Household Budgetary Surveys which collected which Surveys Budgetary Household scale s rm h smaller the from ts ,
1900 rbe n erable eoeo udr nlss te rural the analysis: under henomenon nds in the consumption of bread and and bread of consumption the in nds C - 1980 ONSUMPTION OF me o families of umber hese two indicators build on data data on build indicators two hese - 371.
sed and compared across the the across compared and sed - . T. Southgate, “Dietary Change: Change: “Dietary Southgate, T. . cl deay tde which studies dietary scale
, ed. H. L. Meiselman and H. H. and Meiselman L. H. ed. , - level estimates onestimates level
B n small and READAND - scale 51
CEU eTD Collection in the and flour wheat/rye betw flowed has information analysis the throughout Finally, meaningful. and comparable results the make to order in qualifications and adjustments several of application the necessary making thus period th conducting for chosen year the the in samples, representative selecting of interval time the in consumption, on information gathering for for employed methodology criteria their in widely differ studies about inferences confident of formulation populati the at patterns consumption the permit to residents rural of sample large sufficiently a of patterns consumption the describe each they because and time in a comparative a facilitates greatly which mămăligă and bread of consumption relative the on data quantitative offer they because primarily analysis for selected been have studies five These comparable. results their adjustments the with along region relevant the from and generally and residents rural of accurate practices consumption the more of snapshot detailed a present which studies dietary five the of one discusses section the Once region. relevant the of level the at and level national the at residents rural of intake cereal total the to grains wheat/rye of contribution aggregate the of discussion a with opening part each with data the from data the national level theappropriate to level studiedregion. ofthe disaggregate to needed supplies wheat/rye access to opportunity well - eie, ml communi small defined, The structure of the chapter mirrors the interaction interaction the mirrors chapter the of structure The - depth case studies which focused on a relatively more narrow narrow more relatively a on focused which studies case depth y rvd te nomto o rgoa vrain i the in variations regional on information the provide ty e te macro the een general osrain n i te uain f h observation the of duration the in and observation e on level. Beyond these common points, however, the the however, points, common these Beyond level. on
contex nalysis of consumption levels at different points points different at levels consumption of nalysis which have been applied in order to make make to order in applied been have which - ee tm sre o te viaiiy of availability the on series time level hs en salse, ah subsequent each established, been has t
ewe te aiu st of sets various the between 52
CEU eTD Collection that considering However, ratio. 3:1 the above or to equal flour maize to relative ratio consumption a into translated have would which quantities in available been had years was flour wheat/rye of quantity cereal available the entirelycover to sufficient the years, 4 only In flour. wheat/rye of units 2 every to unit 1 of ratio a to up consumed been had flour maize (53%) years 32 of r rural to available remained theoretically which flour wheat/rye the to quantities equal roughly or greater in consumed been had Appendix the from 1.1 Figure the to According consumption. food ‘core’ to maize three and wheat/rye of contribution the relative the aggregate the in evaluate from to order in provinces residents rural of needs consumption cereal total the with compared Romania. of provinces other the from residents rural urban to sold seed, as used exported, quantities the year each for imports and production total the from deducting by calculated been have estimates th during year agricultural each during Muntenia and Oltenia Moldavia, from residents rural to available remained theoretically which making bread for Consumption Human 1 1940 1 bethat will picked upinthe followingchapters. th define which and chapter the of section concluding the in reviewed estimates adjusted the produce to community 11 Macro .1.1 1900 Mămăligă, and Bread of Consumption the in Trends Term Long .1
The estimates presented in this section refer to the quantity of grains suitable for suitable grains of quantity the to refer section this in presented estimates The - ee Etmts f uniis f ha/y Cras availabl Cereals Wheat/Rye of Quantities of Estimates Level e main issues and help frame the principal lines of inquiry of lines principal the frame help and issues main e
to this Chapter, in 12 out of 32 years (37.5%) maize flour flour maize (37.5%) years 32 of out 12 in Chapter, this to
consumption needs of rural residents and in only 13 13 only in and residents rural of needs consumption esidents for human consumption and in 17 out out 17 in and consumption human for esidents
results of thi of results ah e qatt hs en then been has quantity net Each e interval 1900 interval e residents residents s analysis presented in presented analysis s and consumed by by consumed and - 1939. These 1939. 53 e -
CEU eTD Collection 515 1996), Române, Historical statistico Cercetări 372 2000), Române, Academiei 1859 Researches, Monedă 3 298. 1968), Press, Greenwood York: 2 appropriateness accuracy/reliability affect the presented estimates. of whose adjustments extensive of product the are afterwards, Transilvania and Crișana Dobrog from and 1913 to up Dobrogea from residents rural by and nationally residents urban by consumed seed, as used wheat/rye of quantities the on Axenciuc. Victor by presented statistics the from adjustments any hav and are straightforward rye wheat and of and theimports exports the production, total the concerning quantities the calculations, my in used figures the Among results. final the of accuracy the on effects distorting potential their of evaluation have I which wi together analysis adjustments my for suitable data major available the make to the order in performed of and indicators selected the of discussion consumption Intneeds) during the of (67% kg 109 of and 1913 to up needs) consumption total of kg (56.7% 92.2 of quantity average an around clustered less or more been have may and 2.1 be markedly less varied certainly year each in consumption for residents rural to available flour wheat/rye harvests, bad of years in needs production and consumption cover to stock producers agricultural
David Mitrany, Mitrany, David Victor Axenciuc, Axenciuc, Victor - A proper appreciation of the significance of these estimates requires a brief brief a requires estimates these of significance the of appreciation proper A
- Credit ttsia Rsace, 1859 Researches, statistical - Rumani in Peasant the and Land The - Comerț
- - Figure from data the by suggested is what than years agricultural tween vlța cnmc a oâii Creăi statistico Cercetări României. a Economică Evoluția 97 Vlm II Currency III: Volume 1947. soie 1859 istorice,
516. erwar period.
-
iaț Pbie Eooi Dvlpet f Roma of Development [Economic Publice Finanțe
ed part of the wheat/rye production in years of good harvests harvests good of years in production wheat/rye the of part ed - 7, 386 374, -
1947. Vol. II: Agricultura [Economic Development of Romania. Romania. of Development [Economic Agricultura II: Vol. 1947.
-
97 Vlm I: Agriculture] II: Volume 1947. - 9 ad itr Axenciuc, Victor and 392 -
Credit a: The War and Agrarian Reform Agrarian and War The a: -
Trade -
ulc Finance] Public
Evoluția Economică a României. României. a Economică Evoluția
- (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Academiei Editura (Bucharest:
soie 1859 istorice 3 ea, Basarabia, Banat, Banat, Basarabia, ea, i. Historical nia. However, the figures the However, e been taken without been e 2
(Bucharest: Editura Editura (Bucharest: the quantities of quantities the
(1917 -
1947. Vol. III: III: Vol. 1947. - 1921) (New 1921) - statistical statistical th an th 54
CEU eTD Collection Agricultura, 7 6 71 2001), Press, University 5 4 o based kg 150 of level consumption resident urban an censusesas national the in classified person each assignedto century. Black Central the from peasants Russian IFor135 kg seed hectarereported rye,David for a per rate adopted which have Kerans of 1900 period the for adequate be may kg 180 of hectare per rate seed a that suggest forme newly the into continued have may practices peasant 1963 between Cooperatives Agricultural 30 for observed wheat/rye of kg 214.6 of hectareper rate average seed the andwheat for hectare kgper 140 quantityof of unit per seed more using of practice widespread peasants’ land. of unit per used they seed much how of accounts accurate keep not did peasants of majority vast the that given information bes the admittedly, but, growers rye wheat/ of population total the for group unrepresentative an landowners, former from reports on information for relied had he that inferred be may it and hectare per rate seed for figure particular this derived he for 1926. and 1911 between Romania in available consumption human remained which wheat of volume the of estimate his in Mitrany David grain of kg 180 with sown been had wheat/rye with cultivated
Ibid., 71 Ibid., Mitrany, David aa n h nme o ubn eiet tkn rm itr Axenciuc, Victor from taken residents urban of number the on Data ai Ke David For estimating the consumption of wheat/rye flour by the urban population, I have population, urbanwheat/ryebythe of flour consumption the Forestimating e that assuming by calculated been have seed as used quantities The 6 - 72
rans, rans, 20
- 21. The Land and the Peasant inRumania, Peasant the and Land The id n Lbr n h Fr i Black in Farm the on Labor and Mind
- 72.
n the average per capita level recorded by Grigore by recorded level capita per average the n 5 -
at reg Earth In the absence of more direct evidence, the evidence, direct more of absence the In
298.
- at Russia Earth o a te einn o te 20 the of beginning the at ion 4
Mitrany does not discus not does Mitrany
vlța cnmc a României: a Economică Evoluția Coeaie, tentatively Cooperatives, d
- (Budapest: Central European European Central (Budapest: seed, the figure used by by used figure the seed, ad hn h optimum the than land t possible source of of source possible t - 1965, a time when when time a 1965, ach hectare ach 7
an annualan - s how s 1940. 55 th
CEU eTD Collection Industry] Historical Romania. of Development [Economic Industria 9 8 and home at foods theseprepare to cities populous of residentsof possibilities the limited cond housing different because both foods ‘core’ their obtaining for market the on relied consumers which to extent the in differences to also but residents their of income the in Differences inhabitants. 20000 than less counting towns in 33.7% and inhabitants 50000 than less counting towns in resided nationally population urban the of 50% than more city counting 1938. for lei 2390 of average national the to compared higher significantly lei, 2925 of income monthly a average, on them, brought the of head the least at employed was which household in families of group a on focused representativity, study of Benetato’s aspect this Concerning residents. urban of group particular a for generalizi of procedure any with associated be inevitably would that biases the offset to sufficient considered was precision in gain This confidence. of degree high a with accepted be can flour wheat and, evening) late until morning early from week observation the during supervised been had families surveyed the and personnel trained by cooking before weighed been had dish each of items food raw (the collecti for used method the because members. 53 comprising Cluj in located families 10 for observation of week one during Benetato
Grigo Victor Axenciuc, Axenciuc, Victor re Benetato, Benetato, re size of cities corresponded not only to differences in the occupational profile and and profile occupational the in differences to only not corresponded cities of size , (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 1992), 125. 1992), Române, Academiei (Bucharest: , Editura
100840 inhabitants, the fifth most populous city thefifth populous InterwarRomania, most while 100840 inhabitants, of Problema Alimentației pentru Individ și Colectivitate Individ pentru Alimentației Problema vlța cnmc a oâii Creăi statistico Cercetări României. a Economică Evoluția ng to the entire urban population the consumption level observed observed level consumption the population urban entire the to ng
8
in a large industrial enterprise (Dermata boots factory) which which factory) boots (Dermata enterprise industrial large a in Benetato’s study has been selected for this purpose primarily purpose this for selected been has study Benetato’s
accordingly, its results on the level of consumption of consumption of level the on results its accordingly, ng consumption data has been exceptionally rigorous exceptionally been has data consumption ng 9
In addition, the surveyed families lived in a in lived families surveyed the addition, In - ttsia Rsace, 185 Researches, statistical
, 136. , -
soie 1859 istorice
9 -
97 oue I: Volume 1947. - -
Napoca and and Napoca 97 Vl I: Vol. 1947. itions itions 56
CEU eTD Collection speci More consumption. personal for flour wheat/rye of quantities different markedly to access had regions individual from residents rural that given level regional the to national the from residents rural to available flour wheat/rye of quantities smaller correspondingly and wheat/ryeflour. Cluj from families 10 the by average, consumed, on 8kg largerflour maize quantities thanthe urbanitesconsumed of may have above of residents of and features rural and urban typical of combined lifestyles whose towns intake small of residents flour wheat/rye average the overestimate may level consumption selected oth the On power. income/purchasing to related inversely was intake cereal that given Basarabia) and Transilvania of parts Banat, (Crișana, residents rural for even norm the was consumption bread where regions in located towns those wheat/rye in specifically and generally intake cereal underestimate may calculation consumpti the that hand, one the on suggest, families surveyed the of features distinctive These city. the into moving after extents various to and periods certain for practices dietary their maintained have may which immigrants rural of influx receive they where from and preponderantly consumed was mămăligă where villages by surrounded closely were Romania of Kingdom Old the in cities bread the whereas preponderantly consumed residents rural where region a to, connected and in, of city the Finally, option. appealing an bread purchasing made which scale of economies develop to enterprises baking allowed population larger the because h fnl dutet a be t dsgrgt te data the disaggregate to been has adjustment final The
- average cities from the Old Kingdom of Romania as f Kingdom Romania as average Old cities of from the ial, h rrl eiet from residents rural the fically, n ee ue i my in used level on n h qatte of quantities the on
Cluj was located located was Cluj irst generation cereal er hand, the the hand, er d a regular regular a d
intake intake 57
CEU eTD Collection error maize.kg of16 of amount the kg us 179 of addition, level probable more the a text), the In of by body main (see consumption population. offset partially rural is total assumption the my in with associated Dobrogea from population kg rural 73 the of of error high unlikely an of correction the li have would even since adjustments additional of introduction the through further discussion the complicating from refrain to practical more considered have I but Dobrogea, 14 13 Antropo its to 125 1939), II’, ‘RegeleCarol Artă și Literatură pentru Fundația Relation in People Romanian the of Diet 12 the of 1940). Statistică, Centralde Census General and 29 [The sexe Categories December pe Professional profesie from în situația Population și profesiuni Romanian de grupe și clase pe Populația 11 Iași] 10 available theproduct to c nationally corresponds residentsoftheir torural which wheat/rye flour quantities of of the total 59% assigned share of I a have Greater Romania, per capita flour wheat/rye only consumed province this from residents rural tons estimatedbeen at 36200 provin the within pre For Oltenia. and Muntenia Moldavia, of units territorial appropriate more the for estimates derive to order from deducted and assessed Old the Romania. of from Kingdom counterparts their than flour maize of quantities smaller alternatively, obse contemporary competent Romania) interwar for (17.4% Basarabia and Romania) interwar of population rural the of (31.3% Banat Crișana, Transilvania, respectively) (4.8% Dobrogea
The term ‘ton’ refers in this dissertation to the metric ton (1000 kg). metricton(1000 the to dissertation this term‘ton’ in refers The Calculated based on data from Leonida Colescu, Colescu, Leonida from data on based Calculated on Claudian, Ioan y supin os o dsrb aeutl te osmto practi consumption the adequately describe not does assumption My Sabin Manuilă, Manuilă, Sabin , VII , - X.
consumption level for cereal products of 162.5 kg. Forall levelfiveconsumption cereal provinceswithin for of products
mited impact on the other regional estimates (underestimation of 3.5 kg) given the small share share small the given kg) 3.5 of (underestimation estimates regional theother impact on mited
Alimentația Poporului Român în cadrul Antropogeografiei și Istoriei Economice [The [The Economice Istoriei și Antropogeografiei cadrul în Român Poporului Alimentația eesmnu Gnrl l ouaii Românie Populației al General Recensământul 10 ce to cover the consumption needs of the growing rural population have population rural growing the of needs consumption the cover to ce
and 4.3% of the rural population of pre of population rural the of 4.3% and - 93 orga te uniis f wheat/rye of quantities the Dobrogea, 1913 12
Their cumulated consumption of wheat/rye of consumption cumulated Their h Gne Dsrbto b Profession] by Distribution Gender the 13 h ttl uniy vial ntoal t rrl eiet in residents rural to nationally available quantity total the
rvers as consuming greater quantities of wheat/rye flour or, flour wheat/rye of quantities greater consuming as rvers
in 1900 and 43600 tons in 1912 on the assumption thatthe assumption 1912onthe in tons in 1900and43600 th
90 Vl V Vol. 1930. ițoau Saitc l oâii Vl I Agș and Argeș I: Vol. României. al Statistic Dicționarul geography and Economic History] History] Economic and geography o a udrsiae lvl f oa cereal total of level underestimated an of e - - I Casfcto o te ouain on Population the of Classification VI: 126.
dn 9 eevi 13. o V Vol 1930. Decemvrie 29 din i
- 11 1914 and interwar Romania interwar and 1914
(Bucharest: Editura Institutului Institutului Editura (Bucharest: allowing for the consumption of of consumption the for allowing from residents rural the of ces ae en ecie by described been have 14 cereals
and given a national a given and cereals
ht remained that
needs to be to needs (Bucharest: (Bucharest: umulated umulated - VI: 58
CEU eTD Collection 15 researchtheir cereal time at thatthestudent underform the team same the intake ofmaize Landholder) large one village the above considerably land, 6 owned 2 and households village all of 98% than land more owned 2 which Naip from families 6 aspect, last this Concerning consumption. cereal to applied effects ceiling that given well disproportionate the because also but biases sampling of cases extreme the but all against control to designed been the has procedure because adjustment just not conservative certainly is provinces five the from residents rural 95% the (within consumpt a averages of estimate resulting observed The Interval). Confidence the from errors standard two of total a within macro whea of consumption the in difference relative smallest the produce to readjusted been have which estimates two by defined ratio a for opted have I probabl for control to O and Muntenia Moldavia, from villages 26 from persons 665 by used gr. 250 the that greater significantly maize, than other cereals of gr. 465 of average, on use, made had provinces five the from villages 33 from persons 775 that showed which Study three 1938 the of remaining results the on based is levels consumption for ratio capita a Such the provinces. from per residents a rural of of that and than country higher the 27% level of consumption population rural total the in 53.1% of weight
Arhivele Naționale ale României. Fundațiile Culturale Regale Culturale Fundațiile României. ale ArhiveleNaționale - to - regions (465 gr. and 365 gr. respectively) on condition that they are both located both are they that condition on respectively) gr. 365 and gr. (465 regions - do families reduces the difference between villages from the two macro two the from villages between difference the reduces families do vlae Vac Cut, uvyd o te 98 itr suy of study, dietary 1938 the for surveyed County, Vlașca village, u e sampling biases (see S (see biases sampling e , 15
have been found to consume, on average, approximately 20% of 20% approximatelyaverage, on consume, to found been have
average
ection 1 ection of 4.5 Ha 4.5 of - .1.3 for a more detailed discussion), discussion), detailed more a for .1.3 Centrală. 97/1938, 1 111, 97/1938, Centrală.
focus of the 1938 dietary study on study dietary 1938 the of focus
(excluding the 700 Ha owned by owned Ha 700 the (excluding ion level 27% higher for the for higher 27% level ion t/rye flour between the two the between flour t/rye ltenia. In order order In ltenia. 33.
- - 7 Ha of of Ha 7 Dietary Dietary regions regions 59
CEU eTD Collection 19 18 Biopolitics] and Eugenics of County],” Caraș from Communes Rural Three in Situation Food 17 16 from villagers 88 of practices dietary the on methodology rigorous through Benetato level Thisconsumption basedconsumption. for collected is onthedata cereal by products deter to kg 162.5 of cereals levelsthe entire whenfor assessed village population. consumption wou in difference actual study the below considerably dietary 20%, of difference 1938 maximum the of methodology the through assessed Ineu and Pojejena Măguri, from and Naipu from flour wheat/rye for levels consumption the comparison villages, within of ofbread consumption a Romania. distributions Given such s across uniformly more consumed was bread that conclusion the justifies which village entire the for representative are results these that assures populations village the from un intake County), (Bihor Ineu from families 18 from persons 88 (Transilvania), village e socio the in positions various to corresponded consumption bread of levels different considerably Romania, of Kingdom Old the of territories the in that showing data with m that village the of description general its in affirmed readily survey the performing with entrusted ocio conomic
Ibid., 185. 136, Ibid., Benetato, Grigore Benetato, Grigore Petre Râmneanțu, “Starea de nutriție și alimentație din trei commune ale județului Caraș [Nutritional and and [Nutritional Caraș județului ale commune trei din alimentație și nutriție de “Starea Râmneanțu, Petre - cnmc rus t es i vlae lctd n h wsen prov western the in located villages in least at groups economic The resulting estimates have been compared to an annual consumption level for for level consumption annual an to compared been have estimates resulting The der the form of maize. of form the der
hierarchy (See Chapter 4 (See hierarchy aize was the staple food of its residents. These observations are consistent are observations These residents. its of food staple the was aize
Problema Alimentației pentru Individ și Colectivitate, și Colectivitate, Individ pentru Alimentației Problema și Colectivitate Individ pentru Alimentației Problema 16
8 (1937): 114. 8(1937):
over 100 persons from Pojejena Română (Caraș County) (Caraș Română Pojejena from persons 100 over mine the contribution of wheat/rye of contribution the mine
19
The relatively large samples drawn without restrictions without drawn samples large relatively The , Section 1). By comparison, 182 persons from Măguri from persons comparison,Măguri By 182 1). , Section
Buletin Buletin 18
consumed 12.5% of their cereal their of 12.5% consumed eugenic și biopolitic [The Journal [The biopolitic și eugenic . 185. cereals
to total ‘core’ food food ‘core’ total to inces of Greater Greater of inces d hw a show ld 17
and 60 -
CEU eTD Collection Activity]of Years Five Tomești: Stationof Sanitary Experimental 22 21 20 be might that bias the of direction the of appreciation an facilitates procedure estimating of procedure the levelsestimating from dataconsumption intervals. annualcovering time short with associated be might that errors any consumption, food ‘core’ t with together be accommodating, of would capable that margin safety comfortable a secure to order in population rural entire the to kg 162.5 of level consumption lower the generalize to opted have I Nonetheless, underestimate may village Ineu from level consumption the that suggest of intensity, physical comparable months of work during agricultural practices consumption describe and populations village the from r equally an through assessed been have which Măguri and the Vechi Barlovenii village, Română, Pojejena Osoi from levels in consumption households pellagrous of practices consumption the defined it (Moldavia). County Iași Osoi, of village the from families 22 from villagers 120 for al. et Alexa by observed Vechi Râmnean by observed kg 180.6 k 162.5 of level consumption non by defined months January, and December in families, some for and, intensity, physical high of work agricultural County Bihor Ineu,
Petre Râmneanțu, “Starea de nutriție și alimentație din trei c trei din șinutriție alimentație de “Starea Râmneanțu, Petre 136. Ibid., Alexandry Slătineanu et al., al., et Slătineanu Alexandry 21 hs ucnt eiw f h idctr ue and used indicators the of review succinct This
and by Benetato for the village of Măguri and considerably below the 304 kg 304 the below considerably and Măguri of village the for Benetato by and
22
uig n we o osrain n coe, mnh eie by defined month a October, in observation of week one during
While a While
Plasa sanitară rurală de demonstrație Tomești: cinci ani de activitate [The [The activitate de ani cinci Tomești: demonstrație de rurală sanitară Plasa
g is slightly below the consumption levels of 179 kg and kg 179 of levels consumption the below slightly is g consumption level of 304 kg is certainly exceptional since exceptional certainly is kg 304 of level consumption u o te ilgs f oeea oâă n Barlovenii and Română Pojejena of villages the for țu igorous methodology, refer to representative samples representative to refer methodology, igorous - giutrl ok f o pyia intensity. physical low of work agricultural
eel osmto a te ainl level. national the at consumption cereal eueo grain of use he ommune ale județului Caraș,” 114. Caraș,” județului ale ommune
(Iași: Institutul de Arte Grafice, 1936). Arte Grafice, Institutul de (Iași: quantities
dutet md i the in made adjustments
as an indicator of of indicator an as
20
61 A
CEU eTD Collection andthethe compositionq ofthe diets on information produce to it designed which Kirileanu, and Proca doctors professionals, 1 the in (60%) kg Interwar period. 97 to kg 109 from and 1913 to up period the in need) consumption cereal total of (44% kg 71.3 to kg 92.2 from quantities available of level average the c human for unavailable rendered cereals wheat/rye of quantities the for harvest total the of 5% of estimate modest a that sense this in noteworthy Itis residents. rural for consumption breadlimit for maximum definea feed, as used wheat/rye of quantities include and losses storage and processing transportation, of gross are flour wheat/rye of availability the on estimates final the that fact the with together influences, overestimating prevailing al for cereals for level consumption conservative a of adoption macro relevant than lower more a of application is consumers, of 25% an affects 1913, that to up overestimation Dobrogea from residents rural to and period studied the throughout higher a of application the with r the of from quantities residents rural the to of available flour underestimation wheat/rye an balance, On estimates. final the in present .1.2 The 1906Dietary.1.2 The S The 1906 dietary study was the result of the personal initiative of two medical medical two of initiative personal the of result the was study dietary 1906 The - region, an underestimation that affects 53% of consumers, and by the the by and consumers, of 53% affects that underestimation an region,
- than tudy: Methodology,tudy: representativeness results and - probable consumption level to rural residents outside of the of outside residents rural to level consumption probable - than uantitative intake of a large number of rural families a large number of intake uantitative - probable consumption level to urban residents residents urban to level consumption probable onsumption for various reasons would reduce would reasons various for onsumption
togy ugs ta te estimates the that suggest strongly lvn macro elevant
rrl eiet. The residents. rural l compensated by the the by compensated - region associated associated region
62
CEU eTD Collection ( (Report)]. Kirileanu I. Gh. and Proca Gh. Doctors Professor by Diet, Peasants’ the into [Inquiries (raport) Kirileanu I. Gh. și 24 Questionnaire Diet: Peasants’ 23 decided todisregardtheonquantitative consum information have and mămăligă and bread for frequencies consumption reported the only analysis my in compared have I Consequently, consumed. quantities actual reflecting in error to and bread both for flour portioning in kitchenware same the flour maize and bread relative flour, wheat of consumption the on accurate considered been have results its devices, weighing to access non on information for relied had Study Dietary rural of 1906 the because addition, In weeks. two group just of period observation short a over residents unrepresentative an of practices consumption the describe results its in located disadvantage main the has Study Dietary villagesthe Conversely, areas. geographic different from residents rural of number large the a on of information practices on consumption draw they since level regional a at representative are results region. relevant the from families 114 on and nationally families rural 496 on information providing replied had March, 1 By carnival. of one and lent of week one for well, as codași and fruntași of family a by allowed, time if and mijlocași, of family a by consumed foodstuffs of quantities e Accordingly, limited of turn conditions authors the under personnel, population rural the of portion significant a involving country. the over all from
Gheorghe Proca and Gh. I. Kirileanu, Kirileanu, I. Gh. and Proca Gheorghe Gheor
ghe Proca and Gh. I. Kirileanu, Kirileanu, I. Gh. and Proca ghe 1906, the deadline for receiving the filled in questio in filled the receiving for deadline the 1906, ach teacher was presented with the task of observing and registering the registering and observing of task the with presented was teacher ach Bucharest: Imprimeria Statului, 1907), 21 1907), Statului, Imprimeria Bucharest:
- 23 24 Survey Sent to Teachers] ( toTeachers] Sent Survey
Confronted with the difficulty of conducting a dietary survey dietary a conducting of difficulty the with Confronted ed to rural teachers to collect the necessary information. information. necessary the collect to teachers rural to ed vrl, h 10 Deay td hs h avnae that advantage the has Study Dietary 1906 the Overall,
Cercetări asupra hran asupra Cercetări Hrana tăranului: apel tăranului: Hrana Bucharest: Imprimeria Statului, 1906), 1 1906), Statului, Imprimeria Bucharest: - specialized personnel who who personnel specialized - ei țăranului, de Profesori Doctori Gh. Proca Proca Gh. Doctori Profesori de țăranului, ei -
24. as presumably the housewives used housewives the presumably as - chestionar adresat D adresat chestionar
nnaire, a total of 439 teachers teachers 439 of total a nnaire, ption as ption inaccurate. mămăligă - -
lor Învățători [The [The Învățători lor and more liable more and did not have have not did
- 8. 8.
st that that
63 its of
CEU eTD Collection 28 27 26 25 more the to alternatives noteworthy as them qualify to quantities sufficient in foodstuffs obs of weeks two the during 73 than more no of flour.maize kg 3.5 every to kg 1 than, higher or to, equal ratio a to flour wheat consumed had between (ratios flour wheat than frequently more significantly flour maize consumed had families 6 flour), maize of kg 1.16 and 1.12 to of wheat flour quantities kg (ratios flourconsumed of1 inroughly equal wheat andmaize o gr. 670 and gr. 400 to flour wheat of kg 1 of (ratios flour available. been has consumed quantities on information detailed which for families 18 for data the has flour maize of and equivalent flour wheat its to converted bread of flour, wheat of consumption relative the mămăligă, only consume not did that families mămăligă. only but flour wheat or bread of quantities any consume not did 27 Interval: Confidence (95% 36% 38% and lent during third a than more slightly bread. only ate weeks out 6 carnivalandduring the 12 of Dobrogea,out whereof 4 outside Kingdom Old the of territories the in weeks observed the during mămăligă
Ibid. 28 Ibid., Ibid. 25 Ibid.,
Overall, a strictly statistical interpretation of the sample data wo data sample the of interpretation statistical strictly a Overall, consume not did that families no were there Study, Dietary 1906 the Accordingto - - 45. 26. 27
28 Of these 18 families, 2 families had consumed wheat flour more than maize than more flour wheat consumed had families 2 families, 18 these Of
% of the correspo the of % 25
In addition, a quarter of the national sample during carnival and carnival during sample national the of quarter a addition, In
rain n ta ol aon 36 around only that and ervation
% nding population had consumed bread or wheat flour flour wheat or bread consumed had population nding - 46 %) of the sample drawn sample the of %) (95% Confidence Interval: 28% Interval: Confidence (95%
1:1.5 and 1:2.6) and 9 families (50%) families 9 and 1:2.6) and 1:1.5 f maize flour), 2 families had families 2 flour), maize f 5 hd osmd these consumed had .5%
from the r the from been estimated using using estimated been
of 11lent of duringthe uld suggest that suggest uld elevant region region elevant of Romania Romania of - 26 48
o the For %) and and %) 64
CEU eTD Collection 29 it since purpose this for optimal than less be may families surveyed the of diet the the formed mămăligă or bread whether assessing for flour maize families wheatand which twice bread used contributed category. flour both to this category ‘consumedbread’ the to assigned were nonetheless making bread than other have to purposes culinary consideredfor flour wheat used had which families families as inflated is bread consumed rural of number the failed, assumption the sample the fr cases of number unknown an for that Given well. as bread consumed had have to reported been have families 8 these of 4 and bread making for used been had flour wheat quantit the justified. always not is assumption that however, shows, foodstuff each for consumed quantities the on information con the of analysis An both. of terms in not but bread of or flour wheat of terms in either family each for bread of consumption the reported surveyors the that and making bread for only ‘consumed ‘c categories and bread’ the under listed respondents the together added have I bread, who consumed ofrural calculatingresidents overestimating proportion in First, effect. the hav I I Confidence 36 fo ‘core’ common
Ibid. .5% should be considered a maximum estimate not just just not estimate maximum a considered be should .5%
e made in measuring the consumption of the ‘core’ foods have had an an had have foods ‘core’ the of consumption the measuring in made e ies of wheat flour sufficiently large to warrant the assumption that all or part of theof part or thatall assumption the warrant to sufficientlyflourwheatlarge of ies Secondly, the selection of the indicator relating the consumption of wheat flour to flour wheat of consumption the relating indicator the of selection the Secondly, sumption patterns of 38 families for which the authors had provided detailed detailed provided had authors the which for families 38 of patterns sumption nterval has been used in its calculation but also because two adjustments that two also but because calculation been inits hasnterval used onsumed wheat flour’ on the assumption that wheat flour had been used used been had flour wheat that assumption the on flour’ wheat onsumed odstuff, mămăligă. Even in this statistical this in Even mămăligă. odstuff,
29
Specifically, only 8 out of 9 families had consumed had families 9 of out 8 only Specifically, because the upper bound of the the of bound upper the because interpretation, the figure of of figure the interpretation, principal
‘core’ food in food ‘core’
and and om 65
CEU eTD Collection entitled work meaning.This economic an had which categories ordinal were these that suggests work contemporary a from information the categories these by understood generally is teachers rural the it what uncover to accordingly, difficult and, fruntași and mijlocași codași, terms the for definition of kind t evenly belonged probably families 59 remaining the while category mijlocași the to belonged well of representa against my theevidence hypothesis when isambiguous. go which arguments to precedence giving of principle general the with accordance in any making from refrain to decided have I reason this for and mămăligă of consumption the overestimating of risk the time same the at incurring without estimates precise more deriving of possibility the cases both in precludes data sugge would calculation my from indicator the what than greater was that consumption mămăligă of frequency relative a into translated have to likely the composition, loa caloric its by than volume and weight food’s a by more influenced 6 page see mămăligă of preparation the in water of quantities greater significantly of addition gi intake quantitative total to contribution relative their reflect to fails but intake calorie total to mămăligă approximates and bread indicator of contribution relative This the accurately diets. reasonably within mămăligă of position the misrepresents h pten f osmto dsrbd bv apis o sml ta i not is that sample a to applies above described consumption of pattern The - o the fruntași and codași categories. The authors of the study did not provide any provide not did study the of authors The categories. codași and fruntași the o to tive of the general population as it included a disproportionately large number number large disproportionately a included it as population general the of tive - - do rural families. Specifically, 436 (88%) of the 495 surveyed families families surveyed 495 the of (88%) 436 Specifically, families. rural do 7 ). As the available evidence seems to indicate that appetite and satiety are are satiety and appetite that indicate to seems evidence available the As ). fact that maize flour produced 6 produced flour maize that fact 5% more ‘core’ food than wheat flour is is flour wheat than food ‘core’ more 5% Starea Socială a Săteanuluia Socială Starea
adjustments to the sample data data sample the to adjustments st. The lack of adequate of lack The st. d or macronutrient or d presents ven the the ven (see
but 66
CEU eTD Collection 246. 1907), Gobl’, Economy]Social on Section by 1906 the of Exhibition General to According Social Villagers: [The the Socială Economie of de State Secțiunea către de 1906 din Române Generale Expozițiunii ocaziunea 30 since especially andcategory each to regions their from population the of shares different aggregate, the in assigned, had country the of regions different from authorities local delimi thresholdscertain which have absolute recognized may group a as respondents the addition, In villagers. fruntași to compared resources wealth productive agricul include to manner composite a in understood economicresources to access greater enjoyedfamilies these signifiedthat they category, mijlocași the to instance, for localities, rural their from families the of part sugges responses of pattern the Rather, criterion. this to according families rural the classify not did respondents the of part least at that suggest authorities local the from received responses the and animals draft of stock its to of one in position household’s a linked which Reform Land 1864 the this For in enshrined world. criterion the of application the inadequate as rejected had authors reason,the rural heterogeneous a be to considered was what of cases particular socio describe meaningfully could no that criterion account uniform on categories three the of another or one to families rural assigning for criterion specific a presenting from refrained questionnaires the of authors the study, fruntași. and mijlocași codași, categories the among socio the of aspects various concerned which and communes rural from schoolmasters and th all to addressed been had that questionnaires 4800 over from information the
Gheorghe Scraba, Scraba, Gheorghe - economic situation of the peasantry including the distribution of rural families families rural of distribution the including peasantry the of situation economic
tra oil a ăenli dp acea rvtae nli 95 îdpiiă cu îndeplinită 1905, anului privitoare ancheta după săteanului: a socială Starea -
oprd o oai ilgr bt oe etitd ces o such to access restricted more but villagers codași to compared
the Survey for 1905 performed with the Occasion of the Romanian Romanian the of Occasion the with performed 1905 for Survey the s htwe h res the when that ts
(Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice ‘Carol Grafice Arte Institutul de (Bucharest: 30 -
cnmc difference economic ted the three categories since the ted the since threecategories ie h atos f h d the of authors the Like ua ln, ietc ad non and livestock land, tural
the three categories categories three the pondents assigned assigned pondents -
very probably probably very i al the all in s e mayors e ietary 67 -
CEU eTD Collection 32 16 1907), Gobl’, ‘Carol ArteGrafice Creangă, 31 this all on Based 25%. admitt an analysis of my for accepted estimate have I information, an optimistic, still although credible, more Iconsider which for population ruralthe of half bottom the for certainlyoveroptimistic is 4 Chapter landholding and/or livestock of terms in defined are these whether of resources regardless economic to access of degree household’s a to sensitive was consumption entir the to results study’s the generalizing when relevant particularly is families such on focus A population. rural the of half upper the of patterns dietary the predominantly describe study the of results the then village, its of hierarchy within mijlocașă as classified family a of position the understood teachers rural the how limits reasonable within approximates categories three the among families from the neighboring plain families rural the for proposed been have which 38.2% and 42.3% 19.5%, of shares the from different considerably respectively, 43% and 45% 12%, was codașe and mijlocașe correlation). strong rura of r=0.72, share the (Pearson’s Furthermore, land arable of more or Ha 5 owned which families rural of share the with together varied and County Brăila for 27% to County as classified families rural of share the example, For landholdings. substa their of size by households rural of distributions in are distributions resulting the
Gheorghe Scraba, Scraba, Gheorghe The distribution of families by size of landholdings refers to to refers landholdings of size by families of distribution The
Returning to the dietary study, if the local authorities’ distribution of rural rural of distribution authorities’ local the if study, dietary the to Returning rpitta uaă n oâi [ua Lnonrhp n Romania] in Landownership [Rural România în Rurală Proprietatea , Section 1). Section , Starea socială a săteanului. săteanului. a socială Starea
Accordingly, the estimate of 36 of estimate the Accordingly,
fruntași ranged in Muntenia and Oltenia from 9% for Muscel Muscel for 9% from Oltenia and Muntenia in ranged fruntași counties.
- l families from the relevant region classified as fruntașe, as classified region relevant the from families l 21. 21.
32
246.
ta areet ih h corresponding the with agreement ntial 1896 and is based on data from George D. D. George from data on based is and 1896 .5% edly ad edly e population given that bread that given population e derived from the sample data sample the from derived - hoc, although generous, generous, although hoc,
(Bucharest: Institutul de de Institutul (Bucharest: the economic the (s 68 ee 31
CEU eTD Collection by occasioned consumption in variations term short beyond considered be can above presented figures the consumption, bread of trend cyclical the in observation of months f of formsother and areastimber where bakingas well bread for used be could house the heated which oven the when and low were requirements late the during consumption bread frequent more relatively encouraged heating for fuel of use the in and labor women’s on claims competing of strength the in variations seasonal maize, and wheat of availability the in Besidesthecons thenext. harvestfrom onemaize to needs consumption their cover to supplies maize sufficient have not did which families for especially maize of and wheat of harvesting the between months the bre in importance instance, the for throughout as, year uniform calendar not or was agricultural consumption bread that possibility wheat the of availability suggests the in differences These summer. early and spring late during the as continuously decline to only autumn) and summer (late harvest the after immediately months the in abundant most were population rural the of reserves wheat the manner, this in defined year agricultural an In 1906. and bounde year agricultural the through halfway February, and January during observed been have residents rural the of habits consumption the precisely, More year. agricultural specific a from period time specific a over group social considered wheat flour consumed inequal had andmaize tohave quantities. 31 of estimate
Finally, the data from the 1906 study refer to the dietary the to refer study 1906 the from data the Finally, % for the share of rural families from the general population which are are which population general the from families rural of share the for % -
an efficientappealed from torural residents plainan offuel which use uel were in short supply. Given the position of theof position supply.the short Given werein uel
autumn and winter months when other labor other when months winter and autumn
year progressed to reach very low levels levels low very reach to progressed year traints imposed by the cyclic traints by imposed patterns the d a hv aqie particular acquired have may ad d by the wheat harvests of 1905 1905 of harvests wheat the by d practices of a particular a of practices
69
CEU eTD Collection 7. 1940), Statistică, 33 socio broad three for representative households six study for choose to asked were surveyors o course the over month per week one forhousehold same the of consumption registeringdaily of the method sensitive more the and year one during consumed foodstuffs of quantities the all roughly assessing approach o approaches two combined and villages of number a in activities cultural and sanitary economic, performing teams student the aspects. its all in household Cultu Royal the and Institute Social Romanian 1 flour/mămăligă thenorm had atthattime. been 1900 interval the been had reserves flour wheat/rye 5 the nationally which in year agricultural an define practices whea than quantitiesgreater 1905 the during consumed had residents rural of majority great the that argument the for evidence persuasive provides notice, to bread on residents rurale and Autumn during consumption of part the from reliance complete implausible an barring study, dietary 1906 the Accordingly, half. preceding the for estimates minimum as but es maximum asextraordinaryevents .1.3 The 1938 Dietary Study: Methodology, 1938Dietary.1.3 The Study: representativeness results and
D.C. Georgescu, Georgescu, D.C. - economic categories of peasants: codași (poor), mijlocași (middling) and fruntași and (middling) mijlocași (poor), codași peasants: of categories economic h 13 deay td ws at f n mrsie rjc iiitd y the by initiated project impressive an of part was study dietary 1938 The th
L’a
highest (124.6 kg) during, and 30% higher than the average level for, for, level average the than higher 30% and during, kg) (124.6 highest limentation de la Population Rurale en Roumanie en Rurale Population la de limentation - 93 s 1913
33 t flour/bread. Significantly more generally, such consumption generally,such more Significantly flour/bread. t
getn ta peoiat consump predominant that uggesting The task of collecting the material on diets was assigned to assigned was diets on material the collecting of task The arly Winter which contemporary observers had failed failed had observers contemporary which Winter arly timates for the remaining half of the agricultural yearagricultural the theforremainingof halftimates - 1906 agricultural year maize flour/mămăligă in flour/mămăligă maize year agricultural 1906 f three summer months. In each village, the the village, each In months. summer three f sreig osmto: budgetary a consumption: surveying f
a Fudtos f nlzn te rural the analyzing of Foundations ral
(Bucharest: Institutul Central de de Central Institutul (Bucharest: tion of maize maize of tion
- like like 70
CEU eTD Collection to flour wheat/rye of unit 1 of median a with County) (Buzău village Păltinișului Gura (Râmnicu village Cârligele for flour maize of units 1.75 every to flour wheat/rye of unit 1 from ranged ratios consumption the specifically, More flour. maize than quantities greater in fr villages 8 from grainfood usedforand non rural the budgetary overestimatethe of tendency the results given consumption its that and families do well to assigned weight disproportionate the given level village the at representative families not is 48 sample thatof its level, regional at representative isnot the of 8villages se its that disadvantages main the has Study Dietary 1938 the Conversely, entire an year throughout agricultural residents surveyed the of practices dietary the describe results t advantage main the has Study Dietary 1938 the Overall, Georgescu. by quoted studies the from analyses chemical the of results the of averaging an on based protein of gr. 9 every for maize than other flour cereal of gr. 100 of and it by supplied protein gr.o every10 for flour maize of gr. 100 of rates the at performed been has and estimates comparable generate to order in necessary been has quantities physical to values nutritive of intake daily total the to foodstuff each of contribution nutritional the of terms in expressed been have and level tothe village final down report inthe presented been regionin the relevant have st dietary the of results The (rich). codn t te eut o te 98 itr suy nn o te ape drawn samples the of none study, dietary 1938 the of results the to According - Sărat County) to 1 unit of wheat/rye flour to every 65 units of maize flour for for flour maize of units 65 every to flour wheat/rye of unit 1 to County) Sărat proteins, fats, carbohydrates and calories. Accordingly, a conversion from from conversion a Accordingly, calories. and carbohydrates fats, proteins, , the appropriate time unit of analysis in the case of rural residents. residents. rural of case the in analysis of unit time appropriate the , om the relevant region had consumed, in the aggregate, wheat/rye flour flour wheat/rye aggregate, the in consumed, had region relevant the om - food purposes. udy which included 48 families from 8 villages located located villages 8 from families 48 included which udy
- iemto o ofaeqatte of quantities conflate to method like
residents’ annual cereal cereal annual residents’ lected sample sample lected a its hat - to 71 f -
CEU eTD Collection 34 more thanhalf to of the slightly cover to sufficient was that level consumption a displayed (Cârligele) village one of level the at Furthermore, consumption. human for solely used been had quantities recorded the that assumption generous the on needs) consumption for kg 44.7 averaged villages flour/mămăligă maize that con annual the as group sampled the of diets the confirm in predominated likewise estimates adjusted misrepresented. the being of Nevertheless, risk higher a ran consumption its therefore, and, livestock gra residents’ rural the was maize that given consumption maize for estimates the relatively inflated have may it as context Romanian particular the in significance acquires method accounting the of shortcoming This feed. as used cereals inc partly study dietary 1938 the in reported levels consumption the that suspicion the support methods sensitive more through Ineu and Măguri of villages the for recorded levels consumption average the than higher significantly Banat, from recorded cereals of kg 282.1 of level consumption adult per average the regard, this In purposes. other for used quantities up picking inappropriately by cereals of consumption human overestimate to found been has method accounting the that given proposed been has flour) to converted kg (146.25 cereals for needs consumption annual the to flour wheat/rye of consumption the comparing estimates of set alternative an consumption, food ‘core’ to flour maize and wheat/rye of contribution relative the every of maize flour. 6units
Ibid., 32 Ibid., - 33.
tal cereal (53 needs tal consumption
34
In toincrease concern accuracy order analysis ofthe the l cras te ta mie (28 maize than other cereals all %).
in of choice for fattening for choice of in
individual villages, only villages, individual sumption level for the 8 8 the for level sumption o te oa cereal total the of % ue uniis of quantities lude
for 8 villages 8 for /selected ing ing 72
CEU eTD Collection 35 of level a ce total the Finally, above (33% kg population. 204.8 of consumption rural the of majority the Hilly comprised of which group the villages to applied kg), (204.8 villages Plain and kg) (44.7 Mountainous cereal total the mid of the (80.7% needs), kg 124.7 consumption of level consumption a that consider I areas, geographic other from villages For region. relevant the from population rural the of third M of group the to only apply Study Dietary 1938 the of results the that consider I altitudes, of range entire the across held consumption flour wheat/rye of level its and elevation locality’s a between relationship c strong to moderate (Ø)=0.61, coefficient ( flour maize of favor in ratios consumption unbalanced display were likelyto more Hilly Mountainousregionsmore and while villages in located ev or ratios consumption balanced display to likely more significantly were regions Plain in located villages that shows study dietary 1938 the in surveyed Oltenia and Muntenia from villages 15 all for flour wheat/rye to maize of categoriesgeographic by comparison a example, For increased. altitude as decreased grains these of quantities consumed the that suggesting evidence the given flour wheat/ryefor level consumption observable the influenced virtuallydisappear permanen sizable, which beyond limit altitude the near villages 8 the of 5 of location the sense, this In mismatch. this of light in reconsidered be to needs above discussed level consumption the consequently, and, region relevant the from villages
Ibid.
The sample of 8 villages does not reflectgeographicadequatelydistribu not villages doesthe 8 of sampleThe
- on b point ountainous villages which comprised roughly one one roughly comprised which villages ountainous etween the consumption levels observed for for observed levels consumption the etween orrelation). real consumption needs) observed for observed needs) consumption real en ratios in favor of wheat/rye flour wheat/rye of favor in ratios en 35 Fisher’s exact test=0.0317 exact Fisher’s
n h asmto ta this that assumption the On
of the consumption ratios consumption the of settlements t tion of tion , phi , 73
CEU eTD Collection Situation] 48 1941), Economic 2: Vol. 1938. of Summer the S II: 1938.Vol vara în 36 a Drăguș, For population. village entire the for data representative more on drawing stu dietary 1938 the of results the well how of evaluation an by illustrated tentatively is overestimation of degree The population. village the for level consumption the overestimating considerably estimate socio average the the concerning group, sample the of half than more for accounted households households. total of 47% above them put which househo total the of 85% above them put which land owned (54%) households 39 villages, their from households of number total the of 95% above them put which land owned Oltenia and interp for relevant particularly is it landholding, its of size the with together increased consumption bread of level household’s a that and study the of moment the at world rural the in wealth general the in Acknowledgi population. weight their to compared overrepresented were peasants well of the category which in study dietary 1938 the in used samples the of composition the the for consumption population). rural entire the of quarter a (roughly counties Prahova and Dâmbovița Argeș, from land apply to consideredbeenvillages has Plain
Percentages calculated from Anton Golopenția (Ed Golopenția Anton from calculated Percentages The annual consumption levels presented above define an absolute upper limit of limit upper absolute an define above presented levels consumption annual The - 52, 268 52, reting the results that 21 of the 71 surveyed households (29%) from Muntenia Muntenia from (29%) households surveyed 71 the of 21 that results the reting lds while the bottom 25 households (35%) owned an average of 1.5 Ha Ha 1.5 of average an owned (35%) households 25 bottom the while lds - 287.
y o te ilgs f rgș n Niu opr wt observations with compare Naipu and Drăguș of villages the for dy ituația economică ituația
combined village populations from each geographic unit considering unit geographic each from populations village combined - econ
ng that land ownership was the principal marker and source of of source and marker principal the was ownership land that ng mc estv cnupin f ra sol b rgre as regarded be should bread of consumption sensitive omic
.
[60 Romanian Villages Studied by the Student Research Teams in in Teams Research Student the by Studied Villages Romanian [60
to villages located on the narrow strip of plainof strip narrow the villageson located to .), 60 Sate Românești cercetate de echipele studențești studențești echipele de cercetate Românești Sate 60 .), (Bucharest: Institutul de Ștințe Sociale al României, României, al Sociale Ștințe de Institutul (Bucharest: 36
s h tpot 5 o te village the of 15% topmost the As - off off 74
CEU eTD Collection of2 1930 interval hectare per rate theseed an average with surfaces cultivated the multiplying by estimated for has been seed usedas level national the at observed 1.16% of growth of rate repor as Census General 1930 the to according residents (1511 1930 191 s a economică Popescu Marin from population total and village the outside sold quantities cultivated, 39 38 86 1945), și Politică, Etică (Făgăraș) Country Olt from Village A 37 entire the includes it because also but processing and transportation storage, during lost cereals. for a represents needs consumption annual total the of 64% cover to sufficient and study, dietary 1938 the by reported kg 240 of level consumption ret year agricultural 1937/1938 the during Drăguș from residents rural to available sales and requirements seed of net production flour wheat/rye of quantity the of assessment di and south to specific pattern dietary a in consumption socio as but crops rye and wheat favoring practices cultivation in change a to related be might consumption quantities. equal roughly in consumed di as described had population, village the of 15.2% comprising families 50 of sample larger much a survey to but method budgetary the applied also which study, dietary 1932 the maize, of con to reported been had study dietary 1938 the for households of sample whose Transylvania, from village
Arhivele Naționale ale României. Fundațiile Culturale Regale Culturale Fundațiile României. ale ArhiveleNaționale D.C. Georgescu, Georgescu, D.C. The per capita level of wheat/rye flour has been calculated using data on total production, surfaces surfaces production, total on data using calculated been has flour wheat/rye of level capita per The rs mxmm e cpt cnupin ee o 9 k, osdrby eo the below considerably kg, 98 of level consumption capita per maximum a urns - 08 kg, the figure reported by the agronomist from the student research team in 1936. 1936. team in research student the from byagronomist the figurekg, reported the 08 192, 195. The village population in 1938 has been estimated by applying to the village population from from population village the to by applying estimated has been in 1938 village population The 195. 192, - cnmc ecito o Dău vlae ht ăăiă a te rnia ie of item principal the was mămăligă that village Drăguș of description economic r pout priiae a to f h tre el o te day. the of meals three the of two at participated products ary
atului Drăguș [The Economic Geography of Drăguș],” Drăguș],” of Geography Economic [The Drăguș atului maximum estimate not just because it includes quantities of wheat/rye flour flour wheat/rye of quantities includes it because just not estimate maximum late as 1936, a member of the student research team reported in his detailed his in reported team research student the of member a 1936, as late splaying a consumption pattern in which maize and wheat/rye flour were were flour wheat/rye and maize which in pattern consumption a splaying Drăguș. Un sat din Țara Oltului Țara din sat Un Drăguș. sume, on average, only 28% of the total cereal intake under the form the under intake cereal total the of 28% only average, on sume, - 87, 96. 87,
: Demography and Hygiene] and Demography : 37
h dfeet egt f az for n total in flour maize of weight different The
(Făgăraș): Demografia și Igiena Populației [Drăguș. [Drăguș. Populației Igiena și Demografia (Făgăraș): - east Transylvania in which mămăligă which in Transylvania east -
C entrală. 59/1936, 421 412, 59/1936, entrală.
(Bucharest: Biblioteca de Sociologie, de Biblioteca (Bucharest: ted in the quoted article) the annual annual the article) quoted the in ted oilge Românească Sociologie 39
hs osmto level consumption This - 1938. The quantity of grain of quantity The 1938. 38 - Spineni, “Geografia “Geografia Spineni,
n diin an addition, In
- 422.
(1939): 4
75
CEU eTD Collection 41 40 availabili average the that indicate Moldavia, from residents rural to compared levels consumption different of levels consumption com flour lower wheat/rye had Oltenia and Muntenia of Counties Mountainous and Hilly the from residents rural that showing by Study, Dietary 1938 the of results the consum food ‘core’ to contribution relative the modify to aggregate, the in margin, sufficient a by not but Interwar period level duringthe average,consumption aregion had, higher on might have pe Interwar the for level average 7 the were residents rural to nationally wheat/ryeavailable of flour quantities the year which agriculturalanin characterize study under themaize flour/mămăligă. form of intake cereal total their of part greater the consumed had regions, Plain rural from residents of majority the likely quite and regions, Mountainous and Hilly from residents rur of majority vast the that probable most consider I evidence, this of light in levels population. the of majority the for foodstuff basic sha a households of group sampled the for reported study dietary 1938 the Muntenia,County, feed spirits. to it manufacture used to others and while livestock bread man’s’ ‘poor the baking for it used households flour rye of production net
Fundațiile Culturale Regale Culturale Fundațiile Regale Culturale Fundațiile re of 20% for maize consumption but a 1936 report claimed that mămăligă was the was mămăligă that claimed report 1936 a but consumption maize for 20% of re ial,tecnupinpatcs sugg practices consumption the Finally, ty levels presented in Section 1 Section in presented levels ty ption in favor of wheat/rye flour. Reversing the flow of information, of flow the Reversing flour. wheat/rye of favor in ption ae t rrl eiet fo Pan onis u nt significantly not but counties Plain from residents rural to pared - -
Centrală. 43/1936, 185. 43/1936, Centrală. 69. 59/1936, Centrală. -
which accounts for 45 of the 98 kg kg 98 the of 45 for accounts which
riod. In other words, the rural residents from the relevant the from residents rural the words, Inother riod. th 40
largest out of 18 years and only 10% below the the below 10% only and years 18 of out largest iial, o Niu a ilg fo Vlașca from village a Naipu, for Similarly,
ested by the data from the 1938 dietary dietary 1938 the from data the by ested 41 .1 are overly optimistic for the relevant the for optimistic overly are .1
Reviewing the proposed consumption proposed Reviewingthe -
although only ‘some’ ‘some’ only although 76 al
CEU eTD Collection s the during continuously declined resident rural per consumption food ‘core’ that suggesting evidence indirect and direct given 1960 after consumpti the because third, and, estimates the in represented not is bread homemade of contribution the because second, 1970s, the and 1960s late the during particularly residents suburban and urban to level underestim probably very is residents industrially of quantity the because 1.3 Specifically intake. cereal total to bread of contribution the for limit minimum a define estimates the that emphasize to sufficient is are purpose this industrially of distribution the calculating of method The kg. 162.5 of resident rural a of needs consumption cereal total industrially of contribution the describe CerealTotal Consumption 1 1980 1 relative the in contribution ofwheat/rye and flour maize cereal tototal 56.1kg intake from to39. difference the and kg 8.5 by areas plain the of outside residents rural the h would to compared higher 85% region Oltenia relevant the from residents rural of group corresponding the and of level consumption Muntenia of Counties Plain the from region. .2.1 Macro .2.1 2 og em rns n h Cnupin f ra ad ăăiă 1950 Mămăligă, and Bread of Consumption the in Trends Term Long .2
neetmt te atcpto o bed o oa ‘oe fo cnupin first, consumption, food ‘core’ total to bread of participation the underestimate
h etmts rsne in presented estimates The In this regard, a consumption level for the top third percentile of rural residents residents rural of percentile third top the for level consumption a regard, this In ave reduced the average per capita level of wheat/rye flour available nationally to nationallyto available flour wheat/ryeof level capita averageper the reduced ave - Level Estimates of the Contribution of Industrially of Contribution the of Estimates Level discussed in detail in Chapter 2 Chapter in detail in discussed
- produced bread per rural reside rural per bread produced on level of 162.5 kg may be too high for rural residents residents rural for high too be may kg 162.5 of level on Figures - rdcd ra wih eand vial t rural to available remained which bread produced ated given the assignment of a high consumption consumption high a of assignment the given ated - produced bread distributed in rural areas to the the to areas rural in distributed bread produced , the proportions presented in Figures in presented proportions the , . ad . (e Apni t thi to Appendix (see 1.3 and 1.2 , Section 3 and for the present analysis it analysis present the for and 3 Section , ubsequent decades (see Section 1 Section (see decades ubsequent nt and the sources used for for used sources the and nt - Produced Bread to Bread Produced Chapter) s 1.2 1 kg. .2.3 for .2.3
and and 77
-
CEU eTD Collection fr resident rural ‘average’ the words, other In 1978. in 76.8% of level respectable a to 1959 in 12.8% of estimate maximum a from increased had services industrially of contribution 1.3 Figure in summarized data regional unimpressive, appears level national the at consumption total industrially of contribution average the While 1980. in 35% to 1959 had nationally residents rural of intake cereal total the to bread are discussed below. whether industrially for availability of levels high only Consequently, bread. homemade of quantities considerable consumed corr industrially for availability of level low a sense, this In level. that above considerably not was consumption bread s only can they bread, of sources all include not do section this in presented estimates the themagnitudechange. Secondly,which ofthe minimize because bread place or taken had prefe of a latter the and resident define former the since equivalent For details). more how that bread consumption had reached at least a certain level but cannot show that that show cannot but level certain a least at reached had consumption bread that how espondingly low level of bread consumption since rural residents may have have may residents rural since consumption bread of level low espondingly
rring estimates which go against the argument that a change from mămăligă to mămăligă from change a that argument the against go which estimates rring According to the available data, the average contribution of industrially of contribution average the data, available the Accordingto bread or mămăligă predominated in the rural residents’ diets and these estimates estimates these and diets residents’ rural the in predominated mămăligă or bread
hw ht o rrl eiet fo te relevant the from residents rural for that show these reasons, the estimate the reasons, these
minimum - - rdcd ra poie dqae nomto fr assessing for information adequate provide bread produced produced bread excluding bread produced through baking baking through produced bread excluding bread produced - rdcd ra i nt eesrl idctv o a of indicative necessarily not is bread produced
s level as both sets of data submit to the same principle same the to submit data of sets both as level
a maximum s presented in Figures 1.1 and 1.2 and 1.1 Figures in presented s
level of wheat/rye availability per rural per availability wheat/rye of level om the relevant region relevant the om nrae fo 5 in 5% from increased ein te average the region, - produced bread to to bread produced - produced
are not are 78
CEU eTD Collection mrbbe lmns f uh seai tgte wt te otiuin o total to contribution the with together scenario a such of elements improbable availability industrially of quantities high such to access had villagers of minority a that possibility the dismiss entirely to possible individual of level appropriate industrially been of distribution not the in has differences information on available sufficient level, aggregated highly a at differences these adequate to access had who areas agricultural from residents rural to Agriculturalservices baking mainly from provide to and payments Cooperatives from and production plot private from flour wheat/rye resident rural to state flour using supplied produced bread distributing of policy authorities’ planning the of result the been had pattern distribution a Such areas. Plain from residents rural to compared received areas Mountainous and Hilly from residents rural county, each within that, suggests level national the industrially at bread of distribution geographic the addition, In region. relevant the industrially 83 Counties, Dâmbovița for 73.5% County, Vâlcea for 72% to amounted resident rural a of intake produced average contribution bread, the the form of mămăligă. under than bread of form the under flour grain more times three 1978 by consuming was ocrig ifrne i te ua rsdns dge o acs t industrially to access of degree residents’ rural the in differences Concerning - produced bread was relative was bread produced ees eo 5% f h ttl eel osmto nes Hwvr the However, needs. consumption cereal total the of 50% below levels % for Prahova County and 84% for Gorj County indicating that indicating County Gorj for 84% and County Prahova for %
- produced bread to leave the majority of villagers with with villagers of majority the leave to bread produced households, or, at least, of villages. As a result, it is not is it result, a As villages. of least, at or, households, wo i nt ae ces o ufcet uniis of quantities sufficient to access have not did who s
quantities of wheat/rye flour. Unfortunately, beyond beyond Unfortunately, flour. wheat/rye of quantities rae qatte o industrially of quantities greater ly evenly distributed between the macro units of units macro the between distributed evenly ly of industrially - produced bread to the totalcereal to produced bread - rdcd ra a te more the at bread produced - produced bread bread produced re and Argeș - produced produced 79 - -
CEU eTD Collection 44 43 42 October July interval the cyclical of pattern annual industrially as the bread of availability changed had production bread of industrialization of level highest the July intervalsthe estimates, year the to compared including, not of effect underestimating the register also they in of distribution and production October 1980. in 87.8% and 1977 June 1979 in 75.5% 1975 October interval rural the of during needs residents consumption cereal total the of 57.6% covered region relevant the in Mor 1970s. the entire of half second the least at characterized but 1978 to specific been not has region relevant the cover m to bread of quantities sufficient to access had residents rural of majority the that suggest industrially of that overlapwith per kg 13.5 reached had services baking through produced bread of and bread homemade of consumption
Ibid. C. 47 195/1976, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 18/1979, 41. 18/1979, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.al
Finally, the observed high level of distribution of industrially of distribution of level high observed the Finally, - - ore than half of their thanhalfneeds.ore total cereal of consumption ue 1975 June December and dropped markedly during the interval January interval the during markedly dropped and December 43
- and had been had and Sep - 96 n 1976 and 1976
tember, its availability then decreased slightly during the interval interval the during slightly decreased then availability its tember, itiuin f industrially of distribution
rural resident nationally in 1975 and whose distribution did not did distribution whose and 1975 in nationally resident rural - September 1976 and 1977, months typically characterized by by typicallycharacterized months 1977, and 1976 September
44 e precisely, the distribution of industrially of distribution the precisely, e
- planned to cover 63% during the interval October 1976 October interval the during 63% cover to planned
produced bread made from state frommade bread produced dustrially As a side note, the relatively low figures for the intervalsthe for figures low relatively the note, side a As - produced bread was typically most abundant during abundant most typically was bread produced - 1977 are only partly explained by the higher higher the by explained partly only are 1977
- 48. - produced bread during 1978 and afterwards as afterwards and 1978 during bread produced - ue 1976, June - produced bread. In this regard, the the regard, this In bread. produced 42
a be frcse t cover to forecasted been had
- supplied flour supplied - - March only to rise to only March produced bread in bread produced - produced bread bread produced -
strongly strongly -
- which which round round 80 -
CEU eTD Collection 2.3 Figures in presented data the the of duration typical the industrially availabilityof more with conclusions its invest and 1968 for Survey Budgetary Household the of results the contextualize helps and March/April for observed level the to compared September/October of months the during 1979 the by consumption reported bread of level higher 6.5% the explain helps year the throughout bread industrially of availability the for pattern cyclical new the sections, subsequent during intake bread total the or year a within periods observation short during residents rural of practices consumption the describe either which below presented studies sensitive more the from data consumption fram appropriate the provide bread industrially of distribution of levels the change, dietary the of date the for limit upper an setting of contribution the Beyond bread. of form the under kg) (162.5 intake c were region relevant the from population rural the of majority the as well as resident rural ‘average’ the 1975 by that evidence of line immediately befor months Summer the especially and Spring the during levels low very reach to progressed year agricultural the as continuously declined and September and August late during supplies wheat/rye April interval the during significantly and continuously again Overall, the level of distribution of industrially of distribution of levelOverall, the e and aftertheharvest.e next
n h pro bfr cletvzto wr tpcly ot abundant most typically were collectivization before period the in - 90 diet 1980 - produced bread in rural areas provides valuable information on information areasvaluable provides rural in bread produced transition from mămăligă to bread. Significant in this regard, this in Significant bread. to mămăligă from transition
ary study for rural residents from the relevant region region relevant the from residents rural for study ary general relevance. In addition, the long the addition, In relevance. general (see the Appendix to Chapter 2) Chapter to Appendix the (see
ework for assessing the general relevance of of relevance general the assessing for ework seii ya. niiaig h dsuso from discussion the Anticipating year. specific a
onsuming over half of their total cereal cereal total their of half over onsuming - produced bread represents the first the representsbread produced - June. By comparison, comparison, By June. show that the entire entire the that show - term data on the the on data term - - produced produced produced 81
CEU eTD Collection Muncii Protecția și Igienă de 84 1962), Institutul Sociale Prevederilor și Sănătății Ministerul (Bucharest: of 1961[Collection Constanța) la ( Papers de Documentary and Metodological consfătuirii materialele (din agricol Bucuresti, sectorul of în publică Regions sănătate și the in Diets Rural of in Ploiești],” and Dobrogea Oltenia, Particularities [The Ploiești’ și Dobrogea Oltenia, 45 regist(inventory,familybookkeeping the using observationfor socio its for ‘representative’ families ten village, each Oltenia. and Muntenia of divisions regional administrative five the of conditions and economic the for representative considered villages 9 covered and employees health public local and regional with collaboration in Bucharest from Institute 1 availability. bread of sources with contact closer into them brought have that employment) urban schools, urban (attending changes life major the as indicated, have questionnaire oral my respondent the as or, AgriculturalCooperative the within unit baking a of opening the abrupt as cases I evidence, one the accompanied had that level local the at availability bread in increases marked more Se 2, Chapter (see units industrial larger in production of concentration the on information the considering kg 30 to kg 14 (from 1963 th and 1971 to industrially of availability resident rural per in growth .2.2 The 1957 Dietary Study: Methodology, 1957Dietary.2.2 The Study: representativeness
I. Ardelean and A. Sporn, “Particularitățile alimentației în mediul rural din regiunile București, Argeș, București, regiunile din rural mediul în alimentației “Particularitățile Sporn, A. and Ardelean I. - f etrn it pouto o large of production into entering off The 1957 dietary study has been performed by the personnel of the Public Health Public the of personnel the by performed been has study dietary 1957 The - 86.
believe that the transition from mămăligă to bread had been in t in been had bread to mămăligă from transition the that believe
at most of this growth had been concentrated durin concentrated been had growth this of most at as the opening of a major production unit in the nearby urban locality, as locality, urban nearby the in unit production major a of opening the as ction 1) ction
, the data at the national level of aggregation mask rapid, even rapid, mask aggregation of level national the at data the ,
ad 1969 and ) Culegere de lucrări metodologice și documentare. Probleme de igienă de Probleme documentare. și metodologice lucrări de Culegere From the Materials of the Conference from Constanța) in 1961] 1961] in Constanța) from Conference the of Materials the From - 91 fo 3 k t 6 k) Furthermore, kg). 63 to kg 33 (from 1971 - scale baking enterprises. Given all this this all Given enterprises. baking scale - produced bread had taken place up up place taken had bread produced - economic structure were selected were structure economic er) method, in practice the in method, er) and results results and g the intervals 1961 intervals the g
eea health general he majority of of majority he -
R.P.R., Argeș, 45 s to to s
82 In -
CEU eTD Collection 47 46 of (63.3% days 231 during day the of meals all at mămăligă average, on consumed, had day. the of meal one at least at days 134 bread and days 293 mămăligă consumed had families of sample surveyed the Study, Dietary of unit every for flour maize mămăligăand ofwheat/rye 0.63units flour f of units 0.435 of rate conversion a applying by flour maize and wheat/rye of consumption relative the of estimates to converted been have the on results the Finally, (mămăligă). food energy less the of intake increased an into translated have would it since mămăligă preponderantly consumed residents rural that argument my support would compensation and weight its to sensitive more and food a of load caloric the to insensitive relatively is satiety that showing data of interpretation extreme an on rests mămăligă and bread of consumption quantitative the assessing of method meal daily at ‘core’ of quantity equal an that assumption the meals on bread on centered of number the with mămăligă on centered meals of number the comparing by ‘core the total to mămăligă and bread consumed, of contribution relative quantities on not but mămăligă and bread of frequency consumption the on only information provides study the Since foodstuffs. various of consumption informa gathered the and year one was observation member. family a to than rather practitioner medical local a to assigned 24
Ibid., 85. Ibid., 84. Ibid., - hour recall method since the task of filling the information on daily consumption was consumption daily on information the filling of task the since method recall hour codn t te aa n rqece o cnupin rsne i te 1957 the in presented consumption of frequencies on data the to According
s regardless of whether bread or mămăligă per mămăligă or bread whether of regardless s
or every ofbread. unit or relative consumption of bread and mămăligă and bread of consumption relative 47
More precisely, the surve the precisely, More /or volume but any measure of caloric of measure any but volume /or tion referred to the frequency of of frequency the to referred tion ’ food intake has been assessed been has intake food ’ formed this function. Such a Such function. this formed
food was consumed consumed was food 46
The duration of of duration The yed families yed - dense dense 83
CEU eTD Collection 49 48 of part greater the consumed had having them of half least at with scenarios probable of days. 300 than more during mămăligă consumed had families of 50% and days 300 and 250 between families of 34% days, 250 and 200 between mămăligă consumed had families of 10% year, per days 200 than less during mămăligă consumed familie surveyed of number total the of 6% only that found Study Dietary 1957 the and dietarywheat/rye studiesdisplayed levelstheconsumption average region. abovefor the 1906 the to according which territories Regions, București and Dobrogea the from from selected been had residents villages surveyed 9 the of three least at that rural given region relevant by flour wheat/rye of consumption the defin for figures level these optimistic that considered be should it However, kg. 146.25 of flour intake total a assuming flour wheat/rye of kg 48 approximately and flour maize of kg quantitie physical into 97 approximately Study Transposed Dietary 1957 the to according consumed resident rural ‘average’ flour. wheat of unit every to flour of units maize 2 of consumed quantities of ratio a into translated have would which bread, ‘c on centered meal prevailing every to mămăligă on the centered meals 3.25 of by ratio a to days corresponded consumption of distribution average the day, bread. involving those as many as twice were mămăligă involving meals foodstuffs, both of consumption by characterized during Furthermore, year). the of (19.7% days 72 during mămăligă and bread both and year) the of (17% days 62 during day the of meals all at bread year), the
Ibid. Ibid. families by their frequency of consuming mămăligă is compatible under the most most the under compatible is mămăligă consuming of frequency their by families
Regarding variation between families in the frequency of consuming mămăligă, mămăligă, consuming of frequency the in families between variation Regarding
48
Overall, assuming a stable pattern of three meals per meals three of pattern stable a assuming Overall, 49
This distribution This the 72 days days 72 the r’ food ore’
, the s, s had s 1938 e an an e 84
CEU eTD Collection bread predominant as qualify to order in meal one only 51 at consumption bread consumers. of days 3 every for d one of rate substitution a at daysrespectively 212 daysand 77 and day the of meal one for days 99 and day the of meals three all for days 115 of limits the between combination any 50 the in filling of responsibility the having member family a with journal household a of means by collected was data relevant The year. entire an during families 3000 by Natio the by 1952 with beginning year each areas rural in 1958. performed been had in Survey Budgetary (74%) kg 113.9 and 1953 in needs) consumption cereal consumed had nationally residents w rural that the shows from Survey data Budgetary consumption as Household 1957 to specific been not have may region relevant consumers. bre preponderant as qualify to assumptions generous required group, a as themselves, which and days 300 and 250 between day the of meal one at least at mămăligă consumed below of cases b compensated than more been have would cases extreme such any Moreover, days. 65 of number possible maximum the during day the of meals three all at bread consumed had they that assumed is it if even bread of consumers predominant as qualify to order families of group sample entire the for observed days of number average the above year per days 250 least at for day the of meal one at bread consume to had fami 44 the of one each Specifically, mămăligă. of form the under intake cereal total their
heat/rye flour and flour and flour heat/rye C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 220/1959, 55. 220/1959, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al The assumptions are generous generous are assumptions The lies classified as consuming mămăligă during at least 300 days per year would have have would year per days 300 least at during mămăligă consuming as classified lies A dietary pattern centered on mămăligă for the ‘average’ rural resident from the from resident rural ‘average’ the for mămăligă on centered pattern dietary A nal Center of Statistics and summarizes data on the quantities of food consumed food of quantities the on data summarizes and Statistics of Center nal
50
- average consumption of bread among the group of 30 families which had which families 30 of group the among bread of consumption average
- based products equivalent to 103.3 kg of grain (67% of total total of (67% grain of kg 103.3 to equivalent products based because the group of families from this category had to consume bread in bread consume to had category this from families of group the because
ay of solely bread consumption consumption bread solely of ay 51
h Household The -
significantly -
85 ad ad in y
CEU eTD Collection 52 nutrition and practices participants. 962 Vâ Mehedinți, from each one region, H and Health Public the 1 reported 228kgkg all cereals of for in1953and254 in1958. non for and wheat/rye food for used quantities including grain of conflation the through products results inflated products, cereal of case the in and, results inaccurate produced data consumption of recording the for persons untrained on relying of practice rura the of rest the to r compared flour total wheat/rye of levels consumption higher the had traditionally had population) of (16% Oltenia and Muntenia of areas Plain the from residents rural and flour wheat/rye than other cereals of quantities insignificant consumed population) wheat/rye of of level the overestimate number considerable a that given region relevant the from they residents rural of consumption averages, national represent kg 113.9 the nat at margins error narrow within representative are results the that assures sample, micro and macro of representation proportionate achieve to request .2.3 The 1979 .2.3 The
Data summarized in Iulian Mincu, inMincu, Iulian summarized Data
rural residents from Crișana, Banat, Transilvania and Dobrogea (37% of the total rural rural total the of (37% Dobrogea and Transilvania Banat, Crișana, from residents rural ional level. For the present analysis, because the consumption levels of 103.3 kg and and kg 103.3 of levels consumption the because analysis, present the For level. ional - od upss a osblt srnl spotd y h hg consum high the by supported strongly possibility a purposes, food ed information. Overall, the large number of surveyed families, carefully selected selected carefully families, surveyed of number large the Overall, information. ed The 1979 The - 1980 Dietary Methodology, Study: representativeness results and 52 - 1980 dietary study had been conducted by specialized personnel from personnel specialized by conducted been had study dietary 1980
hs td ws at f wdr rjc o eaiig h ‘dietary the examining of project wider a of part was study This al status of the population’ which, in addition to the 4 villages, had had villages, 4 the to addition in which, population’ the of status al rsdns rm h Od Kingdom Old the from residents l
ygiene Institute from Bucharest in 4 villages from the relevant the from villages 4 in Bucharest from Institute ygiene
Impactul Om Impactul lcea, Argeș and Dâmbovița Counties Dâmbovița and Argeș lcea, - Alimentație , 287 , - 297.
of Romania. In addition, the the addition, In Romania. of
- ein i te national the in regions , on a total of total a on , to levels ption
may have have may
ural ural 86
CEU eTD Collection Papers], of Summary României’: ‘Cîntarea Symposium the of 20 1981), Sănătății, Ministerul (Bucharest: Occasion the with Organized Session in Population],” the of festival cadrul Status în organizată Nutritional the of and Configuration Dietary 54 53 been have results the and April or March during days consecutive 7 for and October rec been had villager each of practices climatic, of view in territory the socio geographical, of zoning a following chosen been had villages adequa assured which pasului’) (‘metoda sampling systematic through selected been had families the surveyed, been had village each in families total the of 12% to 10 least at of sample large a consumption, 24 the protocol: research changerural residents inthehadoccurred. dietsof a studies these of date the by that argument the for basis empirical broader a provide and purposes comparative for included been had region relevant the from villages 3 the from and region plain the from villages 8 the from information but 1980 and 1979 in studied villages four the from comes section this in presented data consumption The 1982 in village third a to applied been had version standard the and the region relevant from villages other two in 1976 and 1975 in tested been had study the of version Iași and Cluj from Institutes Hygiene and Health Public the of collaboration the through and, Muntenia and Oltenia of Counties Plain the fromvillages 8 on producedinformation
Sebastian Dumitrache et al et SebastianDumitrache Ibid.
n em o mtoooy te 1979 the methodology, of terms In Timișoara, on 13 villages from the rest of the country. villages rest from of on13 the Timișoara, - economic, demographic and sanitary conditions. sanitary and demographic economic, ului național ‘Cîntarea României’: Rezumatele Lucrărilor Rezumatele României’: ‘Cîntarea național ului , -
“Studiul structurii alimentației și stării de nutriție a populației [A Study of the [A ofthe Study populației a nutriție și de stării alimentației structurii “Studiul hour recall recall hour
te geographic coverage within the villages and the the and villages the within coverage geographic te - 29. method had been employed in collecting the data on data the collecting in employed been had method
orded for 7 consecutive days during September or September during days consecutive 7 for orded - 1980 dietary study followed a rigorous rigorous a followed study dietary 1980
53
Furthermore, a prototype XVI A 54
- The consumption The a sesiune științifică științifică sesiune a
[The 16 [The th -
Napoca, Scientific Scientific - 1983
87 to to .
CEU eTD Collection 56 55 of gr. 363.4 and mămăligă of gr. 112.1 and bread of gr. 337.5 average, on consumed, observation. of weeks autumn the during mămăligă of gr. 28.5 and bread of gr. 382.8 and observation of weeks spring the during day each mămăligă of gr. 28.25 and bread of gr. 359.5 average, on consumed, had this makes products flour wheat/rye shortcoming le and flour maize of availability seasonal the in difference smaller historically the although year the throughout patterns consumption observation of short a period on based are study dietary the of results the addition, average In village. the to compared network localities/transportation urban to connected better representative 1979 the Conversely, village. each within families selected of distribution the and samples the of size the given p strong the has study dietary 1979 the Overall, bread. of consumption residents’ rural the to quantity resulting the compared have and flour maize of unit every to mămăligă of units 2.3 of rate a at repor flourmaize of consumption the for ratio converted have I occurred, had residents rural of consumption diets the in change a whether evaluating flour wheat/rye to flour maize the than threshold demanding categories. sex the because aspect, last this Concerning and age for foodstuffs of quantities consumed of terms in reported
Iulian Mincu, IulianMincu, 23. Ibid., According to the 1979 the to According
just two weeks and, therefore, they may not represent adequately cereal cereal adequately represent not may they therefore, and, weeks two just Impactu
ss consequential. ss consequential. at the regional level given that the 4 surveyed villages were larger and and larger were villages surveyed 4 the that given level regional the at l Om - 1980 dietary study has the weak point that its results may not be be not may results its that point weak the has study dietary 1980 -
Alimentație, Alimentație,
- oint that its results are representative at the village level level village the at representative are results its that oint 1980 dietary study, the rural residents from the 4 villages 4 the from residents rural the study, dietary 1980
56 287
By comparison, rural residents from 8 villages had had villages 8 from residents rural comparison, By ted in the dietary study to consumption of mămăligă of consumption to study dietarythe in ted - 297.
m ămăligă to bread consumption ratio sets a more more a sets ratio consumption bread to ămăligă
- 1980 88 55
CEU eTD Collection 57 but bread and mămăligă both consumed had sample) the of (18% respondents 37 mămăligă, only consumed had sample) total the of (6% respondents 12 1983, of Autumn and Spring Winter, the in observation of weeks three during collected gr. 37 and bread of gr. 315 of consumption daily average an of confines the within Specifically, consumers. bread as qualified which residents rural of share higher much a with associated be would that pattern a to conformed village mămăligă that suggests tentatively County, Prahova village, Bălțești from data concrete Furthermore, mămăligă. preponderantly consumed having as count could region Plain the from (42.2%) villages 8 the from individuals 574 and bread than quantities greater meaningfully in mămăligă consumed who participants of number the consumption food ‘core’ total their m no cover to sufficiently so done have mămăligă consumed who participants all that assumption generous the under even Specifically, mămăligă. than quantities greater in bread consumed had residents rural of majority the regions both support abovepresented levels consumption average the diets, their of food ‘core’ predominant the by residents rural of classification a of form appropriate more the underRecastingdatastudies. previousthe the observedin bread consumption of geographic the reversed had counties) by bread of distribution the on information Mou and (Hilly regions industrially of distribution preferential of policy respectively mămăligă of gr. 126.7 and bread
Ibid., 276 Ibid., - 284. -
only 114 individuals from the 4 villages (12. villages 4 the from individuals 114 only
tios onis se hpe 2 Chapter see Counties, ntainous
-
the optimum level of consumption for maximizing for consumption of level optimum the 57
which tentatively suggests that the stat the that suggests tentatively which - rdcd ra i non in bread produced , Section 3 for more detailed detailed more for 3 Section , 1%) from the relevant region region relevant the from 1%)
ore and no less than 60% of 60% than less no and ore of mămăligă based on data data on based mămăligă of osmto wti each within consumption
on an average ratio of ratio average an on the conclusion that in that conclusion the - agricultural
pattern pattern e’s 89
CEU eTD Collection 59 58 and 1975 of Autumn and (Spring periods observation two during bread consumed had families 227 of total combined a that shows County) Argeș (Domnești, village Hilly a informatio differences, geographic concerning Nevertheless, network. transportation the into integrated well less t from may above villages of majority described the that given level regional pattern the at consumption bread overestimate consumption the Consequently, features. plain and maj on well large, demographically were which localities included have may sample County) Mehedinți Rogova, and County Argeș (Leordeni, residentsof all villagesbread ofat halfconsumed least prepondera of majority the which in region relevant the for pattern consumption a with confidence 95% with compatible be would villages 4 of sample the of configuration this sampling, condit Under all. at mămăligă consume not did or consumption food ‘core’ their of 60% exactly cover to sufficient quantities in mămăligă respondents consumed either that and village one only in consumed been had flour maize of that quantity assumed is it if even region relevant the from villages 4 the only consumed had bread. sample) the of (76% respondents 154 and bread of favor in 3:1
Ibid., 275. Ibid., 327 and 325 Ibid., 58 he relevant region were located in typical Hilly and Mountainous areas and were were and areas Mountainous and Hilly typical in located were region relevant he or transportation routes and situated geographically in areas which combined hilly hilly combined which areas in geographically situated and routes transportation or The general profile of 2 of the 4 villages which have been identified in the sources inthe whichof the identified been general have 4villages The 2 of profile
Finally, bread consumers formed the majority of the population in each one of one each in population the of majority the formed consumers bread Finally,
- 328.
n limited to a Mountainous village (Nehoiu, Buzău County) and to and County) Buzău (Nehoiu, villageMountainous a to limited n
59
hw ht h selected the that show ntly.
the entire reported reported entire the
os f random of ions - positioned 90
CEU eTD Collection 85 1977), Sănătății, Ministerul (Bucharest: Session in Urbanization],” of Lucrărilor Rezumatele României’: Process ‘Cîntarea național festivalului the cadrul în organizată in Communes Rural D the Two on from [Research Residents urbanizare de curs în rurale localități două 60 1979 the relevant the have region the from villages of population entire the and villages sampled the between 3, Chapter (See bread secto agricultural above their industrially of distribution preferential of policy a from benefitted acces to residents the and agriculture centrally of collectivization the as association this lost had consumption, u period the for which altitude, higher a at position locality’s Plain a that confirmfurther results Thesevillages. for reported gr. 840 of level consumption the below significantly respectively, had Oltenia and Muntenia from villages Mountainous and Hilly the all from and Domnești, from km 26 village a Corbeni, from Nehoiu, from km 16 village a Teghii, Gura from study dietary 1938 rel the from villages 4 the from residents rural for observed level consumption the of 78% to and villages Plain 8 the from residents rural for observed level consumption the of 83% to corresponds daily the to close 1976)
Sebastian Dumitrache et al., “Cercetarea modului de alimentație și a stării de nutriție a populației din populației a nutriție de stării a și alimentație de modului “Cercetarea al., et Dumitrache Sebastian raie wt te cain f h Smoim Cnae Rmne’ Smay f Papers], of Summary României’: ‘Cîntarea Symposium the of Occasion the with Organized - - lne dsrbto sse lvld egahcly h opruiis f rural of opportunities the geographically leveled system distribution planned 1980 dietary study, differences at the level of employment profiles and in the the in and profiles employment of level the at differences study, dietary 1980 - vrg sae f ua rsdns mlyd n h mr rmnrtv non remunerative more the in employed residents rural of share average potential to only minimally affect the general relevance of the results of results the of relevance general the affect minimally only to potential r generated higher levels of disposable income available for available income disposable of levels higher generated r p to 1940 was indicative of a considerably lower level of bread bread of level lower considerably a of indicative was 1940 to p wetre rdcs I ayhn, il ad onanu villages Mountainous and Hilly anything, If products. wheat/rye s evant region. By comparison, the group of families surveyed in the in surveyed families of group the comparison, By region. evant
Section 3). Overall, although geographic differences as such such as differences geographic although Overall, 3). Section
eomne uniy f20 gr. 290 of quantity recommended ees f ra cnupin f 5 g. 5 g. n 11 gr. 181 and gr. 53 gr., 153 of consumption bread of levels
- 86.
ietary Patterns and Nutritional Status of of Status Nutritional and Patterns ietary 60
This level of bread intake bread of level This XII A - produced bread and and bread produced - a sesiune științifică științifică sesiune a
[The 12 [The
purchasing purchasing th
Scientific Scientific 91 -
CEU eTD Collection 61 averagefirstfor representative may time be their the consumptionlevel. for th that suggest tentatively levels consumption high had traditionally which regions from residents rural by reported quantities on effects ceiling of influence the and consumption bread in differences geographic the of reversal a to contributed which industrially to access privileged their region, relevant the from residents rural For kg. 66.5 to kg 31.2 of level resident rural per a from increased bread produced 19 and kg) (171.5 1968 between stationary remained flour wheat/rye of quantities resident 1979 the to up continued have may consumption bread of par greater the consuming was 1968 in resident Romanian ‘average’ the that conclusively indicating kg 103.5 to kg 140.1 from decreased had consumption flour maize while kg flour 135.6 to kg wheat/rye available, readily been had data by consumption pe which for years two the 1968, and 1958 from Surveys Budgetary Household the to According year. entire an during desc Study, 1979 the from data consumption the than accurate less although which, Surveys Budgetary Household the from data by demonstrated further is collectivization regional level. suggest and problematic more are network commercial socialist the into integration of degree
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 8/1970, 90. 8/1970, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 8 174 g bt s hi dsrbto udr h poesd om f industrially of form processed the under distribution their as but kg) (177.4 78 h rrl eiet’ eea mv fo mmlg t bed osmto after consumption bread to mămăligă from move general residents’ rural The the possibility that the sample data might overestimate bread consumption at the at consumption bread overestimate might data sample the that possibility the t of his/her cereal intake under the form of bread. of form the under intake cereal his/her of t ribe the consumption practices of a representative sample of rural households rural of sample representative a of practices consumption the ribe
asant families had increased nationally from a per capita level of 113.9of level capita per aincreased had nationally familiesfrom asant
- 1980 dietary study as per rural per as study dietary 1980 61
Moreover, the rising trend rising the Moreover, - produced -
90 Dietary 1980 national e bread bread 92 -
CEU eTD Collection annua average an foods, ‘core’ of consumption declining the behind causes exact the of Regardless meat. and eggs milk, including 1970s and 1960s the during origin animal of foods of consumption increased an by partly and operations ind of mechanization progressive the accompanied which work of the in physical intensity the in decrease a decreaseby determinedpartlywas ‘core’ of foods consumption term long This exertion. physical low unusually of work by defined a of selection the by confounded not were results the that suggesting kg) 179 against kg (148 observation of week the during intensity physical high of work 1979 the of case the in res adult to restricted is comparison the if even considerable remains levels consumption between difference The 1936. October, from observation of week one from observations Ineuon village September/Octbasedfrom residentsrural for kgreported 162.5 comparedto from observation of weeks the from data the on based kg 112 of pre rural per estimated an with its level average War World from decreased had consumption food ‘core’ that indication reliable mămăligă gr.of 29.4 breadand of gr. 351.4 consumed having older or 60 aged residents rural and mămăligă of gr. 30.35 and bread of gr. 400 consumed having 60 and 20 between aged gr. residents rural mămăligă, 21.2 and bread of gr. 270 consumed having collectivization) after (born study dietary the of moment the at 16 and 1 between aged residents rural with consumption bread of levels high had residents rural all that shows categories age by consumption br of analysis an First, foods. ‘core’ involving practices dietary residents’ rural the The 1979 The - 1980 Dietary Study adds important information on two other aspects of of aspects other two on information important adds Study Dietary 1980 - 1980 Dietary Study, to adult respondents which had performed performed had which respondents adult to Study, Dietary 1980 .
Secondly, the 1979 the Secondly, - 1980 Dietary Study provides provides DietaryStudy 1980 resident l cereal consumption level of level consumption cereal l
annual cereal consumption cereal annual ustrial and agricultural and ustrial period within a year a within period pondents and, pondents - the firstthe Second Second ober ober ead ead 93 of of
CEU eTD Collection throughadministration of an the oral questionnaire face during collected been had data relevant The localities). urban to, th of areas economic and County) the of parts different from regions Plain from villages 8 and regions Hilly and Mountainous from villages (7 geographic different the of representation adequate assure to selected fro age appropriate of respondents post the and 1950s the for villages of sample representative more a from residents rural for purpos primarythe with 2013 September, representativeness results and 1 industrially of producedentirely bread tocover th quantities sufficient to access had have nonetheless would residents rural of 75% roughly consumer, bread predominant as qualify would which population a needs), consumption cereal total of (49.5% kg 62 of bread in equivalent the consumed had or it) from 33% plus kg 112 levelconsumed breadof theequivalent in consumption kg ofcereals (theobserved of149 distribu a Assuming consumingonlybread. non production for bread entire the of third as one much as the use of enough to accommodate total the more and entirely cover to sufficient produced industrially of distribution the that indicate would 1970s the of half second the during region relevant the from residents rural for kg 112 24 h 21 Rtopcie itr Suy 15s s 16s: Methodology, 1960s): vs. (1950s Study Dietary Retrospective 2013 The .2.4 - - human consumption purposes and still leave 84% of the rural population capable of of capable population rural the of 84% leave still and purposes consumption human olciiain eid Acrigy cnupin aa a be cletd o 68 for collected been had data consumption Accordingly, period. collectivization h 21 Deay td hd en efre b ti ato drn Ags and August during author this by performed been had Study Dietary 2013 The
eir needs.consumption total cereal
1 m atr hc iiie tepooto o h rural the of proportion the minimizes which pattern e County (7 villages far from, and 8 villages close villages 8 and from, far villages (7 County e vlae fo Agș ony hc hd been had which County Argeș from villages 5 e of obtaining retrospectively consumption data consumption retrospectively obtaining of e tion pattern in which rural residents either hadeither residents ruralwhich in pattern tion consumption needs in 1978, a level high high level a 1978, in needs consumption .
- produced bread was actually was bread produced
- to - face interviews interviews face 94 -
CEU eTD Collection in today does cozonac like much treat special a of function the performed had bread them, for that indicated have respondents meal at only bread consumed had they city, the into moving or employment formal entering as bread consumed always such events life major with coincided them of most for which adulthood, early to up that ‘had or youth’ prepondera their in preponderantly mămăligă consumed ‘had categories the of one into respondents of classification the enable to stage on clear sufficiently information contained questions these to answers of majority The week’. previous the during done had they than order) balanced in (presented frequently early adulthood or childhood from lives, their during point any at consumed had ‘they whether respondents asked questions of pair next The weeks. reference the during preponderantly analyzed been not b had statistically questions these from answers subsequent the framing Consequently, for questions. benchmark a provide to and properly questions the answer a uncertainties any dispel respond to questionnaire, oral the of format the the familiarize with to respondents intended been have questions These week. past the during order) the
their childhood their the relative consumption frequency of bread and mămăligă during a well a during mămăligă and bread of frequency consumption relative the number of meals at which they had consumed bread/mămăligă (presented in balanced balanced in (presented bread/mămăligă consumed had they which at meals of number ocsoe b mjr eiiu hldy o etariay cain. Other occasions. extraordinary or holidays religious major by occasioned s The questionnaire opened with two questions which asked resp askedwhich questions two with opened questionnaire The ent might have had concerning the topic under discussion and his/her capacity to to capacity his/her and discussion under topic the concerning had have might ent up to the present time, bread/mămăligă (presented in balanced order) more/less more/less order)balanced in (presentedbread/mămăligă time, present the to up ntly’. For example, a number of respondents had straightforwardly indicated indicated straightforwardly had respondents of number a example, For ntly’. eyond the result that the vast majority of respondents had consumed bread consumed had respondents of majority vast the that result the eyond - while others have indicated that they had consumed bread at most most at bread consumed had they that indicated have others while -
the term they had usually used for referring to bread bread to referring for used usually had they term the ondents to indicate to ondents - defined life life defined - cut 95
CEU eTD Collection numbervillages.dietary and of disadvantage selection thehas study Conversely, themain representative a from residents rural of practices dietary the on information providing of point one during their lives. at preponderantly mămăligă consumed had residents rural of majority the trade acceptable f greatly be would results of interpretation the and analysis statistical the that secondly, and, flour of a terms in measured bread of consumption higher relatively to corresponded likely most mămăligă and bread of consumption frequent equally acknowledged, categories two the from responses The the preponderantly’. combine to bread decision consumed always ‘had category the with merged been mămăligă’ and bread of consumption follow the to responses the above, presented categories two the to addition In order)’. balanced in (presented bread than often more mămăligă or mămăligă than often more bread consumed had they youth chi their in ‘whether them asked specifically which question a with presented been had practices dietary past their in predominated food ‘core’ which clearly express not did which respondents of minority a Finally, preponderantly. mămăligă consumed h to considered they whom residents village among exceptionality their underline to insisted them of some and time life their throughout preponderantly bread consumed have they that indicated had respondents of number a Alternatively, week. one of period referenc presented the to bread of consumption occasional and uneven their relate to had respondents since levels consumption actual of exaggeration probable a week, a once Overall, the 2013 Retrospective Dietary Retrospective 2013 the Overall, - off of raising the level of proof required for validating the argument that argument the validating for required proof of level the raising of off
- up question contributed also to a third catego third a to also contributed question up -
which in the statistical analysis of responses had had responses of analysis statistical the in which Study makes the important contribution important the makes Study acilitated with the with acilitated ry ry -
‘alternating ldhood or or ldhood is, that first, ave had had ave 96 e
CEU eTD Collection are results These mămăligă. as Con 95% a with compatible frequently as or preponderantly bread consumed had they that indicated respondents) all of (26.9% respondents 7 mămăligă while preponderantly consumed had they that indicated respondents) all earl of and (73.1% respondents 1950s the of practices consumption the described likely most but 1948 before periods to answers their in refer not could they that consideration the grou the to analysis the Restricting prep mămăligă consumed which groups age appropriate the from population th from respondents of distribution the with compatible Interval Confidence 95% The childhood. fre equal roughly with mămăligă and bread consumed had years 58 of age median a with (7.4%) respondents 5 and mămăligă than often more bread consumed youth or childhood lives their during point one at bread than often more mămăligă consumed ordinarily had years 69 of age median a with respondents) of number total consumption to the study of salient such phenomena reported the in applied differences when problematic less be may method retrospective large the that suggest frequencies the and diets youth or childhood readil residents rural which with confidence the Nevertheless, mămăligă. and bread of frequencies consumption the about estimates approximate presented having of and ago years 50 to 40 from practices dietary data consumption collected having of According to the 2013 Retrospective Dietary Study, 51 respondents (75% of the of (75% respondents 51 Study, Dietary Retrospective 2013 the to According slce sml rne fo 63 from ranges sample selected e - , 12 respondents (17.6%) with a median age of 63 years had always had years 63 of age median a with (17.6%) respondents 12 , fidence Interval ranging from 52 from ranging Interval fidence afre ta mmlg hd rdmntd n their in predominated had mămăligă that affirmed y p of respondents aged between 58 between aged respondents of p
as ‘core’ food consumption. consumption. asfood ‘core’ ae o te epnet’ ecitos f their of descriptions respondents’ the on based t 8% o te rprin f h rural the of proportion the for 85% to % % to 89% for the entire rural entire the for 89% to %
-
omny n their in commonly and 65 in 2013 on 2013 in 65 and quencies in their their in quencies y 1960s, 19 19 1960s, y onderantly. 97
CEU eTD Collection population rural the of proportion the on and residents rural of needs consumption cereal wheat/rye of contribution average the on estimates the them, evaluating for used methodologies the of and data presented the of quality equivalent the exaggerating Conclu hypothesis although preponderantly bread consume to industrially of distribution to permit not does evalua Interval Confidence 95% wide correspondingly the and sample the of size small the Unfortunately, 1950s. the during up grew which generation the than frequently less mămăligă average, on consumed, had 1960s the during up grew which residents rural of generation the least at that showing by 1970s early or 1960s the during time some place taken had bread to mămăligă from change a that argument the to weight the during preponderantly mămăligă consumed residents rural of majority 1957 the the that of Study Dietary finding the confirms questionnaire oral the to responses of distribution appropr 0.07 from ranging Interval p= test, exact (Fisher’s category age 65 mămăl ou 3 only comparison, By preponderantly. mămăligă consumed which group age appropriate the from population e h finding the te igă predominantly, igă In order to assure greater clarity for my arguments but at the expense of of expense the at but arguments my for clarity greater assure to order In ae g gop that group age iate sion
. 1950s. Secondly, the distribution of responses by age categories adds further further adds categories age by responses of distribution the Secondly, 1950s.
s
s
f h 1979 the of
- a significantly lower proportion than that observed that than proportion lower significantly a t of 9 respondents (33%) aged 57 aged (33%) respondents 9 of t produced bread that the majority of rural residents had began had residents rural of majority the that bread produced
had consumed mămăligă predominantly. In this regard, the the regard, this In predominantly. mămăligă consumed had t 71 to % - % for the proportion of rural residents from the the from residents rural of proportion the for % 1980 Dietary Study and of the analysis on the the on analysis the of and Study Dietary 1980 0.043 5 ) and compatible with a 95% Con 95% a with compatible and ) the evidence tentatively tentatively evidence the
or younger had consumed had younger or supports
to the total the to for the 58 the for fidence
this this 98 -
CEU eTD Collection the as 1957 after and before preponderantly bread consumed had which residents rural of proportions the between difference the minimum to the applies for estimate possible preference same The data. presented the by showed rate increase higher certainly was consumption bread in increase actual the that pre difference between possible minimum the produce to adjusted and selected consistently been reference data all that considered be to has it results, these interpreting in However, 1978. for 77% of level minimum a to 1957 for33% of level maximum a and 1900 periods the for needs consumption cereal total the of 62% to increased ranging levels maximum term long had from wheat/rye of consumption his/her region relevant the from resident rural average the data, available the to according change, dietary the of magnitude the Concerning questionnaire. oral 2013 small large the resident, rural per bread produced macro including food sources of variety ‘core’ dat by their supported is 1970s considerably early and changed 1960s the during had practices consumption region relevant rural that the argument The from 1970s. the residents of half second the during population rural the 20 the of half first the throughout minority a from bread preponderantly consumed which residents rural of proportion increased an into translated which 1975 and 1957 between wheat/rye of consumption his/her considerably increased releva the from resident rural average the estimates, these to According 1.2. and 1.1 Tables in summarized been have preponderantly bread consumed which - scale in scale -
- and post and depth 1979 depth - dietary change consumption levels for wheat/rye and, therefore, therefore, and, wheat/rye for levels consumption change dietary - 1980 Dietary Study and by the distribution of resp of distribution the by and Study Dietary 1980 - ee etmts n h aalblt o industrially of availability the on estimates level - scale Household Budgetary Surveys, the the Surveys, Budgetary Household scale th
century t century
- than the 24% to 35 to 24% the than 1914 and 1921 and 1914 o the greater part of of part greater the o d in the tables has tables the in d highest estimates estimates highest nt region had had region nt between 57% between onses to the to onses fo a from a - 1939 99 % -
CEU eTD Collection the in examined following three be will that their topics and central the bread are on change centered dietary the diet of a perceptions to mămăligă on centered diet a from switch to bread consume to come d preponderantly mămăligă had lives consumed their had of part which important an individuals during preponderantly that meaning change dietary the in ora the 1979 the responses to VillagedietaryBălțești andDietary (1983) offrom study from Study, the the from evidence detailed more addition, In enterprises. industrial scale by this done had and consumption food ‘core’ of level declining a to relative especially but terms absolute in 1960s the with beginning bread of consumption their increased had region relevant produced state using bread of that with overlap not did distribution whose services baking through produced bread of and bread homemade of availability the account into take not does it addition, brea as qualify would industrially that residents rural for of number the model minimizes distribution a on based is 1970s the of half second the during preponderantly bread consumed had region relevant the from Retrospective about that estimate the 2013 Conversely, Studies. Dietary and 1906 the from information the on based region relevant the from ruralentireIntervals tothe population from Confidence assigned been the 95% have l questionnaire shows that rural residents from all age categories had participated had categories age all from residents rural that shows questionnaire l Overall, the availabl the Overall, chapters.
uring the second half of the 1970s. What motivated these rural residents rural these motivated What 1970s. the of half second the uring externalizing the preparation of the ‘core’ food to predominantly large predominantly to food ‘core’ the of preparation the externalizing - supplied flour. supplied
e evidence strongly indicates that the rural residents from the from residents rural the that indicates strongly evidence e
three fourths three - produced bread which which bread produced
of the rural population rural the of d consumers and, in and, consumers d - 1980 100 -
CEU eTD Collection O J. Derek 1950 Peasants, 1 br the among sector baking the of 1950 interval the during industry baking the of performance economic the of assessment an change. dietary the to and consumption the regular of to assessment bread produced an industrially provide of contribution will chapter this of section last The 4). Chapter (see wher areas rural to particular consumption bread of appreciation consumers’ intersected it since living of standards of perceptions affected bread of availability rising the Moreover, freed. ultimately had they housework ru of meals regular the in participated had they which to extent the of view in both foods convenience towards turn the exemplify best products market population, rural Forthe diet. regular the in bread with mămăligă specifi regional the and foods convenience on reliance increasing nation the level: dietary the at developments important two to attention drawing by contributes it topic, its 1970s the and 1960s the Byduring population rural the of life everyday the of understanding population. rural the to bread of supplier Introduction
A version of this Chapter has Chapter this of version A - 1975 with a focus on its taylorist and fordist underpinnings. Given the importance the Given underpinnings. fordist and taylorist its on focus a with 1975 Switching from consumers to pro to consumers from Switching major a became gradually state the how of story success the tells chapter This
ddy and Alain Drouard (Farnham AlainDrouard ddy and C HAPTER - 1980,’
in 2: The Food Industries of Europe in Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Europe Centuries Twentieth and Nineteenth in Europe of Industries Food The
T
C HE
ONSUMPTIONIN been published as ‘ as published been R
OLE OF OLE anches of the Food Industry and of baking products in products baking of and Industry Food the of anches : Ashgate, 2013), 2013), Ashgate, : B ducers, the first section of the chapter includes includes chapter the of section first the ducers, e bread performed the function of status food status of function the performed bread e AKERIESIN The Growth of Bread Cons Bread of Growth The R URAL pp. pp. ral households and of the amount of of amount the of and households ral 213 A P REAS - 229. ROMOTING
Copyright2013. © 1
c process of replacing replacing of process c umption amon umption B - acquired baking baking acquired READ to a better better a to
g Romanian Romanian g - wide wide 101 , ed. ,
CEU eTD Collection the commercialized product. cons to sensitivity low bypriceincreases, diminished hidden waspoliticalcapital into lifestyles influencingrural ofattempts successful more its of one convert to able wereauthorities the which to extent industrially of quantities sufficient available making by change dietary the to significantly contributed reasons, political bread to resistance from moving of level the degree considerable a themselves to determined strategies, such towards accommodation consumers, with interaction constant a in ‘adequ generate to Sector Baking the of capacity The preferences. consumers’ to selectively and centrally the how illustrates altern such several up picks chapter the of section second The consumers. antagonize to risking without costs labor general rising given accumulation capital sustainable assure to strategy best to ability authorities’ the particular, In incomes. real and accumulation capital for implications significant carried costs production and efficiency in developments consumers, of expenditure daily the production and distribution in rural andin distribution production areas. ate’ capital resources by alternating antagonizing and non and antagonizing alternating by resources capital ate’ In the final analysis, the Baking Sector, whether motivated by economic and/or economic by motivated whether Sector, Baking the analysis, final the In ative, tension ative, umer demand in terms of output mix and the unreliable quality of of quality unreliable the and mix output of terms in demand umer
implement constructive cost constructive implement - planned non planned
- ridden strategies for increasing capital accumulation and accumulation capital increasing for strategies ridden - produce - market production system adjusted imperfectly adjusted system production market d bread in rural areas. On the other hand, the hand, other the On areas. rural in bread d
- reducing measures represented the the represented measures reducing - antagonizing strategies strategies antagonizing 102
CEU eTD Collection from 1977) Statistică, Centralăde population the of size on t of Yearbook [Statistical 1976 pe România data from and 4 134/1976, 3 2 to that up nationalizationfor push relativelyintense the less 1950, onlyin establishedwas 2.1.1. Developments State the in production sector. industrially of suppliers and period entire the throughout production state Cooperatives state in place alternative took production all 1950 in that Considering factories. C Production Agricultural services baking and/or preparation dough state using cooperatives consumers’ from came bread of output 1975 the of 10.5% roughly Thus, separately. sector each in developments pro on output in growth the disaggregating 2358000. industrially of output total in increase an show contributionand performance accumulation tocapital 1950 Industry, Baking the in Developments 2.1
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 119/ Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Calculated from data on per capita consumption of bread in 1975 from C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. from 1975 in bread of consumption capita per on data from Calculated - we uis ee epnil fr h lret at f h icess n bread in increases the of part largest the for responsible were units owned opee tt onrhp vr h mas f rdcin n h bkn indus baking the in production of means the over ownership state Complete for production bread on Statistics 3
h mcaim eid hs mrsie nrae a b bs mpe ot by out mapped best be can increase impressive this behind mechanism The units accounted for slightly more than one fifth of the increase in output. output. in increase the of fifth one than more slightly for accounted
of production such as as such production of , -
9. produced bread to the population, I begin my analysis with this with analysis my begin I population, the to bread produced
oeaie ad 3 ws h sae n upt f state of output in share the was 83% and ooperatives
1952, 52. 1952, - Owned Sector Owned he Socialist Republic of Romania for 1976]for Romania of Republic Socialist he
the 25 years following the nationalization act act nationalization the following years 25 the sn csoes for by flour customers’ using uto scos n aayig h relevant the analyzing and sectors duction Consumer since - -
provided flour, 6.5% took the form of of form the took 6.5% flour, provided rdcd ra from bread produced
nau Saitc l eulci Socialiste Republicii al Statistic Anuarul they - 1980: Production, economic Production, 1980: s and Agricultural Production Production Agricultural and s had remained the principal principal the remained had
(Bucharest: Direcția Direcția (Bucharest: 444400 Consumers - owned units, units, owned 2
- ton owned owned Since
to s 103 and try
CEU eTD Collection Trusts’],” ‘Baking of Institution the concerning 6 3. Industry],” Products Flour and Baking the of Development for Prospects and Situation Current the on [Report Făinoase Produselor și Panificației Industriei ale desvoltare 5 Industry] Food the Industries],” Products Flour and Baking the in Developments Q [A făinoase produse și panificație de industriei dezvoltarea 4 the slightly behind fell hours matched or measuredinput inwork Quantitatively, thelabor 1 between grown had force labor productive directly the data, this to According the increases. these to factor each of of contribution relative and years representative between increase the of magnitude the both of terms second, and changes, production and technical from and investments and labor increasesin of combination a from growth originated that first, data: the by supported are remarks general Two 1975. and produ enterprises of nationalization the in increase 2.75 a enabled and accompanied Industry. Food the of Ministry the of part as Făinoase) Produse si Panificație de Generală (Direcția hierarchical a in level intermediate an Bak of Department General the by headed structure administrative constituted and locality or region a from trusts, baking 20 and enterprises were bakeries 5 October from Ministers of Council the of 1065 No. Decree by organized These nationalization. and devastation war from by contraction caused the levels of interwar extent the indicates ownership state into passed that 1017, nu small The commodity. scarce still and valued highly a of production date
.. l ... eța cnmc. 1/92 “aot u rvr l situaț la privire cu “Raport 119/1952: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. Alexandru Negreanu and Ioan M Popa, “Un sfert de veac de adânci și importante transformări în în transformări importante și adânci de veac de sfert “Un Popa, M Ioan and Negreanu Alexandru Htrra uău 16 piid ninae ‘Trust înființarea privind 1065 Numărul “Hotărârea 4
rbby elcig h atoiis cnen oe is ermna efcs n the on effects detrimental its over concerns authorities’ the reflecting probably From an economic perspective, Table 2.1 summarizes the developments that have have that developments the summarizes 2.1 Table perspective, economic an From 6
8 (1969): 422. (1969): 8
5
administrative entities that grouped all production units production all grouped that entities administrative Industria Alimentară.[The Food Industry] Food Alimentară.[The Industria urilor de Panificație’ [Decision Number 1065 1065 Number [Decision Panificație’ de urilor 5 ad 95 y prxmtl 73%. approximately by 1975 and 959 uarter of a Century of Profound and Important Important and Profound of Century a of uarter Revista Industriilor Alimentare [Review of [Review Alimentare Industriilor Revista
that growth proceeded in stages in in stages in proceeded growth that ction of bread between the the between bread of ction ia actuală și perspectivele de de perspectivele și actuală ia ing and Flour Products Flour and ing mber of bakeries, bakeries, of mber th
10 (1950): 3 (1950): 10 , 1950 into 92 into 1950 , - 104 5.
CEU eTD Collection adjusted equipment technical machineryand buildings, 10 9 and Milling 8 ‘Dobrogea’ the of Factory Baking Enterprise],” Baking [The ‘Dobrogea’ panificație și morărit de Combinatului Work and Establishing for Method New [A panificației industria în tehnică motivare cu personal de normelor vegetale theProduse and in Organization Preparation [The and albă Division pâinea Dough pentru of Mechanization aluatului prelucrării și divizării mecanizarea și “Organizarea Br 7 primarily reflects funds fixed of value rising the industry, baking the in investment sustained of result The production. funds fixed of value the in rise sharp blue collar workers trainedthroughtrade rathercourses thanworkplace school 1952 in 1.04% technicians and engineers of number and productivity rewarding payment improved schemes workers, of qualification superior as such input labor in changes growth. productivity and in growth the of 30% to growth productivity simple and 48% to contributed input labor in increase simple period, 5 for accounted and increase) (45% 1975 in kg 71.4 to 1959 in kg 49.2 from grew work of hour per units bread black equivalent in measured productivity labor workers, productive directly to only analysis the Limiting for allowing but workweek days 6 a during shift work one of hours 8 of length constant the considering force, labor the of growth
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 77/1959, 15 77/1959, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 17 119/1952, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al
For 1950 see “Organizarea muncii pe brigăzi în industria de panificație [The Organization of Work in in Work of Organization [The panificație de industria în brigăzi pe muncii “Organizarea see 1950 For igades in the Baking Industry],” Industry],” Baking the in igades The concept of ‘fixed funds’ is equivalent to the net wealth stock and includes the original value of of value original the includes and stock wealth net the to equivalent is funds’ ‘fixed of concept The P yet om i te aig Industry Baking the in Norms ayment h lret at f ao productivi labor of part largest The
8 [Food Industry: Vegetal Products] Products] Vegetal Industry: [Food
to 3.1% in 1959 in 3.1% to Industria Alimentară [Food Industry] [Food Alimentară Industria
production resulting from the combination of higher labor input input labor higher of combination the from resulting production
Part of Part
nuti Aietr [od Industry] [Food Alimentară Industria 9 h itniiain f rdcin hog progressive through production of intensification the
the labor productivity growth resulted from qualitative from resulted growth productivity labor the and to 6.4% in 1975 concomitant with a rising share of share rising a with concomitant 1975 in 6.4% to and
10 increased as a percentage of total labor force from from force labor total of percentage a as increased
etr raiain f work. of organization better and, implicitly, in the flow of capital services to services capital of flow the in implicitly, and,
, 32 fr 95 Og Bra “arc d pie a pâine de “Fabrica Borda, Olga 1965, for 392, ],” 2% of total production growth. For the entire the For growth. production total of 2% ty growth can be attributed, however, to a a to however, attributed, be can growth ty 11 (1960): 326 and “O noua metodă pentru stabilirea stabilirea pentru metodă noua “O and 326 (1960): 11 for depreciation. depreciation. for
oe rqet r ogr oia leaves. holiday longer or frequent more
9 (1965): 45 9(1965): case of White Bread],” Bread],” White of case 3. 3.
(90: 4 fr 90 see 1960 for 34, (1950): 1
nuti Alimentară: Industria For instance, the the instance, For .
105 7
CEU eTD Collection the to Leadership Party the of Letter the from Decade [A panificație și morărit de industria din lucrătorilor 20 19 Industry],” panificație 18 17 16 15 14 13 [Technological Panificației Industriei 12 a Tehnică Products] Vegetal Review: Industry” “Dezvoltarea Mirea, Ind Baking Ion the in Developments production. total in share 11 ovens. from unloaded and loaded mechanically was production by and mechanized completely been had kneading and Sifting 1975. in production of 29% covered ovens mechanical advanced more the in baking 1975, were materials raw of dozers Mechanical technology. date to up on emphasis and investment of levels higher by characterized phase second a degree. limited a to mechanized were be to continued materials raw of dividing, of operations the while dozingmanually performed the and ovens from bread of unloading (5%). ovens mechanical in and (47%) heating indirect 1952 in predominance overwhelming from declined had ovens earthen efficient less the in baking 30% operations demanding five development. two first the covering phase extensive initial an During than rather units larger in concentration and mechanization
C.C. al P.C.R: Secția Economică. 134/1976, 20 134/1976, Economică. Secția P.C.R: C.C.al 20. 134/1976, Economică. Secția P.C.R: C.C.al Ibid. 42. 77/1959, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Sec P.C.R. C.C.al 23/1961, 92. and 41 77/1959, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 23. 119/1952, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Optimistic estimate based on the number of factories equipped with mechanical sifters and their assumed assumed their and sifters mechanical with equipped factories of number the on based estimate Optimistic Niculae I. Niculescu, “Mecanizarea prelucrării aluatului, baza creșterii productivității muncii în industria industria în muncii productivității creșterii baza aluatului, prelucrării “Mecanizarea Niculescu, I. Niculae Alexandru Negreanu and Ioan M. Popa, “Un deceniu de la Scrisoarea Scrisoarea la de deceniu “Un Popa, M. Ioan and Negreanu Alexandru 11 17
and
14 aig n vn wt idrc haig eae rdmnn b 1967 by predominant became heating indirect with ovens in baking i [Mechanizing the Operation of Dough Preparation, Basis for Raising Productivity in the Baking Baking the in Productivity Raising for Basis Preparation, ofDough Operation the i [Mechanizing
The Food Industry Food The
o 8 o ttl production total of 48% to 4 o ttl rdcin n 1952 in production total of 44% ția Economică. 119/1952, 3. 119/1952, Economică. ția -
1 (1967): 14. (1967): 1 flour ustry],” ustry],”
3 (1956) 6 3 (1956) itn ad og kneading dough and sifting Revista “Industria Allimentară”: Produse Vegetale [The “Food [The Vegetale Produse Allimentară”: “Industria Revista
16
n 99 t h epne f aig n vn with ovens in baking of expense the at 1959 in - Several such operations were mechanized during mechanized were operations such Several
11
.
12
o 0 ad 5 i 1959. in 75% and 60% to - year plans, mechanization of the most the of mechanization plans, year
used for 37% of total production in production total of 37% for used
weighing and modeling the dough dough the modeling and weighing 15
oee, h laig and loading the However, -
conducerii partidului, adresată adresată partidului, conducerii a be etne from extended been had 20 bread total of 16% 1970,
Finally, 11.4% of total of 11.4% Finally, 13
n addition, In 18
while 106 19
CEU eTD Collection 23 Ind Food Industries,” Products Flour and Baking the in Developments Important and Profound of Century a of Quarter [A făinoase produse și panificație de industriei dezvoltarea 22 14. panificației,” 21 ofoven. this type Industry] Food [The pâine pentru o share the Industry],” Baking and Milling the of Workers added value 1959 in the costs production of industry, 8.3% barely represented food component the of branches other to Similarly cost. production d extent an to accumulation capital 1975 asthe average thenumberdecreased ofunits and baking capacity increased. up 1970, in production of uni result, a baker of rise implications large with but small a and ton 5 below baker of decline marked the reflected and 1975 to 1952 from times four increased production of unit per capacity average The units. larger in production of prevailing in1967. 36 of input labor total of share their considering drawback serious a operations, other the behind lagged mechanization modeling and weighing dividing, In automated. and mechanized fully were that lines production integrated in conducted was 1975 in production bread
The following discussion is based on data from C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 77/1959, 91 77/1959, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al from C.C. data on based is following discussion The Niculae I. Niculescu, “Mecanizarea prelucrării aluatului, baza creșterii productivității muncii în industria industria în muncii productivității creșterii baza aluatului, prelucrării “Mecanizarea Niculescu, I. Niculae lxnr Ngen ad on . oa “n fr d va d adâ de veac de sfert “Un Popa, M. Ioan and Negreanu Alexandru h porsie ehnzto o pouto afce pouto pie and prices production affected production of mechanization progressive The benef mechanization of application The ustry], pouto i tunnel in production f
[The Mechanization and Automatization of Ovens for Breadbaking],” for Ovens of Automatization and Mechanization [The ts with capacities above 10 ton 10 above capacities with ts s/24 hours, the sharp rise o rise sharp the hours, s/24
8 (1969): 423. (1969): 8
2 (1962) 14 (1962) 2 21
from 29% in 1950 and the rising trend continued until at least at until continued trend rising the and 1950 in 29% from - 18, on the automatic operations operations automatic the on 18, - ovens and N. I. Niculescu, “Mecanizarea și automatizarea cuptoarelor cuptoarelor automatizarea și “Mecanizarea Niculescu, I. N. and ovens - 44% if un if 44% etermined by the share of the relevant factors in the the in factors relevant the of share the by etermined f bakeri f Industria Alimentar [The Food Industry] Food [The Alimentar Industria - mechanized under the technological conditions technological the under mechanized s/24 hours had a share of 70% of the capacity capacity the of 70% of share a had hours s/24 es with capacities of 10 of capacities with es ited from, and favored, the concentration concentration the favored, and from, ited
Revista Industriilor Alimentare [Review of the of [Review Alimentare Industriilor Revista ies with capacities over 40 ton 40 over capacities with ies of loading and unloading bread in case of of case in bread unloading and loading of nci și importante transformări în în transformări importante și nci 23
with shares of 7.35% of shares with the dough however, however, dough the e wt capacities with ies
- Industria Alimentară Alimentară Industria 20 ton 20
9 (1971): 496 on 496 (1971): 9 s/24 hours s/24 - 92.
s.
22 107
As
CEU eTD Collection non as understood Accumulation costs. to returns diminishing face to began it but levels accumulation and (profits equivalent black bread worker per added increase to value accumulation) determined below) (discussed varieties wages. higher of was effects the enterprises mitigate to sufficient margin a by baking 1959 in than 1975 in higher by comparatively performance average that suggest tentatively decisions sh the increase to the and 1975 of readjustment unchanged price the at bread black maintain for price production average standard to authorities planning enabled principles tayloristic with machinery efficient input more of introduction the production, of mechanization the with Together profits. of 82% cancelled otherwise have would that 1975 and 1959 between wages medium in increase quan given a produce neededto workers of number the of reducing by effect since well, saving as considered term be to long has mechanization A funds. fixed of value in growth the to proportionally b profits increased have would but 0.75% merelyby costs production reduced have would production of conditions 1959 the under labor manual for power mechanical of substitution the shares, low such Given s social and remuneration labor for rm fnnil tnpit te aig etr civd otnosy growing continuously achieved sector Baking the standpoint, financial a From Finally, a restructuring of the output in the direction of more profitable more of direction the in output the of restructuring a Finally, - are of turnover tax at the expense of the enterprises’ profits. Both Both profits. enterprises’ the of expense the at tax turnover of are retained profits and turnover tax tax turnover and profits retained
units. units. , the rising quality of labor and its reorganization in accordance in reorganization its and labor of quality rising the ,
t vn atr ae ta labo than rates faster even at
y 11% if the cost of electricity is considered to increase increase to considered is electricity of cost the if 11% y tity of bread, it cushioned the consequences of a 2.2 times times 2.2 a of consequences the cushioned it bread, of tity ecurity expenses and 0.92% for capital for 0.92% and expenses ecurity -
represented throughout the st the throughout represented poutvt epesd in expressed productivity r amortization. udied 108 -
CEU eTD Collection resources if labor availability (or alternatively, consumption) is capable of accommodating its its accommodating of capable is consumption) alternatively, (or availability The repercussions. labor products. alternative if of costs resources capital investment net higher (secure) generate the analysis final the in may ratio on costs capital to accumulation higher and reserves accumulatio labor lower relatively a by characterized product of a of distribution availability the on depends distributio the between 28 calculation. 27 26 25 24 successf more comparatively were costs to accumulation of ratios high displaying products of distribution the promoting policies costs, capital similar relatively and recruitment labor on constraints imposed politically or real given of sectors economic for investments higher securing of objective indicator representsrough ratioa(i.e. consumption) cost accumulationto The lei. generatedby144 of lei 100 1975, in whereas costs of worth lei 96 by generated was accumulation of Concomitantly lei 100 1959, in differential. costlier: progressively became the accumulation however, for responsible bread) been have potato to to unlikely simple requirements from and specialties baking to and semi to black bread(from of varietyeach superior with requirementslabor higher producing of profitability comparative l economic the in references Besides varieties. profitable more of direction from increased had sector Baking lei 205824000 the in tax) turnover 1959 plus Between (profits state. accumulation the of activities cultural and social investments), 1977 1956 in (52.6% budget state the to revenue of source principal the period
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 77 Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 79. 130/1976, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 64. 27/1956, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al h ruhes f h idctr elcs t context its reflects indicator the of roughness The uhrs acltos se h Anx o hs hpe fr dtie peetto o te ehd of method the of presentation detailed a for Chapter this to Annex the see calculations, Author’s 25 ) and, as such, contributed significantly to the financing of the economic (primarilyeconomic the of financing significantlythe contributedsuch, to as and, ) 28
o te cnmc otiuin f a of contribution economic the for
26
to 514655000 lei 514655000 to n of products characterized by high accumulation to costs and investment resources resources investment and costs to accumulation high by characterized products of n
/1959, 91 /1959, 27
primarily through a restructuring of the output in the in output the of restructuring a through primarily -
92.
- - specific validity. The strength of the relationship relationship the of strength The validity. specific grade breads, profits increased faster than than faster increased profits breads, grade y rdc t te politically the to product ny ul in securing, among other other among securing, in ul n to costs ratio and by a relatively relatively a by and ratio costs to n hie I hs sense, this In choice. with higher capital capital higher with cuuain was accumulation 24 - iterature to the to iterature white to whiteto white
and 38.7% in 38.7% and
and 1975, 1975, and - desired 109
CEU eTD Collection 32 87. 31 30 29 flour to3.62lei per kilogram. pre and unpacked of prices retail the in reduction a following higher lei 0.930 applied tax turnover however, flour white For lei. 0.259 to to diminished directly difference the although delivered lei) 0.145 against flour lei (0.404 black consumers for higher be to continued tax turnover 1975, and lei). 2.975 against lei (2.225 kg per lei 0.750 and lei) 0.165 against lei (0.520 lei 0.355 by higher was population the to directly sold flour white and black on charged tax turnover result, a As lei). 4.55 and lei 2.22 (2.575 units baking by paid prices delivery corresponding the than higher considerably were flour white and black for prices retail 1963, of readjustment produc price the products to Up tax. turnover of levels bakingdifferent prices, production identical of conditions of manufacturing the in serve to intended flours to and consumers to directly distributed flours to prices retail different of application the period, the Throughout analysis. the in included are inputs primary added, value besides of extensive developmentandgeneralization of potatobread. well the of performance the that suggests assessment preliminary accumulation of lei 100 for expenses corresponding the Against investments. of rate higher a things,
Direcția Județeană Alba a Arhivelo Albaa Județeană Direcția 142.143. 22/1976, Economică, Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 98. 64, 27/1956, Economică, Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Direcția Județeană Alba a Arhivelor Naționale. Întreprinderea de Morărit si Panificație Alba. 7/1963, 83 7/1963, Alba. Panificație si Morărit de Întreprinderea Naționale. Arhivelor a Alba Județeană Direcția
- above average ratios of accumulation to consumption at least during the initial stage stage initial the during least at consumption to accumulation of ratios average above h cnrbto o te aig nuty o cuuain hne rdcly if radically changes accumulation to Industry Baking the of contribution The n h ntoa eooy f 184 of economy national the in
32 r Naționale. Întreprinderea de Morărit si Panificație Alba. 7/1973, 1 7/1973, Alba. si Panificație Morărit de Întreprinderea Naționale. r
31
Between t Between
on flour delivered to baking units was now was units baking to delivered flour on
e i 1959 in lei he major price readjustments of 1963 of readjustments price major he
29
Baking Industry permitted permitted Industry Baking n 165 and
lei and 5.3 lei against lei 5.3 and lei
e i 1975 in lei ed, under under ed, - packed 30 110 a , - 4. 4. - ,
CEU eTD Collection inlei 1973. 4.22 and inlei 1972 4.55 1970, 5.65 1956, October in lei 6.2 1955, October in lei 34 inlei 1970. and 4.1 inlei 1969 3.41 1956, inlei October 4.92 1955, 12 January on lei 3.98 was flour black of price average weighted 33 soc the through distributed quantities total bread of of 2% quantities (approximately unsold of share insignificant the prices, of configuration a such Under network. commercial socialist the through sold when price lowest the and pr market highest second its bread, as sold when price highest its having flour white with 1970s early the during emerged configuration price different radically A exceptions. without not but market peasant the on prices of recordings the to according prices of configurations identical given semi For price. retail prevailing bread from flour of transfer a accommodated have would market peasant the on highest priced consistently was flour black straightforward: is assertion first the supporting argument The profits. increasing for choice optimum the th represented and 1970s early the during bread as sold if price highest the fetched flour white c) and such as sold if profitable more intermittently was readjustment price 1963 the les was bread as sold flour black a) that suggest market peasant the on sold flour for series price state the on prices existing Taking demand. u by assessed
The price of white flour on the peasant market was 5.28 lei on January 12 January on lei 5.28 was market peasant the on flour white of price The According to regular surveys of prices on the peasant markets from the main urban localities, the the localities, urban main the from markets peasant the on prices of surveys regular to According 33 s profitable compared to the alternative of selling it as such, b) white flour before before flour white b) such, as it selling of alternative the to compared profitable s The influence of these pricing practices on capital accumulation can be broadly broadly be can accumulation capital on practices pricing these of influence The
and lowest under the form of bread suggesting that existing consum existing that suggesting bread of form the under lowest and ig rcs n h paat akt fe) s og idctr o consumer of indicators rough as (free) market peasant the on prices sing
- ht ad ht for te bv cnlso applies conclusion above the flour, white and white
lei in 1963, 5.89 lei in 1964, 3.92 lei in 1969, 5.19 lei in lei 5.19 1969, in lei 3.92 1964, in lei 5.89 1963, in lei -
- stain ot rqety e frequently most situation a otold omril ewr a given, as network commercial controlled th , 3.66 lei on Au on lei 3.66 ,
- making to direct delivery at the at delivery direct to making th , 4.89 lei on August 15 August on lei 4.89 , gust 15 gust c o te peasant the on ice ait commercial ialist th
and in October October in and ncountered er demand er th , 4.69 , 111 us 34
CEU eTD Collection else. somewhere from deficit the cover to have they bread, for plan production the fulfill not do they If lei. Craiov in happens: it how explain me ‘….Let production: bread of ramifications economic and political complex the decision among opinion general the perfectly illustrates believe, I which, comment following 36 35 loss by caused deficit the covering by industries indispensable the to referred production frequently bread of contribution participants the industries, Milling and Baking the in problems current the on Industry Local of representatives regional the of subordination administrative the on depending local or central whether administrators, budget consumer to appealed certainly demand, accommodating and production quantitative considerable costs, to profits potenti high The production. bread of development the in interest authorities’ the for explanation economic an of limitations for materials. raw o alternatives potential and influences the disregards it because afterwards it underestimates and 1963 to prior contribution actual sector’s narrow the that consider I analysis, inclusive more c added value the above and over bread for premium a pay to willing were consumers that indicates it as interesting particularly is market peasant prices of equalization an flour network of redistribution a required have would that demand network)
Calculated based on data from C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 19/1974, 15 and and 17. 15 19/1974, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al from C.C. data on based Calculated C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 30/1960, 76, 84. The represe The 84. 76, 30/1960, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. The economic assessment presented above highlights both the importance and and importance the both highlights above presented assessment economic The a Region, if the production plan for bread is not fulfilled, there is a budget deficit of 16.000.000 16.000.000 of deficit budget a is there fulfilled, not is bread for plan production the if Region, a at a lower lower a at 35
suggests first that the baking sector did not suffer losses due to insufficient to due losses suffer not did sector baking the that first suggests
price and second that competition from the from competition that second and price
ntepaat market peasant the on
to local budgets or to the overall profitability of local of profitability overall the to or budgets local to
al for accumulation, the product of a high rate of of rate high a of product the accumulation, for al of the baking units. For instance, at a 1959 meeting 1959 a at instance, For units. baking the of . The lower price of white flour on the on flour white of price lower The . - aig sectors. making - ffered by the multiple price system price multiple the by ffered oue aayi oeetmts the overestimates analysis focused ntative of the Craiova Region made the the made Region Craiova the of ntative omponent
state hog the through 36
sector had not led to led not had sector .
h eitne f a of existence The Compared with the with Compared
commercial commercial - makers and and makers 112
CEU eTD Collection 40 Alba. siPanificație Morărit de Întreprinderea Naționale. Arhivelor Albaa 39 38 37 same The plan. thing.’ local is not a This in Pitești. happened situation production the fulfill to able be would they that so localities rural to trucks by bread send See Ministry. the to this reported have They revenue budgetary The implementation. their and the specifications plan of payments work of and revenues budgetary makers on repercussions financial decision among awareness high a suggest examples these All sector. t of proceeds the from indirectly performed was transfer the and budgets itself. profit of loss the by occasioned that than annoyance more no with reserves by budgetary completely absorbed be to intended was lei million 49 of 1979 for profits of reduction planned a administrators: central of authority the under moved had sector lei. 583000 of deficita with cope restructuring andhadfor mix level output profitbutstill ofthe output losses due toa compensation as quarry calcareous a received Enterprise Industrial County Alba the 1974 alwa not did and infrequently was that budget subsidies. statecovered by local the in deficit a creating to addition in and payments profits canceled plans financial a and consequently production of adjustment difficult and system. planning the of rigidity the given production expanding for benefic by demand if fulfilled products flour and baking for plan production the considering regulation special
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 4/1979, 32 4/1979, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 83. 80, 74, 30/1960, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al E Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Only 46% of the resulting deficit was covered by the annual proceeds of the quarry. Direcția Județeană Județeană Direcția quarry. the of proceeds annual the by covered was deficit resulting the of 46% Only 40
Only half the amount of the baking industry’s profits was now reserved for local for reserved now was profits industry’s baking the of amount the half Only fce te aaid esne b dnig hm profit them denying by personnel salaried the ffected ys cover adequately the incurring loss in profits: in the first semester of of semester first the in profits: in loss incurring the adequately cover ys conomică. 8/1970, 4. 8/1970, conomică. iaries has been met did not mitigate internal profit mitigate internal not did met been has iaries
38
When adjustments did occur, the procedure was complicated was procedure did occur,the adjustments When 39
The adjustment process was smoother after the bakingthe after smoother adjustment processwasThe ing that the Popular Council does not answer, they decided to to decided they answer, not does Council Popular the that ing
-
37.
- bread production link pro link production bread
22/1973, 193. 22/1973, 37
The delayed, partialdelayed, The - related incentives incentives related
- reorganized he related bonus bonus related vides part of of part vides
central 113
to
CEU eTD Collection regime’s the of effect constraining the illustrate thus might bread black of distribution the of conditions gro supply privileged and welfare the affected have would patterns distribution and/or prices retail of readjustment a circumstances, these Under lei). 2 to compared a best second for recipe normative the in (the network commercial socialist the through distributed bread) prescribed of kilogram 1 producing quantity (the flour black of gr. 720 for pay comparative The market. commercial socialist buyin of advantage the on flour black of overpricing s disguised a either suggesting considerably diverged economic b the for advantage considerable a entailed regulation This population. urban the and workers industrial for supplies sufficient secure to regulated was bread of distribution 1950s, the distrib bread of function political the of light in understood be to is prices low at bread black of supply of levels high relatively for preference authorities’ The bread. black of price retail the in increase quanti the in increase an implemented either involving been have could alternatives profitable more previously, explained As ‘grain authorities. wasting’ by higher were practices such when times at even distribution such in participation medium the for and areas rural in bread of quantities higher the for explanation the The explanatory power of economic factors should not be overestimated however. overestimatedhowever. be not should economicfactors of explanatory Thepower lternative) almost as much as for one kilogram of black bread (1.973 lei lei (1.973 bread black of kilogram one for as much as almost lternative) up with potential negative political consequences for the regime. The The regime. the for consequences political negative potential with up g black bread was significant and obvious to consumers as they had to theyhad as consumers to obvious and significant was bread black g eneficiary group as prices for black bread and black flour sold as such such as sold flour black and bread black for prices as group eneficiary ution of rewarding the regime’s privileged groups. Throughout groups. privileged regime’s the rewarding of ution - ee dcso mkr’ hie o itiue growing distribute to choice makers’ decision level
is f lc for itiue a sc o an or such as distributed flour black of ties biiain f lc bed r a or bread black of ubsidization -
n low and - ee dcso makers’ decision level
considered 114 n
CEU eTD Collection ofBakeries],” inCase Production of Concentration Efficient the to [Limits pâine de fabricile la producției concentrării eficienței Factors],” Techn Determining Unit.The Processing Food a of Size Optimum [The determină o care 41 hand, one the On activities. production their of aspects several determined subordination or Consumers distances from localities. urban certain beyond villages in bread produced industrially of consumption promoting of task cons the product. delicate a of quality the on transportation the of effects of detrimental and distances long over basis daily a on bread of quantities large transporting the of size the by determined largely be to considered was factories baking of size optimum the however, general In location. urban predominantly their given Industry Food of Ministry 2.1.2 Developments Cooperative the in Sector population. higher the non infringement frequent from group privileged the of supply bread the adequately protect to system rationing the of inability the was it that argue I chapter, this of 3 section capacity its on group privileged a of wellbeing and supply the guaranteeing of aim political own
Vintilă Rotaru, “Mărimea optimă a unei întreprinderi de industrie alimentară. Factorii tehnico Factorii alimentară. industrie de întreprinderi unei a optimă “Mărimea Rotaru, Vintilă - privileged group that adds another dimension dimension another adds that group privileged
With the exception of a few state few a of exception the With Conc truction of small scale bakeries was proposed as a more economic solution to the to solution economic more a as proposed was bakeries scale small of truction meit cnue pplto i ve o te cnmc nfiiny of inefficiency economic the of view in population consumer immediate of generating increased accumulation. Anticipating a more detailed discussion in discussion detailed more a Anticipating accumulation. generating increased of nuti Aietr [h Fo industry] Food [The Alimentară Industria - level authorities’ decision of distributing higher quantities of bread to the rural the to bread of quantities higher distributing of decision authorities’ level
entration of production was characteristic for units administered by the the by administered units for characteristic was production of entration Agricultural Industr ia Alimentară [The FoodIndustry] [The Alimentară ia
rdcin oprtvs n ter administrative their and Cooperatives Production - owned units, rural b rural units, owned
(99: 123 (1969): 3
-
political as opposed to economic to opposed as political
11 (1968): 625 (1968): 11 - 2 ad hoge de, “Limita Udrea, Gheorghe and 127 akeries belonged to either to belonged akeries - 627.
41 ical and Economic Economic and ical
Accordingly, - economici economici s by the the by s 115 -
to
CEU eTD Collection personal from de Personnel theIndustry],” Baking Working of normelor Norms Work the stabilirea Fixing for pentru Method New [A metodă of panificației, industria kg în nouă tehnică 100 producing “O in Cordăreanu, involved workers Nicolae of from number the bread on data on based calculated been has industry the of baking and modeling the 44 43 42 cost production and higher reflected cooperatives by practiced profits retained plus flour except inputs accumulation to0.2954lei amounted all of cost the 1959, of conditions sectbaking state Inthe cooperatives’ovens. the in baked labor) and materials (raw dough prepared own their having for Cooperatives Production the to lei 0.55 and 0.30 between or Cooperatives Consumers the to lei 0.65 and 0.40 between same the of cost production c instance, For andindustry. baking the of units by performed operations accumulation benefits, of value the than higher were services their for bakeries cooperative all by charged prices the process, production Cooperative Consumers 20 were services baking for prices component, profit the Without accumulation. assure to and operational mainta to to needed sum a services exchange in baking charged and only members cooperative provided Cooperatives Production to hand, belonging other the bakeries On accumulation. and profits costs, production added and factories followed bakeries these services, baking their for prices home baking to customers by provided flour and grains state Consumers to bakeriesbelonging
Ibid. 58 Ibid. 57 10/1967, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al I have considered the labor input in the case of simple baking services by cooperative bakeries to include include to bakeries cooperative by services baking simple of case the in input labor the considered have I - supplied flour but also provided baking provided also but flour supplied
- 25% lower at the at lower 25% Industria Aliamentară [The Food Industry] Food [The Aliamentară Industria s
. 43
dough. The share in total labor of these two operations for the baking baking the for operations two these of labor total in share The dough. eetees ajsig o te consumers’ the for adjusting Nevertheless,
Cooperatives engaged in typicalin Cooperativesengaged
Agricultural 44
for one kilogram of black bread. The higher The tariffs for kilogram bread. ofblack one - 59.
services ranging from producing bread with bread producing from ranging services
Production Cooperative Production
2 (1965), 101. 2(1965), - prepared dough. prepared s due to small scale and lower lower and scale small to due s h patc o state of practice the or under the technological the under or bread production using production bread
onsumers had to pay pay to had onsumers s
compared to the the to compared 42
nu it the into input n h bakery the in In calculating In u motivare cu - owned owned 116
CEU eTD Collection (State industry 50 1975. 49 41. Indicators],” Main 1: 1971 1971 perioada 48 Secția P.C.R. al C.C. from 47 taken is industry baking the 1. Economică.11/1960, by production bread on Data 1960. in industry 46 45 ton 46100 estimated with incrproduction laggedsimple behindbut 1960 in introduced serviceswas ton 1965 bakeries. by doubled production 230 of number probable a giving 55000 Cooperatives, Consumers the of charter model 1948 the in stipulated was bakeries establishing of task the though Even industrially supplying with authorities among involved bothprevailing inC.A.P.s monetary scheme payment and in the that considering consumers among favor more foundgrain, or flour wheat in payment ready buying of possibility the had who customers to especially appealing particularly been not have might service baking simple the calculation, economic pure Beyond Industry. in lei 45.4 to compared Cooperatives Production and Consumers by provided services the for lei 110 and lei 72 of bread black of kilogram 1 of production the for values accumulation higher also but production of mechanization
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 15/1966, 12. 15/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 5. 56/1948, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Ibid. Adopted based on the identity between planned and production figures for total bread production in in production bread total for figures production and planned between identity the on based Adopted Ibid. Calculated as the difference between total bread production and and production bread total between difference the as Calculated C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 51/1971: “Proiectul de plan de dezvoltare a economiei naționale în în naționale economiei a dezvoltare de plan de “Proiectul 51/1971: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. acatd as Calcualted i 1975. in s -
1975 Plan for the Development of the Nationa the of Development the for Plan 1975 - ae ra uig state using bread made h poieain f ua bkre atr 90 t 1960 after bakeries rural of proliferation The - - 1975. Anexe la raportul de prezentare. Volumul 1: Principalii Indicatori [Project for the the for [Project Indicatori Principalii 1: Volumul prezentare. de raportul la Anexe 1975. owned units and Consumers Cooperatives) in 1970. The data on total bread production is is production bread total on data The 1970. in Cooperatives) Consumers and units owned the difference between marketed quantities and the quantities produced by the baking baking the by produced quantities the and quantities marketed between difference the 49
nreial avctd y uhrte, productio authorities, by advocated Energetically
s in 1970 in s
47
50 45
- and again by 1970 by again and upid lu a 2 l 2 at flour supplied
and finally to 152450 ton 152450 to finally and y 90 ipe bread simple 1960 by
l Economy. Annexes to the Presented Report. Volume Volume Report. Presented the to Annexes Economy. l - produced bread to the rural population. population. rural the to bread produced 48 h cs o te State the of case the
and final and i e klga. h ohr offers, other The kilogram. per ei 46
asae a new a ranslated the quantities produced by the baking baking the by produced quantities the rdcin a brl reached barely had production avnzd y tt support, state by Galvanized s in 1975. in s ly settled at around 250000 around at settled ly - 51 kind remuneration. kind truh baking through n
Indicative for the for Indicative - - we Baking Owned on concern found eases to an an to eases 117
CEU eTD Collection 52 stateusing produced thequantities 51 indus baking the by production bread on information the and 74 24/1972, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. from taken system function. this notperform where did marketprices economic an in production directed that processes decision the of, workings the and in, of produ processes scientific and mechanical to linked effects elusive more to production total in varieties bread of share the in modifications as such change, quality of markers obvious t adjustment low by characterized system distribution a in product actual the and expectations consumers’ between misalignment identify helps sources production physical different from bread the of types about expectations specific ‘co the of consumers’ characteristics the consumer on and theories anthropological in behavior Grounded practices. baking different of product the soften to bread. of quality the changesin accompanying the by presenting 2.2 been inproduction.for responsiblegrowth thelargest ofthe share of production total the of 1965. in Cooperatives 7% Consumers only was services such of provisioning the ava through were alternatives other when services baking of appeal lower
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 10/1967, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 134/1976, 4. Calculated as the difference between total production and and production total between difference the as Calculated 4. 134/1976, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C.
Developments in Industry, the Baking 1950 The following section aims to qualify the quantitative and technical developments developments technical and quantitative qualifythe to aims section following The ction. As a context to to analysis,this Icontext with adiscussionofction. Asa theactors involved start try is taken from C.C. al P.C.R. 51/1971, 41. 41. 51/1971, P.C.R. C.C.al from is taken try homogenizing effect of using the umbrella the using of effect homogenizing o the particularities of demand. demand. of particularities the o
re’ foodstuff, an analysis of the characteristics of the standard the of characteristics the of analysis an foodstuff, re’ - supplied flour in 1975. supplied 52
Throughout the period, Production Cooperatives had Cooperatives Production period, the Throughout
57.
The analysis proceeds from the most most the from proceeds analysis The - 1980: Looking at1980: the bread - term bread to describe the end the describe to bread term
This analysis is intended is analysis This
lbe production ilable,
118
-
CEU eTD Collection Industry] Trusts’],” ‘Baking of Institution the concerning 1065 Number [Decision Industry] Food Industry],” Food of Ministry the of Organization and Institution the concerning 53 The practice. conventional o Ministries the of representatives the straightforwardcentralat atlevelconflicts times, emerged the where, ofinterests between and plan was less situation local The regional level. and the responsibility implementing at of them each of details the settle to authorities population through marketing its networks. Int implementation. approvalandGovernmentfor the finallyto and Commission Planning State the to review for submitted be to had which plan production Co Planning State the by formulated requirements the on drawing by draft, would Directory General the level, central the At Directory. General the to it forwarding of and assessment this of representative the bread of for demand the assessing task the had authorities planning local with collaboration in trusts the interaction, two a of outcome the be Executive would plan the the that envisioned theoretically was it as Councils Popular andthe of Committee enterprises and trusts bread the Directory, General the by shared
“Decret Nr. 428 pentru înființarea și organizarea Ministerului Industriei Alimentare [Decree No. 428 428 No. [Decree Alimentare Industriei Ministerului organizarea și înființarea pentru 428 Nr. “Decret ernal Trade was supposed to contract the planned production of bread for sale to the the to sale for bread of production planned the contract to supposed was Trade ernal h pealn patc truhu te eid a, oee, o te central the for however, was, period the throughout practice prevailing The for responsibility The 10 (1950): 3 (1950): 10 mmission and in view of the information received from the trusts, a ‘general’ ‘general’ a trusts, the from received information the of view in and mmission 1 (1950): 52 and “Hotărârea and 52 (1950): 1 - 5.
the Popular Council had the task of verifying the appropriateness of of appropriateness the verifying of task the had Council Popular the
- a d way propensity
lbrtn te rdcin ln ws osdrd o be to considered was plans production the elaborating and the production potential production the and ialogue between central and local institutions. In this this In institutions. local and central between ialogue
Numărul 1065 privind înființarea ‘Trusturilor de Panificație’ Panificație’ de ‘Trusturilor înființarea privind 1065 Numărul f Internal Trade and Food Industry that altered the altered that Industry Food and Trade Internal f
o cnlc ws rsn udr h centrally the under present was conflict for
o ev t te rss h sole the trusts the to leave to
within their jurisdiction and jurisdiction their within Industria Alimentară [The Food [The Alimentară Industria 53
Finally, the MinistryFinally,the of Industria Alimentară [The [The Alimentară Industria 119 -
CEU eTD Collection the for 426 panificație,” 1950 interval și morărit de industria din lucrătorilor adresată partidului, conducerii Scrisoarea 54 29.7% and semi and white for occurred increases 1976. by quarter one above just de bread black with trend, this illustrates 2.1 Figure bread. black to compared grain from rates extraction lower with flours from made are that specialties baking and breads white and mos the been has activityits degreeassureda certain offlexibility thecentrally to i of conditions under rare opposition, consumer manifest of situations to limited was intervention the Ministry’s of scope The goals. assigned its achieving for propensity purchasing consumers’ Trade Internalspo of role of the assumed Ministry the plans, of negotiations During level. decisional the at versa vice and demand consumers’ with odds at were pr products, sale to capacity its implementing on depended Trade Internal in of Ministry the effectiveness of performance the as its and plans production by measured was Industry Food the of Ministry respective their Ministries influenced two the within becauseproductiondevelopments of directedsystem
h Fgr 21 s ae o dt fo Aeadu erau n Io and Negreanu Alexandru from data on based is 2.1 Figure The The rising share of higher of share rising The clining from overwhelming predominance (98.3% of total production) in 1950 to 1950 in production) total of (98.3% predominance overwhelming from clining - of total production respectively. While the proportional decline of black bread bread black of decline proportional the While respectively. production total of 1969 and on data from C.C. al P.C.R. 14/1977, 31 for thefor interval 1970 31 14/1977, P.C.R. al dataon from and C.C. 1969 capacities t important qualitative change. Higher change. qualitative important t nsufficient supplies and rising incomes, but with all its shortcomings its all with but incomes,rising and supplies nsufficient kesperson for the consumers by virtue of its dependence on the on dependence its of virtue by consumers the for kesperson
f fu of
oduction plans that allowed higher accumulation rates but rates accumulation higher allowed that plans oduction lfilling their assigned plans. As the performance of the the of performance the As plans. assigned their lfilling 54 -
grade bread in total production throughout the period period the throughout production total in bread grade mn te higher the Among - white bread which by 1976 accounted for 32.3% 32.3% for accounted 1976 by which bread white had the potential to create to potential the had - rd bed te ot significant most the bread, grade - grade bread refers to semi to refers bread grade an M Popa, “Un deceniu de la la de deceniu “Un Popa, M an - planned system. planned - 1976. 1976.
frictions
- white 120
CEU eTD Collection 62 61 60 59 58 Products] Industry: Vegetal [Food Vegetale Produse Quality Product [Raising alimentară industria 57 November from Alimentară the Party by Workers Decision Romanian [The the panificație 56 of de Committee produselor 1. Specialties]”, Baking and ofBread Consumption of Regulation the Concerning Central al și the pâine of de Secretariat consumului reglementarea la privire 55 1969 in 0.78 to increased semi for rate extraction in 0.85 1961 to 0.90 from decreased extraction of level the bread, black For successively. the industrial baking sector. of profitability the with along bread of quality the improving of project comprehensive mode 1953 in production entered specialties Semi onwards. 1968 from again soar to only declined slightly c market. the on freely sold be to specialties baking and bread white of quantity limited a of production the allowed periods of leveling higher individual continuous, been had onstant at roughly 10% of total production but during the first part of the 1960s it it 1960s the of part first the during but production total of 10% roughly at onstant
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 14/1977, 35. 14/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 2. 23/1975, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 12. 77/1959, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 35. 14/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al C.C. C.C. al P.C.R. Secția E Secția P.C.R. al C.C. .. l ... eța E Secția P.C.R. al C.C. Gheorghe Popescu, “Tot mai multe produse de panificație [Ever More Baking Products],” Products],” Baking More [Ever panificație de produse multe mai “Tot Popescu, Gheorghe 57 st up to 1963 and 1966 respectively when production was boosted as part of a a of part as boosted was production when respectively 1966 and 1963 to up st
al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 23/1975, 2. 23/1975, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al , increased to 0.92 in 1969 in 0.92 to increased , In addition, the extraction rate for flour defining each typ each defining flour for rate extraction the addition, In government the after year one 1951, in occurred growth rapid of burst first The
[Food Industry] [Food - off and even and off slightchanges policy. intheofficial reflecting decline conomică. 15/1950: “Hotărârea Secretariatul C.C. al P.M.R. din 21.XI. 1950 cu 1950 21.XI. din P.M.R. al C.C. Secretariatul “Hotărârea 15/1950: conomică. conomică. 15/1950, 6 and “Ridicarea calității produselor produselor calității “Ridicarea and 6 15/1950, conomică.
8 - -
ht bed a be 07 bten 195 between 0.75 been had bread white 9 (1953): 9. (1953): 9 61 55
and 0.81 in 1976. in 0.81 and
hogot h 15s te hr o wie ra remained bread white of share the 1950s, the Throughout
58
and decreased again to 0.88 in 1976. in 0.88 to again decreased and
- 56
-
Pirt i te od Industry],” Food the in Priority A rd bed atrae pros f uss with bursts of periods alternated breads grade
n 15, u qatte poue remained produced quantities but 1950, and
8 8 229. (1961): 62
At some point between 1964 and 1969, and 1964 between point some At
- ht bed n baking and bread white e of bread had changed had bread of e ad 1969 and 3
Industria Alimentară: Alimentară: Industria -
sarcină centrală în în centrală sarcină 59
The standard The 60
21
u had but Industria Industria st 1950 , 121
CEU eTD Collection (1969): Bread],” Baking for Used ofRateFlour Extraction 67 Rev Industry” “Food [The 66 65 Bread],” 434 (1969): Baking for F Used Flour Wheat of of Rate Extraction Properties Baking the 64 Determining for for Production],” Methods Sampling Experimental [Laboratory Baking făinurilor ale panificație Conducting de însușirilor a producție în verificării 63 decreased had bread black of quality the that authorities, planning the to according which and cellulose and ash of percentages whic grain) of parts 0.92 to 66 high of amount the reduced having by 0.83 lower and 0.32) or 0.3 to (up grain higher grain: same the from flour of types Indus Milling the in generalization the Specifically, lower of quality the affect to combined 1965 after rate extraction flour the caused by thenon revenue in gap the fill to specialties), and bread (white bread of varieties accumulating higherof production the on emphasis concomitant the with together and, costs production unit accumulationperimprove to wereratesimplemented extraction 0.30 from changed was flour white for rate extraction the
These effects were exacerbated by the increase in the official extraction rate (from 0.85 (from rate extraction official the in increase the by exacerbated were effects These Gh. Moldovanu, “Cercetări cu privire la extractia făinii de grâu din panificație [Research on theon [Research grâu dinpanificație făinii de extractia la cuprivire “Cercetări Gh.Moldovanu, 27. and 148 37/1969, and 79 62/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Gheorghe Moldovan, “Cercetări cu privire la extracția făinii de grâu pentru panificație [Research on the the on [Research panificație pentru grâu de făinii extracția la privire cu “Cercetări Moldovan, Gheorghe “M Nicolaescu, Mircea Simion Popescu, Popescu, Simion ) had contributed to a decrease in the in decrease a to contributed had
The rising share in production of higher of production in share rising The - 438. Industria Alimentară [The FoodIndustry] [The Alimentară Industria
Tpzra F “Tipizarea - fulfillment ofthe1966 etode experimentale de laborator pentru efectuarea probelor de coacere în scopul scopul în coacere de probelor efectuarea pentru laborator de experimentale etode iew: Vegetal Products]Vegetal iew:
iuio d Grâu, de ăinurilor bogt no lu otr at o te grain the of parts outer flour into brought h
- grade flour from the remai the from flour grade - quality gluten present in the second batch of flour of batch second the in present gluten quality -
10 1970 productio performance in baking of the of baking in performance Industria Alimentară [The Food Industry Review] Review] Food Industry [The IndustriaAlimentară ”
- were poor in gluten in poor were (1956): 5. (1956): grade flour from the innermost part of the the of part innermost the from flour grade eit “nuti Almnaă: rds Vegetale Produse Allimentară”: “Industria Revista
6 - - grade breads and the general increase in increase general the and breads grade 7 (1964): 267. (1964): 7 Industria Alimentară [The Food Industry] Industry] Food [The Alimentară Industria
try of the practice of producing two producing of practice the of try n plan in its initialn planinits form. 63
o 0.32. to ning part of the grain (0.3 grain the of part ning 67
with the overall result, overall the with of bread by reducing ofbreadbyreducing lours used for Bread Bread for used lours 64
lower The increases in increases The
- that had high high had that grade breads. breads. grade - grade flour flour grade 65
8 122 8 - .
CEU eTD Collection Industry],” Food the in Developments 72 Population],” the to Specialties Industry] Baking and Bread of Distribution the 71 14. Sectors],” Baking Millingand ofthe the on Situation [Report panificație 70 Pro R.P.R.],” in Production Food ofIndustrial 69 68 from ranged bread for offer but shape or weight products. new introducing in Industry Food the of branches active most the of one being sector baking 1955 by 80 to increased products baking terms ofproperties thatmay consumers. relevant been have to in time in points various at differently very looked have may time studied the throughout most the Overall, ovens. of types important different in baked bread of properties physical the in differences recognized the and vatră’ ‘pe baked bread for preferences their given bakin from change the negatively more perceived have may consumers rural that believe I residents, un on Based rates. extraction conside especially deteriorated had bread black of quality the that production for standards qualityenforcing and setting with responsible authorities the of conclusion the with agreed consumers b markedly
E Trattner, “Aspecte sociale actuale ale producției industriei alimentare în R.P.R. [Current Social Aspects Aspects Social [Current R.P.R. în alimentare industriei producției ale actuale sociale “Aspecte Trattner, E P C.C.al Teodor Zaharia, “Îmbunătățirea aprovizionării populației cu pâine și produse de panificație [Improving [Improving panificație de produse și pâine cu populației aprovizionării “Îmbunătățirea Zaharia, Teodor C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 11/1960: “Referat cu privire la situația sectorului de morărit și și morărit de sectorului situația la privire cu “Referat 11/1960: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. “1947 ducts] ducts] The choice of choice The - 4 (1967): 1965. 4 (1967): 92 U bln s bilanț Un 1972: 11 (1956): 13 (includes biscuits and other flour products as well). as products flour other and biscuits (includes 13 (1956): 11 .C.R. Secția Economică. 23/1975, 2. 23/1975, Economică. .C.R.Secția
point of this discussion is that bread identified consistently with the same label label same the with consistently identified bread that is discussion this of point g bread in earthen ovens to baking bread in mechanical and electrical ovens ovens electrical and mechanical in bread baking to ovens earthen in bread g etween 1965 1965 etween 72
h new The ring their previous practice of baking bread from flours with very high high very with flours from bread baking of practice previous their ring also
products had had products
miiai pnr idsra lmnaă [1947 alimentară industria pentru emnificativ new products in terms of ingredients. In 1976 for example, the example, for 1976 In ingredients. of terms in products new n 1975 and id icue vreis f salse pout o differing of products established of varieties included kinds loaves
- elicited information from my oral interviews with rural rural with interviews oral my from information elicited Industria Alimentară [The Food Industry] Food [The Alimentară Industria
Industria Alimentară: Produse Vegetale [Food Industry: Vegetal Vegetal Industry: [Food Vegetale Produse Alimentară: Industria also . of 4000 to 250 gr. 250 to 4000 of 68
eetees i i dfiut o vlae whether evaluate to difficult is it Nevertheless,
become more varied as the number of marketed of number the as varied more become 69 , 112 by 1960 by 112 ,
of round or elongated shapes and and shapes elongated or round of 70
and 180 by 1967 by 180 and nuti Alimentară Industria
-
1972: An Assessment of of Assessment An 1972:
12 (1972): 655. (1972): 12 71
Te Food [The
with the with 123
CEU eTD Collection 79 96 78 24/1965. Constanța. făinoase 77 10 34/1963, Constanța. făinoase 76 96 75 produced was 1963 for quantity entire production. oftotal 16.5% it represented when forthtrimester theduring the October, in commenced bread potato of production Since 24. cartofi cu 74 pîinii a fabricare de Bread Potato ofProducing First Phase the of Onthe Results [Report: etapă prima în obținute rezultatele Privind 73 semeste first the the during production for national 49.9% of share planned a from 31.6% to and trust baking regional 65% Dobrogea to down scaled were 1966 for levels production oppositio consumers’ of view in 1964. in 37% to 1963 of trimester forth the 1965 spiked bread potato of production of Council a by 1963. levels from decree significant Ministers’ to boosted was bread potato of production the the by indicated as recipe established bre potato of the share considerable to addition important most single the bread while someingredients s resulting the of value nutritional the enhance to ingredients usual the to added were minerals and vitamins soybean, byproducts, milk paste, potato as such ingredients by complemented was
C.C.al 256/1 Constanța. Panificație de Trustul Naționale. Arhivelor a Constanța Județeană Direcția Direcția Județeană Constanța a Constanța Județeană Direcția - - Direcț ieța ueen Cntna Ahvlr ainl. rsu d Pnfcțe osaț. 183/1961 Constanța. Panificație de Trustul Naționale. Arhivelor a Constanța Județeană Direcția Direcția Județeană Constanța a Arhivelor Naționale. Întreprinderea de morărit, panificație și produse produse și panificație morărit, de Întreprinderea Naționale. Arhivelor a Constanța Județeană Direcția produse și panificație morărit, de Întreprinderea Naționale. Arhivelor a Constanța Județeană Direcția 98 and 256/1965, 90. 256/1965, and 98 98. 75
a ueen Cntna Ahvlr ainl. rsu d Pnfcțe osaț. 183/1961 Constanța. Panificație de Trustul Naționale. Arhivelor a Constanța Județeană ia while in the Dobrogea Milling and Baking Enterprise it rose from 8.5% from rose it Enterprise Baking and Milling Dobrogea the in while been had paste potato making, bread into introduced ingredients new the Among
P.C.R. Secția Economică. 18/1966, 123. 18/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R.
uch ofbreads. as toproduce saltwere eliminated kinds special
baking products of down to 50 gr. of various shapes. New New shapes. various of gr. 50 to down of products baking - 1 1. 1. Arhivelor Naționale. Trustul de Panificație Constanța, 176/1961, 12 176/1961, Constanța, Panificație de Trustul Naționale. Arhivelor
73 ad in total production. On the market since at least 1960, least at since market the On production. total in ad
twrs h mr epnie oao ra ad thus and bread potato expensive more the towards n o isac, n h Dboe rgoa bkn trust baking regional Dobrogea the in instance, For up from 3% of total production in 1963 in production total of 3% from up
77 r of 1966. of r
Such high levels proved to be unsustainable be to proved levels high Such 79
Nonetheless, the share of potato of share the Nonetheless, -
78 October 1963 1963 October
f oa pouto i the in production total of -
cobi 1963 octombrie -
May 1964],” 65 May1964],” 74
to 75.7% in 75.7% to 965: “Raport: “Raport: 965: -
76 a 1964 mai
during - - 1966, 1966, - 124
- 72. 13;
CEU eTD Collection 81. 13/1967, Economică. 81 80 in lei 2 from bread of kilogram one for pay to had consumers price average the increased one twelfth more more lei) and eight one (7.2 quarter, one were 260% varieties bread potato and The bread. black lei) than expensive (4.4 120% were specialties baking and bread white 3 charged were Consumers prices. selling higher through realized was accumulation capital increased semi for 426% relat bread potato for accumulation capital while specialties baking for 2500% and bread white for semi for higher 56% was bread black simple to relative accumulation capital increase industrially of quality the improving for concern government’s the reflected bread potato and white a black for rates extraction the reducing of measures successive The reactions. consumers’ the of some also andIndustry Baking the in system decisional the to inherent tensions the discloses far so described varieties fullone a accountingfor semi and black the just with high remained production total in bread
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 14/1977, 33, 29. 33, 14/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al l sbeun fgrs n hs aarp ae ae o ifrain ae fo CC a PCR Secția P.C.R. al C.C. from taken information on based are paragraph this in figures subsequent All orsodnl, h rsn sae f ihr rd bed n oa production total in bread grade higher of share rising the Correspondingly, in An ive to its corresponding simple type was 835% higher for black potato bread, potato black for higher 835% was type simple corresponding its to ive - produced bread, as well as well as bread, produced - depth look at the negotiati the at look depth .2 lei for semi for lei .2 - accumulation in the baking sector. According to data for 1966 for data to According sector. baking the in accumulation ht ptt bed n 36 fr ht ptt bed I al cases, all In bread. potato white for 326% and bread potato white expensive thanexpensive thesimplekinds.
- white bread, 60% more than for black bread (2 lei) while lei) (2 bread black for than more 60% bread, white nd semi nd - third of forthird production theplanned 1977. quantities - - white flour and of increasing the shares of semi of shares the increasing of and flour white
in the case of the last two measures two last the caseof the in on processes leading to the qualitative changes qualitative the to leading processes on
- - white bread, 143% 143% bread, white white potato bread potato white -
its desire todesire its 81 , capital , 80 125
-
CEU eTD Collection 87 86 85 remained had prices bread 1955, in 1970s. ofthe the end to up unchanged bread black rationed for prices subsidized of abolition the t and in bread drop small a disregarding as, production total in types bread of weight changing the 84 83 82 potato black of share in growth of pattern gradual the revised Industry Food of Ministry the 1966 May in revenue, in deficit the good make To demand. consumers’ of excess va by non the with evident became trouble of signs first The consumers. and Trade Internal of Ministry the Industry, Food of Ministry the between the second the half 1960s. of semi simple of quantities kept 1977 in 63% to 1965 in 9% approximately from variety potato ton 859200 from semi For level. pre its of quarter a to declined had bread cheapest the date that by that meaning the of 58% for accounted bread potato year latter ton falling quantities marketed with decline absolute an into in illustrated2.2. figure as varieties cheaper of production declining of and varieties expensive more of production growing of effects combined the reflected increase price average 1965 in lei 2.8 to 1959 in lei 2.44 to 1952
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 13/1966, 99, 131. 99, 13/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 3 14/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 33. 14/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 17. 19/1974, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 12/1 Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al The increases in the average price of 1 kilogram of bread reflect almost exclusively the indirect effect of of effect indirect the exclusively almost reflect bread of kilogram 1 of price average the in increases The s to s - lue in 1965, in lue white bread at roughly the same level in spite of the steep rise in production during production in rise steep the of spite in level same the roughly at bread white The d The 737600 in 1970 and to and 1970 in 737600 84
Beginning with 1963, the relative decli relative the 1963, with Beginning iminishing availability of simple black bread sparked a series of conflicts conflicts of series a sparked bread black simple of availability iminishing - white bread, absolute decline had been less marked with qua with marked less been had decline absolute bread, white 87 i 17 t 750 i 1976. in 705900 to 1971 in s
possibly due to due possibly
a planned figure of 650000 in 1977. in 650000 of figure planned a
966, 966, 41.
planned production quantities for quantities production planned 3.
82
and to 3.72 to and 86
eetees te iig hr o the of share rising the Nevertheless,
ne of the cheaper black bread turned bread black cheaper the of ne lne pouto o bak bread black of production planned - fulfillment of the production plan production the of fulfillment lei in 1973. in lei
rm prxmtl 1175000 approximately from 85
semi 83
Moreover, for the for Moreover,
Structurally, the Structurally, - he price of white of price he white bread inbread white ntities falling ntities - 1963 1963 126
CEU eTD Collection 91 90 89 1966 of value 88 the raising for approach another of adoption the and 1966 in deficit bigger the changes capitalaccumulation. toincrease inorder forward push to decided nonetheless had but preferences consumers’ against went authorities wereawarethat thecentral theoutputmix equally planning thatthechanges in semi and black simple of availability insufficient the about complaints consumers’ repeated to referring by dissent their justified InternalTrade of Ministry the of representatives The Directi Commercial semi of 60% semi example, for region Maghiară eventu 1 barely where bread potato black of level the at located was figures commissioned and planned the between gap The production. total first the between bread se potato of share the in 49.9% a to to 27% from responded increase Trade planned Internal of Ministry the grounds, these On expenses. their to new the that Trade onlyadded but consumers’demand to correspond not breaddid potato blackof quantities Internal of Ministry the of objections the against adopted were 23.5%). against (26.3% planned originally than levels higher slightly b read in the direction of an immediate significant increase followed by steady decline to decline steady by followed increase significant immediate an of direction the in read
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 19/1974, 17 19/1974, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 80. Idem.78, 78. 13/1967, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al planului cincinal înpâine perioada de producția privind “Notă 18/1966: Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al etr o 16 ad 96 y omsinn qatte aonig o ut 16 of 31.6% just to amounting quantities commissioning by 1966 and 1965 of mesters - - 1970 [Note Concerning the Production of Bread during the 1966 ofBread Concerning theProduction [Note 1970 white bread.white ally produced. The misalignment continued in 1967 when, in the Mureș Autonomă Mureș the in when, 1967 in continued misalignment The produced. ally The end result of these skirmishes for the Ministry of Food Industry had been a a been had Industry Food of Ministry the for skirmishes these of result end The
- white bread in accordance with the recommendations of the regional regional the of recommendations the with accordance in bread white 90
on and against the indicators received by the region’s baking trust. baking region’s the by received indicators the against and on In fact, archivalIn fact,
documents discussed in Chapter 3, Section 3 Section 3, Chapter in discussed documents - white potato bread represented 35% compared to to compared 35% represented bread potato white -
19.
90000 of the planned 316000 ton 316000 planned the of 90000 91
- 1970 Production Plan],” 12 Plan],” Production 1970 88
h revisions The
indicate 1 were s - 123.
with 127
89
CEU eTD Collection Secți 1968] for Romania of Republic 94 Industry] Food 93 230 Industry],” Food of theby Ministry Presented 1967 for Plan Production Alimen Industriei Ministerului 92 the of calculation a with starts analysis The Muntenia. and Oltenia of population industrially kg. 111.5 industrially yearlyoccurred, patternsconsumption breadand of capitaof mămăligăthe output per had Macro 2.3 baking bread. and specialties white of allocation the in population urban the and bread black of allocation the rural in population the favoring pattern distribution a of view in population urban the to particular an categories earning higher to shifted been had expenditure increased of burden flagrance. enhanced and coloring better staling, delayed bread: potato of benefits subtle the for amount lower extra an pay to than bread of types valued higher for amount larger extra an pay to preference their of view in alternatives restricted under trade the Ultimately, production bread of third one approximately at bread potato of share the stabilized it consumer, the For 1966) of trimester increas combining production
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 18/1966: “ 18/1966: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. Nicolae Spătaru, “Fabricarea pîinii cu cartofi [Producing Potato Bread],” Bread],” Potato [Producing cartofi cu pîinii “Fabricarea Spătaru, Nicolae Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Socialiste România pe 1968 [Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Socialist the of Yearbook [Statistical 1968 pe România Socialiste Republicii al Statistic Anuarul a Economică. 134/176, 4 9. and 134/176, Economică. a By 1975, the date of the of date the 1975, By 94
- - - rdcd ra t te rwh f ra cnupin mn te rural the among consumption bread of growth the to bread produced secti final The from increased had bread produced Level DistributionLevel of Indus
10 (1964): 457 (1964): 10 but it could not reverse the relative and absolute decline of black bread. black of decline absolute and relative the reverse not could it but
92
and white bread with decreased extraction rates for all types of flour. of types all forrates extraction decreased breadwith white and - f rfetd abi i a itre mne, h cnues choice consumers’ the manner, distorted a in albeit reflected, off
- 462. ae Nt Cnenn te rnia Polm o te rpsl o the for Proposal the of Problems Principal the Concerning [Note tare
on of this chapter provides an estimate of the contribution of contribution the of estimate an provides chapter this of on (Bucharest: Direcția Cetrală de Statistică, 1969). 444 and C.C. al P.C.R. P.C.R. al C.C. and 444 1969). Statistică, de Cetrală Direcția (Bucharest:
d upt f aig pcate (einn wt te forth the with (beginning specialties baking of output ed is suis niaigta infcn cag n the in change significant a that indicating studies first
Notă cu principalele probleme ale planului pe anul 1967 al 1967 anul pe planului ale probleme principalele cu Notă trially 1 kg 41 - Produced Bread Bread Produced n 90 mxmm siae to estimate) (maximum 1950 in - 231 and 62/1966, and 231 nuti Alim Industria
93
Moreover, the the Moreover,
148. entară [The [The entară
in d 128
CEU eTD Collection Diversification],” its for Possibilities the and Specialties Baking Foo[The Alimentară Industria of Production the in [Developments 100 52. 1965],” 1960 period the for Program Draft the of Elaboration 1960 progr schiței elaborarea pentru Documentar 99 products Vegetal Review. Industry” 98 Population the of 97 Living of Standard the Un and Collectivized Bureaucrats, Technicians, Engineers, on Data with Material [Informational R.P.R. individuali din populației al trai 96 15 Population ] The March Part: of Census Housing and Population [The Populație 95 register they that and above defined as population urban entire the for representative are they that inflated, been not have levels the that results: my of precision the affects drops. ap their and small consumption of reported levels the of concerning made are spite assumptions in constant remained have to considered 1952 person per year per bread of kg 105 from increase an show they and population are official from workingand taken surveyshouseholds salaried classurban of agriculture. in occupied of the of half and one to up localities cities latter the in although and communes suburban towns of residents the includes here considered population urban bread of quantity produced bread tothe dietarychange. industrially of participation the of discussion focused geographically more a to gradually produ industrially of quantities
Ibid. Ibid. C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 220/1959: “Creșterea Nivelului de trai în perioada 1960 perioada în trai de Nivelului “Creșterea 220/1959: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 58/1953: “Material Informativ cuprinzând date cu privire la nivelul de de nivelul la privire cu date cuprinzând Informativ “Material 58/1953: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C.
Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor din 15 martie 1966. Vol. I: Rezultate Generale. Partea Întîi Partea Generale. Rezultate I: Vol. 1966. martie 15 din Locuințelor și Populației Recensământul . rtnr “set scae cul a actuale sociale “Aspecte Trattner, E. Mihai Căliman, “Evoluția producției sortimentelor de franzelărie și posibilitatea de lărgire a acesteia acesteia a lărgire de posibilitatea și franzelărie de sortimentelor producției “Evoluția Căliman, Mihai - 95 Icess n tnad o Lvn i te eid 1960 period the in Living of Standards in [Increases 1965 97
, 159.6 in 1956 in 159.6 , hv cluae te uniy f ra rahn te ilgs s the as villages the reaching bread of quantity the calculated have I
left after urban consumption at a certain level has been satisfied. The satisfied. been has level certain a at consumption urban after left
(Bucharest: Direcția Generală de Statistică, 1969), Statistică, de Generală Direcția (Bucharest: 98
95 and to 169.74 in 1958. in 169.74 to and
d Industry] d
-
h lvl o cnupin osdrd o pl t te urban the to apply to considered consumption of levels The uctr, niei thiin, ucinr, ăai colec tărani funcționari, tehnicieni, ingineri, muncitori,
3 (1956): 13. (1956): 3 e bed itiue i te onrsd ad progresses and countryside the in distributed bread ced
1 (1968): 39. 1 (1968): am pe perioada 1960 perioada pe am le producției industriei alimentare din R.P.R.,” R.P.R.,” din alimentare industriei producției le
- 1975 and of the Economic Plan for the Period the for Plan Economic the of and 1975
99 -
Collectivized Peasants],” 5. Peasants],” Collectivized After 1958, the level of consumption is consumption of level the 1958, After th - , 1966. Volume I: General Results. First First Results. General I: Volume 1966. , 1975 și a planului economiei pe perioada pe economiei planului a și 1975 - 1975. Documentary Material for the the for Material Documentary 1975.
XXVII.
in 1948 in
residents were were residents propriateness propriateness 96 tiviști și țarani țarani și tiviști - 1975. Material 1975.
to 139.3 in139.3 to 100 h ”Food The -
residual Workers, Workers,
Three
1960 129 - -
CEU eTD Collection of holders to bread to accessdenied 1949 from rulings such first the of One beneficiaries. o series a onwards 1947 from However, force. labor industrial entire the to conditions scarcity under supplies minimum secure to intended initially was and goods consumer basic all covered 1954 to up distribution urban consistently to according selected buyingtickets or cards of holders for reserved was production bread the of part 1967, and cards. food of granting the in residents rural against policy discriminatory t first The 1959. and 1952 of troughs the to 1956 and 1948 of highs the from swings significant involving growth of pattern the characterizes irregularity high period, this Throughout production. bread in increase half a and one consumption bread of levels rural higher and small growth population and urban marked as slightly declined resident rural per bread produced industrially of quantities the 1959 and 1948 between data, this to According 2.4. figure releva the of movement the on based residents rural to available in measuring ofconsumption industrially bread produced residents. by suburban consumpti of levels urban probable than higher using of effects underestimating the by counterbalanced is consumption actual in bias upward this However, consumers. the quanti actual the overestimates it stocking, and commercialization transportation, during losses for adjusted not is figure state this Since of bakeries. cooperative production the aggregating by determined is bread, of quantity market of consumption iue . peet etmts f h qatte o industrially of quantities the of estimates presents 2.3 Figure - curd ra. h fnl opnn o my of component final The bread. acquired in the in
calculation of bread quantities reaching rural consumers, rural reaching quantities bread of calculation f rulings drastically reduced the number of rural rural of number the reduced drastically rulings f isd euain. h sse o regulated of system The regulations. biased rough in 1952 was the result of a of result the was 1952 in rough on after 1958 after on in urban areas absorbed the the absorbed areas urban in nt factors illustrated in illustrated factors nt ties of bread reaching bread of ties and of urban levels levels urban of and oml, marketed formula, - rdcd bread produced Between 1947 Between - owned and and owned
130
CEU eTD Collection 106 market. theon free sold bread ofblack ofthe price 105 D3. oftypecard new the for ration the inferring for 12 339/1952, and 1952 and 1948 for 15/1950 Economică. Secția P.C.R. Economică 104 103 102 101 urban distribut to the rural through from realized quantity this was of consumers transfer The terms. capita per in kg 6 of drop rural reaching bread total a In by population. consumption urban of growing moderately levels higher of and 1955 with beginning growth production modest of effects combined the reflected that population rural the reached that bread 1954. by cardholders 1300000 approximately to recovered gradually ownership card of levels draft the in presented memb family former of expense predominant share subsidized and ton 96250 to 173800 (from tons 77500 by dropped villagers 1952. in 705830 to 1948 residence, quota certain a above ownership land of grounds land. of hectares 1.5 than more families, their through or themselves owned, who cards food
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 70/1955, 30. 70/1955, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 6 339/1952, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 42. Ibid. 30 149/1952, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al The price of rationed black bread, t bread, black rationed of price The Calculated using data on number and type of cards owned by rural residents from C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Secția P.C.R. al C.C. from residents rural by owned cards of type and number on data using Calculated
106 ute lmttos t limitations, Further The second trough in 1959 was the was 1959 in trough second The
,
102 339/1952, 6 339/1952,
eue te ubr r ua crhles rm n vrg o 1540 in 1453400 of average an from cardholders rural or number the reduced - residents in 1959 was 74690 ton 74690 was 1959 in residents 7 and on the daily ration of bread corresponding to each type of card from C.C. al al C.C. from card of type each to corresponding bread of ration daily the on and 7 - 105 proposal for the scrapping of the card system indicates that rural that indicates system card the of scrapping the for proposal
f lot 0 o ttl ra pouto i 15 a the at 1952 in production bread total of 10% almost of 103 i tm bnig ces o od ad t rrl okr on workers rural to cards food to access banning time his
s a As he standard type of bread distributed by cards, was 70 bani, just 35% 35% just bani, 70 was cards, by distributed bread of type standard he
eut te uniy f aind ra rahn the reaching bread rationed of quantity the result, -
7. 7. -
34. 34.
endpoint of a steady decline in quantities of quantities in decline steady a of endpoint
ion system based on cards and, more more and, cards on based system ion r adodr. eetees evidence Nevertheless, cardholders. er te uniy f industrially of quantity the , 101
s lower than in 1956 amounting to a a to amounting 1956 in than lower s or to their families because of rural of because families their to or s), 104
a loss of a guaranteed a of loss a - produced produced 131
CEU eTD Collection 7. 34/1956, urban thee on to cards identity and their bread of quantity non guaranteed of a distribution the to in claim population their level support market to tickets regulated received the which group and of population distribution the in the given was Precedence of residents. rural from rest urban the separated the from of levels positions two administrative on and 1950s industrial the of sep half level second card/ticket the the during exclusion: certainly and beginning the since operated have 109 108 107 the forecasting yea 15 next the for In bread of production population. rural the to bread of distribution the regarding policy thenetwork, newly thelargerof part purchase at residence urban of proof provide not could who customers to outlets urban through bread rationed t Given freemarket. the breadon of quantities 1959 in 790000 to 1956 in 1212000 from norms distribution urban to according rewarded residence rural with workers of number 1960. for planned 1140000tons of figure alreadymodest the shortof tons production fell 30000 Five Second the of years last the during serious particularly became consume ongoing satisfying to adequately response in a difficulties as 1967 until force in remained tickets on restricted based of distribution system the 1955, of harvest grain insufficient the with cope to measure except products food other all for abolished was access preferential when well, as 1954 after persisted system card the in bias urban The bread. of allocation the over command authorities’ central the through generally,
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 77 Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 33. 27/1956, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al It is evident from archival sources that the free market was not quite ‘free’. The allocation system might might system allocation The ‘free’. quite not was market free the that sources archival from evident is It 107 h 1960 The
h dtroaig odtos of conditions deteriorating The - 95 six 1965 very purchase to confirm their urban residence. C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. residence. urban their confirm to purchase very 109
n te ninfcn qatte sl truh h rrl retail rural the through sold quantities insignificant the and - er ln akd trig on i te eta planners’ central the in point turning a marked plan year
arated the urban salaried personnel and the rural employees in key key in employees rural the and personnel salaried urban the arated - rationed (residual) bread by the requirement that consumers present present consumers that requirement the by bread (residual) rationed /1959, 4. /1959,
available quantities accruedavailable quantities consumer. tothe urban rs, the planners proposed an increase in deliveries deliveries in increase an proposed planners the rs,
upy eemnd nte rdcin n the in reduction another determined supply 108 he restriction attached to the selling of non of selling the attachedto restriction he bread and sugar. Proposed as a temporary a as Proposed sugar. and bread dmn fr ra. h spl problem supply The bread. for demand r
n te eitiuin f h resulting the of redistribution the and - Year Plan Plan Year bread to the salaried salaried the to bread as
bread 132
-
CEU eTD Collection 1990],” to up ofDevelopment the and Main Directions 1980 and 1976 between t outlining [Program 1976 perioada în făinoase produse și panificație de specialități 114 113 199. Industry],” Food (1 population rural the 112 of size predicted the with 111 quantity this dividing millions). by obtained been has year same the for consumption resident rural Per year. per kg 140 of consumption of level a at consumers’ ‘rural calcu been has 1975 in countryside the in distribution for 110 of consumption resident rural per a giving consumers rural to way their made bread been had 1975 for indicators planned decision beyondconsiderableoutput growth rate increasein the of thepopulation. between production bread of developments that so much standards. living consumption bread total of 90% supply would industry baking the 1975 by that predicted forecasts home and a as wheat of quantities sufficient to access had that population the of part that to flour customers’ using services baking of provisioning the extending and initiating at aimed planners the Additionally, state 1975. to bread of
C.C. al P.C. C.C.al 9. 5, Ibid. C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 77/1959, 5, 9 5, 77/1959, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. Ion Munteanu, “Dezvoltarea in Perspectivă a Industriei Alimentare [The Development Prospects of the of Prospects Development [The Alimentare Industriei a Perspectivă in “Dezvoltarea Munteanu, Ion C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 134/1976: “Program privind dezvoltarea producției de pâine, pâine, de producției dezvoltarea privind “Program 134/1976: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C.
- we for a epce t expected was flour owned 110 h promne f h Bkn Idsr bten 99 n 1 and 1959 between Industry Baking the of performance The
- As a result, per rural resident consumption of industrially produced bread using bread produced industrially of consumption resident rural per result, a As maker
-
ae ra i te countryside. the in bread made
rural residents from 40000 ton 40000 from residents rural R. Secția Economică. 13/1967, 4. 13/1967, Economică. R.Secția 112 Industria Alimentară: Produse Vegetale [The Food Industry: Vegetal Products] Vegetal Industry: Food [The Vegetale Produse Alimentară: Industria s
’ hl consumpti while y h tm o te rgamtc td otiig h prospective the outlining study programmatic the of time the by 113
he Development in the Production of Bread, Baking Specialties and Flour Products Products Flour and Specialties Baking Bread, of Production the in Development he commitment to the new policy line. Accordin line. policy new the to commitment
hs gas taiy eae pirt fr h bkn idsr so industry baking the for priority a became steadily goals These
opeetr rue f euig osmto o mie flour maize of consumption reducing of route complementary
n f ăăiă ol do pootoal wt rising with proportionally drop would mămăligă of on ices fo 1.4 g n 99 o 8 g n 1975. in kg 38 to 1959 in kg 14.14 from increase o agl achieved largely
- 10. The quantity of industrially produced bread planned planned bread produced industrially of quantity The 10. 111 1975 and 1990, they justified by themselves a a themselves by justified they 1990, and 1975 s in 1960 to 250000 in 1965 and 420000 in 420000 and 1965 in 250000 to 1960 in s
s rsl o tee esrs optimistic measures, these of result a As lated based on the projected figure of 3 million 3 of figure projected the on based lated - 1980 și principalele direcții până în 1990 în până direcții principalele și 1980
y 95 hn 000 ton 401000 when 1965 by g to my calculations, the calculations, my to g
24.
7 cnim the confirms 975 114
7 (1960): (1960): 7 of s 133 1
CEU eTD Collection 65. 1972), Statistică, Socia the of Yearbook [Statistical from population rural and urban on and 31 Types],” Bread Main the of Production in Share the and Specialties Baking and Bread of Production the in sortiment principalelor ponderea și precum panificație de specialități și pâine de producției 118 excluded. are year 117 Six the during Industry ofthe Food Planului 116 67. Statistică,1969), de Cetrală 1968]for Romania of Republic Socialist the of Yearbook [Statistical 1968 pe România 115 and production in stagnation of effects combined the reflecting kg 54.5 to decreased highestgrowth of rates fifth and second the displayed Industries, Products Flour and Confectionary Meat, Milk, urban more the than extensively more populations rural of needs the to catered Oi Cooking and Sugar the peasantry, the towards attitudes political inhabitants. rural collectivization decision among responsiveness Industry Food the of branches rate modest most the at grow to expected was Industry Baking the by production As Industry. Industry the8 toachieve managing 1959 the for plan production the of fulfillment over an by possible made was bread of production resident rural per state with made bread produced industrially
First and second rates of growth if industries character industries if growth of rates second and First cursul in Alimentare Industriei Dezvoltarea privind “Studiu 77/1959: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. aa n ua ad ra pplto hs en ae from taken been has population urban and rural on Data aa n ra pouto ws ae fo CC a PCR Sci Eooiă 1/97 “Evoluția 14/1977: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. from taken was production bread on Data -
a mere 39% increase compared to a median planned growth rate of 127% for the 16 the for 127% of rate growth planned median a to compared increase 39% mere a
de Șase Ani (1960 Ani Șase de re distribution residentruralPer
117 - 1965) și in Perspectivă până în Anul 1975 [Study concerning the Development Development the concerning [Study 1975 Anul în până Perspectivă in și 1965)
-
it eulc f oai fr 1971] for Romania of Republic list Year Plan (1960 Plan Year - 95 i Ya pa o ams 100 tn, h Baking the tons, 100000 almost of plan Year Six 1965 - makers to the demands and disposable income of post of income disposable and demands the to makers - 116
th the actually realized output output realized actually the
rate of growth amongrate majorgrowth of 16 enocn te mrsin f rainet of realignment a of impression the Reinforcing nau Saitc l eulci oilse oâi p 1971 pe România Socialiste Republicii al Statistic Anuarul ached its peak at 63 kg in 1971 kgin 63 atpeak ached its - 1965) and Prospectively up to 1975],” 12, 107 12, 1975],” to upand Prospectively 1965) - provided flour of 34 of flour provided ized by very low levels of production at the base base the at production of levels low very by ized nau Saitc l eulci Sociali Republicii al Statistic Anuarul
(Bucharest: Direcția Cetrală de de Cetrală Direcția (Bucharest: might reflect a higher higher a reflect might kg. branches of the Food ofthe branches 118 which Industries, l 115
(Bucharest: Direcția Direcția (Bucharest:
but byhadbut 1975 This growth in growth This e [Developments [Developments e - oriented oriented - 108. 134
ste -
CEU eTD Collection 1975 Year Agricultural ofthe Quarters 47 21, 196/1976, Economică. 123 lowers Muntenia 1959 in quantities kg. 0.5 only by production resident per average bread no with but 1976 of population rural the with Brăila of county Muntenia from County Brăila of territory future the of and Dobrogea from Măcin raionul of transfer the by Moldova to made were additions important most The part. largest the holding province the to them assign to been has practice the 104/1959 103, 102, 101, 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, Files: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. in found regions administrative constituent for 1981] for 122 Romania of Republic 45. ibid. see population Onrural urbanand 513. 1982). Statistică, Socialist the of Yearbook [Statistical 121 120 1981 pe România Socialiste Republicii al Statistic of 5th the to refers population rural and urban for data The 31. 119 kg. and Bucovina Moldova kg. 27.56 of average an with Crișana and cluster Banat the Transylvania, by regions followed kg 49 at consumption resident rural per highest the enjoyed th for showcase a as region the using of intention government’s the to due investments to access preferential to and completed was collectivization where province first the as status its to position advanced wi provinces other the of ahead Bucovina production pr between differences existing exacerbated and hierarchies changed growth this of distribution geographic uneven the 1950. in than higher times five level a 1980, by services) baking through ton 150000 by jumped growth. population urban
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 14/1977, 31. 14/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al For developments in bread production during 1970 during production bread in developments For On deliveries of bread to the population see see population the to bread of deliveries On Per rural resident consumption in 1959 f 1959 in consumption resident rural Per acltd based Calculated 123
witnessed more modest growth to 14 kg and Dobrogea a Dobrogea and kg 14 to growth modest more witnessed n te . k fr rnyvna Bnt n Crișana. and Banat Transylvania, for kg 5.4 the and
per rural resident of 17.6 kg, slightly higher than the 9.25 kg for Moldova and Moldova for kg 9.25 the than higher slightly kg, 17.6 of resident rural per
on data on bread distribution in constituent counties from C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Secția P.C.R. al C.C. from counties constituent in distribution bread on data on . However, the impact of these transfers is not significant: an incorporation of the of incorporation an significant: not is transfers these of impact the However, . s 120
119 - 8 Te aa ee t qatte o bed itiue drn te is three first the during distributed bread of quantities to refer data The 48.
and finally and e benefits of collectivization. collectivization. of benefits e
The levels recovered during the next year as total total yearas next the during recovered levels The
ovinces. In 1959, Oltenia and Muntenia had an average an had Muntenia and Oltenia 1959, In ovinces. - 1976 (October 1975 (October 1976 h n average an th or each province has been calculated based on production data data production on based calculated been has province each or
settled around 51 kg (not including bread produced bread including (not kg 51 around settled
Anuarul Statis Anuarul
(Bucharest: Direcția Cetrală de Statistică, 1982), 45. 1982), Statistică, de Cetrală (Bucharest: Direcția - 1976 see C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 14/1977, 14/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. see 1976 .
In case of regions divided b divided regions of case In - June1976). production tic al Republicii Socialiste România pe 1981 pe România Socialiste Republicii al tic
January 1977 and was taken from taken was and 1977 January
By 1976, Muntenia and Oltenia Oltenia and Muntenia 1976, By
(Bucharest: Direcția Cetrală de de Cetrală Direcția (Bucharest: f 59 g n oe its owed and kg 35.9 of 122
marked decline to 10 to decline marked
orga a well was Dobrogea y provincial borders, borders, provincial y 121
Regionally, production Anuarul Anuarul
135
CEU eTD Collection cultivation cereal than other purposes agricultural supplying on focus contr Officialpolicy units. Plain neighboring to compared units levels Hilly and Mountainous predominantly among higher by characterized pattern geographic consistent a follow levels resident this to le distribution Appendix for Chapter the in 2.8 Figure (see considered is year calendar entire an during industrially of distribution the on data the when substantially change not 2.6 Figure (see kg 25 below third one and kg 35 and kg 25 between third one kg, 35 above levels distribution had counties the of third one approximately Altogether, respectively. kg 37 and 34 of distribution of Plo of portion western the and County, Sibiu half, other the while kg, 50 of level resident rural per a enjoyed County, Brașov region, Stalin former the of half One level. national the at kg) (104 Gorj to only (behind) second the of Quarters three Agricultural 1975 Year first the during levels distribution resident rural per enjoying Prahova and Dâmbovița Argeș, Vâlcea, regions, Pitești and Ploiești of counties successor chan top the at hierarchy The Chapter). this to Appendix the in 2.5 Figure (see average national the below levels consumption displayed kg) (19.1 Galați except regions remaining the All respectively. kg 25.7 and kg 25.8 kg, 32.6 of levels in res per Ploești average than and higher significantly Pitești had Oltenia and and TransylvaniaMuntenia in Stalin of regions the region, Constanța Within provinces, wide differences existed across regions and counties. Besides counties. and regions across existed differences wide provinces, Within ibuted to the development of these geographic differences through its its geographicthrough differences these of developmentthe to ibuted ilgr fo mutios ra ad rm ein dvtd to devoted regions from and areas mountainous from villagers - 1976 (October 1975 1976 vels in 1978). For both time intervals, the distribution of per of distribution the intervals, time both For 1978). in vels in the Appendix to this Chapter). This hierarchy does does hierarchy This Chapter). this to Appendix the in - June 1976) of June iești region, Buzău county, displayed levels displayed county, Buzău region, iești -
n eea toe ouain that populations those general in 91 kg, 87 kg, 79 kg and 83 kg, kg 83kg, 91 kg, 87kg, 79 and ged little by 1976, the the 1976, by little ged ident consumption consumption ident - produced bread bread produced 136
CEU eTD Collection industrially i bread of consumption low the considering but kind, every of units baking by provided was level consumption standard the of 40% home complementing bread acquired count plain the in rises bread produced among services baking through bread produced industrially of distribution uniform a assuming By consumption. total of 28.5% of bread es and region plain entire the for representative 1979 the adopt I consumption, bread actual exaggerating of risk the At levels. consumption total lower into translated levels distribution lower because the because i underestimating partlygreater has services clear baking of less exclusion is areas plain in consumption total to bread produced industrially of contribution The year. per bread of kg 140 of consumption individual th of 84% covered services baking excluding bread industrially great: was analysis under counties five the in consumption daily market of contribution the 1976 by relationship, exact the Whatever industrially of availability rising neighbors kg. ArgeșGorj,and 100 Vâlcea bymore than The counties. Plain southern the in kg 35.6 and belt Hilly and Mountainous Carpathian the on located counties the in kg 129.5 1978 in reached bread of distribution resident rural per Oltenia, cater be not could h coe iig n gorpi oelp ewe te itr cag ad the and change dietary the between overlap geographic and timing close The - produced bread in actual consumption is certainly greater. iscertainly in actual produced consumption bread
counties of Dolj (42 kg) and Olt (37 kg) even fell behind their northern northern their behind fell even kg) (37 Olt and kg) (42 Dolj of counties d hog te rvsoig f aig evcs Fr utna and Muntenia For services. baking of provisioning the through ed - rdcd ra s bread produced - baked bread in household consumption. Nationally, consumption. household in bread baked e t 3% f oa cnupin ih market with consumption total of 39% to ies svrl ua rgos te hr of share the regions, rural several n produced industrially for share a timate rural residents rural get ter interconnectedness. their uggests
osre 1979 observed e mpact in this case and partly partly and case this in mpact , the share of industrially industrially of share the , - 1980 level of 125 kg as kg 125 of level 1980
- acquired bread to to bread acquired - 90 average 1980 - produced produced 137 - -
CEU eTD Collection possib counter To performance. economic politicized automatically that distribution of and system production a given regime the for repercussions political had and living of standards of attempt administratively at assortment the that suggests strongly evidence archival the preferences, th with compatible ofbread.intend only consumers’the changes mix todiscussthe reactions to intheoutput consumers’ the ris the of to interpretation responses detailed a such present to Chapter next the of task centrally the of specificity the given possible otherwise been b marketed of availability rising the of effects the of assessments confident more of formulation the possible makes supplies food of terms in population rural the by enjoyed space maneuvering greater the the in 2.9 and 2.7 Figures (see Study 1979 the in observed level the at residents rural of needs consumption region, reside rural per a to nationally increased ready produced, the consequentially, Most mămăligă. or bread preponderantly r the for context specific a created had Chapter this Conclusion
f h rsn aalblt ad ucaig f industrially of purchasing and availability rising the If industrially of distribution the in developments The quantities sufficient to cover 41% and 84% respectively of the total cereal cereal total the of respectively 84% and 41% cover to sufficient quantities
disguising a price increase for a basic product affected perceptions of of perceptions affected product basic a for increase price a disguising s e imths ajsig ehnss n isiuin wr i pae and place in were institutions and mechanisms adjusting mismatches, le
- to - e interpretation that the development fitted broadly with consumers’ with broadly fitted development the that interpretation e consume bread using wheat flour from the state’s central reserves had reserves central state’s the from flour wheat using bread consume n aalblt o idsral poue bed n i ti scin I section this in and bread produced industrially of availability ing read on perceptions of standards of living than it would have have would it than living of standards of perceptions on read - eemndpie i nt This not. did prices determined Appendix nt level of 54.4 kg and of 117 kg in the relevant the in kg 117 of and kg 54.4 of level nt
to this Chapter). this to ural residents’ decision to consume consume to decision residents’ ural - produced bread discussed in in discussed bread produced
distribution of industrially of distribution changes in the production production the in changes -
lne sse. t s the is It system. planned Against this background, this Against only - rdcd ra is bread produced partially successful partially - 1980 Dietary Dietary 1980 138 -
CEU eTD Collection to extent the influenced which and products established the for pay to had consumers sub rate, extraction (higher strategies problematic more on rely to had authorities planning result, a As costs. labor cost constructive, as accumulation requir the and demand consumer both satisfy these to Industry Baking the Despite processes. production for difficult increasingly become of had it that shows analysis my however, advancements, organization improved an through and in reduction moderate a mechanizatio through achieved been has indicates that costs production Chapter this in presented data the Specifically, characteristics. taylorist and fordist its with variant capitalist the processes production industrializat of variant socialist the that scholars among consensus the confirms Industry Baking the of performance economic the of analysis my change, other developments. th of overshadowed considerably frustration have the may bread that black cheap, possibility for desires the consumers’ allowing by perspective living of standard a from change dietary overall the of interpretation the complicates significantly bread presumed only far so negatively parallel, a Nevertheless, times. interpre thought previously as them to insensitive as not were they preferences, consumers’ efficiently up pick not did they while that shows analysis my eod t cnrbto t a etr nesadn o te otx o te dietary the of context the of understanding better a to contribution its Beyond ting the impact of other significant changes in lifestyles occurring during those those during occurring lifestyles in changes significant other of impact the ting
-
positively - pia otu mx ta indire that mix) output optimal - - ecie rsn aalblt o idsral pro industrially of availability rising perceived euig taeis ald o ep p ih mounting with up keep to failed strategies reducing - perceived development closely related to the the to related closely development perceived -
a conclusion of relevance for for relevance of conclusion a n of production operations production of n ctly raised the price the the price the raised ctly ion resembled in its its in resembled ion mns o capital for ements duced duced 139 e -
CEU eTD Collection industrially produced bread. of availability increased the from politically capitalized have could regime the which
140
CEU eTD Collection un Alba,22/1973, 1 of quantities sold actually of prices average the on solely information provides material archival neededthe isbecause assumption The 1973. breadin of quantities unsold typeof in baking the for required itself price specialties average the of calculation The prices. retail and tax turnover high profits, by characterized products baking small and prices retail and tax turnover profits, the of products: of subgroups approximation two for output in share reliable reasonably a infer to products baking for price average data AsIhavelei to2.3 perfor onproduction, a kilogram). detailed substitute used the the by and assortments (ac of revenue tax and profitability number in differences significant large the by complicated further was procedure bread white simple lei (228 gr. bread 750 profitsI correspondingwhite thevolumeof chosen tosimple white bread, have speci baking and For statistics. national in presentation their breadof form aggregated highly the by complicated white for accumulation the of selecting of amount task representative the data, regional current by characterized products the (semi Among calculations my for error of margin m comfortable given a lower) secure was profits of volume (the data current appropriate the more because seemed or unavailable was data year Baking base County because Alba either the Enterprise for indicators planned 1974 the used have I products, other Enterprise. Baking semi potato), with County and kilogram (1 Alba bread black of the case the in data in year base used have 1974 I Specifically, year the for production regulating 1971 the of year base the for tax turnover and profits prices, cost average on data using calculated
Data available at Direcția Județeană Alba a Arhivelor Naționale. Întreprinderea de Morărit și Panificație Panificație și Morărit de Întreprinderea Naționale. Arhivelor a Alba Județeană Direcția at available Data The volume of accumulation generated by the Baking Sector in 1975 has been been has 1975 in Sector Baking the by generated accumulation of volume The - 1975 five year plan (presumably applicable in all enterp all in applicable (presumably plan year five 1975 -
the lowest generated by the three types) as repre as types) three the by generated lowest the - numbered. -
1 kilogram and 500 gr. as well. For baking products, the estimation the products, baking For well. as gr. 500 and kilogram 1 - white potato bread (1 kilogram) and five ba five and kilogram) (1 bread potato white
troduction of an assumption concerning the amount and amount the concerning assumption an of troduction Annex toChapter
franzelărie characterized by relatively low low relatively by characterized franzelărie 2
cumulation ranged from 0.183 0.183 from ranged cumulation sentative for the varieties varieties the for sentative - rises) or planned data data planned or rises) king products. For all For products. king ht sml bread). simple white iciain to inclination y alties was was alties -
simple simple 141 1
CEU eTD Collection 2 retailand high varieties 65% for hav I above) (referred 1977 for varieties price low of production planned the of consideration due in and possibility a such against precaution a As Enterprise. Baking County Alba the of plan production the in included higher of number a as price real the underestimate may products baking of kg per lei 7.314 of high 80% and varieties lei) 20 of is composition output an corresponds lei 6.825 of averageprice products baking of high structure the output for representative and considered price average planned this If 3%). than low of production planned as higher significantly is average products baking of planned kg per lei 7.314 1974 of price the price, this to Compared likelihood. low its of spite in price lower the for opted have I specialties, baking of kilogram per accumulation of estimation my for error of margin enough wide a secure to order In specialties. baking of Dâm low of share in rise continuous the considering likely very is 1973 by price average in drop further A 1970. of trimester fourth the in lei 7.23 and 1966 in lei 7.34 specialties: baking of price average the on data pr with consistent is interval price The sold. been not had bread black exclusively upper The etc.). bee distributed were production total from had not assumption) white bread (second network) exclusivelythrough commercial of the bread and products baking of share equal an li bound lei 6.825 prices of interval the within located is products baking for averageprice the bread, unsold of characteristics the Dependingon o and lei) (3.34 bread
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 19/1974, 16 19/1974, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al n sold for various reasons (transportation and handling losses, insufficient demand demand insufficient losses, handling and (transportation reasons various for sold n bovița (profits bovița - - rcd aite lse i te 92 aaou o catalogue 1972 the in listed varieties priced
retail price varieties in the Alba County Baking Enterprise wa Enterprise Baking County Alba the in varieties price retail mit of the interval assumes that a total quantity of 34470 tons (first assumption: (first tons 34470 of quantity total a that assumes interval the of mit - bound limit describes the hypothetical situation in which 34470 tons of of tons 34470 which in situation hypothetical the describes limit bound -
300 lei, retail price retail lei, 300 dsrbtd uniis f ra ad aig rdcs 37 lei). (3.72 products baking and bread of quantities distributed f
- retail price (7.314 lei) varieties. However, the average price average the However, varieties. lei) (7.314 price retail
- -
retail price varieties: in 1977, in varieties: price retail retail varieties. - - - 19.
accumulation and retail price subgroup, to an an to subgroup, price retail and accumulation 4.5 lei) reached 22% of the planned production planned the of 22% reached lei) 4.5
- e decided to use a share of 35% for low for 35% of share a use to decided e 7.21 lei. The calculation behind the low the behind calculation The lei. 7.21
f products and prices were not not were prices and products f the production of franzela of production the % low % s very limited (less (less limited very s - retail price (4.8 price retail average evious evious - retail retail 142 2 - -
CEU eTD Collection and correspondingly volumesof lower accumulation. costs production higher displayed have may les consequently and relatively conditions technological under produced Enterprise Baking County Alba the above), presented factors production of analysis the considering likely (very it with associated cost a assuming and production of mechanization for proxy a as ovens on information Using level. national the at performance probably actual very underestimate Enterprise Baking County Alba the for indicators the above, presented reasons the Besides levels. accumulation actual underestimate likely most values These is kilogram In view of all these qualifications, the corresponding volume of accumulation per per accumulation of volume corresponding the qualifications, these all of view In 0.8 06 lei for baking products, 0.203 lei for bread and 0.262 lei alt lei 0.262 and bread for lei 0.203 products, baking for lei 06
- reduction effect effect reduction favorable s
types of of types ogether. 143
CEU eTD Collection between connection for arguments the present the and products animal of detail availability and bread of more consumption in discuss I 3, subsection In products. animal to commercialize households rural allowed it as mămăligă of consumption than advantageous more market of consumption that argue I industrialization, of consumption the to mămă compared households rural of higher part considerably the a from effort entailed financial acquired, market or baked home whether bread, of 20 the of half first the Throughout mămăligă. or bread consuming o advantages financial relative the of bread of favor in reversal a with coincided change the dietary I that argument the develop subsection, In thesecond from tobread. mămăligă c is maize state of availability sufficient of issue the of clarification the demand, consumer to imperfectly a on dependence a therefore, to maize of diet a quantities support sufficient to access residents’ rural the of evaluation an with opens chapter The mămăligă. than rather bread consume to generally, more and, areas accommo to residents socio the considering by market products baking Introduction C A HAP iă Hwvr udr h nw odtos rdcd y olciiain and collectivization by produced conditions new the under However, ligă. hs hpe cmlts h aayi o producer of analysis the completes chapter This PPRECIATION OF rucial for understanding the degree of choice involved in the dietary change dietary the in involved choice of degree the understanding for rucial TER centered on mămăligă. Given insufficient private production of maize and, maize of production private insufficient Given mămăligă. on centered
maize supplies at lucrative prices or to convert them to highly valued valued highly to them convert to or prices lucrative at supplies maize 3:
R DETERMINANTS THEOF ISING ISING date the growing distribution of industrially of distribution growing the date C I NCOMES ONVENIENCE ,
- D pnoe dsrbto sse ta adjusted that system distribution sponsored EMANDFOR F O DIETARYCHANGE ODS - economic factors that motivated rural rural motivated that factors economic - : acquired bread became financially financially became bread acquired
C
A ONSUMER - NIMAL osmr neatos n the on interactions consumer - th produced bread in rural in bread produced P
century, consumption consumption century, RODUCTS ANDRODUCTS
-
CENTERED 144 f
CEU eTD Collection 25% least at of and population rural entire the of 20% of coverage assures Cooperatives ro of sample The Archives. Departmental Argeș the of records archival available of list the from selected randomly 1975 and 1963 between year each for Cooperatives Agricultural 30 less or more of sample a of Office Statistical Countythe case The dissertation. my in studied counties five of region the for resident rural per products cereal of distribution of level and conditions geographic industrialization, of level development, economic of case a through developed animal of consumption the to products. or budget household the to contribution its beyond ofof mămăligă industrially shows consumption thatruralresidents valued consumption to compared availability, fodder of terms in and financially costs, higher at 1 the throughout consumption rising the Specifically, change. dietary the of explanation 4 Chapter from anticip grain of shortage the to solution less a as bread produced industrially accept to residents rural persuaded cereal of distribution the through income additional the absorb to decision authorities’ planning the with together residents rural of income disposable the in rise substantial a that argue I particular, In economy. planned conceptualizing 970s of bread prepared through baking services provided by Agricultural Cooperatives Agricultural by provided services baking through prepared bread of 970s ation of the discussion of the social and cultural determinants of the dietary the of determinantsculturaland social the of discussion the of ation h agmns o a socio a for arguments The
bread consumption as an instance of forced substitution given a centrally a given substitution forced of instance an as consumption bread te orh uscin nelns h isfiiny f n economic an of insufficiency the underlines subsection fourth the , - - study analysis is informed by data from the from data by informed is analysis study study analysis of Argeș County, a representative unit in t in unit representative a County, Argeș of analysis study - - ae fde. n h opst drcin n in and direction opposite the In fodder. based cnmc xlnto o te itr cag are change dietary the of explanation economic - ae pout udr h fr o bread of form the under products based gl 3 Agricultural 30 ughly
Annual Reports to Reports Annual - prepare - than -
d bread d bread change perfect perfect erms 145
CEU eTD Collection fromsupplies deficient surplus to a households usages. for product multiple with ho of majority the where localities in diets established their maintain to position in not were that households better identify can it therefore, and, supplies maize to access and needs more is model t the to sensitive particular, In needs. consumption to relative availability maize asses to averages unit consumption per or capita per local of use simple the to alternative consumptio certain having household a in membership his and locality certain a in residence individual’s the given supplies maize access to opportunities to needs consumption relates that model su to maize of quantities commercial production, plot Cooperatives Private in Food: and as supplies Maize of Availability 3.1 the regionalfinally theArgeș and level to County to national the costs from progresses bread financial and mămăligă of the consumption the with of associated analysis the that in sense this in exceptional being subsection case the from progress to been has analysis of case the for County Argeș Cooperatives of selection the Agricultural determined of number significant a for availability their and analysis numbe a on information detailed contain Reports Annual The Cooperatives. Agricultural had that localities in living population rural entire the of useholds were or vice or were useholds For estimating the number of rural residents that had access to sufficient sufficient to access had that residents rural of number the estimating For he considerable differences between households in terms of consumption consumption of terms in households between differences considerable he
n needs and labor resources. The model is proposed as a more valid valid more a as proposed is model The resources. labor and needs n - id eueain o wr promd n Agricultural in performed work for remuneration kind - pport a diet centered on mămăligă, I have used a probabilistic a used have I mămăligă, on centered diet a pport versa without having to assume a hypothetical redistribution of redistribution hypothetical a assume to having without versa . -
stud t te macro the to y - study analysis. The usual pattern usual The analysis. study r of indicators required by my my by required indicators of r - level, the second second the level,
146
CEU eTD Collection and kg 634 of needs consumption above. having households category sixth the and kg 518 and kg 456 between between needs category consumption third the having households kg, category fourth the kg, 328 391 and and kg 329 between kg needs consumption having 202 households between needs consumption having households category second 1 consumptio highest the the for representative with considered household was the need last, consumption the except category each for categories, the within households of needs consumption the underestimating of possibility the against needs. consumption total their by differentiated households of categories six on run been has analysis the resources, labor and needs consumption among rural residents. availabilit maize overestimate to than rather underestimate to preferring of the analysis throughout prevailed has which principle a with accordance in in restriction form the unmodified retained have I Nevertheless, bread. of availability rising the from foremost and first benefited adults young and children as had, they than frequently more mămăligă consume to continued grandparents) and (parents generations older the that specified respondents younger of number a example, For members. suppl household among maize of distribution preferential ignoring by to maize access of had quantities that sufficient individuals of number the underestimate may restriction second the but household rural the of dynamics internal the in grounded well is assumption first The entirety. their in satisfied not were members all of needs consumption the if maize of quantities sufficient to access had have to considered was member no and household secu
h frt aeoy nldd oshls aig osmto nes un needs consumption having households included category first The red by one member were considered to have been available to all members within the the within availablebeen toallmembers have were considered to member by one red
In order to reflect adequately existing differences between households in terms of of terms in households between differences existing adequately reflect to order In maize of quantities analysis: of unit the as selected been has household rural The
392 kg and 455 kg, the fifth category households having consumption needs needs consumption having households category fifth the kg, 455 and kg 392
der 201 kg of maize flour, the the flour, maize of kg 201 der 1
o opeey control completely To nes f all of needs n 147 ies y
CEU eTD Collection 2 resourc labor the overestimate to Dobrești, and Vața from residents of 49% comprising households to available resources labor the for representative be to found been has value median The age. working of member one only included needs consumption lowest the having households and needs age working of members 2 consumption included kg 450 and kg having 322 between households age, working of members 3 included above and kg 513 of needs consumption having households villages, Dobrești and Vața from hous of distribution gender and age the on data the to again Referring category’s production. each Plot Private asses and Cooperative to from supplies used maize access was to opportunities value this and category respective the within representativ considered was household per age working of members of number median the Finally, kg. 127 requiring households in 4% and kg 322 requiring households in 21% kg, 386 requiring households in 20% kg, 450 requiring households requ households in 14.5% mămăligă, on centered diet a support Dobrești and Vața villages, from households all of needs consumption the of analysis the on respect the from members household all of population village the in in used was that weight a share the equaled which and category level village the to category the from results the aggregating each to assigned have I Next, selected. been fiv of needs consumption the to equivalent value representative more a therefore and inappropriate indicators as use their rendered needs consumption high exceptionally with households few a of presence the category, last the For households.
Direcția Județeană Argeș a Arhivelor Naționale. C.A.P. Vața, 4/1964 and C. and 4/1964 Vața, C.A.P. Naționale. Arhivelor Argeș a Județeană Direcția 2
31.4% of all residents lived in households that required 634 kg of maize flourmaize to thatrequired 634kg of inhouseholds all lived residents 31.4% of
A.P. Dobrești, 4/1964. Dobrești, A.P. rn 53 g 93 in 9.3% kg, 513 iring ive category. Based category. ive e for all households all for e aeaut has adults male e hl members ehold
148 es es
CEU eTD Collection certain number a assignedCounty. was nationally member and Eachcooperative inArgeș important Agricultural Cooperatives maize. to sufficient of quantities ult that residents of number the underestimate only can market peasant the on transactions of exclusion the markets), peasant the on commodity or feed livestock food, as (whether supplies their used ultimately had they how of irrespective diets usual maintain to maize of quantities sufficient to access had that households rural of number the estimate to is purpose my Since maize. of quantities insufficient or sufficient m on centered diet a maintain to maize of quantities insufficient or sufficient to access had that households rural with supplies, maize for function redistributive a performed market of quantities market peasant the supplies maize of source fourth A chapter. the of subsections following the in detail in o estimates at arrive to order in sources these from supplies maize on data the to made adjustments The network. State the and production Plot Private Cooperatives, Agricultural m three from supplies maize labor resources available tohouseholdscomprising ofresidents. the 29% underestimate to and residents of 22% comprising households to available 3.1.1. ămăligă selling part or all of their supplies to other households that already had had already that households other to supplies their of all or part selling ămăligă
In of households rural among distribution the analyze to used been has model The viaiiy f az fo In from Maize of Availability -
kind payments for work performed in Agricultural Cooperatives remained an an remained Cooperatives Agricultural in performed work for payments kind source of maiz of source
az sl ad hi dsrbto aog ues Hwvr te peasant the However, buyers. among distribution their and sold maize -
has been excluded because not enough data has been available on available been has data enough not because excluded been has f maize availability for each category of households are presented presented are households of category each for availability maize f e supplies for the rural population throughout the period, both period, the throughout population rural the for supplies e
jr ore: in sources: ajor
- Kind Payments for Work Performed in in Performed Work for Payments Kind - id amns o wr promd n the in performed work for payments kind
- Controlled Commercial Commercial Controlled imately had access access had imately their their 149 -
CEU eTD Collection 1/1972, Căteasca, C.A.P. Naționale. Arhivelor a Argeș Județeană Direcția the at in presented available data from Reports developed Annual been have section this in discussed 1972 year the in County Argeș 4 Nijhoff, 1982). M. (Dordrecht: Karl and 2009) Agricult of (Ed.), Collectivization Dobrincu Dorin and Iordachi Constantin see 3 (1972) year typical a Agricultural in Cooperatives 30 from workers Cooperative of 15% labor top of and bottom number the by the performed of analysis comparative inclusive more A Cooperative. and Vice thePresident for 400 other andtoover administrative personnel workfor 300 over workersto considerableof apercentage for 20 under from ranged performed units labor of number the Cooperative, typical Agricultural a In Cooperative. Agricultural the within payments in variation of source the labor of number the in Differences years. successive during Cooperative same the of members by and Cooperatives different from members Cooperative by Cooperative, same the within members cooperative by received labor each of maize in value t has obligations metits towards suppliers pr annual labor one for paid amounts the maize, and wheat For produce. agricultural other and legumes potatoes, each yearwith current labor of
he distribution of cooperative members by number of labor of number by members cooperative of distribution he For a review of the collectivization process and of the workings of Agricultural Cooperatives in Romania, Romania, in Cooperatives Agricultural of workings the of and process collectivization the of review a For The various parameters of the economic performances of a of performances economic the of parameters various The A comparative and longitudinal analysis of the data from the Annual Reports on Reports Annual the from data the of analysis longitudinal and comparative A - as r work or days oduction oduction - unit were determined by dividing the quantities left from the Cooperative’s the from left quantities the dividing by determined were unit - Eugene Wadekin, Wadekin, Eugene -
after the Cooperative had fulfilled its deliveries to the State fund and and fund State the to deliveries its fulfilled had Cooperative the after labor - r i Rmna 1949 Romania, in ure norms for their work performed in the Cooperative during the the during Cooperative the in performed work their for norms
- unit entitling the worker to a fixed quantity of wheat, maize, maize, wheat, of quantity fixed a to worker the entitling unit
- unit shows significant variation in the quantity of maize maize of quantity the in variation significant shows unit Agrarian Policies in Communist Europe: A Critical Introduction Introduction Critical A Europe: Communist in Policies Agrarian 4
hw a osdrbe ein ifrne f 100 of difference median considerable a shows - -
units performed by Cooperative members were were members Cooperative by performed units to the total numberperformed. oflaborto theunits total - 1962 Transforming Peasants, Property and Power: The The Power: and Property Peasants, Transforming
(Budapest: Central European University Press, Press, University European Central (Budapest:
sample of 30 Agricultural Cooperatives from from Cooperatives Agricultural 30 of sample -
team leaders, accountants and accountants leaders, team - units performed and on the the on and performed units - Presi dent of the dent ofthe - units units 150 3
CEU eTD Collection work onemaize for of paid quantity the multiplying by calculated been has members cooperative to payments maize of value average 5 in case). this 4 (Page number page work of number standard a had Reports Annual the Since 2/1972. Priboeni, Mălureni, C.A.P. C.A.P. 1/1972, Zărnești, C.A.P.C.A.P. 2/1972, 1/1972, Țuțulești, C.A.P. 1/1972, Popești, C.A.P. 2/1972, 1/1972, Hârtiești, Ciofrângeni, C.A.P. Vața, C.A.P. C.A.P. 2/1972, 3/1972, Vlădești, M C.A.P. 2/1972, Muscel), C.A.P. (de number)/1972, Poienari (no C.A.P. Bălilești, 1/1972, Urlueni, C.A.P. 2/1972, 2/1972, Ungheni, C.A.P. 5/1972, Dobrești, C.A.P. 2/1972, Sus, de Săpata C.A.P. 1/1972, Humele, C.A.P. 1/1972, Moșoaia, C.A.P. 1/1972, Mareș, C.A.P. 1/1972, Izvoru, C.A.P. Agricultural from regions. hilly and Cooperatives mountainous p kg 245 of average an to compared kg 381 of average an members cooperative paid having regions plain in located Cooperatives Agricultural with discerned be can pattern geographical a again, Once 378. over third one and kg, 375 and kg 234 between kg, 211 than less average, on members, their paid Cooperatives Agricultural maize. of Cooperative) Agricultural (Ciupa kg 717 and Cooperative) Agricultural (Boțești kg 59 of average an between work each of kind some within maize of form who members paid the Cooperatives 30 instance, for 1972, under In Cooperative. paid was that remuneration the of and proportion year given a during performance economic Cooperative’s the effects employment, combined the from resulted Cooperatives differencefor 17 Cooperatives of61work work 13 Cooperatives121 of f difference (median difference pronounced more a displaying regions plain in located Cooperatives with observed be can pattern geographic distinct a Furthermore, year. that work
Direcția Județeană Argeș a Arhivelor Naționale, C.A.P. B C.A.P. Naționale, Arhivelor a Argeș Județeană Direcția - days ip, /92 CAP Bra 117, ... oet, /92 CAP Dăau 117, C.A.P. 1/1972, Drăganu, C.A.P. 9/1972, Boțești, C.A.P. 1/1972, Bârla, C.A.P. 1/1972, Ciupa, aitos n vrg in average in Variations -
more than the average number of work of number average the than more - norms performed by groups of Cooperative members) can be found in all cases at the same same the cases at in found all members)be can ofCooperative groups by normsperformed ihăești, 1/1972, C.A.P. Negrași. 2/1972, C.A.P. Lerești, 2/1972, C.A.P. Stolnici, 1/1972, 1/1972, Stolnici, C.A.P. 2/1972, Lerești, C.A.P. 2/1972, Negrași. C.A.P. 1/1972, ihăești, - norm to the average number of work of number the average to norm
- norms) compared to hilly and mountainous regions (median hilly mountainous and compared to norms)
- id amns ewe mmes f different of members between payments kind -
norms). norms). form, the relevant information (in this case, the the case, this (in information relevant the form,
oțești, 9/1972 and C.A.P. Ciupa, 1/1972. The 1/1972. Ciupa, C.A.P. and 9/1972 oțești,
C.A.P. Vâlsănești, 1/1972, C.A.P. Buzoești, Buzoești, C.A.P. 1/1972, Vâlsănești, C.A.P. - - days performed by all members in members all by performed days norms performed. normsperformed.
5 f ifrn lvl o (under) of levels different of
oe rcsl, n tid of third one precisely, More
have performed performed have
one third third one aid by by aid 151 or or
CEU eTD Collection into merged been have categories third and second the 1975, and40. Under category, 1974 For 300. Over and 201 300, between 200, and 161 Between 160, and 121 Between 120, and 81 Between 80, and 41 Between 6 second the of members the of part by received payments actual the underestimate Reports Annual the from data the to made adjustments the Overall, performance. work mid the use to decided labor no assignmembers to inappropriate considered have I because category, first the to regard With category. that labor of number a 40) Under or 20 (Under category first the of exception the with category each from members to assigned have I data, the in shortcoming this for adjust To category. are medians or means as such indicators no since information relevant all up pick to fails likewise 9categories 8 or The of selectedlevel estimates. therelevant operations needed toderive Annu the in available level labor of number by members cooperative of the breakdown on data the use to necessary considered have I Therefore, members. Cooperative considerable the out level indicators t revenue in differences these as inappropriate medians and means of use the renders Cooperative same the within workers by received incomes in variation arr to order in model probabilistic the of design careful a requires Cooperatives Agricultural the in performed
For 1972 and 1973, the cat the 1973, and 1972 For h peec o mlil lyr o vrain n in in variation of layers multiple of presence The - units (and by extension, quantities of maize) equal to the lower the to equal maize) of quantities extension, by (and units available to describe differences in income between members from the same the from members between income in differences describe to available
v a rpeettv etmts I priua, h considerable the particular, In estimates. representative at ive - hat have been observed between the bottom and upper groups of of groups upper and bottom the between observed been have hat egories for work for egories point of the category as an approximate indicator of members’ of indicator approximate an as category the of point
al Reports in spite of the exponential the of spite in Reports al - units and thus have them moved to the None category, I hav Icategory, None the to moved them have thus and units
- norms performed are None, Under 20, Between 21 and 40, 40, and 21 Between 20, Under None, are performed norms - units at the most disaggregated most the at units - id amns rm work from payments kind
growth in the number of number the in growth - bound limit for limit bound
a single single a 152 e 6
CEU eTD Collection the to ave according maize of quantities sufficient to access had a households only of which minority in Cooperatives Agricultural for thumb, of rule a As members. active the for configurations the gender different disregarding with households by between income estimates in variability biased generates Cooperative same the of members between participation labor and performance work on data of averaging The gender. their of irrespective categories 9 or 8 the of one to belonged having of probability same the members Cooperative all to assign to decided have I Accordingly, categories. other the for procedure estimation the complicated significantly have would and members) active the derive est to needed operations of number the doubled least at have would but rates participation labor and have performance would work in model differences the existing adequately into reflected categories gender two the of incorporation The 0.01). t women, of 59% to compared men of (36% Cooperative Agricultural the in active were age working of men fewer significantly direction, opposite Inthe 0.01). p< wor 108 of average an performed men Cooperatives Agricultural 30 in 1972, in instance, For Cooperative. Agricultural the within active were men fewer considerably but women labor more average, on performed, men period, the with Throughout estimate precision. to difficult more are category single a into performances work gender categories. categ imates on maize availability for the most demanding categories (households having 3 having (households categories demanding most the for availability maize on imates raged indicators, the leveling out of differences between households having different different having households between differences of out leveling the indicators, raged k - ory and by virtually all of the members from the third up to the eighth/ninth eighth/ninth the to up third the from members the of all virtually by and ory norms, significantly more thanthenorms, significantlymore 68work The effects on the validity of my results of the decision to combine the data on data the combine to decision the of results my of validity the on effects The
- norms performed(t by women - test: 4.46, test: - units than than units - test: 3.5, 153 p<
CEU eTD Collection three with residents rural for of Maize Private3.1.2. Availability PrivatePlot from Production and Landholding an Cooperatives thegeographically and from allowing Agricultural of the in performed work advantage from availability maize on data the the of combination presents categories geographic the by addition, In analysis unit. geographic each in residing population rural the of the proportion to category geographic each to assigned weight the adjusting by biases sampling more to make them from inorder correction bethe results sample will applied coefficient tothe statistical the biases, ana sampling by introduced distortions minimize To 50%. almost data sample Ag 30 of sample the from payments in differences on data the to again Referring biases. sampling to sensitive are availability maize on estimates the therefore, and, year each for studied only is Cooperatives theobservedmaize, figuresoverestimateactual number of the such households. h households such of number actual the of households. underestimation an in results compositions gender lysis will be run on geographic categories (plain versus mountainous and hilly) and a a and hilly) and mountainous versus (plain categories geographic on run be will lysis
representative for the entire C entire the for representative Priv in in differences marked of presence The ricultural Cooperatives in 1972, the 95% Confidence Interval associated with thewith Intervalassociated Confidence 95% the 1972, in Cooperatives ricultural ate Plot Production of maize was another major source of maize availability maize of source major another was maize of Production Plot ate
ranges from 247 kg to 361 kg, a sizable difference between the two limits of limits two the between difference sizable a kg, 361 to kg 247 from ranges ave been identified by the model as having access to sufficient quantities of quantities sufficient to access having as model the by identified been ave Conversely, for Agricultural Cooperatives in which the majority of of majority the which in Cooperatives Agricultural for Conversely, partially offset by the relatively large number of Cooperatives (30) (30) Cooperatives of number large relatively the by offset partially - year average production increasing nationally from 789300 789300 from nationally increasing production average year ounty. The correction coefficientcorrection inten ounty. Theis - dependent Commercial distribution. dependent - id amns ewe Agricultural between payments kind ded to reduce ded to
easy easy 154
CEU eTD Collection 4/1964). Dobrești, (C.A.P. Furești and Dobrești Lereni, 4/1969), Urlueni, Hârs (C.A.P. Urlueni Afrimești, Zuvelcați, Malu, Brabeți, 3/1962), Bârlogu, (C.A.P. 10 Number and Utilization Land Socialist the of 9 Yearbooks [Statistical 1976 și 8 1968 pe România 1968an for Romania of Republic Socialiste Republicii ale Statistice 7 intime villages points at various year.andeach village househol of number the to plots private from land arable of area total the dividing by calculated was average village The localities. various from members Cooperative of land arable suitable to access uneventhe pr from household per land arable for average different The and village localities. same assigned fromplots members toCooperative the private of size the in differences considerable the and land of unit per production maize nation from deviations local large the as such addressed be to have issues several locality), by households (rural analysis of unit appropriate the sufficiently cultivationrather its to justify a valuable thanthat of regarded was maize that shows production maize to allocated was that land arable scarce of share constant and considerable the sense, this In plot. private the on cultivated be crop what concerning applied restrictions no as produce agricultural for demand relative and priorities residents’ rural the of measure sensitive a provides production plot 1969 in 1963 in tons
Ibid and C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 4/1969, 190. 4/1969, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C. al and Ibid
The relevant data is available in the Annual Reports of the Agricultural Cooperatives in the sections on on sections the in Cooperatives Agricultural the of Reports Annual the in available is data relevant The acltd sn dt o mie rdcin y oprtv Mmes Hueod from Households Members’ Cooperative by production maize on data using Calculated h vlae ae âmnși Vla adi Psai Ngei CAP Drăet,, Negrași Dârmănești,), (C.A.P. Negreni Piscani, Nandri, Valea Dârmănești, are villages The ești (C.A.P. Hârsești, 16/1966), Ștefan cel Mare (1/1965), Humele, Găujani (C.A.P. Humele, 14/1968), 14/1968), Humele, (C.A.P. Găujani Humele, (1/1965), Mare cel Ștefan 16/1966), Hârsești, (C.A.P. ești In order to derive estimates on maize availability from private plot production for for production plot private from availability maize on estimates derive to order In
to 54616 tons in 1975. in tons 54616 to - 1965 to 1368567 tons in 1973 in tons 1368567 to 1965 9
An analysis by size of private plo private analysis of by size An
of Families/Labor Resources (pages 2 and 3). 3). and 2 (pages Resources ofFamilies/Labor d d 1976]
8
10 Apart from its contribution to maize availability, private availability, maize to contribution its from Apart ds which were part of the Agricultural Cooperative for for Cooperative Agricultural the of part were which ds
(Bucharest: Direcția Centrală de Statistică), 282, 197. 282, Statistică), Centralăde Direcția (Bucharest: suggests that the villageaveragesuggests well approximates the the that
- 1975 ivate plot holdings has been used to reflect to used been has holdings plot ivate
7
and in Argeș County from 41613 tons 41613 from County Argeș in and t holdings of households from 17 households of t holdings al or county means in terms of terms in means county or al
number of othernumber crops.
- Anuarele Anuarele
s could s Bârlogu Bârlogu 155
CEU eTD Collection 189 4/1969, Economică. Secția P.C.R. Republi 11 the from conditions production of indicator an as Cooperatives Agricultural yield average the 1975). used in have hectare I per performances, production kg local 2070 approximate to kg 3932 and 1969 in hectare per Priv and 1975) for hectare per kg 2350 to kg 3784 and 1969 for hectare per kg 1995 to kg (2758 Cooperatives for both regions, hillyand mountainous yields countiesof maizehaving thanextensive higher the Romanianhectare Plainper had that shows 1975 and 1969 for analysis comparative a County, Argeș within productivity land in differences geographic of Indicative land. of unit per yields actualyield thelow mediana mountainous characteristic and of and estimated the between difference absolute small the given negligible was localities certain for availability maize on effect overestimation the since villages all for household arab median of representative as averages village use to appropriate considered have I Nonetheless, it. overestimating by median) the of 50% almost of error estimation (average regions mountainous and hilly in located villages for size median the poorly approximat average village the while it underestimates generally but median) the of 7% than less of error estimation (average plain the in located villages for size median the specifical More median). the of 21% within error estimation (average village respective the for size median the well acceptably approximates holdings plot within land arable of size average (avera size median
Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Socialiste România pe 1976 [Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Socialist the of Yearbook [Statistical 1976 pe România Socialiste Republicii al Statistic Anuarul o Rmna o 1976] for Romania of c The differences in access to arable land were paralleled by differences in maize maize in differences by paralleled were land arable to access in differences The ly, the village average size of arable land from plot holdings approximates well approximates holdings plot from land arable of size average village the ly, e siain ro wti 1% f h mda) n ta te village the that and median) the of 10% within error estimation ge
(Bucharest: Direcția Centrală de Statistică, 1976), 210, 224 and C.C. al al C.C. and 224 210, 1976), Statistică, de Centrală Direcția (Bucharest:
-
190.
ate Plots (2600 kg to 1752 kg kg 1752 to kg (2600 Plots ate nd hillyregions.
on the Private Plots of Plots Private the on counties located in located counties 11
n re to order In le land per per land le
156 es
CEU eTD Collection In hectare. per kg 2500 exceeded average Cooperative the when except cases all in lands Plot Private on performances production local represent to Cooperatives Agricultural average the used have I model, my In unit. geographic same the within lands Plot Private in and Cooperative differences between performances actual production any than rather Cooperatives Agricultural among land quality like averagemore production higher therefore,the and, territories their within regions plain larger comparatively had Cooperatives Agricultural for averages production higher having counties the all However, 1975). in kg 1616 to the in than higher considerably in kg 1550 to compared kg (1896 Cooperatives Agricultural was hectare per maize of production Plot Private County, Argeș In counties. Gorj and Dâmbovița Vâlcea, for similar and counties Prahova significantly P Private to compared Cooperatives Agricultural for higher was hectare per maize of production average the regions, mountainous and hilly important including counties For counties. plain Plot homogenous geographically Private on similar very was hectare per maize of production average that shows 1975 and 1969 in aggregation) of level high (a County by productivity maize on data the assumptions, these of support In lands. Plot Private appli higher by degree certain a to counterbalanced was lands Cooperative on goods capital of application higher the and lands own their on use Cooperative the testimonies oral to according lands, arable Plot Private and Cooperative on performed were works mechanical major same the locality, same the insignificantlyin differed conditions climatic unjustified: not is procedure This members. Cooperative -
to legally and illegally appropriate chemical fertilizers for fertilizers chemical appropriate illegally and legally to ly reflects the larger share of high shareof larger the lyreflects
production per hectare from the the from hectare per production and Cooperative lands in the the in lands Cooperative and high of cation lots for Buzău, Mehedinți and Mehedinți Buzău, for lots 1969 and 2431 kg compared compared kg 2431 and 1969
ebr managed Members - quality labor on on labor quality 157 - -
CEU eTD Collection 13 12 ara was Ha 0.062 which of Ha, 0.12 of size average an of Plots Private to land, compared arable was Ha 0.16 which of Ha, 0.4 of size average an of Plots Cooperative Private owned the in work to participated had that members Cooperative example, for village Merișani In employments. different in members active having households between differentiation greater produced Statute the of application absolute, not although Cooperative. Agricultural the in worked had members active their of all or part where households by owned Ha 0.29 the to close land, of agricultural Ha 0.27 of average an owned Cooperative the in work of kind any performed had members the of none where households that showed 1965 from Agriculture in Leadership Planning Improve to Measures on report a instance, For period. time relevant the during matter this in inconsistently applied was Statute the that however, suggests, evidence archival The employments. different in members active their having households year previous the during arable land Agricultural the of Co Statute the from requires provisions that the aspect of final application The the clarification. is locality same the within households of categories theapplicationwithout of considerable capital res high by achieve to difficult were that performances high against discriminate to Cooperatives Agricultural the of performance actual the of irrespective kg 2500 of performance production the cases, these
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică.11/1965, 31. 31. Economică.11/1965, Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 8 8/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al operatives of landallotmentsthe distribution equivalent0.15Ha concerning toup of The distribution of maize production from Private Plots among the relevant relevant the among Plots Private from production maize of distribution The
only to Cooperative members who have performed a required volume ofwork a performed have required who members toCooperative only
12
ol hv rsle i po hlig o vrig ie fo sizes varying of holdings plot in resulted have would
- 9.
ources.
of maize per hectare was used used was hectare per maize of
13
After 1965, the stricter, the 1965, After - quality labor inputs inputs labor quality in 1973 1973 in
158 and and ble r
CEU eTD Collection 16 1976] for Romania of Republic 15 14 had regions collectivized from residents rural frequently, Less land. of plots large relatively individually own to continued had regions these from families rural of part agricultural of organization socialist ha (Întovărășiri) production of type alternative the and reasons economic of because implemented been not had agriculture of collectivization the where regions thes Mountainous within and and, Hilly Counties from residents rural to available was Landholdings on maize Private of production the of part greatest The respectively. resident rural per flour figure) (estimated ag the in flour maize to reduces it that and villages insignifican plain from households of 85% for estimates lower average, on produces, procedure the that shows available was data relevant the which the of analysis An distribu categories. other the for representative be to average village the half and above and kg 392 of needs consumption having categories the from households I Plot, full a secure to position better a in were members active more or two having Cooperative. owned land,
Estimatedbas Județeană Direcția Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Socialiste România pe 1976 [Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Socialist the of Yearbook [Statistical 1976 pe România Socialiste Republicii al Statistic Anuarul The production of maize on Private Landholdings added to the total supply of of supply total the to added Landholdings Private on maize of production The tions of Cooperative households by size of arable holdings for 9 villages for for villages 9 for holdings arable of size by households Cooperative of tions have considered the village average to be representative of Plot holdings of of holdings Plot of representative be to average village the considered have ceestimation errorgeographic other households the from for units. 14 ed on data from from data on ed
y oprtv Mmes h had who Members Cooperative by ie te vial eiec ad n h asmto ta households that assumption the on and evidence available the Given Argeș a Arhivelor Naționale. C.A.P. Merișani. 1/1973. Merișani. C.A.P. Naționale. Arhivelor Argeș a
in ricultural year 1975 year ricultural Argeș County, Argeș
(Bucharest: Direcția Centrală de Statistică,1977), de Centrală Direcția (Bucharest: Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Socialiste România 1976, pe România Socialiste Republicii Statistical Anuarul s been largely dismantled after 1966. As a result, a substantial a result, a As 1966. after dismantled largely been s Cute, o ua rsdns rm high from residents rural to Counties, e
16
the eq the - 1976 328600 1976 uivalent of 27 of uivalent
not performed any work in the the in work any performed not
tons nationally tons . 2 4 kg and 43.5 kg of maize of kg 43.5 and kg 4
197. 15 -
liue compact altitude
and 16970 tons 16970 and 224. - size Private size
159
CEU eTD Collection Structure] Economic Social from data 17 cover to sufficientflour maize of quantities receivedregions Mountainous andHilly from residents rural which in scenario alternative an to preferred been has landholdings private p in active residents rural 37760 the between equally less or more divided were supplies flour maize if respectively maize of kg 1350 and kg 900 them brought have would which members active m active two had families 5980 which of land, private owned who families 14580 1977 in resided County Argeș in calculation, of method this to According members. active fewer or two majority includ families rural or majority vast the through even man) active an and women active (two members such the on three them of part andagriculture private in engaged women) active (two activemembers performed been has procedure assumpt estimation conservative The flour. maize of quantity entire the families such to assign to and land private on activities agricultural in solely private owned private who on produced supplies maize familiesrural of number the estimate to appropriate tomore considered Ihavelandholdings, access equal enjoyed region geographic Unde rural families. between supplies maize of distribution the of evaluation an permit to available Forover geographic has plotsofland.each region, however,been not information precise th outside remained
The number of active rural residents engaged solely in agriculture on private landholdings is based on on based is landholdings private on agriculture in solely engaged residents rural active of number The - Economică [The Population and Housing Census of January 5 January of Census Housing and Population [The Economică Recensământul Populației și al Locuințelor din 5 Ianuarie 19 Ianuarie 5 din Locuințelor al și Populației Recensământul tee odtos rte ta asmn ta rrl eiet fo each from residents rural that assuming than rather conditions, these r (Bucharest: Direcția Centrală de Statistică, 1980), 385. 1980), Statistică, de Centrală Direcția (Bucharest: embers engaged in private agriculture and 8600 families three such such three families 8600 and agriculture private in engaged embers
ed three or fewer active members engaged in any occupation and the the and occupation any in engaged members active fewer or three ed Arclua Coeaie ad a rtie idvda ownership individual retained had and Cooperatives Agricultural e rivate agriculture. rivate land from the data on the number of active rural residents engaged residents rural active of number the on data the from land o ta fmle wo we piae ad nldd t es two least at included land private owned who families that ion
17
This distribution of maize supplies produced on produced supplies maize of distribution This th , 1977. Vol. II: Population Population II: Vol. 1977. , 77. Vol. II: Populație Populație II: Vol. 77.
-
Structura Structura -
Socio 160 -
CEU eTD Collection 21 20 19 1968] for Romania of Republic 18 a into translated 1975 and 1970 between processed maize of quantity the in increase 24% higher of production the on emphasis the of because production its for used maize of quantity corresponding 1979. 1975 in tons 567700 1965 in tons 514300 to 1963 in tons 267100 from sharply increased network commercial the through distributed was used maize of quantities annual records, archival supplies maize Commercial Network Centrally 3.1.3. from privatealone. production maize of quantities sufficient to access had have analysis my in identified families 14580 more evenl distributed were landholdings, private that alternatively, or, agriculture private in active residents rural that probable most is it Overall, bread. consumed nonetheless to access had general in suf residents rural that argument overall my to favorable less is it because also but historically accurate more relatively be to believed is distribution o 50%
C.C. al P.C C.C.al 6. 78/1976, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 112. 133/1976, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al nau Saitc l eulci Sociali Republicii al Statistic Anuarul ficient quantities of maize to consume mămăligă at meals at which they had had they which at meals at mămăligă consume to maize of quantities ficient aog ua fmle ad teeoe ta a rae nme o fmle ta the than families of number greater a that therefore, and, families rural among y 21 f their total cereal consumption needs (62 kg) not just because the selected selected the because just not kg) (62 needs consumption cereal total their f
h State The The growth rate for maize flour was slightly lower that the growth rate of the of rate growth the that lower slightly was flour maize for rate growth The .R. Secția Economică. 18/1979, 43 18/1979, Economică. Secția .R.
for rural residents. According to data from Statistical Yearbooks and and Yearbooks Statistical from data to According residents. rural for - - otold omril ewr hd en h fi the been had Network Commercial controlled lne Dsrbto o Mai of Distribution Planned 20 - grade flours with low e low with flours grade
and soared again to 678800 to again soared and
(Bucharest: Direcția Centrală de Statistică, 1969), 443. Statistică,1969), de Centrală Direcția (Bucharest: 18
, oscillated thereafter between 450000 tons in 1970 in tons 450000 between thereafter oscillated ,
ste România pe 1968 [Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Socialist the of Yearbook [Statistical 1968 pe România ste
- 44.
xtraction rates from grain. For example, a example, For grain. from rates xtraction for the production of maize flour that that flour maize of production the for
tons in 1978 and finally to 731940 in 731940 to finally and 1978 in tons eMie lu truh the through Flour ze/Maize a mjr ore of source major nal
19
161 and
CEU eTD Collection from Secția county P.C.R. each of al population C.C. rural from and County urban by the Locu șial Populației quantities on maize and of 43 distribution 18/1979, Economică. the on data 77.16%. of using 1978 calculated for rate extraction total planned the at flour 23 22 highest distri the enjoyed of that terms in counties five counties top the also were resident six rural per flour maize the of distribution of five relevance, particular Of Plain. remaine that kilogram 1 than less to compared counties mountainous and hilly from resident rural each to available remained flour maize of kg 66.05 Oltenia, and Muntenia of provinces rura each to available were kg 1.16 only but counties upland from resident rural each to average, commerciallyresidents of located counties the 1978 ankg flour average capitacompared of46.1 per an ofmaize average 9.4 kg for to of in Carpathiansreceived the on locatedcounties the consumption, mămăligă of levelshigh the to Muntenia, (Oltenia, analysis provinces the Restricting supplies. of allocation the in privileged were regions 1980despite theconsiuntil increase to continued and 1975 by capita per kg 20.8 reached flour maize of distribution type(90 ‘common’ the of expense the at flour maize of rate)types (11 extra of production total of 71% to 63% from share in rise a of because flour maize of quantity the in increase 21%
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 133/1976, 112. 133/1976, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al The distribution of 59.7 kg and 12.16 kg of maize per capita respectively have been converted to maize to converted been have respectively capita per maize of kg 12.16 and kg 59.7 of distribution The uin f industrially of bution The more detailed data on the distribution of maize by counties shows that certain that shows counties bymaize of distribution the on data detailed more The aalbe o ah ua rsdn fo te onis oae i te Romanian the in located counties the from resident rural each to available d rsdn fo lwad onis Rsrcig ute te nlss o the to analysis the further Restricting counties. lowland from resident l ințelor din 5 Ianuarie 1977. Vol. II, Vol. II, 1977. Ianuarie din5 ințelor in the plains. the in
- sold maize flour, 54.8 kg of maize flour remained available, on remainedkg available, on maize flour of flour, 54.8 sold maize - derable decrease planned inthe totalrate. extraction produced bread (see Figure 2.8). In fact, for counties from from counties for fact, In 2.8). Figure (see bread produced
odv ad uoia ta hv hsoial displayed historically have that Bucovina) and Moldova -
23 20%
After subtracting the estimated consumption byurban consumption estimated the subtracting After extraction rate) and superior (64 superior and rate) extraction
1.
h pr aia itiuin f az was maize of distribution capita per The -
91%). -
22 80% extraction 80%
Nevertheless, Recensământul Recensământul
162
CEU eTD Collection 25 24 have I specifically, More regions. hilly and mountainous from localities was to quantities distributed maize of part larger the that considered have I therefore, and, well as present were above described flour maize to access of terms in regions between differences geographic the likely, Most Chapter). this of 3 and 2 sections (See feed animal as use remunerative very a including usages multiple had which and stored coul that product a given perfect than less flour certainly was residents rural among maize of distribution the However, needs. consumption total the of 86% cover to enough high were network commercial socialist the through distributed flour maize estimate) by population,the considerationquant theage taking into structureofthe (generous flour maize of kg 112 approximately at resident rural a of needs consumption availabl 1975 Year Agricultural the of Quarters three the for kg 53.4 of capita per deliveries with flour maize of distribution sources.Plot Private and Cooperative from products cereal of quantities adequate secure to position in not were who residents rural supplying of function same the perform to intended were industrially of and flour maize of distribution the policy, official the in that be maycorrelation high the for explanation possible A commercial network. socialist the through distributed were that foodstuffs common 12 of out resident rural per bread ( highly correlated was resident rural per flour maize of availability Bucovina, and Moldova Muntenia, Oltenia,
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 18/1979, 43. 18/1979, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 51 195/1976, Economică, Secția P.C.R. C.C.al codn t te vial dt, re Cut hd en rvlgd n the in privileged been had County Argeș data, available the to According e to each rural resident of 73.7 kg and 96.5 kg respectively. Estimating the annual annual the Estimating kgrespectively. 96.5 and kg 73.7 of resident rural each to e
Pearson’s
- 1976
24 r=0.8) only with availability of industrially of availability with only r=0.8)
n 7 k fr 1978 for kg 70 and
-
52.
25
hc rsle i quantities in resulted which
in Argeș County County Argeș in
produced bread bread produced - d be easily easily be d
produ ities ofities 163 ced
CEU eTD Collection sources. feed spectrum of broader a to access their maizeconsidering heavilyon less relied residents rural since overestimated are feed as used maize of quantities The 3). 12/1964, Economică. raisin for kg the in 120 used normally Cooperatives: those Agricultural to identical are pig a fattening and raising for requirements feed The villages. t according household per units adult equivalent three of average an and kg 127 of level consumption adult 27 on based household 26 easilyalthough which, product a of quantities anysecure to manage not did half other the a appropriate to managing lar times two almost quantity regions mountainous and hilly from (49%) households rural the of half with extreme certainly is pattern distribution This network. commercial not did 254046 comprising maize of kg 900 approximately to access members 135800 comprising households 41800 pattern, distribution this to center diet a support secu by network commercial the through distributed maize of quantity entire the them between divide to managed households of number a in which pattern distribution a proposed have I maize, of availability actual overestimating u of principle the with keeping in and data adequate of well of formulation the for allow to available been has information enough not locality, same the within households between differences 17.1 kg. of level resident rural per a in resulting regions plain from residents rural to tons) (1881 rural to 5% flourand kg 152.5 of level resident maize rural per a in resulting regions hilly of and mountainous quantities of tons) (35747 95% assigned o the data on the age structure, gender and number of members for all households from Vața and Dobrești Dobrești and Vața from households all for members of number and gender structure, age the on data the o
The average consumption needs of a rural household were estimated at 380 kg of maize flour given an an given flour maize of kg 380 at estimated were household rural a of needs consumption average The Calculated by multiplying the number of households to 3.25, the average number of members per per members of number average the 3.25, to households of number the multiplying by Calculated o dfeecs ewe lclte wti te sam the within localities between differences For
data from Vața, Dobrești and Humele villages. villages. Humele and Dobrești Vața, from data ed on mămăligă and to raise and fatten a pig for slaughter. According According slaughter. for pig afatten and raise mămăligăto andon ed
ger than the per rural household average at the same time as as time same the at average household rural per the than ger benefit at all from the distribution of maize through the the through maize of distribution the from all at benefit
g the piglet and 400 kg for fattening (C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Secția P.C.R. al (C.C. fattening for kg 400 and piglet the g 27
hl te eann 720 households 78200 remaining the while - grounded estimations. In the absence the In estimations. grounded
nderestimating rather than of of than rather nderestimating gorpi rgo ad for and region geographic e ig ufcet uniis to quantities sufficient ring
residents from from residents 26
a each had 164
CEU eTD Collection C.A.P. 1/1975, Argeș, CurteaC.A.P. de 4/1975, Schitu C.A.P. 1/1975, Stolnici, C.A.P. 1/1975, Mare, 3/1975, cel Ștefan C.A.P. Bălilești, C.A.P. 1/1975, Vața, C.A.P. 2/1975, C. Dobrești, 2/1975, C.A.P. Priboieni, 2/1975, C.A.P. Sus, de unnumbered/1975, Săpata Humele, C.A.P. C.A.P. 1/1975, Păduroiu, C.A.P. 1/1975, Mareș, 30 (it 3/1973 1974). to refer data the although as such haslabeled been Râca, C.A.P. 1/1974, Țuțulești, C.A.P. 1/1974, Suseni, C.A.P. 1/1974, Popești, C.A.P. 5/1974, Schit C.A.P. 2/1974, Hârtiești, C.A.P. 2/1974, 1/1974, Lerești, Stolnici, C.A.P. 1974), C.A.P. to refer data the although such as labeled been has (it 1/1975 Ciofrângeni, 3 Muscel, de Poenari 2/1974, Buzoești, C.A.P. 1/1974, Vâlsănești, C.A.P. 2/1974, Ungheni, C.A.P. 1/1974, Dobrești, C.A.P. 2/1974, Sus, de Săpata C.A.P. 4/1974, Priboieni, C.A.P. 1/1974, Păduroiu, C.A.P. 1/1974, Humele, 29 4/1970 1/1973, Mihăești, C.A.P. 5/1973, C Ciofrângeni, C.A.P. 2/1973, Vlădești, C.A.P. 4/1973, Bălilești, C.A.P. Poenari C.A.P. 1/1973, Buzoești, C.A.P. 2/1973, Ungheni, C.A.P. 2/1973, Pădu Sus, de Săpata C.A.P. 1/1973, Humele, C.A.P. 1/1973, C.A.P. Moșoaia, 1/1973, Mareș, C.A.P. 1/1973, Drăganu, C.A.P. unnumbered/1973, Boțești, C.A.P. 3/1973, Bârla, 28 the with biases sampling to sensitive very estimates county the makes units sampling between variation large The 1973. of year meager the in 62% to 5% than fewer from and secu of capable residents their of 90% to 5% than fewer having from ranged villages example, For well. as villages between differences considerable reveals locality of level the at data the of inspection to opportunities in variations annual (n=20) 1975 and (n=25), 1973 (n=30), 1972 in Cooperatives Agricultural by Payments quantitie sufficient to access 3.1.4. Estimates Maize Availability of according pattern. tothe distribution plain ho of the 5.5% regions, In year. the throughout continuously distributed nonetheless was storable,
.A.P. Lerești, unnumbered/1973, C.A.P. Stolnici, 1/1973, C.A.P. Hârtiești, 2/1973, C.A.P. Schitu C.A.P. 2/1973, Hârtiești, C.A.P. 1/1973, Stolnici, C.A.P. unnumbered/1973, Lerești, .A.P. A.P. Valea Mărului, 1/1975, C.A.P. Mălureni, 1/1975, C.A.P. Mihăești, 1/1975, C.A.P. Lerești, 1/1975, 1/1975, Lerești, C.A.P. 1/1975, Mihăești, C.A.P. 1/1975, Mălureni, C.A.P. 1/1975, Mărului, Valea A.P. Direcția Județeană Argeș a Arhivelor Naționale. C.A.P. Căteasca, 1/1973, C.A.P. Ciupa, 1/1973, C.A.P. 1/1973, Ciupa, C.A.P. 1/1973, Căteasca, C.A.P. Naționale. Arhivelor a Argeș Județeană Direcția C.A.P. Ciupa, 1/1974, C.A.P. Drăganu, 1/1974, C.A.P. Mareș, 1 Mareș, C.A.P. 1/1974, Drăganu, C.A.P. 1/1974, Ciupa, C.A.P. ieța ueen Agș Ahvlr Național Arhivelor a Argeș Județeană Direcția - 1974, C.A.P. Popești, 1/1973, C.A.P. Suseni, 1/1973, C.A.P. Zărnești, 3/1973, 3/1973, Zărnești, C.A.P. Suseni,1/1973, C.A.P. C.A.P. 1/1973, Popești, 1974, The proportions of rural residents whom the model has identified to have had had have to identified has model the whom residents rural of proportions The 17, ... aa 117, ... ăiet, /94 CAP Văet, /94 C.A.P. 2/1974, Vlădești, C.A.P. 2/1974, Bălilești, C.A.P. 1/1974, Vața, C.A.P. /1974, 30
are summarized in Figure 3.1. The graph illustrates the considerable the illustrates graph The 3.1. Figure in summarized are useholds managed to appropriate the entire quantity of maize flour maize of quantity entire the appropriate to managed useholds
ring sufficient quantities of maize in the bountiful year of 1974 1974 of year bountiful the in maize of quantities sufficient ring
o mie rm rvt Po pouto ad In and production Plot Private from maize of s
access maize supplies from these two sources and an an sourcesand two these from supplies maize access
Bradu de Sus, unnumbered/1975. Sus, de unnumbered/1975. Bradu . ... âl, /95 CAP Cua 117, C.A.P. 1/1975, Ciupa, C.A.P. 3/1975, Bârla, C.A.P. e. ou 117, ... ăclși 217, C.A.P. 2/1973, Băiculești, C.A.P. 1/1973, roiu,
u - Golești, 4/1970 Golești, /1974, C.A.P. Moșoaia, 1/1974, C.A.P. 1/1974, Moșoaia, C.A.P. /1974, - Golești, 2/1975, C.A.P. Ștefănești, Ștefănești, C.A.P. 2/1975, Golești, - 1974, C.A.P. Ștefănești, Ștefănești, C.A.P. 1974,
28
94 (n=25) 1974 - Muscel, 1/1973, 1/1973, Muscel, - Golești, Golești, - Kind 165 29
CEU eTD Collection dietary the by observed consumption of levels the than higher was flour cereal of kg 1 as much as by needs consumption actual overestimates category each within households to decision all for representative my as need consumption highest the displaying household Furthermore, the consider 1972. in members their to Cooperatives Agricultural 30 by paid maize of tons 8927 the of 20%) (almost tons 1658 up pick to fails model the all work of number possible to minimum the category each from members Cooperative assign to decision my of because example, For estimates. conservative overly produ assumptions, current its given model, the that mind in keep to necessary is it However, mămăligă. on centered diets support to maize of quantities sufficient to access includingLandholding inFigure Production) Privateare presented 3.6 results final the The State the through maize of distribution the on data the with combination easy an allowed 3.3) and 3.2 (Figures categories geographic by maize estimation the Furthermore, 3.4. Figure in presented results representative more the produce to order 1972 of sample the in localities between other the over region geographic one favored that biases sampling for control To 3.1). Figure in bars error the (see 1975 in 33% to 9% and 1974 in 59% to 31% 1973, in 30% to 13% 1972, Inte Confidence 95% 5% in some cases. In addition, the assumed level of consumption for male adults of 148 of adults male for consumption of level assumed the addition, In cases. some in 5% results on maize availability maize on results Ac cording to the results of the model, one half to two to half one model, the of results the to cording
of the proportions of rural residents that had access to sufficient quantities of quantities sufficient to access had that residents rural of proportions the of -
with on maize availability from all the sources reviewed in this Section (i.e. Section this in reviewed sources the all from availability maize on geographic differences accounting for 43% of the observed variance variance observed the of 43% for accounting differencesgeographic rvals consistent with the sample data ranging from 32% to 52% in 52% to 32% from ranging data sample the with consistent rvals from all these all from - , the correction coefficients were applied in in applied were coefficients correction the ,
sources are presented in Figure 3.5 Figure in presented are sources - controlled - thirds of rural residents had residents rural of thirds
Commercial Networks. Commercial .
- norms, norms, 166 and and ces
CEU eTD Collection i Maize Availability on Data the Interpreting and Region Relevant the to Discussion the Extending 3.1.5 Idissertation discus socio economic, of mix a by but maize of availability insufficient an by determined not was bread to mămăligă dietaryin Chapter studiesreviewed 1. the to according food ‘core’ of function the over taken had bread when time a at diets established their maintain to maize of quantities sufficient to access had residents rural o minimum a that show to interpreted be should model the of results the reasons, these all For cases. relevant all identify to model the of capacity the reduce free the through redistributed maize of quantities of exclusion the and network State the throughdeliveries maize for pattern distribution uneven were quantities available the bread mixed when optimum an support cases to sufficient those in shortage of sense a in translate automat not did diet established the support to maize of availability insufficient l certain or soups consuming when bread preferred have may residents rural of majority the that shows dishes served com 6 with bread and mămăligă for preferences on questionnaires to responses consumer particular, In preferences. consumer accurately reflect not did certainly it but diets established the of patterns consumption the approximated have may consumption of 1979 of studies n this section to extend to rural residents from the entire studied region the assessment of assessment the region studied entire the from residents rural to extend to section this n Given that the discussion has been restricted so far to Argeș County, it is my task task my is it County, Argeș to far so restricted been has discussion the that Given suggest results These - 1980 for rural residents and the 6 days mămăligă days 6 the and residents rural for 1980 s the contribution ofeach theses the factors of tothechange. dietary
-
cultural and sensory factors. In the following sections of my my of sections following the In factors. sensory and cultural that for the majority of rural residents, the transition from from transition the residents, rural of majority the for that ow - aoi dse (e Catr 4 Chapter (see dishes calorie
- mămăligă diet. Finally, the use of a very very a of use the Finally, diet. mămăligă - Controlled C Controlled - 1 day bread frequen bread day 1 ). Consequently, the the Consequently, ). f 50% to 66% of 66% to 50% f ommercial - market market monly
ically 167 cy cy
CEU eTD Collection fo Survey Budgetary residents rural of 32 number the to and in presented residents rural of number the to County, each from residents of number the to related then been have flour maize 51 of quantities appropriate 195/1976, Economică, a Secția flour to P.C.R. converted al C.C. in found be 31 consumption the cover to sufficient been have would quantities Such counties. four the in regions mountainous andhilly from resident ruraleach average,to on distributed, been would flour maize of kg 36.3 and kg 79 kg, 48 kg, 92 flour, maize of kg 17.1 to a assuming Furthermore, counties. access had areas plain from resident rural each four average, on which, in pattern distribution the from resident rural each to available flour, maize Counties. kg had capita inPrahova,and ofmaizedistributed been per flour Dâmbovița Gorj Vâlcea, the of quarters three 1975 first YearAgricultural the during that indicates evidence archival the Network, Commercial State the through distributed supplies maize of quantities the Regarding maintained been have inter assumptions the same concerning the of some and Holdings) Individual and Plots Private on produced maize of quantities the and Cooperatives Agricultural in of volume the Network, Commercial State the through sales of volume (the considered been have supplies maize for sources same the County: Argeș for analysis the mirrors mămăligă on centered diet a support to maize suffic to access of degree residents’ rural the of level regional the at analysis The findings. my of relevance statistical the increase to order in supplies maize
The data on the quantities of maize for flour distributed through the Socialist Commercial Network can can Network Commercial Socialist the through distributed flour for maize of quantities the on data The Calculated by assigning to urban residents twice the consumption quantities observed in the Household Household the in observed quantities consumption the twice residents urban to assigning by Calculated 31 The Population and Housing Census of 1977, Vol. I: Socio Vol.I: 1977, of Census Housing and Population The
Given an estimated per urban resident annual consumption level of 27.6 kg of kg 27.6 of level consumption annual resident urban per estimated an Given 32
67 kg, 48 kg, 45.5 kg and 36.3 kg of maize flour would have rema have would flour maize of kg 36.3 and kg 45.5 kg, 48 kg, 67 r 1968. C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 8/1970, 89. 8/1970, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C. al 1968. r te ae f k o mie o .76 g f az for se ae 161 page (see flour maize of kg 0.7716 to maize of kg 1 of rate the t - einl n inter and regional - 1976 (October1976
- June), approximately 42 kg, 40 kg, 36.3 kg and 31 kgand 36.3 kg,kg,40 approximately42 June), - oshl dsrbto o mie supplies. maize of distribution household - id amns o wo for payments kind - 52. The quantities of maize have been been have maize of quantities The 52. - Demographic Structure, Structure, Demographic
rm ah egahc ein as region geographic each from et uniis of quantities ient k efre in performed rk - 1 162). The The 162). . .
have have ined
168
CEU eTD Collection hasestimated. been 33 i for that, and performances production of terms in year agricultural average below a to correspond percentages these that however, considered, be to has It 1975. in production Plot Private and Cooperatives to access had families) rural all of (44% areas Plain in located families 15280 and 20200 and areas) such in located families rural all of (6.2% areas Mountainous and Hilly in located families 3190 and 1490 3690, and regions Plain in and regions Mountainous and Hilly in resided that families rural between County Argeș in observed differences the of view in region geographic by performed been has analysis The County. studied each to disaggregation of level appropriate the at available been not has information since County Argeș for results the on based estimated been has production Plot Private from and Cooperatives Agricultural by payments from maize for Prahova ofall inplain (6.2% regions families County residing bothcounties). in 2285 and County Dâmbovița for families 3020 is pattern distribution a such under flour appropriate to managed that regions plain from families manage ofmaizeany flour at toappropriatequantities all. not did or kg) (520 pig a fatten and raise to and kg) 380 at average, on (evaluated, needs to managed either families that assumed is cov to sufficient flour maize of quantity a themselves for appropriate it if families) all of (16.1% families 12650 and families) all of (38.3% families 18000 families), all of (23% families 21100 Mou and Hilly in residing families all of (44.3% families 34850 of needs
See page 164 for more information on how the average requirement of 900 kg of maize flour per family family per flour maize of kg 900 of requirement average the how on information more for 164 page See h pooto o rrl aiis ht aae t s to managed that families rural of proportion The
sac, n h butfl giutrl er 1974 year agricultural bountiful the in nstance,
ufcet uniis f az fo Agricultural from maize of quantities sufficient
has returned the following results: 2515, results: following the returned has
permit a more direct assessment for for assessment direct morea permit 33
ufcet uniis f maize of quantities sufficient The corresponding of number cr sfiin qatte of quantities sufficient ecure er their consumption consumption their er ntainous areas), ntainous - 95 the 1975
169
CEU eTD Collection year agricultural the in kg 230 reached sources reviewed three the from County Argeș from resident rural a to available flour maize of quantity average the whereas example, issu this On Chapter. this in presented been have that reasons the all availability for maize limits for minimum define theyconsideredthat be to has it however, estimates, these interpreting When generally. more unrepresentative year the make Landholdings Individual and Plots Private Cooperatives, year the since 3.7 (Figure well as presented 1975 year agricultural the of Quarters three diet first the a during mămăligă support on predominantly to centered maize of quantities sufficient to access had respectively Counties Dâm Vâlcea, Gorj, from families) all of (56% families 67000 all of (39% and families) all of families (50% families 58150 families), all 35430 of (50% families 47740 families), families), of number total the of (33% families 24085 Landholdin Private and Plots Private on production from and Cooperatives Agricultural by made payments from Network, Commercial State the on 8200 and 10200forone each ofth 14200, 5470, to production own their from flour maize of quantities sufficient to access un in land of plots owned who and families of Hilly number for 31% as high as Plain for 60% and regions Mountainous was Plots Private from and maize of Cooperatives quantities Agricultural sufficient to access had who families rural of percentage The data presented in this section on the availability of maize supplies from sales from supplies maize of availability the on section this in presented data The - 96 Te orsodn etmts o te years the for estimates corresponding The 1976. - to - er aito i te rdcin efracs f Agricultural of performances production the in variation year t qaiyaeutl cnetaie h rsls o 1975 for results the contextualize qualify/adequately to ) e four countiese four respectively. regions. Finally, a conservative estimate puts the the puts estimate conservative a Finally, regions. - collectivized regions and who had had who and regions collectivized e, I consider significant that, for for that, significant consider I e, bovița, Prahova and Argeș and Prahova bovița,
92 17 ad 94 a 1974 and 1973 1972, gs indicate that at least least at that indicate gs
data for any single single any for data 170 re re
CEU eTD Collection sufficien thatproportions hadaccess for rural families adequate to quantities ofbread. ind of quantities any appropriate to managed not had families remaining the while needs industrially of perfo been has conversion The flour. maize of availability the on data the with relationships logical and analysis of units of terms in consistent it make to order in bread on centered to access had who 1979 the in observed bread) of kg (140 flour cereal of kg 100 of level the at estimated when needs cove to sufficient quantity a respectively, Counties Argeș and Prahova Dâmbovița, Vâlcea, Gorj, in kg 87 industrially of distribution conservative. 1975 year agricultural the in mămăligă on centered diet a sufficient tosupport maize families) access of had region 495170 quantities to (232390of that Accordingly,finding maize. the of quantities sufficient to access had having as residents rural of half than more slightly population the structureof sex and agethe given resident rural 1975 ustrially - rmed on the assumption that certain families had managed to appropriate a quantity a appropriate to managed had families certain that assumption the on rmed 1976 The combination of the data sets on the proportion of families who had access to access had who families of proportion the on sets data the of combination The During t quantities of maize flour and to industrially to and flour maize of quantities t - 1980 Dietary Study. This data has been converted into proportions of families of proportions into converted been has data This Study. Dietary 1980 - - produced bread with the result that the proportions the that result the with bread produced
obe h qatt nee t cover to needed quantity the double - rdcd ra sfiin t stsy niey cr’ od consumption food ‘core’ entirely satisfy to sufficient bread produced h sm tre ures f h arclua ya 1975 year agricultural the of Quarters three same the r 99%, 86%, 75%, 79% and 83% of the annual cereal consumption consumption cereal annual the of 83% and 79% 75%, 86%, 99%, r
sufficient quantities of industrially of quantities sufficient - produced bread reached 104.3 kg, 90.6 kg, 79 kg, 83 kg and and kg 83 kg, 79 kg, 90.6 kg, 104.3 reached bread produced
slightly under half of rural families from the relevantthe from familiesrural of half slightlyunder
the average consumption needs of a a of needs consumption average the - produced bread yields estimates on estimates yields bread produced - produced bread to support a diet a support to bread produced - 1976 may prove to be overly overly be to prove may 1976 -
my model identifies only only identifies mymodel presented above become above presented
- 96 the 1976, 171
CEU eTD Collection below by characterized period a during acts consumption relevant of range the describe the estimates shortcoming, intrinsic this to addition In analysis. my through observable choice dimi considerably to potential the has that accuracy of lack a meals, 7 of industrially out meals fewer of or 5 for sufficient quantities flour maize of quantities sufficient to but bread produced to access had that con family relevant any the with up associated pick to fail estimates the Consequently, maize. of quantities sufficient not have/have categories the into families rural classify to selected been having meals 7 of out 6 least at cover to supplies maize sufficient having of limit cu the meals, 7 of out 6 least at on mămăligă or bread either consume to position a in were that families rural with associated acts consumption relevant the up pick to manage part only identifies families such involving procedure comparative the because also but data the of interpretation conservative a on based estimated been had food ‘core’ other the or suffic to access had who families of proportions the because just not acts consumption for frequencies industrially either frequencie 1975 year agricultural the in mămăligă or bread either preponderantly consume to option the had Ar for 39% to County Vâlcea for 25% from range estimates either resulting The bread. preponderantly or mămăligă consume to choose could that families rural of proportion the
of the relevant consumption acts. More precisely, the estimates presented above above presented estimates the precisely, More acts. consumption relevant the of geș County and suggest that roughly 30% of rural families from the relevant region region relevant the from families rural of 30% roughly that suggest and Countygeș - average availability of maize flour and, therefore, ar therefore, and, flour maize of availability average s for consumption acts at which rural residents could have chosen to consume to chosen have could residents rural which at acts consumption for s - 96 Tee siae cn lo e nesod o eie h minimum the define to understood be also can estimates These 1976. ient cereal products to support a diet centered almost exclusively on one one on exclusively almost centered diet a support to products cereal ient - rdcd ra o mmlg. hy a ol dfn minimum define only can They mămăligă. or bread produced e not representative for the for representative not e nish the extent of of extent the nish upin acts sumption 172 toff toff -
CEU eTD Collection Tribe Bemba the 1939). Press, University of Study Economic An Rhodesia: Northern in Diet and Labour, Land, 1991), Books, 35 513 (1999): 58 Factor,” Human The Intake: “Food Choiceand Mela, J. David and 231 34 associated costs financial relativethe of reversal historic a with initiallycoincidedchange economic ex crises. subsistence seasonal well biological to contribution measur importancewhether great foods’ food ‘core’ ‘core’ the given discussing populations when traditional for frequently configurations more even out singled been have factors eco Wheat From Main tothe 3.2 Maize as Cash Crop according tothe 1979 the which for acts consumption of number substantial a at mămăligă of consumption the allow to maize of quantities enough to access had region relevant the from and County Argeș from residents rural of proportion agricultural good by therefor characterized evidence, this years All performances. in higher substantially been have may products both to access had that families rural of proportion the 1970s, the of half second industrially of and flour 1975 year agricultural the followed that immediatelyparticularly, and,that precededproduction agricultural higher of periods
Ellen Messer, “Anthropological Perspectives on Diet,” Diet,” on Perspectives “Anthropological Messer, Ellen iny . Mintz, W. Sidney oi fcos mn te ocs hc sae niiul’ diets. individuals’ shape which forces the among factors nomic Food scholars of various affiliations have repeatedly affirmed the primacy of of primacy the affirmed repeatedly have affiliations various of scholars Food - 11. The author refines and generalizes the concepts first formulated by Audrey Richards in in Richards Audrey by formulated first concepts the generalizes and refines author The 11. planation of the dietary change. Specifically, I intend to show that the dietary I that the dietarychange. toshow Specifically, intend planation of 521. ed in terms of quantities consumed, equivalent monetary value or of its its of or value monetary equivalent consumed, quantities of terms in ed
wens ad oe. h pae f ua i mdr history modern in sugar of place The Power. and Sweetness
- 1980 Dietary industrially 1980 Study, toconsume -
produced bread had had bread produced 35
- hs eto o te hpe eauts h mrt o an of merits the evaluates Chapter the of section This being - 1976. Considering that the distribution of both maize maize both of distribution the that Considering 1976. -
for communities that faced recurrent annual and and annual recurrent faced that communities for e, conclusively demonstrates that a sizable sizable a that demonstrates conclusively e, hd nntees coe t prhs and, purchase to chosen nonetheless, had, y increased in the relevant region during the the during region relevant the in increased Annual Review of Anthrop of Review Annual
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society theNutrition of Proceedings - produced bread.produced
ology (New York: Penguin Penguin York: (New 34
h economic The
(Oxford: Oxford (Oxford:
13 (1984): 229 (1984): 13
173 - -
CEU eTD Collection 41 40 39 38 flour. maize of price ofthe onlywas 75% Bread Black the formwheatflour of under of price that the flou maize of price the than higher 75% was maize of prices 37 36 analysis preliminary a assumption, this of support In regions. between differences price reduce helped development whose system transportation road and rail a in position produ grain in transactions the of share large the considering country the throughout markets local other for representative as proposed been have market Bucharest the on observed semi flour wheat and maize for country the throughout from localities urban major from markets for maize and period 1900 the for flour maize and wheat of market Bucharest the on prices retail annual and 1900 F between in presented flour maize/maize of kilogram 1 consuming of costs previously energy available the ofmeals for theconsumption preparation of bread. helped maintain and time women’s on claims growing the and incomes monetary in rise the time that by but The 1970s, the during preparation. other each their to closer by drew costs financial required operations the of and forgone) or (real material pri the of costs the both of terms in bread and mămăligă of consumption the with
Direcția Județeană Alba a Arhivelor Naționale. Întreprinderea de Morărit și Panificație Alba, 7/1973, 4 7/1973, Alba, și Panificație Morărit de Întreprinderea Naționale. Arhivelor Albaa Județeană Direcția C.C. 310. Ibid. Axenciuc, Victor Murgescu, Bogdan h idcs rsne i Fgr 38 ersn te ais f h pie o wheat of prices the of ratios the represent 3.8 Figure in presented indices The - 40 - whi
cts that were performed on the Bucharest market and given the capital city’s central city’s capital the given and Bucharestmarket the on performed were that cts al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 13/1970, 57, 19/1974, 21, 31/1964, 1. 31/1964, 21, 19/1974, 57, 13/1970, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al 1914, The financial costs of consuming 1 kilogram of wheat/wheat flour relative to the to relative flour wheat/wheat of kilogram 1 consuming of costs financial The n t te fiil rcs f ipe lc bed bak ra wt ptte and potatoes with bread black bread, black simple of prices official the to and te bread for 1963, 1964, 1969, 1970, 1972 and 1973. and 1972 1970, 1969, 1964, 1963, for bread te
38 - based products. Accordingly, the value of 1.75 for 1911 shows that the price of wheat flour wheat of price the shows that 1911 for 1.75 of value the Accordingly, products. based
the period 1920 period the to the weighted annual wholesale prices on the Bucharest market of wheat of market Bucharest the on prices wholesale annual weighted the to gr 3.8 igure Evoluția Economică a României: Comerțul a României: Economică Evoluția România și Europa România .
37
h dt ue t cntut h rto rfr o h weighted the to refer ratios the construct to used data The
-
1940, , 340. , 39 r in that year. Alternatively, the value of 0.75 for 1972 shows 1972 for 0.75 of value the Alternatively, year. that in r
to the weighted annual retail prices on the peasantthe on prices retail annualweighted the to , 295. ,
41
The price differentials price The - ae pout t the to products based 1973 are are 1973 36
mary 174
- of of 6.
CEU eTD Collection non from and sta the from consumers by secured already quantities supplemented that supplies maize to producers and consumers by assigned value the reflect market peasant the on prices Because conditions. demand and supply in changes pea the on sold flour maize of quantities for prices State the through sold flour state rigid, the flour: maize to applied prices Fin 1975). in 75% and 1963 in (90% regions these in delivered wheat of quantity total the of share combined large their of account on justified is analysis under region the in generally more and County Argeș in consumption semi of and potatoes, with and simple bread, black of selection the circumstances, these Under bread). of mix output the in changes the to reactions consumer for 2 Section 2, Chapter (See demand acco in necessarily not and regions between considerably varied product of type each from distributed quantities the country, entire the for uniform were prices official the While configurations. dietary various of opportunities and costs the o in indices multiple of use the requires markets peasant the on sold flours market with together breads of types several and flour wheat flour, maize for prices official correlated poorly and rigid uniform, of coexistence the socialism, state Under magnitudes. similar of maize and wheat between differentials grains Romanian for ports exit main (1902 listings price - commercial sources, I have used the prices for maize flour on the peasant the on flour maize for prices the used have I sources, commercial - 93 n 10) n h sok xhne o Băl ad Galați and Brăila of exchanges stock the on 1908) and 1903 - ht bed s h bs atraie ava alternatives best the as bread white - Controlled Commercial Network and the freely the and Network Commercial Controlled -
ulse i Mntrl fca so price show Oficial Monitorul in published - determined prices for quantities of maize maize of quantities for prices determined sant markets that were sensitive to to sensitive were that markets sant te controlled commercial network network commercial controlled te - determined prices for grains and grains for prices determined ally, two different sets of of sets different two ally, dne ih consumer with rdance lbe o mămăligă to ilable - based products products based rder to asses to rder - fluctuating -
175 the the
CEU eTD Collection increasingly became bread of consumption the bread, black than other types valued other of terms in or financially gaining feed as livestock peasant or markets the commodityas on supplies of usingmaize opportunity the had who and mămăligă than rather potatoes, with and simple both bread, rura with socialism during different were radically configuration dietary each of implications financial the selling comparison, By and wheat. mămăligă consuming by make otherwise would they revenue monetary to had household the of expenses wheat consume to considering labor more the just or wheat Accordi and storagecosts. transportation similar their given producers rural local of level the to maize down percolated and wheat of prices market the between gap price the them, handling of costs the in differences that prices storage and transportation assumption likely the Under conditions. shipping identical given maize to compared higher 30% to 20% price a weight of unit per fetched wheat exchang stock the on prices on data Additional market. Bucharest the on 1940 and 1900 between flour maize/maize of kilogram a than rather flour wheat/wheat of kilogram a buy to wanted they if more 50% bread during socialism. than rather mămăligă consuming of costs the evaluating for point reference the as market codn t te data the to According
ngly, rural agricultural producers that harvested both maize andboth maize agriculturalngly, producers thatharvested rural e average, on pay, to had consumers differences, price on - - s of Brăila and Galați for 1902 for Galați and Brăila of s ae pout ad el az t cvr h monetary the cover to maize sell and products based nesv mie n wr hlig ad hc were which and holdings dwarf on maize intensive for the two cereals could only reflect differences in the the in differences reflect only could cereals two the for
oe o em wt frgig 0 o mr o the of more or 20% foregoing with terms to come products (see Section 3 of this Chapter). For bread bread For Chapter). this of 3 Section (see products l residents that chose to consume black black consume to chose that residents l - 1903 and 1908 show that show 1908 and 1903 176
CEU eTD Collection VII 1914), 43 Agricultura, României: a Economică 42 entire the if products qu cereal for requirements consumption the of 61.5% just to cover sufficient quantity level a year, This per resident rural losses. per flour wheat of storage kg 90 to and corresponded processing transportation, of gross fr Dobrogea) residents rural (including residents rural to available remained flour wheat/rye of tons 6823000 90%, of rate extraction an given process milling the in lost and residents total from Deducting areas. rural left pr seeds as used quantities of net production suggesting borders within commercialized was urbanization of level 1912 the given residents urban of needs consumption the cover to exported. were respectively (36%) 32561300 and (54.4%) tons 31738500 of production total a of out maize of tons 11649700 and wheat/rye of tons 17271000 1913, to 1900 from production: far certainly was areas rural in prices market minimally world of influence The only conditions. production local were by influenced and prices market world to aligned were prices internal trade, grain international the in integrated firmly was Romania when 1914, and 1900 Between system. production the by imposed constraints the by and national, and international semi (from consumed bread of type expensive more each with financially disadvantageous
dcin h qatte o wet sd s ed, xotd cmecaie t urban to commercialized exported, seeds, as used wheat of quantities the oduction Victor Axenciuc, Axenciuc, Victor Leonida Colescu, Colescu, Leonida antity ofwheatconsumption. for was human used - white tobread and tobaking special The price configurations for wheat and maize were determined by urban demand, demand, urban by determined were maize and wheat for configurations price The -
XI.
42
Evoluția Economică a României: Comerțul, României: a Economică Evoluția Furthermore, an estimated quantity of 2604000 tons of wheat necessary wheat of tons 2604000 of quantity estimated an Furthermore, Dicționarul Statistic al României României al Statistic Dicționarul - ecig osdrn te ere f omrilzto o grai of commercialization of degree the considering reaching
515 -
516.
ties). ties). (Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice C. Sfetea, Sfetea, C. Grafice Arte de Institutul (Bucharest:
that
lot 3 o te oa wheat/rye total the of 73% almost
372 -
373 and Victor and 373
Axenciuc,
Evoluția Evoluția 177 om 43 n
CEU eTD Collection 29 the from Population 1940). Statistică, de Central Institutului Romanian the of Census General 45 551 Agricultura, României: a Economică 44 co qualities storing better its for and housings cooking urban by provided limited possibilities the given market the from directly foodstuff prepared the acquiring of form the under wheat for premium a pay to willing were consumers urban specifically, More maize. over advantage economic andcultural a consumers urbanfor had that producta requirements seedof and exports of of level 1930 the at consumption urbanization urban demand, of terms In market. internal the on conditions demand and supply by primarily 1935 until least at determined was wheat enforced. strictly most been had restrictions export when 1925 and 1921 between exported was production of 2% just and quantity the of 5% than less while relaxed been had grain on restrictions import and be exported was production of 20% and quantity two almost Furthermore, maize. for (16.4%) tons 896164000 of production total a of out exported tons 146799000 the than less exported, were wheat of (10.9%) out tons 6840000 just 1939, and 1921 Between wheat. for prices internal social and world the and between connection the strategic severed has objectives with concerned governments European by tariffs protectionist for quantities sufficient securing with concerned governments by exports wheat of regulation the to due period Interwar the
Victor Axenciuc, Axenciuc, Victor Sabin Manuilă (Ed.), (Ed.), Manuilă Sabin Romania’s erratic and limited participation in the international wheat trade during trade wheat international the in participation limited and erratic Romania’s 45
absorbed approximately 9590550 approximatelyabsorbed Evoluția Economică a României: Comerțul României: a Economică Evoluția Recensământul General al Populației României din 29 Decemvrie 1930 [The [The 1930 Decemvrie 29 din României Populației al General Recensământul
44
Without the co the Without
- 516.
h ubn ouain n te dpin of adoption the and population urban the bread in exchange for the convenience of of convenience the for exchange in bread nnection with the world market, the price of price the market, world the with nnection tons or 21.5% of the total production net production total the of 21.5% or tons tween 1935 and 1939 when both export export both when 1939 and 1935 tween of a total production of 62877000 tons 62877000 of production total a of th
of December, 1930] 1930] December, of , 372 , -
373 and 373
Victor Axenciuc, Victor Bcaet Edi (Bucharest: - thirds of the the of thirds mpared to mpared
Evoluția Evoluția 178 tura tura
CEU eTD Collection greaterother, theybread remained well theprice nonetheless above of ofthe part thatwas more labor two that time same the at Plots Private on cultivation wheat of absence virtual the explains also it market; peasant prices their of convergence the promoted wheatand maize betweenusages of level by provided services baking the the at interchangeabilitycomplete, not although growing, This Cooperatives. Agricultural through or household the within prepared bread f the under well less financially and livestock for feed as maize than well less slightly performed wheat functions, remaining the On maize/mămăligă. over advantage residents urban by consumed bread function a lost had residents rural of reserves wheat Cooperatives. Agricultural quan wheat with residents mai wheat of fetchedbetter the ainterwar price significantly throughout period. favor in prices relative the changed exports wheat on imposed restrictions the with Consequently, 1921 wheat. interval the of for exception demand urban the given prices of equalization wheat the by imposed constraints the and ratio, grain to seed efficient more a of and hectare per yield higher a of product the maize, performanceof production better the side, supply the mămăligă.On iis f ha te rcie under received they wheat of tities While the prices of maiz of prices the While urban supplying of task the of state the by over taking the socialism, state During - intensive and rewardingand intensive maize. - based products deprived rural residents of a lucrative outlet for the for outlet lucrative a of residents rural deprived products based - - az rtto sse o pouto wre a worked production of system rotation maize thirds of the arable land was devoted to the cultivation of the of cultivation the to devoted was land arable the of thirds Significantly - 1925 when a succession of poor maize harvests and the the and harvests maize poor of succession a when 1925 e and wheat on the peasant market drew nearer to each to nearer drew market peasant the on wheat and e -
o wih t a bt a iaca ad cultural a and financial a both had it which for , the exit from the urban market meant that the that meant market urban the from exit the ,
the form of payments for work performed in in performed work for payments of form the
-
that of the basic ingredient basic the of that
gainst an an gainst
r of orm
f on the on or the the or 179 ze, ze,
CEU eTD Collection 1976] for Romania of Republic 46 the on prices of use the since problematic particularly is shortcoming This generally. commercial their or market peasant the on participation residents’ rural sector. labor the in disadvantage comparative their fully overcome 1976 as late as products animal one than owningmore households private with system price multiple the of advantage take to managed residents rural that remunerative suggestsYearbooksStatistical the fromdata at The markets. blackpeasantand the on prices products animal to converted or directly cereals of stocks own their state at flour, maize and bread both products, cereal buying a at producing was financiall sector livestock the while 2) Chapter (see accumulation capital of levels high produced sector baking the since changes price actual of absence the in grain of from supplies transfer a involving conditions market to adjustment indirect an Moreover, nature. fixed their given network commercial official the through sold products cereal of the on sold grain products for level price high a determined products animal of demand growing and continuously consumption the residents, rural and urban of requirements food ‘core’ the increa incomes rural and urban With 1960s. the with beginning areas rural in quantities growing in distributed
Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Socialiste România pe 1976 [Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Socialist the of Yearbook [Statistical 1976 pe România Socialiste Republicii al Statistic Anuarul
The absence of data on quantities sold precludes the possib the precludes sold quantities on data of absence The oss. Consequently, the rural residents had the opportunity to gain financially by financiallygain to opportunity the had residents rural the Consequently, oss.
bread - sing throughout the period and with the state committed to satisfying to committed state the with and period the throughout sing
making to livestock rearing within the state sector was unappealing was sector state the within rearing livestock to making free market but could not produce an analogous effect on the prices the on effect analogous an produce not could but market free
(Bucharest: Direcția Centrală de Statistică, 1977), 254. 243, Statistică,1977), de Centrală Direcția (Bucharest:
46
as state and cooperative enterprises had been unable to unable been had enterprises cooperative and state as - third of all livestock but producingroughlylivestockbut all of third - - fixed prices and by selling selling by and prices fixed nesv lvsok rearing livestock intensive ility of estimating the estimating of ility - mindedness more mindedness
one half of of half one 180
CEU eTD Collection from 90% of of rate quantities extraction flour, to ofgr.flour 720 of ratio the anusing quantities grain to converted maizeresidents rural to available bread produced at of grain production to the converted for flour distributed wheat/rye maize of (quantities Network Commercial 47 form the under respectively Romania and County Argeș from residents rural to available Rising Incomes 3.3 and for AnimalProducts, Demand Rural and Urban for bread on spent otherwise whatever purposes. other money the use and mămăligă and flour into supplies the increase to supplies maize the using and bread consuming and buying between taken be to had decision a cases, such In signals. market receive not did that residents rural of part that for process decisional necessary makes objection first the bread, ready buying of alternative the against mămăligă into flour maize the preparing of cost the of exclusion the by softened is objection second the While appropriateness. the minus value market the consid have would stocks maize their selling of option the pondering residents rural knowledgeable as purpose my for indicators imperfect are prices market the addition, In in and products of flow the facilitated have would that middlemen by a performed transactions including of prohibition activities disrupting particularly trading private on restrictions official the considering defend Ho value. market prevailing the above return a gave that purposes other for them employ to or supplies maize their sell to chose and market that assumes foods and costs the estimating for standards as market peasant
h sucs o sources The In the agricultural yearagriculturalIn the cereal f - all based products (maize and wheat/rye) covered by the estimates are: the State State the are: estimates the by covered wheat/rye) and (maize products based
ua rsdns ee nomd f h stain n h peasant the on situation the of informed were residents rural
1975 ot of costs availability of animal products or to convert the maize maize the convert to or products animal of availability - 1976, 6.2% formation between producers and consumers. and producers between formation performing the sale when evaluating its its evaluating when sale the performing the reconsideration of the parameters of the the of parameters the of reconsideration the 47
and 21% ofcerealand 21% wever, this assumption is difficult to difficult is assumption this wever,
benefits of alternative ‘core’ ‘core’ alternative of benefits ri, uniis f industrially of quantities grain, - based products were products based -
made made ered 181 -
CEU eTD Collection 3 nationally the and Cooperatives years agricultural Agricultural 7 for by observed made payments maize low payments for figure of reported lowest volume the represents The above. listed Cooperatives County, Argeș for in members Romania cooperative to of cereals Republic Socialist the of Yearbook 1976] [Statistical 1976 pe România Socialiste Republicii see Landholdings, Individual and Plots Private on wheat/rye and maize of production industrially o information For County. Argeș in and value) (estimated 1974 year agricultural the of end the at members cooperative to Cooperatives Agricultural and Plots Private on production cereal the 90%), of Indi flour for rate extraction an and bread of kilogram 1 pr the with sectors.distribution responsible authorities the to appealing more them make and preferences their convey efficiently to possibilities limited had consumers the that and quantities insufficient in distributed was flour) maize or (maize commodity preferred grain of availability the increase to solution best second a as bread of distribution growing the accommodated residents rural the situation, latter the (o food as bread for preference consumer a with both compatible is bread purchase to decision residents’ rural the conditions, these Under preferences. consumer to delays with and centrally whic system in a of context its the prices, in prevailing straightforward less the is at interpretation products cereal alternative over bread for preferences purchase industria to decision residents’ rural the While consumers. by purchased was quantity entire the virtually that suggests evidence archival the and Romania in resident rural per kg 41 to 11 to corresponded quantity products baking of
est out of six years for wheat payments from the interval 1963 interval from the wheat payments for years six of out est iul adodns wetre n mie gos f ed eurmns n te amns ae by made payments the and requirements seed of gross maize) and (wheat/rye Landholdings vidual
(Bucharest: Direcția Centrală de Statistică), 197 and 222 and 197 Statistică), de Centrală Direcția (Bucharest: ver alternative types of cereal products) and with a case of forced substitution. In substitution. forced of case a with and products) cereal of types alternative ver - produced bread, see C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 195/1976, 47 195/1976, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. see bread, produced h the production and distribution sectors adjusted andsectors imperfectly, distribution production infrequently h the lly produced bread would have reflectedfree inamarketeconomylly bread wouldhave their produced prepared
6 kg per rural resident in Argeș County (annual estimate) and and estimate) (annual County Argeș in resident rural per kg 6
sn ha for rmteSaesCnrl eevs This Reserves. Central State’s the from flour wheat using
see the Annual Reports on 1975 of the 20 Agricultural Agricultural 20 the of 1975 on Reports Annual the see n the distribution of maize, wheat/rye flour and and flour wheat/rye maize, of distribution the n
- 224. For information on the payments of of payments the on information For 224. - 1977. 1977. -
ae fde given fodder based - 52. For information on the the on information For 52. - lne economic planned
Anuarul Statistic Anuarul
- and oduction 1975 nationally 1975
that the the that 182
al al rd
CEU eTD Collection for necessary is level understa national the at discussion the Furthermore, average. national ofindustriallymarkedly region bread inthis compared tothe higherproduced distribution ru of revenues the in developments the of particularities the especially and similarities the underline to intended is design comparative The County. Argeș and Romania from residents rural of is, separatedfrom function of its increasing supply.fodder the more purchase to residents produced industrially frequently rural determined have argue, I which, products animal for preference and demand growing a for case the and incomes in developments the only sub next the in discussed be will grain of the function augmenting its of independent food as bread for preference consumer a for evidence meanin cultural its characteristics, sensory its for preference consumer possible a considering food as bread and products animal both for demand the increased incomes rising the hand, other the On products. s to order in substitution forced to resort to willingness their enhanced hand, one the on incomes, disposable their in particularly and incomes residents’ rural the in increase marked A hypotheses. substitution forced consumer genuine the both support market peasant the by provided motivation pecuniary the beyond bread produced industriallypurchase to The analysis is analysis The decision residents’ rural the explain to subsection this in presented arguments The dn h eeomns n ore o eeus uh s non as such revenues of sources in developments the nding ral residents from Argeș County that might offer an explanation for the the for explanation an offer might that County Argeș from residents ral -
ae fde sple o rrl eiet i cran circumstances certain in residents rural of supplies fodder based structured as a comparison between developments in the revenues the in developments between comparison a as structured bread regardless of their opinion of bread as food as bread of opinion their of regardless bread section and in Chapter 4. In this subsection, I discuss discuss I subsection, this In 4. Chapter in and section s n/r t time its and/or gs ecure greater quantities of highly valued animal animal valued highly of quantities greater ecure
preference for bread as food and the and food as bread for preference -
n labor and
- aig ulte. The qualities. saving - giutrl wages agricultural -
that that 183
CEU eTD Collection the on effect minimal a has but income resident rural per average the of underestimation of doub risk the against precaution a as excluded been has sector rearing livestock private the by created value the while recipients rural of number the on data insufficient to due i vegetal of conversion the and rearing livestock with associated component added value and value non in worked who residents rural of case the in pensions p market free at valued Landholdings Individual and Plots Private on production vegetal the and in the residents,rural ag old the sectors, non in performed work for payments salaried the Cooperatives, Agricultural in performed work for payments monetary the considered: been have income of sources of terms In years. two these for available abundantly most been has household rural the of income total the to contributing sources of variety the on information the because residents rural of revenues of number the on data as County beneficiariesappropriateavailable. level at the hasnotbeen Argeș from residents rural to made payments of volume the estimate to used been have benefits welfare of and members Cooperative co level national the at developments the Finally, context. national entire the to reference in designed policies official by determined were that systems welfare and pensions and crig h rvne rcie udr h fr o od g pnin fr re for pensions age old of form the under received revenues the ncerning le - The years 1966 and 1974 ha 1974 and years1966 The onig Te xlso o te w sucs f noe rsls n an in results incomes of sources two the of exclusion The counting. nto animal products. The revenues from old age pensions have been excluded excluded been have pensions age old from revenues The products. animal nto ie. h cluae icm de nt nld te eeus rm l age old from revenues the include not does income calculated The rices. e pensions for former Cooperative workers, the social benefits paid to paid benefits social the workers, Cooperative former for pensions e - kind payments for work performed in the AgriculturalCooperativesthe in performed paymentsworkfor kind the degree of coverage of the presented estimates, the following the estimates, presented the of coverage of degree the ve been selected for the diachronic comparison of the the of comparison diachronic the for selected been ve
- agricultural sectors and the the and sectors agricultural - agricultural tired tired 184
CEU eTD Collection 50 49 1976] for Romania of Republic 48 Cooperatives Agricultural by made prices) production average at (valued payments kind a of value the level, national the at data to According Production. Landholding Individual and Plot Private in growth a from and personnel agricultural non remunerative reside rural active of profile employment the in change a from work, agricultural in engaged members of number the in decrease marked a of spite in population rural the to Cooperatives Agricultural by made indirect, and direct payments, 1974 nationally 3.3.1 Developments Nominal Revenues the of in of thegap incomeareexpected tobe minimal. income total in rate increase the behind the Only of sources. production surveyed the from income the of that to compared growth of rate producers private to enterprises state by offered prices purchasing nationally grew meat of production private the Furthermore, wages. in increase the with parallel in increased pensions as and 1966 to compared 1974 in pensions receive to eligible were age old unde from pensions revenues of exclusion the anything, If income. in difference observed
Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Socialiste România 1976, pe România Socialiste Republicii Statistical Anuarul 12. 19/1974, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Socialiste România pe 1976 [Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Socialist the of Yearbook [Statistical 1976 pe România Socialiste Republicii al Statistic Anuarul . The rise in income per rural resident resulted from a stabilizat a from resulted resident rural per income in rise The . Ac
odn t m cluain, the calculations, my to cording rm 5 li o 9 li e mnh a ices of increase (an month per lei 497 to lei 359 from y 55% by
restimates the increase in incomes as considerably more rural residents residents rural more considerably as incomes in increase the restimates ik ices o 2% ad gs ices o 2% lge significantly lagged 22%) of (increase eggs and 25%) of (increase milk - agricultural jobs, from a rise in medium and minimum wages for non for wages minimum and medium in rise a from jobs, agricultural 48
hc tgte wt a ices o 1% n h cnrcig and contracting the in 10% of increase an with together which
(Bucharest: Direcția Centrală de Statistică), 254 Statistică), de Centrală Direcția (Bucharest:
50
but the influence of their exclusion on the size the on exclusion their of influence the but per rural resident income had increased increased had income resident rural per
Rural R 254 - 255.
esidents fromesidents Romania 39% nnual monetary and in and monetary nnual - 2 49 nts in favor of more more of favor in nts 55. bten 96 and 1966 between )
resulted in a higher a in resulted ion of the value of value the of ion
185 - -
CEU eTD Collection 54 activitati Motives 53 108. 18/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al in C.C. funds presented securities social and pensions P. al C.C. in presented Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. 52 in indicated lei 829.000.000 108. 18/1977, of funds securities social and pensions of behalf payments on Cooperatives Agricultural thesethe by made contributions the added To been have 6. 10/1971, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. in presented income annual average the who members Cooperative of number 51 fund pension the to production annual their of value gross the of 7% 1971, with beginning and, 3.5% contributed Cooperatives Agricultural join the Members: financed Cooperative technically was and 1966 in established systemwas pension The tax). income of net (8.946.000.000 lei 9.946.000.000 to to lei 10.467.184.000 1966 from decreased years respective the during performed work the for in lei 829.000.000 from o volume the while 1974 increased in lei 2.275.000.000 fund securities social and pension available consumption in1966. for the below slightly consumption, future and present for residents rural to available were 1974 in Cooperatives Agricultural by made payments of volume that income members. Cooperative to redistribution net the from beforehand deducted was and hectare per a tax Agriculturalcharged as Cooperatives was tothe tax income Before the thatdate, 1968. with starting levied was that members Cooperative active of revenues annual the ap of tax income an includes 1974 in made payments of volume the 1966 in lei 11.296.184.000 from increased
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 18/1977, 108. 18/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Law 61/1968 Concerning the Taxation of Incomes Derived from Agricultural Act Agricultural from Derived Incomes of Taxation the Concerning 61/1968 Law The total volume of direct payments to Cooperative members has been calculated by multiplying the the multiplying by calculated been has members Cooperative to payments direct of volume total The The total volume of payments made by Agricultural Cooperatives includes the direct payments payments direct the includes Cooperatives Agricultural by made payments of volume total The . - Within these payments, the Agricultural Cooperatives’ annual contribution to the the to contribution annual Cooperatives’ Agricultural the payments, these Within agricole/1 http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/g43tmnju/legea
[last accessed on 3/23/2014]. 3/23/2014]. on accessed [last C.R. Secția Economică. 3/1975 (Volume I), 27 and the indirect payments for the the for payments indirect the and 27 I), (Volume 3/1975 Economică. Secția C.R.
have performed any kind of work in the Agricultural Cooperatives to to Cooperatives Agricultural the in work of kind any performed have
53
Consequently, only 11.221.000.000 lei from the from lei 11.221.000.000 only Consequently, -
nr 51 - 61
to 12.221.000.000 lei in 1974. in lei 12.221.000.000 to f payments made to Cooperative members Cooperative to made payments f - 1968 tly by Agricultural Cooperatives and and Cooperatives Agricultural by tly - privind - impunerea - oue f payments of volume veniturilor proximately 10% of of 10% proximately
was available for for available was ivities. Exposition of of Exposition ivities. their members to the the to members their 52 - realizate
However, 54
and the and - 186 d in -
CEU eTD Collection 57 56 55 crops 8 of selection a of production of thevalue to figuresrefer increase). The (20% 12.159.057.000 leiin1974 fro well as increased landholdings private and plots 1966 and 1974byestimatea of12%against rough 11.522.000.000). (10.317.184.000 in Cooperatives Agricultural the from active, and retired members, Cooperative by received consumption for available immediately payments of volume the sense, this In 1974. in received lei 2.697.000.000 and paid were rece were benefits social or pensions no but 1966 in lei 979.000.000 paid members Cooperative and Cooperatives Agricultural the aspect, members all for pensions gr their to proportion in Cooperatives of contribution high of members from low of members members, to performance Cooperative retired to working from income Accord Members. Cooperative active to madepayments of volume the in fall the explains partly fund pension the to Cooperatives Agricultural of contribution rising the fact, In year. each of end the at members working t income net annual the diminished contributions Cooperatives’ Agricultural the since system pension the completely almost financing were they indirectly fund, pension the to degree limited a to only contributed members annually lei 60 contributed members Cooperative
The 8 crops are maize, wheat, potatoes, beans, cabbage, tomatoes, onions and pe onions and tomatoes, cabbage, beans, potatoes, maize,wheat, are crops 8 The 68 Ibid., 64 11/1965, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al The revenues derived by rural residents from agricultural work on their private private their on work agricultural from residents rural by derived revenues The - 69.
57
that occupied 86% and 78% of the cultivated area from private from area cultivated the of 78% and 86% occupied that
-
and from present to future consumption. Regarding the last the Regarding consumption. future to present from and
- efrac Arclua Cooperatives Agricultural performance -
ingly, the pension system enabled a transfer of of transfer a enabled system pension the ingly, 65.
each year had actually increased between between increased actually had year each hat was available for redistribution to redistribution for available was hat ived that year while 2.396.000.000 lei 2.396.000.000 while year that ived . 55
oss incomes and the fixed value of value fixed the and incomes oss hl tcncly h Cooperative the technically While 1.2.4.0 li n 96 to 1966 in lei 10.124.546.000 m ppers. ppers.
56
-
ie the given
187 -
CEU eTD Collection and 57 13/1970, Economică, Secția P.C.R. al C.C. at available are 21. 19/1974, prices of lists The 1973. and 1969 58 page (see above discussed biases overestimation the all it with 185 (see previously discussed as rearing livestock with associated added valued and value the of exclusion the to addition in production vegetal of value the of estimates the depresses analysis my in incomes of sources all of coverage imperfect the Therefore, not is production agricultural revenues. actual private the than lower necessarily are revenues of gross calculated the exhaustive, survey the that sense the In considered. est the of comparability the affect that qualifications several below, presented employment (18.9%). (20.4%) members Cooperative of Plots Private the on rate higher slightly a at increased production of value the sectors, economic by Finally, production. of value the in increase the of part greater producti structured better and higher that indicating 18% of growth of rate smaller slightly a produces prices base purposes. consumption for residents rural to adequatelyrefle to order in available been has data which for year closest the in products eight the for prices market free the at valued been has production The available. been has prices market free and produced for respectively landholdings private and plots
For evaluating the production of the 8 crops in 1966 and in 1974, I have used the free market prices from from prices market free the used have I 1974, in and 1966 in crops 8 the of production the evaluating For imates of revenues from Private Plot and Private Landholding production have to be to have production Landholding Private and Plot Private from revenues of imates ). In the opposite direction, the valuing of production at free market prices carries carries prices market free at production of valuing the direction, opposite the In ).
In anticipation of the analysis of incomes from agricultural and non and agricultural from incomes of analysis the of anticipation In
than on the Private Landholdings of non of Landholdings Private the on than
n n nt h mvmn o pie ws epnil fr the for responsible was prices of movement the not and on
ct changes in incomes that were potentially available potentiallywere that incomes in changes ct 58
An alternative valuation at 1966 or 1974 or 1966 at valuation alternative An which detailed information on quantities on information detailed which -
Collectivized rural residents residents rural Collectivized 180 - 181 ) plus it conveys it plus ) - agricultural page s
184 188 -
CEU eTD Collection 60 59 agri of outside employment from revenues in developments levels ofsector. giventhelivestockrearing exclusion the p from derived revenues overall the of estimates the However, production. of sources all of coverage incomplete the despite purposes consumption for residents rural to available incomes the of analysis L and Plots Private on deri the revenues net the Overall, of 1974. for taxes value after revenues the precisely determine to available is data enough not revenues, gross n revenues the that thus, and, 2/1977), no. law (until force in were law 1971 the of provisions the as long as level 1966 the reach rearing. livestock andde exemptions tax and households income low for 1971 in lei 106.796.000 to dropped tax the of quantum the but 1966 in lei 240.178.000 was activities agricultural private from revenues o value The 1974. for tax income of gross but 1966 for tax income of net are subsection the this in henceforth used Finally, be will that purposes. revenues estimated consumption for residents rural to available source this from ov therefore and investments and requirements seed of gross are production agricultural private from revenues calculated the Furthermore, peasant market. the on offered prices the remunerative considered they if money to products positio ina were residents rural thatall the inaccurate impression
Ibid., 7. Ibid., ale ArhiveleNaționale h 2% rwh ae f eeus rm giutrl ciiis niae that indicates activities agricultural from revenues of rate growth 20% The
60
While it is safe to assume that the quantum of the income tax did not did tax income the of quantum the that assume to safe is it While României. C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Agrară. 18/1971, 17. 18/1971, Agrară. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. României. andhold
rivate agricultural production may be slightly below the actual the below slightly be may production agricultural rivate
ns r crany oe ta te siae ue i my in used estimates the than lower certainly are ings et of income tax increased at a faster rate than the the than rate faster a at increased tax income of et 59
as law 6/1971 introduced tax exemptions tax introduced 6/1971 law as ductions for households engagedhouseholds forin ductions
f the income tax charged on on charged tax income the f culture had been responsible responsible been had culture ved from vegetal production production vegetal from ved erestimate the net revenues revenues net the erestimate n to readily convert their their n toreadilyconvert
189
CEU eTD Collection Economică 64 63 socio this of4.3%. rate growth for an annual yielded increase of rate annual constant employed residents rural of number 102 263/2010, Social Structura from data adjusted to at 102 62 263/2010, Law 3/29/2014] on accessed of 7 National Annex the of Subsectors in and Sectors by Population Active Economy] The Part: First VII: Volume March 1966. of Census 15th, Housing and Population [The Naționale Economiei ale Subramuri și Ramuri pe Activă from data to 61 former employment from revenues possible other of gross month per lei 842.279.890 of revenue additional non into residents 1970 to in 3376000 1966 in 4108000 from decreased Cooperatives Agricultural in active members of number the that time same the at 1974 in figure) (estimated 1986520 to 1966 in 1413930 rura of number the parallel, In 1966. in areas rural from the in rise ofnumberwage to the applied difference) thesmalleris (the lei wage388 medium of if month per lei 548.604.800 of revenue in increase an to themselves respect (92%) lei 1058.33 to 550 from and (36%) lei 1471 to lei wages, Concerning non to agricultural from labor rural of outflow an and wages lei 1.531.286.200 non from revenues the 1974, and 1966 Between incomes. resident rural per in increase the of part greater the for
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Agrară. 10/1971, 6. 10/1971, Agrară. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Calculated by multiplying the number of rural residents employed in non in employed residents rural of number the multiplying by Calculated non in employed residents rural of number the multiplying by Calculated Rec ensământul Populației și al Locuințelor din 5 Ianuarie 1977. Vol. II: Populație II: Vol. 1977. Ianuarie 5 din Locuințelor al și Populației ensământul
(Bucharest: Direcția Centra Direcția (Bucharest: , , 56 Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor din 15 martie 1966. Vol. VII: Par VII: Vol. 1966. martie 15 din Locuințelor și Populației Recensământul
http://www.cpmb.rdsnet.ro/Legislatie/LG_263_2010.pdf - Economică, Economică, 63 - 61 Recensământul Populației și al Locuințelor din 5 Ianuarie 1977. Vol. II: Populație Populație II: Vol. 1977. Ianuarie 5 din Locuințelor al și Populației Recensământul agricultural employment together with the increase in wages generated wages in increase the with together employment agricultural
and to a minimum of 2749850 in 1976. in 2749850 of minimum a to and the medium net and minimum wages per month increased from 1083 from increased month per wages minimum and net medium the
o .2.7.0 lei 2.922.170.900 to -
agricultural employment excluding pensions increased from from increased pensions excluding employment agricultural 370 - 371, 371,
in non in 1969), Statistică, de lă o the to
- http://www.cpmb.rdsnet.ro/Legislatie/LG_263_2010.pdf agricultural sectors in 1974 has been estimated by assuming a a assuming by estimated been has 1974 in sectors agricultural
medium wage for 1974 presented in Annex 7 of Law Law of 7 Annex in presented 1974 for wage medium - economic category between 1966 and 1977 which has has which 1977 and 1966 between category economic 62
e mnh u t due month per
3 - 5,
to the medium wage for 1966 presented presented 1966 for wage medium the to wage l
64 [Last accessed on 3/29/2014]. The 3/29/2014]. on accessed [Last a obnto o higher of combination a o
The - - - giutrl employment. agricultural agricultural sectors according according sectors agricultural according sectors agricultural ively and contributed by contributed and ively - earners increased from from increased earners
entry of 572590 rural 572590 of entry tea Întîi Întîi tea -
Structura Social Structura -
Populația Populația - earners earners
[Last [Last 190 - -
CEU eTD Collection by made payments the on usedaspayment. ofproducts the basket for marketprices free in information of detailed and value production between differences the the whichreflect to 3.2 of on factor a by for multiplied estimates been have prices production the year Finally, last found. been the have 1968, Cooperatives Agricultural year the for data the P.C.R. 17 al 4/1968, Economică, Secția C.C. in available 1965 year the for data the on based 1966 for 50% at estimated been has prices in in and the monetary of share The which prices. in documents official in recorded payments of value total the than higher much therefore, is, Cooperatives Agricultural from received payments of value C Agricultural from received payments kind 65 wageof 8.8% bottom the only 1966, in that shows further wages of categories by personnel salaried of breakdown 54.5% just to equivalent and 1974 in it below considerably 1966, in wage minimum the above slightly income average an received Cooperatives Agricultural in active residents rural terms absolute in and agricultural from revenues average the If lei). (590 1966 in than higher 32% 1974, in 780.2 was Cooperative the in work his/her for indirectly, and directly member, a by derived income the Cooperatives, prices market at valued production 20%higher520 leiin1974,almost than in1966(438). was Cooperative activea inthe member of income themonthly result, Cooperatives. a As decr the than rate slower a at decreased Members Cooperative to made funds welfare social and pensions the to contributions of and tax income of net payments of volume the Cooperatives, Agricultural the Within n its and it behind motivations financial non and agricultural non into labor of
The income estimates presented above include the monetary payments and the monetary value of the in the of value monetary the and payments monetary the include above presented estimates income The Given the sizable contribution to the to the to contribution sizable the Given - giutrl mlyet a oprtv aayi o icms from incomes of analysis comparative a employment, agricultural - agricultural employment is appropriate in order to understand the the understand to order in appropriate is employment agricultural
. The corresponding estimate of 60% of estimate corresponding The . - earners received less than 700 lei per month while 46% of them them of while46% month per lei 700 than less receivedearners
f h nt eim ae n oh er. mr detailed more A years. both in wage medium net the of
- kind payments in the total value of payments evaluated at production production at evaluated payments of value total the in payments kind non - agricultural incomes increased at rather similar rates, rates, similar rather at increased incomes agricultural
ooperatives evaluated at free market prices. The resulting total total resulting The prices. market free at evaluated ooperatives are added to the revenues from the Agricultural Agricultural the from revenues the to added are ae n h nme o mmes cie n the in active members of number the in ease et contribution to the rise in rural revenues. revenues. rural in rise the to contribution et tal revenues of rural residents of the inflow the of residents rural of revenues tal - id amns r evaluate are payments kind 65
-
40% in 1974 has been derived based on based derived been has 1974 in 40% Ifrevenues PrivatePlot the from - kind payments at at payments kind d at production production at d 191 -
CEU eTD Collection 66 net members Cooperative active to made payments of volume the and 1.013.254.750 to lei 843.712.200 from moderately more increased landholdings private and plots private from production agricultural of value the lei, 224.750.000 to we and pensions of form the under received payments of volume the activities, agricultural from revenues the Among month. per lei 2.812.338.083 to lei 2.689.779.834 from modestly more increased had activities agricultural from indirectly d revenues comparison, By revenues. in increase the of part larger the for account therefore and income) total of (51% lei 2.922.170.900 to income) total of non relatedto incomes from nationally increased sources of terms residentsIn 1974. in lei 5.736.908.170 to 1966 in rural lei 4.221.066.000 to purposes consumption revenues monthly for total available The household. rural the of propensities purchasing the for considera with 1974 and 1966 between significantly changed revenues associated amounted with it to383.237.300lei. labo rural of migration from non derived and revenues agricultural the between wage, medium the of 45.5% to equivalent gap, 10% of the salaried worker average an of revenue the times several received personnel specialized and administrative the which in distribution asymmetrical an given le 1101 than more received
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 20/1966, 72. 20/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Parallel to the increase in total incomes, the contribution of each source of of source each of contribution the incomes, total in increase the to Parallel personnel and considerably less than the average salaried worker. thantheThe andconsiderablyaverage salaried less personnel - agricultural employment offers part of the explanation for the the for explanation the of part offers employment agricultural - agricultural employment increased from 1.531.286.190 lei (36.7% (36.7% lei 1.531.286.190 fromincreased employment agricultural dsusd bv ad niae ta te e gi i revenues in gain net the that indicates and above discussed r
i. 66
Thus, more than half of the active Cooperative members Cooperative active the of half than more Thus,
-
earned less than the bottom bottom the than less earned of income tax decreased tax income of lfare benefits increased increased benefits lfare erived directly or or directly erived ble consequences ble of revenues, revenues, of 192 -
CEU eTD Collection slightly a at 1974 in month per lei 192.889.800 to 1966 in lei 123.830.300 from increased 3.3.2 Developments Nominal RuralR Revenues the of in toproductionsensitive performancegenerally. more members Cooperative income of sources the those reducing of weight by revenue in fluctuations seasonal and annual the diminished income 204 pages the to compared regard this in space maneuvering wider a period the throughout enjoyed household rural the although network commercial socialist the through distributed commodities of structure the con by degree increasing households’ an in influenced rural the result, a As network. commercial socialist the with contact closer in resident rural the brought directly, consumed be could which and expense greater at commodities other for exchanged be could which products i of share declining the and market the to relation in only value had whichand commodities of purchasing enabledeasy that forma in incomes of sharerising The income. in increase entire the than higher slightly value a lei, 1.602.902.730 by dates monetary and benefits Cooperatives t between Agricultural increased inthe performed payments work for welfare pensions, payments, wage including residents rural of incomes monetary the important fact, In 1974. in re two 61% to was 1966 in that 46.5% had from form revenue monetary revenue the of total share the in increased income it First, of consequences. sources various the of weight changing The prices). market at (evaluated lei 1.574.333.300 to lei 1.846.067.700 from codn t m cluain, h rvne o rrl eiet i Agș County Argeș in residents rural of revenues the calculations, my to According - 205
below). -
eody te iig hr o non of share rising the Secondly, that were affected by climatic conditions or that were more more were that or conditions climatic by affected were that -
rvt Po pouto ad paymen and production Plot Private
esidents fromesidents Arg - agricultural and monetary monetary and agricultural upin ais were habits sumption
urban household ( household urban ncome in the form of of form the in ncome evd unde ceived s o Active to ts eș County he two 193 see see r
CEU eTD Collection II Vol. VII, Vol. 1966. martie 15 din non The County. Argeș for 3.65% of rate growth annual an yielded has socio this for ofincrease rate annual constant a assuming 67 agric 1974). in 87840 to 1966 in 66452 smaller comparatively non into labor ruralof inflow a reflected and lower slightly was non County of Argeș rate in growth revenues 80% the however, level national the at rate growth 91% the to Compared revenue. total in increase the of part non greater in the for rise accounting the with income) total of (67% lei 129.212.640 to non for residents rural by received payments of volume the well, as County rural Argeș in to personnel made salaried payments the for aggregate, the on representative, was wage medium nat the that assumption the On degree. of differences noteworthy several also but Cooperatives, Agricultural the from directly received payments of volume the in decline non from a and activities incomes Landholding Individual and rising Plot Private from involving and sources agricultural Romania and County rural Argeș of from revenues the residents in developments for pattern general similar a reveals income of sources by analysis The 1974. i in lei level) 497 of national level national the the below of insignificantly 91% at County Argeș in income resident rural (per lei 359 of average national the moderatelybelow levels 1974, in lei 494.14 and 1966 in lei 326.7 of income resident rural per a to nonetheless, corresponded, revenues These to compared (51% level national the at revenues rural to compared rate higher
The number number The - agricultural sectors in 1966 and 1977 have been taken from from taken been have 1977 and 1966 in sectors agricultural ultural employment per rural resident nationally and in Argeș County drew closer to closer drew County Argeș in and nationally resident rural per employment ultural , 383
f ua rsdns mlyd n non in employed residents rural of - agricultural work increased from 71.967.516 lei (58% of total inco total of (58% lei 71.967.516 from increased work agricultural
9, and from and 9, -
agricultural employment of just 21388 rural residents (from (from residents rural21388 just of employment agricultural
Recensământul Populației și al Locuințelor din 5 Ianuarie 1977. Ianuarie 5 din Locuințelor al și Populației Recensământul 67
s rsl, h lvl o rvne rm non from revenue of levels the result, a As - agricultural sectors in 1974 has been estimated by by estimated been has 1974 in sectors agricultural - economic category between 1966 and 1977 which 1977 and 1966 between category economic Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor Locuințelor și Populației Recensământul number of rural residents employed in in employed residents rural of number - agricultural incomes incomes agricultural 16 and 1966 n - agricultural agricultural 38.4%). ional ional me) 194 - -
CEU eTD Collection 1975] for Romania of Republic 68 from declined members active to County Argeș from Cooperatives Agricultural by made of their Agricultural Cooperatives’thepensionscontribution to and welfare funds share the than higher was that benefits welfare and pensions of form the under payments of volume the of share a received County Argeș from members Cooperative retired the wordother In system. bypension Cooperativesintroduced the performanceAgricultural high from income of transfer the from benefited county this from members Cooperative retired the performance, economic of terms in average national Agricultural As funds. welfare to compared well less aggregate, the in performed, County and Argeș from Cooperatives pensions the to contributions Cooperatives’ their to than rather service in years their to proportion in members Cooperative retired rew that law the of provisions the with accordance in 1966 in members Cooperative active of number total the of share County’s the on based been has County Argeș from residents rural to assigned benefits welfare and pensions of form the under payments volum the of share The lei. 5.445.848 to increased benefits welfare and pensions lei 34537600 to lei (estimated) 24.000.000 from increased Landholdings Private and Plots Private on production 1966).to 68lei in compared 1974 in lei 72.9 of (difference terms absolute in apart slightly grew but 1966) in 44% to compared 1974 in 28% of (difference terms relative in 1974 by other each
Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Socialiste România pe 1975 [Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Socialist the of Yearbook [Statistical 1975 pe România Socialiste Republicii al Statistic Anuarul Similarly to developments at the national level, the annual volume of payments of volume annual the level, national the at developments to Similarly non in increase the to addition In
(Bucharest: Direcția Centrală de Statistică), 246 Statistică), de Centrală Direcția (Bucharest: 68
n te oue f amns eevd ne te f the under received payments of volume the and - agricultural revenues, the value of the the of value the revenues, agricultural - 251. 251. - performance to low to performance
.
r of orm arded arded of e 195 the the s - ,
CEU eTD Collection C.A.P. 3/1966, 70 Argeș, de 4/1966. Râca, C.A.P. Curtea unmarked/1966, Zărnești, C.A.P. 3/1966, Ștefănești, C.A.P. unamarked/1966, C.A.P. Slobozia, C.A.P. 2/1966, Lerești, C.A.P. 6/1966, unmarked/1966, Mărului, Valea C.A.P. Telești, 5/1966, C.A.P. 1/1966, Buzoești, unma C.A.P. Urlueni, 1/1966, Vâlsănești, C.A.P. 4/1966, Ungheni, C.A.P. 3/1966, Dobrești, C.A.P. 2/1966, Sus, de Săpata C.A.P. 1/1966, Moșoaia, C.A.P. 1/1966, Drăganu, 69 Cooperative members. of revenues the on repercussions associated its with County Argeș from Cooperatives emphasize repeatedly supp are results the Moreover, years. selected the to specific and 1974 in 61% and 1966 in revenue average national the of 72% earned County Argeș from member e optimistic more these to According used. are 1974 and 1966 for samples the from information the with compatible Intervals Confidence 95% the of limit upper the if even average national the below substantially was Cooperative Agricultural his for County Argeș from resident rural a by derived revenue average the importantly, More level. national the from rate growth 20% the averageplus 1966 the below nonetheless is data 1974 the for Interval Confidence 95% the of limit upper the as bottom 437.5 from level national the at increase corresponding a against 1974 an in to lei 294 1966 of average in lei 285 of average an from modestly only increased Cooperatives the in active members of revenues the that shows year each for Cooperatives Agricultural 30 Fu 1966 in lei 341.603.000
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Agrară. 11/1965, 52 11/1965, Agrară. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Direcția Judeteană Argeș a Arhivelor Naționale. C.A.P. Căteasca, C.A.P. Naționale. Arhivelor a Argeș Judeteană Direcția rthermore, the statistical analysis of the data from the Annual Reports of a sample of of sample a of Reports Annual the from data the of analysis statistical the rthermore,
lei to 522 lei. The slower rate of growth is highly unlikely to be the result of the the of result the be to unlikely highly is growth of rate slower The lei. 522 to lei - up approach used in evaluating the revenues per active member in Arge in member active per revenues the evaluating in used approach up rked/1966, C.A.P. Poenarii de Muscel, 2/1966, C.A.P. Țițești, 1/1966, C.A.P. Bălilești, Bălilești, C.A.P. 1/1966, Țițești, C.A.P. 2/1966, Muscel, de Poenarii C.A.P. rked/1966,
the analysis of a larger range of years shows that the difference was not not was difference the that shows years of range larger a of analysis the 70 d
69
h rltvl po eooi promne f Agricultural of performance economic poor relatively the
to 256.255.750 lei in 1974 but at a comparatively faster rate. faster comparatively a at but 1974 in lei 256.255.750 to
-
53 and 6/1963, 15. 15. 6/1963, and 53
1/1966, C.A.P. Boțești, 2/1966, C.A.P. 2/1966, Boțești, C.A.P. 1/1966, ope, nakd16, C.A.P. unmarked/1966, Noapteș, orted by official reports that reports official by orted stimates, a Cooperative a stimates, /her work in the in work /her ș County County ș 196
CEU eTD Collection non from them by received revenues the for compensated partly level national the at resident rural each to Cooperatives Agricultural by made payments monetary of volume larger 1966 in average national form monetary under revenues their of fifth a only received 1974 in County Argeș from members active as in converting of task the in regions other behind significantly tha suggests evidence available the However, altogether. payments Agricultural by payments monetary of nation a rise of result the was Cooperatives steady The 1974. in lei 63 to 1966 in an from interruption without increased members Cooperative to made payments monetary of value the that suggests Reports Annual the of analysis statistical the performance, economic their with accordance in annually fluctuated Cooperatives revenues the While lei. 2.042.200 with contributed Cooperatives monetary Agricultural the in in performed increase work for received the payments monetary the to and payments lei 62.690.900 with contributed benefits welfare and non from incomes the revenues, of sources By fluctuations. annual to concomitantly susceptible was while that income years, the of proportion both the reducing in average national the above appreciably levels f income total the in in share their to increased revenues compared revenues monetary of rate to growth higher lei The 74.919.700 lei. from 139.593.000 terms absolute in increased form monetary under residents Concerning the final aspect of monetar of aspect final the Concerning
when evaluated at free at evaluated when -
and only a tenth of their revenues in 1966. The comparatively The 1966. in revenues their of tenth a only and - agricultural sources in 1966. Nevertheless, rural rural Nevertheless, 1966. in sources agricultural - wide official policy aimed at eliminating in eliminating at aimed policy official wide - agricultural em agricultural - market prices market y incomes, the revenues received by rural rural by received revenues the incomes, y o 6% n 96 o 2 i 1974, in 72% to 1966 in 60% rom
comparatively smaller monetary monetary smaller comparatively
ployments and from pensions pensions from and ployments -
- a kind to monetary payments payments monetary to kind share roughly equal to the the to equal roughly share t
Argeș County lagged lagged County Argeș
average of 27.7 lei lei 27.7 of average rm Agricultural from - - kind kind kind 197
CEU eTD Collection 71 recorded index price official the Specifically, underestimated. been have may inflation of a the However, County. Argeș in 40% and nationally 28.5% of incomes real in increases 1975 and 1965 between 7.7% only by increased have prices pric of movement the reflects that index price a by corrected be to have incomes nominal the Accordingly, products. baking of acquisition the for available was that residents rural of incomes real but funds securities social and pensions the to contributions and taxes income of netresidents 3.3.3 Real Demand IncomesProducts Animal for and s though strategy. incomes monetary higher their of part absorb to attempt authorities’ the accommodated had residents rural why and County Argeș in least at bread produced industrially of quantities high of distribution the supported have authorities planning a above The 1966). in lei 132 to compared lei 174 and 1974 in lei 258 to compared lei (335 average national the above fr residents rural that suggests work salaried from payments monetary to limited analysis an and lei) 314 to compared lei (355 1974 in and lei) 166 to compared lei (197 1966 in both residents rbitrary character of an indicator included in the price index suggests that the magnitude the that suggests index price the in included indicator an of character rbitrary wh explain may bread than other products cereal of availability of level verage
om the remaining Counties of the relevant region have had as well monetary revenues revenues monetary well as had have region relevant the of Counties remaining the om C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 18/1977, 3. 18/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al es during the relevant time period. In this sense, the official price index shows that shows index price official the sense, this In period. time relevant the during es The discussion has focused so far on developments in the nominal income of ruralof nominalincome the in developments faron focusedso has discussion The
from Argeș County have had access to significantly higher monetary incomes incomes monetary higher significantly to access had have County Argeș from
are the appropriate indicators for the changes in the disposable income income disposable the in changes the for indicators appropriate the are
- average level of monetary incomes coupled with a below a with coupled incomes monetary of level average
71
which would correspond tocorrespond would which c a uch y the the y 198 - -
CEU eTD Collection 73 72 calculatio the in all at them included main having the not for as reason cited actually was demand consumer to correspond not did and did that increases price average between discriminating for methodology appropriate an devising not than often more pref that consumer with agreement arbitrariness the of extent of the overestimated element an involved index price the of construction the in include to products of category a of price average the in increase the reperc financial the of percentage what concerning decision their Consequently, demand. market consumer to supply adjust to expected be of could that mechanisms absence the in preferences consumer to corresponded varieties expensive d increased the of much how knowing of possibilities limited The product. had index price cheaper the calculating for responsible authorities the the that was problem practical by efficiently more and previously performed functions impe an as also but characteristics particular its for just not product expensive more the accepted consumers the distribution, of levels previous at available characteristics. those va consumers’ the to corresponded have not might system economic planned centrally a in that product expensive more the of characteristics certain for cost added an consumers on imposed drift price the since justified theoretically is consumer index price the against gone have to considered preferences. was which and varieties expensive more towards shift a from resulted that interchangeability a high by characterized products of price average the in increase the and prices nominal of movement the
Alec Nove, AlecNove, 7 19/1974, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al The The 72
The inclusion of changes in the average price of a group of products of group a of price average the in changes of inclusion The Soviet Economic System. Third Edition Third System. Economic Soviet 73
utemr, ie ta te hae vreis ee o longer no were varieties cheaper the that given Furthermore,
- 10.
(Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1986), 256. 1986), Allen&Unwin, (Boston: n of the price index until at until index price the of n erences. The difficulty of of difficulty The erences. srbto o te more the of istribution ussions associated with associated ussions rfect substitute for the for substitute rfect
luation ru of group
s into 199
of -
CEU eTD Collection 16. 19/1974, Economică. Secția 77 41. 12/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 76 16 19/1974, Economică. Secția 75 74 into tied became income nominal the in increase the of much how concerns question 2). Section 2, Chapter lei 2.58 from bread of price average the in rise a with associated expenditure additional the of much co expenditure increased the of part what concerning decision the of arbitrariness The index. price the the of construction in account into taken been had it therefore, and, quantities sufficient in available varietiesexpensive ofbreadthe more beca buy to constrained were who consumers by made expenditure additional the represented have to considered was sum the of 73% remaining The index. price the in included superio for preference a with associated been have to considered was 27% sum, this Of varieties. expensive more the of risingshare the to due lei 109.032.000 of total additional an paid had consumers the 1973, by absorption the and network commercial production. total in varieties bread of shares relative the in changes of result a as 1972 in than higher bani 6 kil lei, 3.34 was one products) of price average the 1973 in generally, nominal prices. in changes only reflected that index an of inadequacy recognized the despite 1968 least
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 21/1969, 20. 21/1969, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al The average price refers to bread without baking specialties and has been calculated based on data from from data on based calculated been has and specialties baking without bread to refers price average The P.C.R. al C.C. from taken been has bread for increase price average the of analysis the in used data The h aeae rc rfr t bed ihu bkn seilis n hs en ae fo CC a P.C. al C.C. from taken been has and specialties baking without bread to refers price average The To illustrate the problem with an example relevant for the analysis more more analysis the for relevant example an with problem the illustrate To 76
74 in 1965 to 3.34 lei in 1975 in lei 3.34 to 1965 in
omltd o te nie itiuin f osmr od, the goods, consumer of distribution entire the for Formulated
-
19.
unted as forced spending leaves open the question of how of question the open leaves spending forced as unted
use the more preferred varieties were nolonger more varieties preferred the use r types of bread and therefore has not been been not has therefore and bread of types r 77
75 the population of 1.817.205 tons of bread in in bread of tons 1.817.205 of population the
was (not) included into the price index (see index price the into included (not) was
Given the distribution through the socialist the through distribution the Given ga o bed ecuig baking (excluding bread of ogram
200 had R.
CEU eTD Collection 78 in and to, corresponded roughly quantities these since interesting particularly is County Argeș in kg 43 of and nationally bread produced industrially of kg 23 of consumption average the of 7.3% to 5.9% from and 1974 in 2.6% to 1966 in nationally resident rural a of revenue total average the of 2.2% to equivalent sum a from consumption its with associated cost availabilit growing the production, total in types bread of shares changing the by determined price average the in increase the for Adjusted County. Argeș in kg 116 to (estimated) kg 80 from and 1975 resident breadavailable rural per 7% andrate 28.5%40%. at17% and and County abetween inArgeș a official the of application the by produced estimates the between Anchored incomes. real available prices of independent bread of types price to susceptible bread of price average the in changes the on based index an of application the Conversely, level. inc real in the increase of estimate maximum a produces incomes nominal in increase the to index price centrally a of idiosyncrasies c that goods expensive of cheapergivengoods by substitution of consumption the more sustaining level the1966
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 12/1966, 40 12/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Compared to the increase in real incomes, the quantity of industrially of quantity the incomes, real in increase the to Compared -
ie te rhvl vdne hc suggest which evidence archival the given nd bread nd oa rvne f rrl eiet rm re Cut. h additional The County. Argeș from resident rural a of revenue total
drifting ms vial t rrl eiet fr osmto aoe h 1966 the above consumption for residents rural to available omes - based price indices, real incomes grew nationally at a rate between rate a at nationally grew incomes real indices, price based y of industrially produced bread corresponded to an increase in the in increase an to corresponded bread produced industrially of y onsumers did not prefer but were obliged to accept given the the given accept to obliged were but prefer not did onsumers
78 - planned market. In this sense, the application of the official official the of application the sense, this In market. planned
and on the assumption that consumers preferred equally all equally preferred consumers that assumption the on and
rose by 20.5% nationally from 34 kg in 1965 to 41 kg in in to41 kg in1965 from nationally34kg by 20.5% rose -
produces a minimum estimate of the increase in increase the of estimate minimum a produces - 41, 44. 44. 41,
s
ht ra ws particularly was bread that
- produced 201
CEU eTD Collection price rigid the of consequence Another means. economic conventional through sectors the on acting by preferences relative their communicate to unable were consumers the product, certain a buy to consumers of refusalthe followed sometimes that adjustment the Beyond pro particularly was demand and and supply producing between misalignment planning, of to possibility The appealing agents. distributing less way other any in was or accumulation respon limited of and demand consumers’ of knowledge imperfect of conditions under network commercial socialist the through distributed commodities the of structure the of planning that might have previouslyfinancial possibilities. beyondbeen their patterns consumption in ‘indulge’ to them enabled have would incomes real in rise the cereal quanti greater securing by products animal of consumption their increase to desire a by and/or food as bread of appreciation genuine a by bread such of purchasing their fr flour using prepared bread produced industrially of case the in disentangled be cannot that factors of complex a by bread produced industrially of consumption their increase absence the In market. peasant the on flour maize/maize of commercialization remunerative the (semi varieties bread A of case the om the State’s Central Reserves. motivated been toincrease have om the State’sthey Central Specifically, may - iees o hi peeecs f h dmne cmoiy rdcd es capital less produced commodity demanded the if preferences their to siveness based products that could be used interchangeably as food and feed. In both cases, cases, both In feed. and food as interchangeably used be could that products based level of prices and, therefore, could not influence the production and distribution and production the influence not could therefore, and, prices of level
T f iaca icnie, age ht h rrl eiet hd en oiae to motivated been had residents rural the that argue I incentives, financial of e ocd usiuin yohss a t b cniee gvn administrative given considered be to has hypothesis substitution forced he rgeș County amounted to the greater part of, the cumulated consumption of consumption cumulated the of, part greater the to amounted County rgeș blematic since no efficient mechanism was in place to readily correct it. it. correct readily to place in was mechanism efficient no since blematic - white and white bread and baking specialties) that did not permit not did that specialties) baking and bread white and white
ties of ties 202
CEU eTD Collection of commercialization 80 and production 79 private the in involvement its and especially activities economic of number a in participation simultaneous household’s rural their successful completion. for money to access easy required that transactions for cash of form the in it keep to or consumption future for C.E.C. the moneyatdeposit to stocks, of form availablethe under purchas to sums equivalent the use to alternatives: of number limited a among chose could bread purchasing on incomes in increase the of shares expected the spend to unwilling residents rural distribution, of system planned the Gi County. Argeș in incomes nominal in increase the of 10% of estimate conservative a absorb, to expected and to, matched was accumulation capital and prices higher by characterized varieties the of group, this within and, residents rural b of distribution the increase to decision authorities’ planning the bread, demand. and supply between frictions possible buffer to in and demand fluctuations the absorb to intended were that stocks as held commodities of value sour ‘socialist’ from residents all of income planned the to commodities of value the of matching the involved be network commercial socialist the to through distributed commodities of profile and quantity the determining for process planning The their spending for alternatives of range restricted a aggregate, the in consumers, offered network commercial socialist the problem, the Compounding product. preferred a con that was network commercial socialist the through sold commodities to applied system
Janos Kornai, Kornai, Janos 16 21/1969, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al sumers could not spend their incomes in an inflationary bid to improve their access to access their improve to bid inflationary an in incomes their spend not could sumers
eie these Besides Economics of Shortage of Economics
alternatives which were available to urban residents as well, the the well, as residents urban to available were which alternatives
80
, 453 , - 460. - 18.
ised omdte ta were that commodities instead e ven these characteristics of of characteristics these ven aking products to products aking 79
n h cs of case the In ces plus the the plus ces
incomes. 203
CEU eTD Collection 81 monetary the in increase anreserves to led have would market peasant reduced the their on with participation coupled bread purchase to reticence residents’ rural the Finally, sam non into residents rural of inflow the and place first the in sold commodities of composition ho rural the by produced or Plots Private the on cultivated be could that products of range the to restricted were choices alternative the residents: rural by enjoyed choice of freedom neede labor of application the worth not simply or exchange in sale to had they products the than appealing less were network, commercial socialist the through distributed commodities c they if market peasant the on sales their Cooperative. of volume Agricultural the reduce could the residents rural in the Furthermore, working to compared returns these of structure w crops various of production the for plot private the on applied be then could labor available The year. givena Cooperativein the performin theywork of would amount the regulatingrange by non in employed full the than position better a in were Cooperatives Agricultural state the addi it offered commodities
Ibid., 392. Ibid., - tm i icesd h sae f oeay eeus eaie o in to relative revenues monetary of share the increased it time e agricultural employment reduced the flexibility of their work schedule and at the the at and schedule work their of flexibility the reduced employment agricultural
usehold, the composition of stocks was in many cases less appealing than the the than appealing less cases many in was stocks of composition the usehold, in the hands of urban residents that was unlikely to be spent on bread given that that given bread on spent be to unlikely was that residents urban of hands the in - otold omril akt Fr xml, h rrl eiet atv in active residents rural the example, For market. commercial controlled
d for their production. Several limitations circumscribed, however, the the however, circumscribed, limitations Several production. their for d onsidered that the monetary receipts, through the claim they provided to provided they claim the through receipts, monetary the that onsidered henever this alternative promised higher returns or a more satisfactory satisfactory more a or returns higher promised alternative this henever - agricultu
ral sectors to opt for monetary or in or monetary for opt to sectors ral tional alternatives to the spending of monetary revenues on revenues monetary of spending the to alternatives tional
- kind revenues of a wider a of revenues kind - time salaried workers workers salaried time - id revenues. kind 204 81
CEU eTD Collection for preference industrially relative purchasing of choice a The products. animal given of consumption alternative former the chosen have may accounts, ot some purchase to industrially and purchase to bread incomes produced in rise the using between decide to had therefore, which, and market peasant the on transactions in participate not did that households rural favo which conditions of set a generated bread industrially distributing by incomes in increase the of part substantial a absorb to commitment authorities’ planning the with together employment, salaried into labor higher of product the incomes, monetary in particularly semi or preferred unprocessed more potentially the in products cereal quantities sufficient in distribute to persua to means requisite the lacked they that given products grain of availability the to contribution its of because bread produced industrially of distribution plot private the of part production consumption. for own withholding of alternative the to relative bread consuming w associated revenues higher The market. peasant the on transacted produce agricultural of prices the in increase an fueled often population urban the of hands the in reserves commodity other some buy to or distribu save to desire the by imposed limits the Within culturally the reached already had consumption its ith the new price levels would then have had the effect of increasing the appeal of of appeal the increasing of effect the had have then would levels price new the ith y vrl agmn i ta te ua rsdns accommo residents rural the that is argument overall My ted through the socialist commercial network, the availability of extra monetary monetary extra of availability the network, commercial socialist the through ted - ae fde ad b etnin t te viaiiy f ihy aud animal valued highly of availability the to extension, by and, fodder based - rcse fr. utemr, sbtnil ie n noe and incomes in rise substantial a Furthermore, form. processed
e cmoiy r o eoi i i saving in it deposit to or commodity her red the purchasing of bread. Specifically, bread. of purchasing the red - prescribed maximum in urban areas. urban in maximum prescribed wages and of the inflow of rural rural of inflow the of and wages de the planning authorities authorities planning the de ae te growing the dated - produced bread produced - produced produced 205
CEU eTD Collection the in Explorations Culture,” Turkana in Meat through Respect and Wealth, Rank, of Recognition Meat: Society 83 207 1987), Press, University Temple Habits Food Human of Theory a Toward Evolution. 82 for preference ubiquitous the fact, In Romania. 1970s and 1960s from residents urban and rural for products animal consuming for penchant similar a likelihood all in suggests settings social and cultural the cross the However, mămăligă. and in of type same the require would system economic demonstratio their stocksof animal products. immediately consuming than advantageous more considered jointly were that foodstuffs grain of quantities sufficient thereby accumulate to and bread consume to residents rural enabled have would that level a to increased gradually have would peasa prices the Specifically, residents. the rural by remunerative on prices the pushed have products, would animal for preference a by and reserves monetary in increase an pressure, by urban fueled bread, on spent sum the to equivalent value a to up products animal produced industrially purchasing between decide to had households rural When bread. on spent sum the to equivalent value a to up market the on transacted otherwise been have would that products vegetal consuming of peas the activeon households rural for persisted
H. Leon Abrams, Jr, “The Preference for Animal Prot Animal for Preference “The Jr, Abrams, Leon H. Alan Beardsworth and Teresa Keil, Keil, Teresa and Beardsworth Alan
ih rfrne crs sind o hm y osmr fo vros economic, various from consumers by them to assigned scores preference high
(London: Routledge, 2002), 193 2002), Routledge, (London: In the above analysis, the high preference for animal products is assumed since its its since assumed is products animal for preference high the analysis, above the In n for rural and urban residents under the conditions of a centrally a of conditions the under residents urban and rural for n History and Culture of Human Nourishment Human of Culture and History
82
and by the special status associated with its consumption its with associated status special the by and
- 224.
oilg o te eu A Inv An Menu: the on Sociology - 218, Micheal N. I. Lokuruka, “Meat is the Meal and Status is by by is Status and Meal the is “Meat Lokuruka, I. N. Micheal 218,
- cultural preference for animal products illustrated by by illustrated products animal for preference cultural - ae f based
bread and withholding from sale quantities of quantities sale from withholding and bread , ed. Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross (Philadelphia: (Philadelphia: Ross B. Eric and Harris Marvin ed. , odder to support the production of animal animal of production the support to odder ein and Fat: A Cross Cultural Survey,” in in Survey,” Cultural Cross A Fat: einand ant market when the alternative consisted alternative the when market ant t akt p o lvl considered level a to up market nt - depth analysis as in the case of bread bread of casethe in as analysis depth
14 (2006): 201 (2006): 14 itation to the Study of Food and and Food of Study the to itation -
229.
Food and Foodways: and Food - Food and and Food planned planned 206 83
CEU eTD Collection 86 85 117 1987), Press, University Temple Habits Food Human of Theory a Toward Evolution. and 84 one of tariffs lower practiced Cooperatives Agricultural to subordinated quantity. delivered bakeries the of part required the using produced bread of kilogram using produced bread of kilogram l one a and for flour consumers’ flour of gr. 190 and gr. 120 between home baking for bani 65 and 40 between service these home baking to customers by provided flour and grains with bread from ranged Cooperatives Consumers and Agricultural to affiliated bakeries av the increasing of function its of independent bread of appreciation consumers’ rural the of assessment ofbread producedCase through Baking Services finally had incomes enabled actual consumption. tobe into translated rising that products animal for preference a suggest tentatively (35%) eggs and (26%) milk for rates growth respectable and 1975) and 1965 between increas (72% 1975 in kg 45.7 to and in 1970 in kg 31.2 to capita 1965 in kg 26.6 per from Romania meat of consumption rising constantly a assumption, my of support in supplies. food scarce by characterized environment energy preferring of function adaptive the in rooted predisposition biological inherited an it consider to researchers of number a led has products animal 3
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 10/1966, 57 10/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 38. 56/1977, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al William J. Hamilton III, “Omnivorous Primate Diets and Human Overconsumption of Meat,” in in Meat,” of Overconsumption Human and Diets Primate “Omnivorous III, Hamilton J. William 4 h Lmt o a Eooi Expl Economic an of Limits The .4 h cnupin f ra poue truh aig evcs emt an permits services baking through produced bread of consumption The s, the bakeries of the Consumers Cooperatives charged a variety of fees: fees: of variety a charged Cooperatives Consumers the of bakeries the s, ailability of cereal of ailability
ump quantity between 1.210 and 1.275 kg of wheat for one one for wheat of kg 1.275 and 1.210 between quantity ump
- 133. 133. -
based fodder supplies. The services provided by the the by provided services The supplies. fodder based -
59. -
prepared dough, between 40 and 80 bani or or bani 80 and 40 between dough, prepared nto o te itr Cag: The Change: Dietary the of anation , ed. Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross (Philadel B.Ross Eric and Harris Marvin ed. ,
84
As more regional more As
- prepared dough. For dough. prepared - esr od in foods denser - specific evidence specific producing producing 86
Food Food phia: phia: The 207 an an 85 e
CEU eTD Collection Counties. Dâmbovița Olt and of parts Countiesand Vălcea Argeș and of parts the larger 90 1975. in Reserves Central theflourState from wheat using produced thequantities baking the by production bread 89 on information the and 51/1971 P.C.R. al C.C. from taken industryis 74 24/1972, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. (State 88 87 bakery a included (57%) Cooperatives 27 that indicates available been has information relevant the which for Cooperatives Agricultural 48 of Reports Annual the from data Region. Argeș in located being 1966 in Cooperatives Agricultural to affiliated bakeries 143 of total a of out 113 with residents rural to services grain the to contribution its beyond residents rural to appealed consumption date end the kgby 13.5 of level resident rural per a correspondingto 1970 in services baking through production bread of increase significant the sense, this In mămăligă. than rather Cooperatives Agricultural and Consumers the of bakeries the in produced bread consuming of convenience the for make to willing were residents their to reference in and monetary the Accordingly, in or monetary additional an and mămăligă preparing in used been have would s the roughly to value nutritional in and monetary equivalent was which bread for material raw the as served that flour wheat/wheat home kilogram one for wheat of kilogram
Ibid. C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 10/1966, 57 10/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. and production total between difference the as Calculated 4. 134/1976, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. Calculated as the difference between total production and the quantities produced by the baking in baking the by produced quantities the and production total between difference the as Calculated - - owned units and Consumers Cooperatives) in 1970. The data on total bread production is taken from from taken is production bread total on data The 1970. in Cooperatives) Consumers and units owned -
based fodder. based rprd dough. prepared h rgo udr nlss noe a ery tr i te rvsoig f baking of provisioning the in start early an enjoyed analysis under region The 88
n fnly o 540 ton 152450 to finally and
potential use as feed, represented the minimum payment that th that payment minimum the represented feed, as use potential
87
n l stain, h cnue poie a uniy of quantity a provided consumer the situations, all In
- id es wehr aud n monet in valued whether fees, kind
, 41. , 41. f ra ad ewe 3 ad 5 ai o baking for bani 55 and 30 between and bread of i 1975 in s - 59. Argeș Re Argeș 59.
m qatt o miemie flour maize/maize of quantity ame 89 gion was an administrative unit that included included that unit administrative an was gion
ic is nuuain n 1960 in inauguration its since 90
Furthermore, the analysis of of analysis the Furthermore, -
suggests that bread that suggests
ary terms or in in or terms ary availability of of availability to
46100 ton 46100 - kind fee. kind e rural e dustry dustry
that 208 the s -
CEU eTD Collection cha dietary the of determinants economic the of understanding comprehensive Conclusion qualities and/or hedonically sidedishes. preferred withcertain it b appreciated residents rural that shows conclusively supplies fodder potential of terms in or financially costly less and available readily was mămăligă industrially of quantities variable consume to decision Nev products. animal of production high a and bread of consumption both support to cereals of supplies sufficient to access had that residents rural of category narrow a for representative was services baking through produced bread consumed that Cooperati of group the Therefore, well. as maize of quantities large to access had bakingservices of use made that residents rural same the regions, plain in higher was production Plot Private since and correlated highly were maize and wheat in payments work work of number higher of we bread of wheat into supplies converttheir decidedto that Cooperativemembers the sense, this In work. their for payment as members Cooperative by received wheat of quantities Agricultural of proportion the in Coop difference geographic observed The members. 19 the ofout 3 just also where 27) of out (16 areas plain in located predominantly were bakeries having Cooperatives Agricultural The 1975. by establishments economic their among re generally the ones that had access to ample quantities of wheat due to a combination aaccess combination ofwheat amplegenerally dueto hadto quantities that re theones - eratives which had bakeries corresponded to the geographic difference in the the in difference geographic the to corresponded bakeries had which eratives nt hrceitc f giutrl oprtvs oae i pan ra. ic th Since areas. plain in located Cooperatives Agricultural of characteristic unit h fnig fo Catr ad 3 and 2 Chapter from findings The surveyed s
Agricultural Cooperatives did not provide baking services to their their to services baking provide not did Cooperatives Agricultural - nt promd n o a ihr in higher a of and performed units
can now be brought together to provide a a provide to together brought be now can - produced bread when maize for for maize when bread produced
ed o is convenience its for read - kind remuneration per per remuneration kind rhls, their ertheless, ve members members ve nge. nge. 209 e
CEU eTD Collection of types other all For feed. livestock as or market peasant the on commodity a as used be couldthat maize of increasedquantities the it advantages asmămăligăfinancial presented purch to decision household’s rural the available, was industrially of availability rising the accommodated nonetheless but mămăligă on centered diet a support to maize of quantities sufficient the form kgrural of Argeș (60 black in ofblackbread resident per bread County). under distributed still was bread the of half than more region relevant the in that assured Chapter to Appendix the from 2.2 productio total of 26% just to relatively and absolutely pressu the Under 1973. in both varieties bread black of production lei the reduced enterprises Baking the 3.72 ‘efficiently’, to 1959 in lei 2.44 from bread of kilogram one of price average the in rise corresponding the by illustrated varieties low rising given Budget State brea of mix output the in change parallel a determined costs production the to efficiently contribute to capacity Sector’s Baking the over concerns same The accumulation. capital to contribution efficient its of because was areas rural in bread produced industrially rationing of distribution the the of system, shortcomings the given residents urban for destined supplies bread siphoning the prevent to promoted Initially 2). Chapter (See kg 117 to kg 26 from counties studied the in and kg 41 to kg 14.14 of level resident rural per a from nationally increased reserves central state’s the from flour wheat using bread produced industrially of distribution 1975, and 1959 Between - rc low price At the other end of the transaction, the majority of r of majority the transaction, the of end other the At - rftblt vreis bak ra) o high to bread) (black varieties profitability
) bt t peeeta di preferential its but 2), -
produced bread. When black bread black When bread. produced ase and consume bread rather than than rather bread consume and ase n in 1976 (s 1976 in n - off by rural residents of scarce of residents rural by off ural consumers had access to access had consumers ural tiuin o ua areas rural to stribution - rc high price ee the Figures 2.1 and and 2.1 Figures the d production from production d e o produce to re - Appe profitability encouraged
ndix 210
to
CEU eTD Collection the by determined were maize and wheat of prices the when 1940, and 1900 Between quantities observed the consume to motivations residents’ rural the on information incomplete only operations market free by defined periods for even provide mămăligă or bread on centered diet a of costs economic relative the addition, fr a in behaviors purchasing than preferences relative consumers’ case this be purchasing commoditya for preferences their systemindicates economic centrallyplanned consumers’ the Consequently, systems. labor and price official the of rigidity the given needs their to incomes their adjust to or bid inflationary an in commodity preferred more a to access their improving on incomes their spend to po the have not did they but production private their of part sale from withheld to or stocks purchasing on it spend to incomes, their of part equivalent the save to or bread incom their spending for alternatives limited consumers offered which system economic an had certainly appeal. had time protein of consumption the enabling by generally more diets and profiles employment incomes, the in animal population rural scarce a For relatively products. and valued highly of availability the augmented indirectly therefore, and, products cereal to access household’s rural the broadened bread purchase the from flour wheat using produced bread -
and labor s I ti sne rrl eiet drn scaim ol hv coe t purchase to chosen have could socialism during residents rural sense, this In es. - The observed rise in the disposable income acquired an additional dimension in dimension additional an acquired income disposable the in rise observed The rich foods at the expense of the ‘core’ products, the consumption of bread with its its ofbreadwith consumption the ‘core’ the products, of expense the at foods rich -
over a limited number of alternatives and, therefore, are less suggestive of of suggestive less are therefore, and, alternatives of number limited a over -
saving qualitie
s and its contribution to the availability of animal products products theavailabilityanimal s andcontribution to its of grips of a modernizing process affecting their their affecting process modernizing a of grips
tt’ Cnrl eevs te eiin to decision the Reserves, Central State’s
of the two ‘core’ foods. foods. ‘core’ two the of e akt ytm In system. market ee air i a in haviors -
bread in bread ssibility 211
CEU eTD Collection Chapter more todiscussin detail these ‘cultural’ factors. preferences. food influencing capable of are ‘cultural’ factors that th beyond goes that sufficiently analysis an requires differences not price prevailing the but for compensate to instances enough other in mămăligă over bread preferred had they that the motiv of that reasons assessment An mămăligă. consuming of alternative the to relative fodder equivalent quantities) or monetary in (valued cost economic higher its accept to enough A Consumer the by provided services baking through produced bread consume to decision residents’ rural the Similarly, food. ‘core’ preferred more a of the acquisition for revenue additional with part to worthwhile considered occasionally residents neverthele suggests bread of consumption limited the hand, other the the alternatively, or, of On grains. two the between difference price persistent the to equal revenuea foregoingof payment the consumption justify bread to (enough) value sufficiently not consumption did they that indicates mămăligă preponderantly consume to decision residents’ rural the demand, and supply of interplay e economic and convenience aspects discussed so far to include a variety of of variety a include to far so discussed aspects convenience and economic e s
Coope ratives indicates that consumers valued bread consumption sufficiently consumption bread valued consumers that indicates ratives ated rural residents to purchase the pricier bread and of the possibility the of and bread pricier the purchase to residents rural ated
It is the task of the next thenext of It task the is s ht h rural the that ss over mămăligă mămăligă over gricultural and and gricultural 212
CEU eTD Collection 92 91 wo of categories by members cooperative able of profile employment the on information to According Cooperative. Agricultural the in performed work for members share higher relatively a to average, of maize from production. PrivatePlot Cooperative, Agricultural Bârla in hectare 186 of production average an with and maize with cultivated land holding. plot their approximate to used was land arable of Ha 0.29 of average village the therefore, and, land hou of plot full these a securing of offered chances age working of members of number high The age. able three average, on included, which and diets established their support to flour maize of kg 633 to up required which households in lived residents) (64 Bârla from residents of 31.6% approximately households, of categories by residents of distribution the on villages Dobrești and Vața from data the to According levels. county and local the from results the of interpretation the facilitate may 1972) village median (the Bârla of village the for kg 633 to up of needs consumption having households of category the for maize of quantities sufficient to access had who residents
Ibid., 9. Ibid., 2 3/1972, Bârla, C.A.P. Nationale. Arhivelor Argeș a Județeană Direcția utemr, h tre ebr o wrig g ette te oshls on households, the entitled age working of members three the Furthermore, A
n illustration of how the model has been applied to estimate the number of rural rural of number the estimate to applied been has model the how of illustration n
Annex toChapter 3 - bodied residents of working age, on the breakdown of of breakdown the on age, working of residents bodied
f h 12 os f az pi t cooperative to paid maize of tons 162 the of 92 rk
each household derived, on average, 357 kg 357 average, on derived, household each - norms performed and on the quantity of of quantity the on and performed norms
91
With two With - bodied members of working working of members bodied - 3.
- thirds of the arable the of thirds k o mie per maize of kg 8 eod better seholds 0 out of 2026 of out 0 213
in
CEU eTD Collection frommaize the three sources combined. of quantities sufficient to access had have to residents of 48% identified model the 1972, in Bârla from households of categories the all from results fr the Aggregating combined. maize of quantities sufficient accessed population) village and Plot Private from quantities entire the of (11.6% members 235 comprising households sufficient of 36.7% sources, Cooperative secure to managed had they whether for network Commercial the through sold supplies maize access to opportunities equal Assuming pig. a fatten and raise to and members’needs consumption their average, on satisfy, to network Commercial the from supplies maize Bârla from households all of 5.5% Finally, members. their of all of needs consumption the entirely satisfy to payments Cooperative Agricultural and production Plot Private from maize members of quantities 211 comprising category this from households all of 33% words, other In production). Plot Private minus needs consumption (total kg 276 than larger households for revenues maize produced time a at three taken categories same the of members weighte all of 33% performances, work between of terms in household and profiles employment and households of types between independence Assuming maize. of quantities any receive not did employment) 2% kg, 363 11% Cooperative, Agricultural the from maize work one for paid maize -
483 kg, 2% 2% kg, 483 -
a v a -
- om 1.% f eiet o working of residents of 15.2% norm,
603 kg and 41% (mem 41% and kg 603 illage located in a in located illage
- plain plain
63 kg, 16% kg, 63 bers in non in bers reg ion all households independent of of independent households all - -
d combinations of the eight eight the of combinations d managed to secure enough secure to managed 123 kg, 9% kg, 123 - a acs t sufficient to access had agricultural or household or agricultural - om all three sources sources three all om age received 30 kg of of kg 30 received age -
243 kg, 4% kg, 243 214 -
CEU eTD Collection Rolls,“Sensory J. Barbara 2 1 In incomes. disposable similar less or more the and countries both in sugar of availability 19 the throughout Fr in than higher considerably was Britain Great in consumption sugar example, For predispositions. inherited into content breed and reverse amplify, can that processes learning through environment their with interacting by preferences food and practices sensory termed intake paradox) omnivore’s (the nutrients of intake sample to desire and need the by moderated and neophobia) (food foods new try to tastes reticence a irritants, bitter for aversion general a tastes, salty and sweet for preference general limi a inherit beings human that understanding the by provided is consensus widespread this for basis The consumption. their of context and time appropriate the defining norms the with together and diets of material raw the representing ingredients dominant and foods staple the include to discussion this in understood broadly is culture culinary The member. a is he/she which of community c a to influenced are practices Introduction B
Barbara J. Rolls et al., “Sensory Specific Satiety in Man,” Man,” in Satiety Specific “Sensory al., Rolls et J. Barbara Developmen “The L.Birch, Leann READ ANDREAD C HAPTER Food scholars of various persuasions generally agree that a person’s dietary dietary person’s a that agree generally persuasions various of scholars Food
a wide variety of food sources (food neophilia) in order to secure an adequate adequate an secure to order in neophilia) (food sources food of variety wide a
M 4: ĂMĂLIGĂBUT THEWITH
T th HE
ted range of predispositions that affect dietary practices such as a a as such practices dietary affect that predispositions of range ted - - etr dsie h int lkn fr we tse, h ready the tastes, sweet for liking innate the despite century Specific Satiety,” Satiety,” Specific specific satiety. specific h patcs n rls f obnn te it fmla dishes familiar into them combining of rules and practices the C
IN THEIN OMPLEXITY OF
t of Food Preferences,” Preferences,” Food t of onsiderable extent by the culinary culture of the group or or group the of culture culinary the by extent onsiderable A PPROPRIATE Nutrition Reviews Nutrition 2
Instead, human beings as generalists form dietar form generalists as beings human Instead, F
1 A OOD
and a mediating process to assure varied varied assure to process mediating a and PPROPRIATE Physiology & Behavior Physiology Nutrition of Review Annual P C
44 (1986): 93 (1986): 44 REFERENCES ONTEXT
‘F - 101. RINGE
:
27 (1981): 137 (1981): 27
L
IKING BOTH IKING 19 (1999): 45. (1999): 19 ’
D ISHES ANDISHES - 142 and 142
ance 215 y
CEU eTD Collection Choice 7 Studies,” Experimental 6 161 1998), Institut Danone, Rozin(Bruxelles: Paul ed. in Chocolate,” and Coffee Pepper, Chili Foods: “Particular and 88 5 Ages Middle the Nineteenth 4 History Interdisciplinary 3 culinary established the within incorporated be to intended are that foods to relation high. to is foods propensity new accept the when weaning after been window have time that appropriate an or during flavors presented similar having foods for response neophobic the reduce a into socialization to documented been has or culture culinary familiarization of process This diet. the of flavors and foods the with familiarization early an through culture culinary a of characteristics ofconsumption. contexts subjectively their with preferencebyassociationa into turned and overcome becan pepper chili fromsubstances an coffee chocolate, of tastes bitter the for aversion innate the consumption. its promoted have could that vehicle appropriate culturally 20 the of beginning the until it deprived bread or wine coffee, with sugar beverage. new the the of idea of mix the bittersweet the in expression and found balance of ideology whose movement man ‘respectable’ temperance the of part as classes social various by cust fashionable a in tea with associated became sugar however, BritainGreat
Paul Rozin, “Human Food Selection: The Interaction of Biology, Culture and Individual Experience,” Individual and Culture Biology, of Interaction The Selection: Food “Human Rozin, Paul Woodruff D. Smith, “Complications of the Commonplace: Tea, Sugar and Imperialism,” Imperialism,” and Sugar Tea, Commonplace: the of “Complications Smith, D. Woodruff arca lnr n Sarah and Pliner Patricia in Classes Labouring the and Consumption of Norms Sugar, Good? Bourgeois “A Bruegel, Martin ui A Mnel, Dvlpet f od rfrne: esn Land rm Longitudinal from Learned Lessons Preferences: Food of “Development Mennella, A. Julie , ed. Richard Shepherd and Monique Raats (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2006), CABIPublishing, Raats(Wallingford: Monique and Shepherd Richard ed. , h lann poess media processes learning The - Cent , ed. Peter Scholliers (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 99 2001), Berg, Scholliers(Oxford: ed. Peter , ury France,” in France,” ury 3
Food Quality and Preference and Quality Food In contrast, in France the consumers’ rejection of the ass the of rejection consumers’ the France in contrast, In
23 (1992): 259 (1992): 23 - - ene av, Fo Nohba n uas” in Humans,” in Neophobia “Food Salvy, Jeanne ie post liked
5
7
Food, Drink and Identity: Cooking, Eating and Drinking in Europe since since Europe in Drinking and Eating Cooking, Identity: and Drink Food, Consequently, th Consequently,
- 278. 278. - ingestion consequences or with positively valued valued positively with or consequences ingestion
begin before birth in the case of flavors of case the in birth before begin e lo h aqiiin f h dominant the of acquisition the also te
17 (2006): 635 (2006): 17 e neophobic response develops primarily in primarily develops response neophobic e - 217. 217.
- 112. 112. Towards a Psychology of Food Choice Food of Psychology a Towards
- 646.
d beer and for the irritant irritant the for and beer d h Pyhlg o Food of Psychology The 4
th 77 Alternatively,
The Journal of of Journal The . century of a a of century
om adopted om ociation of ociation principal 6
and to and
216
and and 59 - ,
CEU eTD Collection Intake,” 9 8 rural why explain to potential the has which food ‘core’ of materiality the to dimension symbolic a added factors These generally. more other the to relative foods ‘core’ the of consum the of valorization a to contributed which or consumption of context the on depending dishes ‘fringe’ particular with appropriate was food ‘core’ which about consumers to information conveyed implicitly, that practices dietary to and explicitly, t customs and norms to refer sections two first the in considered factors ‘cultural’ The dishes. ‘fringe’ particular with mămăligă or bread for preference relative a of formation discus the introduces community the of culture culinary established the of pressure the under norms pres cultural the because bread for ratings pleasantness the on effect no have to but dishes ‘fringe’ for ‘boredom’ food in result to found been has consumption of frequency given consu of frequency appropriate their define that norms cultural established the whether on depending foods longer consumption its as food o a meal single a within of increases pleasantness rated the in decrease the to refer which neophobia. reducing consumption wi association their and foods novel with experiences positive repeated with determined culturally is firmness its and culture
Ibid. Marion M. Hetherington and Ali Bell, “Effects of Repeat Consumption on Pleasantness, Preference and and Preference Pleasantness, on Consumption Repeat of “Effects Bell, Ali and Hetherington M. Marion
in f h ‘utrl ad hsooia fcos ht ae otiue t the to contributed have that factors physiological and ‘cultural’ the of sion - British Food Journal Food British term dietary pattern, begins to operate at different levels for various categories of of categories various for levels different at operate to begins pattern, dietary term This succinct illustration of the high malleability of a member’s dietary practices practices dietary member’s a of malleability high the of illustration succinct This cribed different frequenciesforcribed different the of twocategories consumption offoods. mption or quantitative intake are transgressed or not. For instance, a a instance, For not. or transgressed are intake quantitative or mption
102 (2002): 508. 508. (2002): 102
r as the frequency of its consumption increases within a within increases consumption its of frequency the as r 8
Finally, sensory Finally, th prestigious social groups and positive contexts of contexts positive and groups social prestigious th
- specific satiety and food ‘boredom’, food and satiety specific ption of one of ption 217 9 hat
CEU eTD Collection ‘fringe’and relatively dishes withhigh lesspreferred calorie ‘fringe’ dishes. preferred more relatively the on and food the of consumers load energy total the on depending preferences consumer an calorie Finally, adjusted consumption. bread over consumption mămăligă for preference relative a to contributed had have to practices, dietary formed early for, preference relative and consumer the shown have that communities modern and traditional of studies sociological and anthropological on based expected, is mămăligă on centered practicesdietary into consumersof socialization consumpt bread of valorization relative contributed had toa tohave experimental studies, practices thefindings of and on dietary prestigious of diffusion downward of models sociological on based expected, is as and meals festive at appropriate serving the as marker, social as bread of use the Deductively, preferences. dietary of formation the on theories multidisciplinary on based change dietary the of time the at mămăligă t approximate to practices dietarypast and preferences present from inductively and deductively proceeds factors additional these The of analysis residents. rural of behavior consumption the explain could which combinations preferenc of formation the to contributed have may it relatedcalorie tothe factor physiological a Finally, calorie. or weight of unit per advantageous financially ‘co a consume and purchase to accepted occasionally had residents ’
nry ed tt peit ta bread that predicts state need energy - ae cniinn mdl hc rlts fo’ eeg dniy to density energy food’s a relates which model conditioning based - based conditioning process has been included in the discussion sincediscussion has conditioning based been inthe process included s’ strong attachment to the established diets and the stability of, of, stability the and diets established the to attachment strong s’ than mămăligă than ion over mămăligă consumption. Alternatively, the early early the Alternatively, consumption. mămăligă over ion -
a special treat in more mundane circumstances mundane more in treat special a the less energy dense food dense energy less the -
the energy denser food food denser energy the he relative preferences for bread or or bread for preferencesrelative he s o seii ‘core’ specific for es re’ food that was less was that food re’ -
with low calorie low with
-
ol be would - ‘fringe’ 218
CEU eTD Collection for methods deductive and inductive of combination the expected, As preferences. past present of value the of assessment an includes also which commonly six with mămăligă and bread for preferences current the on data to relation in evaluated are change dietary the perceptio consumers’ the interpreting in model each of merits The results. produces different relationship this which in contexts particular the discusses and food preferences and density caloric between relationship the on evidence general the reviews 3 subsectio Finally, mămăligă. with dishes ‘fringe’ certain of combination the appropriate as defined which consumption of norms implicit and explicit the on and preferences food 2 focuses on subsection in discussion The mămăligă. to relation in ‘prestigious’ as bread distinguished which practices of set the on and food that for preferences consumers’ on valued socially happened ofcurrent wouldreduce value which theinductive preferences. post major that possibility the discounting by change prefe relative of pattern current the that suggests chapter this in presented evidence the Maximally, it. for preference permanent a conditions food ‘core’ a with habituation early that expectation othe and mămăligă with dishes ‘fringe’ certain preponderantly preferring consumers with results, observed The of bread. pattern to mămăligă from change dietary the of case the in expectations these of i been has dishes ‘fringe’ served The chapter opens with chapterTheopens The evaluation of current preferences for bread or mămăligă with six commonly six with mămăligă or bread for preferences current of evaluation The the relationship between an early socialization into a into food betweencultureanrelationship early onlifelong the socialization rences is indicative of consumers’ preferences at the time of the dietary dietary the of time the at preferences consumers’ of indicative is rences r ‘fringe’ dishes with bread, minimally argues against the against argues minimally bread, with dishes ‘fringe’ r a discussion of the of discussion a ntended primarily to verify the appropriateness of some some of appropriateness the verify to primarily ntended - evd fig’ ihs n eto 2 f hs chapter this of 2 Section in dishes ‘fringe’ served
effects of the information that a food isa food that information effectsthe of - dietary change developments had developments change dietary - day preferences for preferences day
inferring inferring ns of of ns 219 n
CEU eTD Collection Nourishment Food,” of Significance 10 the in higher positioned were world rural the within categories consumption social its as of increasing frequency the with marker social of function the performed had to have a had of valorization contributed bread relativeconsumption to tomămăligă. better and landlords ordina from distinctiveness their marking feasts celebratory and ritual at serving appropriate culturally food, andreward comfort a asI argue use bread,thatits of specifically case tothe implicit and explicit of informati influence the on disciplines from studies various includes that corpus theoretical a to reference in customs and practices deduc S 4.1.1 The the of Time Change Dietary the at Preferences Food Evaluating for Models Deductive 4.1 dietary practicesretrospective onpast and die oral testimonies peasants’ of depictions unpublished and published diets, their of foods ‘core’ the with interactions consumers’ the on studies behavior consumer and historical sociological, including sources of variety a of sampling the requires matter this on materials written limited produced have who consumers of preferences past retrievingthe
ui L Lce e a. “ofr Fos A Epoaoy ore it te oil n Emotiona and Social the into Journey Exploratory An Foods: “Comfort al., et Locher L. Julie tively by interpreting the effects on relative preferences of observed dietary dietary observed of preferences relative on effects the interpreting by tively ry fare and by recognized prestigious social groups such as urban residents, residents, urban as such groups social prestigious recognized by and fare ry The proceeds sections two following the in discussion the Methodologically, n n h cnues cnupin n peeecs o fos Applied foods. for preferences and consumption consumers’ the on on
13 (2005): 273 (2005): 13 ocio available evidence indicates that up to the point of the dietary change, bread change, dietary the of point the to up that indicates evidence available - Cultural ‘Prestige’Predicting Model aPreference B for
- off peasants, is expected, based on developments from similar cases, similar from developments on based expected, is peasants, off Food and Foodways: Explorations in the History and Culture of Human Human of Culture and History the in Explorations Foodways: and Food - 297.
tary habits.
anthropological, anthropological,
read
- 10 specific specific
as theas
220 l
CEU eTD Collection 1936). Pop Rural the of State Economic 11 1 Chapter villagesfrom Naipu discussion the (see samples representative more used that villages same the of studies to compared consumption bread of levels higher much showing returned results landholdings, of size of terms in households total of quarter upper the from number large disproportionately a included samples whose survey, 1938 the that findings additional The member. per Ha 1 than more them of 6 and Ha 0.8 than more owning gr. 100 above members family per consumptions daily had that families o quantities more significantly consumed group former the that shows threshold Ha 0.7 the below and above owning households rural the of comparison a fact, In threshold. this after sensitive increasingly but Ha 0.7 of threshold the below member landholding of size average the in increases to insensitive relatively is wheat of consumption the Rather, variables. two the between relationship actual the adequately product Pearson’s the by verified relationship line the that indicates member familyper landholding of size average the to quantityby wheat of consumption the relating plot scatter the of inspection an However, correlation). landholdi of size average the of function a was consumption bread of frequency the that shown (36) households of number large sufficiently a for maize and wheat of consumption mem family of age and number the on data adequate collected had that studies few the of one (1932) County Roman from households rural the of conditions hygienic and economic h economic
Moise Enescu, Enescu, Moise es o te ie f hi ln poete, n oeay noe ad n the on and incomes monetary on properties, land their of size the on bers,
ng per family member adjusted for age and sex (Pearson’s r= 0.47, a moderate a 0.47, r= (Pearson’s sex and age for adjusted member family per ng ierarchy. The statistical analysis of the data from an exhaustive survey of the the of survey exhaustive an from data the of analysis statistical The ierarchy. Situția economică a populației rurale în raport cu Sănătatea publică și Igiena [The [The Igiena și publică Sănătatea cu raport în rurale populației a economică Situția
ulation in Relation to Public Health and Hygiene] Hygiene] and Health Public to Relation in ulation
) further testifies to the strength of the relationship between relationship the strengthof the to furthertestifies ) - oet orlto de nt represent not does correlation moment (Roman: Beram (Roman: f wheat with all 7 all with wheat f
on Drăguș a Drăguș on of households of
per family per - - Tatăl, Tatăl,
2 has 11 21 nd ar
-
CEU eTD Collection Seconda and Primary of Theodorescu],” Habits Doctor by (Cernăuți), Dietary Region Socială Igienă de Revista Sanitary The Second the of [Chronicle: Territory the from Theodorescu Schoolchildren dr. de (Cernăuți), 14 Habits 13 21. 1928), Göbl, Present] the to up Realized Progress the on and County Roman prezent în până realizat progresului 12 consuming residents urban theshare of analysis, under prices. region for the Accordingly, products cereal of shortage accompanying th of time the at cope to had which region this to specific be may Bucovina in areas urban in consumption bread of level low relatively The mămăligă. only consumed had rest the while period observation the during had Bucovina in schools rural attending day. the of meals the all at bread regularly consumed Bucovina in schools urban attending schoolchildren primary (54.1%) sch (99%) 833 of total a of out 829 1935, and 1934 from schoolchildren of practices dietary the on studies two to According consumption. mămăligă of levels high displaying regions in residents urban from rural ev an world, rural the in categories social frequenciesconsumption. of bread different considerably with landholding its of size the to according categories fruntași mijl codași, the in position household’s a linked have writers contemporary socio and consumption bread
Gheorghe Banu, “Cercetări asupra alimentației copiilor de școală în România [Research on the Dietary Dietary the on [Research România în școală de copiilor alimentației asupra “Cercetări Banu, Gheorghe Moise Enescu, Enescu, Moise Coiă Aietța lvlr cllr rmr ș scnae i cpisl eini II regiunii cuprinsul din secundare și primare școlilor elevilor Alimentația “Cronică:
of Romanian Schoolchildren],” Schoolchildren],” ofRomanian n diin o h dfeec i te rqece o bed osmto between consumption bread of frequencies the in difference the to addition In
Considerațiuni asupra dezvoltării serviciului sanitar din județul Roman și asupra asupra și Roman județul din sanitar serviciului dezvoltării asupra Considerațiuni - ee shocide ad 38 u o 184 6% secondary (65%) 12844 of out 8348 and schoolchildren level 14
y oprsn js 23 just comparison, By 7 (1934): 440 7 (1934):
[Considerations on the Development of the P the of Development the on [Considerations Revista de Igienă Socială Igienă de Revista - 441. 441. - 12 cnmc oiin Fnly csa rmrs by remarks casual Finally, position. economic e study with high population pressure on land and the the and land on pressure population high with study e
ocide fo Bucharest, from oolchildren en more pronounced dividing line separated the separated line dividing pronounced more en
consumed bread at all the meals of the day day the of meals the all at bread consumed -
7 ot f 090 2% schoolchildren (23%) 101910 of out 074 nldn mie flour maize including
(Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice Carol Carol Grafice Arte de Institutul (Bucharest:
1 (1931), 860. (1931), 1
13
59 u o 17678 of out 9579 ublic Health Service in in Service Health ublic -
n hg market high and cș and ocași - a sanitare sanitare a y Level ry - level level 222
CEU eTD Collection through solely consumption influenced groups social prestigious with consumption bread t were of intimacy the meals to and members of family to restricted majority the that considering bread of consumption their increase to decision residents’ rural the of interpretation the in relevance particular has consumption s prestigious with association food’s a How generally. more consumption its increasing for motivation the provided may have turn its in that bread for preference relative a supported have may consumers, rural by internalized and accepted Th consumption. mămăligă than valued more bread socially was consumption that information the transmitted constraints material from freer comparatively were that groups social prestigious by consumption bread Alternatively, classes. lower disting that marker social a erase to attempt an in mămăligă and bread of appreciation own their of regardless bread of intake their increase to willing been have may mămăligă consuming to accustomed residents rural process, imitation an In foods. tw the of value social relative the on information conveying by residents rural among consumption bread for preference genuine a to contributing by and/or categories upper the of practices dietary the of imitation the promoting pressure social of means population general the by consumption bread influenced had have to conceptualized prices market.on this ofcereal products urb from levels consumption city capital the of residents the by earned incomes higher the Bucharest from level consumption high relatively the between be can bread preponderantly The association of bread consumption with certain social categories can be be can categories social certain with consumption bread of association The an areas from Bucovina which were determined by the high high the by determined were which Bucovina from areas an siae cnevtvl a aon 8% te midpoint the 80%, around at conservatively estimated
he household. If the association of association the If household. he ocial groups influences its its influences groups ocial - -
which was supported by supported was which and the relatively lower lower relatively the and uished upper from from upper uished is information, if if information, is ‘core’ o 223
by
CEU eTD Collection Ages, Middle 195 2001), Berg, (Oxford: the since Europe in Drinking and Eating Cooking, Identity: and Drink 15 whose gradually consumption amon spread baguette French the of evaluations ambivalent held consumers that argues identities, ethnic and cultural their express and construct to practices food used have study her in example, for Jansen, Willy valued. socially genuine is food a the that information of the by that promoted food from the for practices preference dietary in conformity enforcing pressure social studies few a only but groups social other by consumption its influences groups social prestigious with association food’s a that the previous C discus developments economic the once meals ordinary at bread of consumption their increase to motivated additionally been have might residents rural foods, ‘core’ two the consumers’preferences mămăligărelative socially for than modified valued more thatbreadIf, theinformation colleagues. urbanhowever, rural and company other of the in job the on served lunch packaged the and table their at guests entertained residents visibility inc of degree high a having acts consumption The housing. or acquisition land clothing, as such status displaying of means efficient more in investment for available prefer at com the in visibility high by characterized meals bread consume to accepted have might residents rural conform, to pressure social
il Jne, Fec Bed n Agra Wn: ofitn Iette i Fec Agra” in Algeria,” French in Identities Conflicting Wine: Algerian and Bread “French Jansen, Willy ue fsie el ocsoe b rlgos n fml clbain we rural when celebrations family and religious by occasioned meals festive luded mămăligă at everyday meals especially since the saved resources would have been been have would resources saved the since especially meals everyday at mămăligă Several anthropological, historical and consumer behavior studies have indicated indicated have studies behavior consumer and historical anthropological, Several hapter had permitted it. hapter had - 218.
on how past and present Algerian communities communities Algerian present and past how on
have differentiated between the contribution of contribution the between differentiated have g urban andg rural residents. urban munity while continuing to consume and and consume to continuing while munity 15
On the one hand, ed. Peter Scholliers Scholliers Peter ed. - ye bread type sed in sed Food,
was was 224
CEU eTD Collection 19 18 17 16 to found been had another over food one preschool colleagues, and Birch by conducted study seminal a In well. as ratings preferenceactual but consumption only not influences behavior dietary des research experimental an using studies Rigorous exerted. not is pressure social which in contexts consumption in expressed become can internalized, once which, food respective the preferenceforrelative a promote groups can conveniencewith purchasing ready associated baguette French the consumed and their preferred consumers exerted, indicated as bread ‘Arab’ not established was group dominant the of members from group.’ dominant the to belonging as perceived others culturally as gr dominant themselves the adopted inferior perceived which consumers that suggesting by bread type qualities. keeping they and healthy, less be to bread French the considered they guests, entertaining when or meals festive and ritual at communities. own their prod ‘French’ of appreciation general their with consistent old’, or black ‘coarse, as characterized they which bread, ‘Arab’ baguette French the of superiority the affirmed readily respondents
Ibid., 213. Ibid., 203. Ibid., 204 Ibid., 203. Ibid., Alternatively, studies have shown that a food’s associat food’s a that shown have studies Alternatively, -
207.
17
h ato hs xlie ti abvln attd twrs French towards attitude ambivalent this explained has author The 16
On the other hand, consumers continued to prefer ‘Arab’ bread ‘Arab’ prefer to continued consumers hand, other the On
prcae te Aa’ ra fr t vraiiy n good and versatility its for bread ‘Arab’ the appreciated oup’s view on proper bread, ‘especially when talking to talking when ‘especially bread, proper on view oup’s - type bread at ordinary meals primarily because of the the of because primarily meals ordinary at bread type
by their choice of bread at festive and ritual meals meals ritual and festive at bread of choice their by cs n ter eea dsan o te rdcs of products the for disdain general their and ucts
increase their intake of the less preferred food, preferred less the of intake their increase - made bread. made ign have found that peer modeling of of modeling peer that found have ign 18
However, when social pressure social when However, 19
- age children that preferred that children age ion with prestigious social prestigious with ion - type bread over over bread type 225 -
CEU eTD Collection Nourishment 22 Ages, Middle the in 1950s,” the in Germany West 21 Preferences,” 20 festive and ceremonial of component a as initially classes lower rural the of repertoire in associated Mexico traditionally bread, how shown has Pelto Gretel 1980s Specifically, in Mexico. bread for Pelto Gretel by observed that to similar been have may practices hig spelt) (rye, grains ‘inferior’ from prepared breads forgruels, and grits porridges, as such products ‘core’ everyday otherfor the by adopted been has community, a of classes social upper the by exclusively almost consumed formerly bread, wheat white foods, ‘core’ of case the In interactions. social in value their beyond s spices coffee, sugar, tea, for studies historical and anthropological by documented been have pressure social of influence the beyond groups social prestigious with associated food a of consumption wer thereafter and exposures of number certain a after internalized were preferences and intake on context social of effects the that suggesting present been not had peers the which at procedure assessment increased an expressed subjects preferences. opposite had that classmates other 4 or lunch 3 with having together when food, the serving of frequency the of terms in and quantitatively
Steven L. Kaplan, “Breadways,” L.Steven Kaplan, Itself: for Searching Society a in Consumption (Food) of Rhetoric The More. of “Promise Wildt, Michael en L Brh “fet o Pe Mdl’ hie ad Eating and Choices Models’ Peer of “Effects Birch, L. Leann e etato rates. extraction her
ih h ubn n rrl lts hs en rdal icroae i te dietary the in incorporated gradually been has elites, rural and urban the with
7 (2010): 9 (2010): 7 Child Development Child ed. Peter Scholliers (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 73. 73. 2001), Berg, Scholliers(Oxford: ed. Peter
- lower classes at various points in time as a more preferred substitute substitute preferred more a as time in points various at classes lower 12. 12. getn ta cnues a cm t apeit tee foods these appreciate to come had consumers that uggesting
22
Food, Drink and Identity: Cooking, Identity: and Drink Food, hs rcs o dfuiniiain f rsiiu dietary prestigious of diffusion/imitation of process This 51 (1980): 489 (1980): 51
Food and Foodways: Explorations in the History and Culture of Human Culture Human of and History the in Explorations Foodways: and Food
idpnet f er rsue Smlr nrae i the in increases Similar pressure. peer of independent e 21 iig o te es rfre fo i a preference a in food preferred less the for liking
or from wheat flours of darker nuances due to their to due nuances darker of flours wheat from or - 496. 496.
Eating and Drinking in Europe since Europe in Drinking and Eating
Behaviors on Preschoolers’ Food Food Preschoolers’ on Behaviors 20
Significantly, the Significantly, 226
CEU eTD Collection 72. 2006), 25 178. 1984), Press, University Harvard (Cambridge: 24 518, 523 1987), Habits Food Human of Theory 23 19 in porridges and gruels grits, of consumption rem the explained has example, for Spittler, health Gerd or connotations. cultural social, negative their of because foods certain of consumption the city the and lords the like foods these with habituation orzo’ or spelt, rye, as such grains cheaper with baked bread ‘dark of consisting fare everyday their appreciated peasants although that argued has Montanari Accordingly, consumption. its with associated meanings and ideas valued positively to response a as food a enjoy to learning of capable consumers with determined culturally and socially is food a for that argued has Montanari Massimo changes, dietary of type this preparation. to Referring their for required inputs technological and labor similar the and content caloric and macronutrient of terms in bread of types the between differences minimal socio bread, of types other over bread wheat white chosen had that consumers For alternatives. available the to compared acquisition its for price higher uniformly a of payment the accept to enough sufficient bread of type this appreciated consumers that suggests diets their of food regular ascomponent Sunday tortilla of maize butintimate, a thedistinguished, meal. the to alternative preferred more a as subsequently and community the to visible meals
Massimo Montanari, Montanari, Massimo rtl .Plo “Soci Pelto, H. Gretel Pierre Bourdieu, Bourdieu, Pierre The adoption of white wheat bread by the majority of Europeans as the ‘core’ ‘core’ the as Europeans of majority the by bread wheat white of adoption The
- 524, 530 524, itnto: Sca Critiq Social A Distinction: Food is Culture is Food l ls ad it n otmoay eio” in Mexico,” Contemporary in Diet and Class al - 531. - - gi preference this for accounted alone factors cultural
a presumed ‘taste for the necessary’ resulting from their long long their from resulting necessary’ the for ‘taste presumed a
, ed. Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, Press, University Temple Ross (Philadelphia: B. Eric and Marvin Harris ed. , - dwellers.’ 24
-
‘they may always have wanted to eat to wanted have always may ‘they , trans. Albert Sonnenfeld (New York: Columbia University Press, Press, University Columbia York: (New Sonnenfeld Albert trans. , 25
Alternatively, consumers may reject or object to object or reject may consumers Alternatively, e f h Jdmn o Taste of Judgment the of ue
th
century Europe and the corresponding the and Europe century Food and Evolution. Toward a Toward Evolution. and Food arkable drop in the the in drop arkable , trans. Richard Nice Nice Richard trans. , white wheat bread wheat white
may have have may the ‘taste’ the e the ven 23 227
ly ly
CEU eTD Collection 28 27 26 challenged successfully had 1970s the working of French classes the that argued has Bourdieu Pierre example, For well. as practices its dietaryof domain specific the in hegemony groups’ social this reject or acceptconsumers automatically that but influence population not general the does by consumption groups social prestigious with association animals’. re increasingly been had people ordinary of dailyfarebinarythe this opposition, In classes. sociallower the of dietarythe practices to opposition in meaning acquired that practices dietary ‘refined’ adopted and developed class of members been had consumers European comparison, By diets. established their for regard high and attachment strong a show to continued had members its that result the with develop classless superiority a claiming cuisine ‘haute’ formed a which in community studied had he classes. that Tuareg social Ewey other Kel the over example, comparative superiority cultural of claim its promote dietar develop to interest and resources necessary the has which exists class social a that necessary considers author the occur, to process foods. ‘core’ ordinary their devalue to started themselves thei on perspective negative class’s upper the internalized have may consumers rural that suggesting tentatively by bread of consumption the in rise
Ibid., 39. See also Elisabeth MeyerElisabeth also See 39. Ibid., 40 Ibid., SimpleM the of“In Spittler, Praise Gerd ept tee xmls i hs o e eetees osdrd ht food’s a that considered nevertheless be to has it examples, these Despite
28
- structured, hierarchical communities communities hierarchical structured,
- Renschhausen, “The Porridge Debate,” 185. Debate,” Porridge “The Renschhausen, eal,” 39 eal,” - 40. defined as ‘coarse’, ‘monotonous’, ‘fit for for ‘fit ‘monotonous’, ‘coarse’, as defined
rcie itne osocs and showcase to intended practices y
h lgtmc o te pe classes’ upper the of legitimacy the its effects depend on whether the the whether on depend effects its n hc te pe cass had classes upper the which in r diets and, therefore, may have have may therefore, and, diets r
over ‘ordinary’ diets did not not did diets ‘ordinary’ over 26
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27
n Spittler In 228
CEU eTD Collection 32 Choice,” Food 31 Psy Social 30 29 each be to to found been have effects conformity particular social responses of type this for be and individual to believed are preferences since standard external an against respondents tha the consider comparison, By reported. been have effects conformity social large responses of types these for and ‘incorrect’ or ‘correct’ as evaluated be can choices their fac of matters about preferences. about judgments for and fact of matters about judgments for effects conformity of distinction Crutchfield’s to referring by results these interpreted informat to respond not did but intake quantitative appropriate the defining norms social to conformed consumers situation. eating novel a in behavior consumption effect the on study a of results food. modeled the for dislikes or likes strong study fo the only enduringly In subject. the of characteristics certain on and subject the to relation in ‘prestigious’ or that relevant as modeler him/her distinguish the of characteristics certain on both depends lifestyle. preferences of of modeling areas other all almost experimental an in using studies Furthermore, superiority its recognized implicitly or field andmodel ofculinarypractices dietarybutaccepted behaviorinthe it preferences
Ibid., 228. Ibid., Bourdieu, Pierre H. Marinho, “Social Influence in the Formation of Enduring Preferences,” Preferences,” Enduring of Formation the in Influence “Social Marinho, H. Patricia Pliner and Nikki Mann. “Influence of Social Norms and Palatability on Amount Consumed and and Consumed Amount on Palatability and Norms Social of “Influence Mann. Nikki and Pliner Patricia chology
t judgments about preferences cannot be evaluated as ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ or ‘correct’ as evaluated be cannot preferences about judgments t Appetite Appetite
37 (1942): (1942): 37 448 Distinction 42 t, the respondents recognize an external standard according to which to according standard external an recognize respondents the t,
(2004): 227 (2004): who children of preferences od
, 179. 179. , ion on the peers’ preferences for foods. The authors have have authors The foods. for preferences peers’ the on ion - 468.
-
o ifrig osmr aot h socially the about consumers informing of s 237. this sense, Marinho has found that peers model model peers that found has Marinho sense, this
design have found that the efficiency of peer peer of efficiency the that found have design 31
Specifically, this study has found that found has study this Specifically, 30
This finding is consistent with the with consistent is finding This had not formed by the time of the of time the by formed not had The Journal of Abnormal and and Abnormal of Journal The 32
o judgments For - approved 229 29
CEU eTD Collection Lenghel 34 33 holidays. religious major the by occasioned meals festive the for least at bread of baking the for sufficient wheat of quantitiesreserved land, pre that show researchers contemporary of observations the and consumption grain on data addition, In workplace. urban their at served meals at bread consume to chose and appropriate questionnaire oral the of structure the outside confirmed intervieweesof number a Forexample, community. the visibilityin high characterizedby which convention social a to conformed food expectedpreferences as well. may be of domain food the in conformity transform social fact, of matters thereby into social almost choices and and preferences strong choice which meal appropriate in the cultures define those convention/norms in but belonged, participants the which to culture food Western modern a the characterize which conventions of set specific to therefore corresponds responses of pattern a the Such be tastes. to individual of considered province are preferences food which in culture food a with in accordance choices food individual peers’ the Likewise, about information meals. to responded have public not may at participants behavior ‘correct’ the as participants meal o that to intake individual of adjustment the required which existed conventions social because participants other by consumed quantities the about information wea
Richard S. Crutchfield, “Conformity and Character,” Character,” “Conformityand Crutchfield, S. Richard h Mărculescu Th. k. 33 - Izanu, “Alimentația și îmbrăcămintea în Bârsana, Maramureș [Dietary and Clothing Practices in in Practices Clothing and [Dietary Maramureș Bârsana, în îmbrăcămintea și “Alimentația Izanu, re rural that indicates evidence available The
Given distinction, participants this study individual this in may responded have to - collectivization rural households, including tho including households, rural collectivization - uăe “ecri i Truaa Te ihra fo Truaa, 243 Turtucaia],” from Fisherman [The Turtucaia din “Pescarii Dunăre,
eurd h cnupin f bread of consumption the required American Psychol American 34
During ordinary meals, however, the however, meals, ordinary During sidents ogist se owning limited plots of plots limited owning se ht hy a considered had they that
10 (1955): 191 (1955): 10 had recognized and and recognized - 252 and Petre and 252 - 198. 198.
at meals meals at - - f fellow f cultural cultural cultural
230
CEU eTD Collection Regală Arhivele 346, (1940): aparație) de ani 10 a împlinirii ocazia cu 35 observațiun 457. 1937): (September cu moldovean, țăranului (Cuhea 92 64/1936, Century],” Past the over (September Evolution its and State Present Its Someș: from Mic Căianul expansiv, Maramureș],” Bârsana, These place. market the in sale good a as such events mundane more celebrate to or sick children, for treat special a as bread of use their by confirmed fu is mămăligă to relative status privileged a bread to ascribed residents rural that social pressure was exerted. not relative bread preference whic for a of direction the in change affective an to contributed have may mămăligă than valued more socially was bread that information the groups, social prestigious with associated consumptio bread to change thorough residents’ rural the explain to sufficient not is studied alone pressure social therefore the and period throughout view communities’ the of outside consumed be to continued by characterized meals of frequency the in increase this Despite consumption. of norms appropriate socially to conform to residents rural on put pressure the through bread of consumption increased an to contributed have non into labor 1 the with beginning rural employment urban agricultural of flow the accompanied had that bread of consumers included regular which community a to visible acts consumption of share rising the respect, to continued majorityhouseholds thesevast of
Moise Enescu, “Alimentația populației rurale din Moldova,” Moldova,” din rurale populației “Alimentația Enescu, Moise - Centrală. 64/1936 (Vol. 1), 127. 1), (Vol. 64/1936 Centrală. Besides the use of bread as a social marker and as a festive food, the assumption the food, festive a as and marker social a as bread of use the Besides - coe 13) 41 Ahvl Nțoae l Rmne. udța utrl Regală Culturală Fundația României. ale Naționale Arhivele 431, 1937): October - Mic din Someș: Fața de azi și evoluția în ultimul secol [A Developing Village, Căianul Village, Developing [A secol ultimul în evoluția și azi de Fața Someș: din Mic - Maramureș), Moise Enescu and Radenschi, A, “Contribuțiuni la studiul alimentației alimentației studiul la “Contribuțiuni A, Radenschi, and Enescu Moise Maramureș),
Soci lge Românească ologie
i asupra regimului pelagroșilor,” pelagroșilor,” regimului asupra i
h could then become expressed where atcould situations then become meal h n. Rather, as in the case of other commodities commodities other of case the in as Rather, n.
(April 4 high visibility however, the majority of meals meals of majority the however, visibility high consume preponderantly mămăligă. Inconsume preponderantlymămăligă.this -
ue 99: 271 1939): June 950s (see Chapter 3, Section 3) may may 3) Section 3, Chapter (see 950s Naționale ale României. Fundația Culturală Culturală Fundația României. ale Naționale Revista de Igienă Socială Igienă de Revista 35 eit d Iin Socială Igienă de Revista
as a comfort food for the for food comfort a as - 7, er Bro, U sat “Un Bartoș, Petru 275, Soci lge Românească ologie
10 (Număr festiv festiv (Număr 10 - Centrală. Centrală. rther rther 231
7 2 - -
CEU eTD Collection Food Children’s Young on Effects Contingency: Development Social of Influence Preferences,” 36 in food the that result the with other the for reward a as alternatively used been had foods two of one study, designed carefully most the In ratings. preference decreases activity precondi necessary a as the food a requiring of whereas consumption consumption and ratings preference increases by peers valued positively relevant is it that indicating or reward a as food a presenting that found value relevant socially implici the or to explicitly associated also judgments but foods of qualities in physical just the not to preferences response form consumers that shown have studies observational and br involving practices dietary of functions informational These bread. of consumption the accompanied that preparation special and excitement the recounting respondents many with valued particularly was consumption consumption its that hand, one the on indicate, to cozonac as bread to referred they youth their in that questionnaire the of structure the villages respondents10 outside indicatedfrom84 of Specifically,out 19 population. rural widespr its and structure informational its of straightforwardness the given mămăligă than valued more socially was bread that information the conveying in efficient particularly was bread to referring when ‘cake’ or cozonac term the of use by suggested indulgence an as or treat special a as bread of consumption social judgment was mămăligă. functions, more that bread Among than these the valuable pre the community the of members the into a instilling in instrumental also were consumption, expressing beyond bread, of uses
on emn n Tyo, ln “fet f Means a of “Effect Alan, Taylor, and Newman Joan
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Child Experimental of Journal 1 18) 856 (1980): 51 - fetv Cnet n h Frain f hlrns od Preferences,” Food Children's of Formation the on Context Affective
- 861 and Leann L. Birch et al., “Eating as the ‘Means’ Activity in a a in Activity ‘Means’ the as “Eating al., et Birch L. Leann and 861
Preferences,” Preferences,” ead are particularly relevant since experimental since relevant particularly are ead l wt them. with tly - xsig eaie appreciation relative existing
53 (1992): 200 (1992): 53 was rare and, on the other hand, that its its that hand, other the on and, rare was - End Contingency on Young Children’s Food Food Children’s Young on Contingency End tion for gaining access to an enjoyed enjoyed an to access gaining for tion Child Development Child 36
- o eape suis have studies example, For 216, Leann 216, ead diffusion among the among diffusion ead
55 (1984): 431 (1984): 55 L. Birch et al., “The al., et Birch L.
the consumers’ the of bread bread of - 439. 439. Child Child 232
CEU eTD Collection evaluative effect, exposure ‘mere’ the neophobia, food sophistication: theoretical 4.1.2 bread. prefer relative general a promoted have to considered is mămăligă than valued more socially is bread that information the as consumers by positively perceived been have may it that suggests model this bread, wheaten to mămăligă from change dietary Applie evidence. empirical by supported well and theoretically grounded well valued than mămăligă. that practices food into youth their from socialized were residents rural since consequential very not age probable a mămăligă, prefer food influences information social that assuming indiscriminately against cautions preferences adults’ to compared information social to sensitive more be to shown been have preferences results clear stu these the by Despite obtained peers. social by itself for valued not is incentives external additional requires consumption whose food a that information the to responded have its in valuable is food that that reward a as food a of use the by transmitted implicitly information the to preferences their adjusted consumers that suggest to interpreted been have findings These condition. significantl was condition reward the
The DietaryThe a Preference Predicting ConservatismModel M for
h Deay osraim oe hs uh o eomn i i trs of terms in it recommend to much has model Conservatism Dietary The Socio the of overview This
strongly and clearly conveyed the information that bread was socially more more socially was bread that information the conveyed clearly and strongly ences uniformly across all age groups. Nevertheless, for bread and and bread for Nevertheless, groups. age all across uniformly ences dies, the fact that they have involved only children whose food food whose children only involved have they that fact the dies,
- elf or valued by other peers. Alternatively, peers. other by valued or elf dependent difference in the effectiveness of peer modeling is modeling peer of effectiveness the in difference dependent - Cultural ‘Prestige’ model shows that it is reasonably is it that shows model ‘Prestige’ Cultural mr lkd hn h fo i te instrumental the in food the than liked more y
the consumers may consumers the ămăligă ence for ence t the to d
233
CEU eTD Collection Children,” School “Repe al., et Lakkakula Vegetables,” of Liking Children’s Preschool Promote Conditioning Substa Edible for Research Liking Intake on Exposure Mere of Effects “The Pliner, Patricia 224 (2001): Exposu “Mere Zajonc, 38 37 positive a acquire may (CS) stimulus food. established the to relative favorable less is impression initial the food, new a try to willing is consumer su viable economically as function can which food by foods novel over imposed advantage comparative limits a have foods certain familiar result, a to As ‘boredom’. subject foods those to exposure repeated with foods unfamiliar rate initially consumers that agree generally researchers but elucidated entirely been yet not have effect exposure foods. disliked and novel including stimuli effecsuch and exposurerepeated its with increases food. unfamiliar years 4 adulthood and adolescence throughout and 2 of ages the between stronger becomes diet, regular his/her into foods solid incorporates child the when old years 2 of age the reaction neophobic the separately, each prefe hedonic a despite consumption bread to switched have may residents rural that possibility the together, taken or separately suggest, experiences ‘core’ appropriate the an conditioning
Patricia Pliner and Sarah and Pliner Patricia For a general discussion and a demonstration of the ‘mere’ exposure effect with various stimuli see R. B. B. R. see stimuli various with effect exposure ‘mere’ the of demonstration a and discussion general a For - 228. For a demonstration of the ‘mere’ exposure effects with novel or disliked foods see see foods disliked or novel with effects exposure ‘mere’ the of demonstration a For 228.
3 (1982): 283 (1982): 3 Appetite d the consumers’ predilection to form norms and expectations concerning expectations and norms form to predilection consumers’ the d 37
The ‘mere’ exposure theory postulates that preference for a stimulus a for preference that postulates theory exposure ‘mere’ The re: A Gateway to the Subliminal,” Subliminal,” the to Gateway A re: ated Taste Exposure Increases Liking for Vegetables by Low by Vegetables for Liking Increases Exposure Taste ated The evaluative conditioning paradigm conditioning evaluative The -
- ‘fringe’ combinations at specific meals based on their early dietary dietary early their on based meals specific at combinations ‘fringe’ 55 (2010): 226 (2010): 55 Jeanne Salvy, “Food Neophobia in Humans,” 83. Humans,” in Neophobia “Food Salvy, Jeanne
- 290, Stephanie Anzman Stephanie 290,
- 231. or negative valence in accordance with the valence the with accordance in valence negative or -
- forms the first barrier against the adoption of an of adoption the against barrier first the forms
which, according to researchers, is weak up to to up weak is researchers, to according which, o o lkn tss n ices ter ratings their increase and tests liking on low 38 - Frasca et al., “Repeated Exposure and Associative Associative and Exposure “Repeated al., et Frasca
h eat rcse bhn te ‘mere’ the behind processes exact The Current Directions in Psychological Science Science Psychological in Directions Current bstitutes in the sense that even if a a if even that sense the in bstitutes ts have been confirmed for a variety afor of confirmedbeen have ts Appetite
n te dcie gradually declines then and postulates that a conditioned conditioned a that postulates rence for mămăligă. Taken mămăligă. for rence
58 (2012): 543 (2012): 58 nces,” Appetite: Journal for for Journal Appetite: - Income Elementary Elementary Income - 553, Anantha Anantha 553, 234 10
CEU eTD Collection Choices Food Consumers’ of Perspective 40 397 Liking,” Flavour Influences Flavours Unfamiliar to States Positive Preference and Quality Food Unfamil “Conditioning al., et Kuenzel Johanna see ratings, liking influence processes such how and conditioning evaluative through foods with associated Bulletin Conditioning, Evaluative Psychological Human on Research of Years 25 of Review A Dislikes: and Likes of Learning Analysis,” Wilhelm see stimuli, unconditioned 39 evide available The another. under disliked but circumstances of set one under liked be may food same the that result the with food a consuming for structure meal and time context, improper or proper the food. new the expectation to form consumers Finally, transferred get may that mood negative a which to consumers contributes generally on pressures strong of exertion the presuppose usually place take ‘mere’ the of impact uneven the consumers because Nevertheless, and predispositions neophobic their given foods new of positively.introduction the resist frequently or negatively either experienced be a perceived is consumption their of context the how on depend acquire may foods these the valence the since for foods established preference a promote invariably not does conditioning evaluative of process cons of contexts social positive post the with associated becoming of chances its increases with propos been have and foods nostalgia and comfort of formation the mediate to considered been have conditioning evaluative paired. been has it which with (US) stimulus unconditioned an of
David J. Mela, “Development and Acquisition of Food Likes,” in Likes,” Food of Acquisition and “Development Mela, J. David For a review of the literature on evaluating conditioning covering all types of conditioned and and conditioned of types all covering conditioning evaluating on literature the of review a For - 403. some
scooia Bulletin Psychological
authors havingsuggested
6 (2001): 853 (2001): 6
21 (2010): 1105 (2010): 21 136 (2010): 390 and Jan de Houwer and Sarah Thomas, “Associative “Associative Thomas, Sarah and Houwer de Jan and 390 (2010): 136 nce shows that ‘core’ foods have not been the object of of object the been not have foods ‘core’ that shows nce
-
869. For a demonstration of how positive states/moods can become become can states/moods positive how of demonstration a For 869. omn e a. Eautv Cniinn i Hmn: Meta A Humans: in Conditioning “Evaluative al. et Hofmann exposure process, the contexts in which dietary changes dietary which in contexts the process, exposure mto (US umption , ed. L.J. Frewer et al. (Berlin: Springer, 2001), 9 2001), Springer, Frewer L.J. (Berlin: al. et ed. , nd, in this sense, childhood or early adolescence may adolescence early or childhood sense, this in nd,
s concerning, and submit to social norms regulating, regulating, norms social to submit and concerning, s that the repeated consumption of a food (CS) merely (CS) food a of consumption repeated the that ed as an explanation for the ‘mere’ exposure effect exposure ‘mere’ the for explanation an as ed - iar and Familiar Flavours to Specific Positive Emotions,” Emotions,” Positive Specific to Flavours Familiar and iar 1107 and Johanna Kuenzel et al., “Conditioning Specific Specific “Conditioning al., et Kuenzel Johanna and 1107 - mr’ xoue theory). exposure ‘more’ Food Quality and Preference and Quality Food Food, People and Society: A European European A Society: and People Food, - ingestion consequences or or consequences ingestion 39
uh rcse of processes Such 40 - 21.
vrl, the Overall,
22 (2011): (2011): 235 ” -
CEU eTD Collection Midday,” and Morning at Ratings Hedonic and 3. (1992): Intake Food on Appropriateness and Day Situations,” 43 42 neophobic consumers’ 138 1998), Institut Danone, the as 41 conservatism dietary supporting circle vicious a form to combine culture food a into socialization early an of effects the altogether, Taken formed are expectations and younger habits dietary the which through to mechanism exact down the of handed regardless andbut, generation, consumption of rules explicit into formalized expe repeated through age young very a at consumers by learned are norms such that suggested have meal. served actually an of liking consumers’ influencing in than rather perceived the that appropriateness suggested have accordingly, and, it for liking/disliking expected their and contexts specific in food a of consumption the is appropriate how of evaluations noneth but findings such lunch. at or breakfast at consumed arewhether these on depending foods’‘dinner or ‘breakfastfoods’ define preferences relative their change children and adults both that found have colleagues and Birch example, For norm. upheld the to not or conforms situation eating actual the whether on depending ‘core’ appropriate of consumption the define that norms softer entertain consumers that found consumption have meat studies of types various proscribing those to similar taboos strong
Leann L. Birch et al., “Time of Day Influences Food Acceptability,” Acceptability,” Food ofDay Influences “Time al., et L. Birch Leann Armand V. Cardello, “Predictors of Food Acceptance, Consumption a Consumption Acceptance, Food of “Predictors Cardello, V. Armand al oi e a. “igs, in “Disgust,” al., et Rozin Paul
Food Quality and Preference and Quality Food 42
Cardello and colleagues and Cardello riences with the food in specific contexts or that, sometimes, they are are they sometimes, that, or contexts specific in food the with riences of a food is more important when it comes to selecting a particular meal meal particular a selecting to comes it when important more is food a of - - ‘fringe’ co ‘fringe’ 139. , they generally help reinforce the established dietary practices. practices. dietary established the reinforce help generally they , eless have also reported strong correlations between consumers’ between correlations strong reported also have eless
hdncly o fos hc te hv casfe as classified have they which foods for hedonically d
Towards mbinations and that they adjust their preference rating preference their adjust they that and mbinations
11 (2000): 205 and F. Matthew Framer et al., “Effects of Time of of Time of “Effects al., et Framer Matthew F. and 205 (2000): 11
and Kramer and colleagues and Kramer and Pyhlg o Fo Choice Food of Psychology a Appetite Appetite nd Satisfaction in Specific Eating Eating Specific in Satisfaction nd , ed. Paul Rozin (Bruxelles: (Bruxelles: Rozin Paul ed. ,
5 (1984): 109 (1984): 5 have failed to replicate to failed have 43
h authors The - 116. 116. Appetite
41
236 but
18
CEU eTD Collection 924. Study,” Finns Young in Risk Cardiovascular The Adulthood: doi:10.1186/1479 Activity Study,” Heart Youth European the Years: Six dietary a of 44 rigidity the than rather liking on based choice informed an reflects establis their for preference continued their ideally, their that, change so practices to dietary opportunity the had have should consumers time. selected in the points Moreover, different at consumers preferences of number food large sufficiently the a of compare hedonically would that studies appropriate designing of difficulty the given relationship this verifying for obstacle main the as cited been has early betwe stable relationship such any remain that underlined repeatedly have preferences but life one’s throughout food and practices dietary formed early that assumption the of appeal theoretical the recognized readily have analysts behavior consumer and scienti food Specifically, it. disqualify or support either may that evidence empirical combinations. ‘core’ particular a within accommodated is food new a if that result the with practices dietary of compartmentalization a to lead can it time same the at while practices consumption ‘core’ proper conditioning evaluative given well food of and habits dietary of presence the and processes new the on negatively reflects reticence their redu predispositions
Emma Pa Emma
-
-
and later and ‘fr (09: 1 (2009): 6 The Dietary Conservatism Model is less well established when it comes to the the to comes it when established well less is Model Conservatism Dietary The ne cmiain ti acpac de nt uoaial gnrlz t other to generalize automatically not does acceptance this combination, inge’ tterson et al., “The Tracking of Dietary Intakes of Children and Adolescents in Sweden over over Sweden in Adolescents and Children of Intakes Dietary of Tracking “The al., et tterson -
‘f - - 5868 ringe’ combinations increases consumers’ resistance towards unfamiliar unfamiliar towards resistance consumers’ increases combinations ringe’ life food habits has yet to be demonstrated. be yetto has habits food life - 2 - nentoa Junl f eairl Nu Behavioral of Journal International 6 eteiiil pel fanvl od h rsuenee o soften to needed pressure the food, novel a of appeal initial the ce - 91; V. Mikkilä et al., “Consistent Dietary Patterns Identified from Childhood to to Childhood from Identified Patterns Dietary “Consistent al., et Mikkilä V. 91;
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical and Nutrition Behavioral of Journal International British Journal of Nutrition of Journal British rto ad hscl Activity Physical and trition - defined expectations concerning concerning expectations defined 44
The paucity of relevant data relevant of paucityThe
93 (2005): 923 (2005): 93
2009, 2009, e diets hed
defined 6 237 :91 sts sts en en -
CEU eTD Collection Association Dietetic 45 early and old) yearsthree yearspreferenceforquestionnairesfood through 22 old) and (between17 adulthood and16 13 (between adolescence old), years 12 and 4 (between ch in and lunches 109 of average an over choices food unrestricted of recording 341 of preferences through old) years food 3 and 2 (between the childhood early in assessed been rigorous: have respondents impressively is study their respects many the in changes significant nonetheless consumers’ thesame preferenceswithin relative classified category.for foods but dramatic less up pick to fail categories the for give responsible study this in been observed stability of have level high remarkably may preferences food comparing and classifying surveys. third and consisten of level average high a found have and 8 and 4 3, 2 ages at successively surveyed children 70 the of one each by tasted never and disliked liked, foods the compared have colleagues and Skinner example, For preferences. dietary long of understanding adequate an to studies these of contribution the even diminish choices methodological pragmatic and limitations design long the analyzed which studies broa defined preferences food analyzed which study 1 hedonically, long the analyzed which study 1 only identify analysis, my in studies including for standard a as above presented exposure first the used have I which in literature the reviewof a in ‘mere’ sense, In this effect. the with coupled factors economic by circumscribed configuration
Jean D. Skinner et al., “Children’s Food Preferences: A Longitudinal Analysis,” Analysis,” Longitudinal A Preferences: Food “Children’s al., et Skinner D. Jean Nicklaus and her colleagues have managed to overcome these limitati these overcome to managed have colleagues her and Nicklaus
102 (2002): 1641. 1641. (2002): 102 45
oee, h atos slcin f ny he bod aeois for categories broad three only of selection authors’ the However,
- term tracking of dietary intake. Furthermore, study study Furthermore, intake. dietary of tracking term - term stability of food preferences defined defined preferences food of stability term - em stabil term cy of 84.5% between the first the between 84.5% of cy ta hgl aggregated highly that n dly and a number of number a and dly
Journal of the American American the of Journal t o early of ity I have been able to able been have I
two criteria two ons and in and ons - ildhood ildhood formed formed 238 -
CEU eTD Collection at selected foods of number total the to selected been had food specific a times of number the of ratios the comparing 48 47 Preference 46 the in once only counted preference commonly most bread of choice consumer’s a instance, results since methodofassessment this certain privileges foods others. over types of on based In preferences. food formed 2 of ages the at preferences food of hierarchy a earlyof construction the particular, of stability of degree observed the of reduction preferenc literature. the from findings other with consistent products meat for ratings preference their decreased have but vegetables food of development prefere specific gender the explain may concerns such that indicated which indicator have composite themselves authors The a concerns. moral and to weight health, reflected liking increasingly hedonic of indicator an from relationship assessments dieta the between evolved had of study the strength in measured actual ‘preference’ the that the considering adequately represent not early may during preferences adulthood food with modestly correlated preferences food early that sensitivity. of level its increased which categories fine 18 and broad 5 by run been had analysis the and preferences; relative of terms in numerica change and stability of analysis an permit to standardized been have on scores the and scales measured been have preferences food the sample; the from subgroups
Ibid., 815. 813, Ibid., Sophie Nicklaus et al., “A Prospective Study of Food Preferences in Childhood,” Childhood,” in Preferences Food of Study Prospective “A al., et Nicklaus Sophie Ibid., 806. More precisely, the relative preferences have been assessed by means of averaging and and averaging of means by assessed been have preferences relative the precisely, More 806. Ibid., nces in which girls had comparatively increased their preference ratings of of ratings preference their increased comparatively had girls which in nces
that occasion across the entire range of lunches at which that specific food has been available hasavailable been food whichspecific that at oflunches range the entire across thatoccasion s lctd hog dfeet ehd my ae ute cnrbtd o a to contributed further have may methods different through elicited es 15 h sbet’ netand eeto o fos a hv poue misleading produced have may foods of selection unrestrained subjects’ the
assessment formula given the marked similarity between available types of of types available between similarity marked the given formula assessment
(2004): 805 (2004):
- 818.
47
n diin te rcdr o cmaig food comparing of procedure the addition, In 46
eetees te auth the Nevertheless, Food Quality and and Quality Food r’ finding ors’ - 3 years old old years 3 48
239 For
ry ry l
CEU eTD Collection Samanth see 1 micronutrients, (2012): and 46 macro of Adolescence,” to or Childhood from Patterns products) Dietary of “Tracking (dairy al., et Madruga groups food specific of intake dietary Women: Health Adolescent Adolescent U.S. of Patterns Study,” Adults Nutrition Clinical of Young Journal in Development Risk Artery Coronary The Change: Score Quality E and Race, Sex, Effectsof and Diet in Trends “Longitudinal al., et Sijtsma P.C. Femke (32 Adulthood and Years) Lake A. Amelia Years”, Six 51 50 49 levels ofstability modest to moderate reported have intake nutrient of tracking the and patterns dietary byauthors suggest. the presented indicators concordance the what than stable more been have may preferences 1 the 7 the from preferences of frequency relative consumption. highest the had quiches and cakes savory cheese tarts, cheese foods such that surprising not is it therefore, and, 100% of level maximum a had foods standalone but 50% of lunch at foods of number total the to relative selection of level rarel is bread Furthermore, evaluated. was category that for choices of frequency against the which lunches of number the to once only but category particular that of selections chicke as such categories food heterogeneous relatively from products two choose could consumer a comparison, By lunch. single a at type one only consuming of practice the and bread
Ibid., 810. Ibid., 807 Ibid., Emma Patterson et al., “The Tracking of Dietary Intakes of Children and Adolescents in Sweden over over Sweden in Adolescents and Children of Intakes Dietary of Tracking “The al., et Patterson Emma y consumed alone in the Western culinary tradition meaning that it had a maximum a had it that meaning tradition culinary Western the in alone consumed y st
Finally, the majority of studies which have analyzed the lon the analyzed have which studies of majority the Finally, lc i ery adulthood early in place n or beef and, as a result, his/her choices contributed twice to the number of of number the to twice contributed choices his/her result, a as and, beef or n -
808. - 9. For a review of the most important studies on the stability of various aspects of early early of aspects various of stability the on studies important most the of review a For 9. 49
6 20) 194 (2000): 26 n hs es, h porsin f ra i te irrh o food of hierarchy the in bread of progression the sense, this In 51
with only strong having twostudies found th -
33 Years): The ASH30 Study,” Study,” ASH30 The Years): 33
95 (2012): 580 (2012): 95 place out of the 18 fine categories of foods in early childhood t childhood early in foods of categories fine 18 the of out place
t l, Lniuia Cag i Fo Hbt bten dlsec (11 Adolescence between Habits Food in Change “Longitudinal al., et -
204. For a review of the most important studies on the tracking of of tracking the on studies important most the of review a For 204. 50
The Penn State Young Women’s Health Study,” Study,” Health Women’s Young State Penn The
a b mr aprn ta ra ad oeal food overall, and, real than apparent more be may - 586, Deborah Cardomone et al., “Longitudinal Nutrient Intake Intake Nutrient “Longitudinal al., et Cardomone Deborah 586, ora o Pbi Health Public of Journal
consistency in respondents’ in consistency Revista de Saude Publica Saude de Revista g - term persistence of of persistence term ducation on Dietary Dietary on ducation
8 20) 10 (2006): 28 The American American The Journal of of Journal 240 - - 16, 16, 12 as o a
CEU eTD Collection 53 (EarlyBird Years 49),” 13 to 52 179 (2013): Patterns,” Eating Later and Habits Food Early Between Tracking Overeating: of prefere food including practices dietary formed model conservatism dietary the of version softer a support arguments theoretical measur quantitative purpose which for and diseases and intake an dietary between support relationship to the of foremost analysis and first intended been has which data collected of type the authors the of part the from decision directed a of result the been not has focus specific This stable. relatively remain to expected been has consumption of frequency of terms in or quantitatively defined dietary the of whi to according version model conservatism strong a examined have studies reviewed the these shortcomings, above and Over change. dietary of evidence as interpreted and up picked been day common the arrangement, this of because and, assessment each at period observation short a covering collectingdata by time in points different atpractices food and intake dietary individual’s importantly Most respect. this in results observed the of validity the diminish problems methodological because stable generally are patterns dietary that assumption the even or liking besides factors multiple by shaped later conditions culture food a into socialization early that assumption the disqualify cannot studies these of results health vs. traditional ( patterns dietary broad to years 21 and 8 over adherence
V. Mikkilä et al., “Consistent Dietary Patterns Identified from Childhood to Adulthood,” 923 Adulthood,” to fromChildhood Identified Patterns Dietary “Consistent al., et Mikkilä V. Alissa E. Frémeaux et al., “Consistency of Children’s Dietary Choices: Annua Choices: Dietary Children’s of “Consistency al., et Frémeaux E. Alissa - 184.
- to - es are the most appropriate. It is my opinion, however, that the the that however, opinion, my is It appropriate. most the are es day or short or day - conscious British Journal of Nutrition of BritishJournal
of the studies but rather the result of a practical adaptation to adaptation practical a of result the rather but studies the of - ie od preference food life 53 - ietfe truh atr nlss Nvrhls, the Nevertheless, analysis. factor through identified ) term variation in an individual’s dietary practices had had practices dietary individual’s an in variation term ch nutrient intake or individual food consumption consumption food individual or intake nutrient ch nces see Sophie Nicklaus and Eloise Remy, “Early Origins Origins “Early Remy, Eloise and Nicklaus Sophie see nces , the majority of studies have compared an an compared have studies of majority the ,
106 (2011): 725 (2011): 106
bcue itr cniuain are configurations dietary because s - elh v. unhealthy vs. healthy 731.
Current Obesity Reports Obesity Current l Repeat Measures from 5 5 from Measures Repeat l
- 931. 52
241 and
2
CEU eTD Collection have assump the disqualifies effectively dislikes which and likes food their groups changed social on record historical voluminous the that claim Mennell’s Stephen Consequently, culture. culinary established the becomes thereby which culture th into offspring their socialize subsequently reasons prestige/pressure that sense social or convenience economic, for the dish or food novel a in adopted have who consumers preferences food in modifications generational accommodating conservatism dietary the because necessary is requirement this of fulfillment The studies. relevant of number the limits another to food one from switched had which individuals those specifically of ratings liking relative the evaluate they that long condition practices dietary formed early that assumption the against or for evidence provide to position better comparatively salience cons for high their and baking) for unsuitable vs. unique (suitable product the starch each given of characteristics ingredients main their in modifications to susceptible less are and occasional by atypical overall of consumption affected less are regularly, consumed are which foods ‘core’ the as such products of groups involving practices consumption of stability marked the de high the by supported is or model conservatism integrated dietary the are of version they softer This if forms. familiar into introduced processed be can example) for cream fat high vs. cream but, stable less or more remain should dishes individual of consumption and structure meal which to according itrcl scooia ad nhoooia suis f itr cags r i a in are changes dietary of studies anthropological and sociological Historical, umers.
within these boundaries, new foods or modified foods (low fat fat (low foods modified or foods new boundaries, these within gree of gree meals given that they are consumed in considerable quantities considerable in consumed are they that given meals consistency - term food preferences although the r the although preferences food term
observed for broad dietary patterns and by by and patterns dietary broad for observed
model is capable of of capable is model tion that ‘people that tion e new culinary culinary new e equirement 242
CEU eTD Collection 52. A South 1650 (ca. Zambia Northwestern in Change 56 63 1890 Zambia, of Province Northern the in Change 55 Present the 54 staple former the millet, of expense the at groundnuts and sesame as such crops cash the for region intensitheyhadas (porridge), asida food, ‘core’ their of preparation the of outside produced sorghum on preponderantly depend to come thing’. g with mixture ‘a regarded still (porridge) nshima for ingredient main the as cassava reliable more the with cereals various replaced had which area Zambezi Upper the from ‘textur producers agricultural many that shown has Oppen von Achim Similarly, its of because millet from made bwali prefer to continued had Mintz Sidney impressed much so had diets Bemba’s in centrality whose bwali of preparation the in millet replaced completely had it that diets the their into cassava versatile in more the incorporated gradually Richards had 1930s, Audrey by studied area same the Zambia, of Province Northern the from producers agricultural that shown have Vaughan and Moore example, For change. aft decades even food readily ‘core’ former had the nonetheless, for preference which, their expressed but reasons economic for primarily another with gener food ‘core’ one replaced had which consumers of cases several reported several have researchers across preferences food of configurations different radically with compatible is model Conservatism Dietary the since warranted entirely unfamiliar’ the dislike conversely and to, used are they what eat] [to like
Achim von Oppen, “Cassava, ‘The Lazy Man’s Food’? Indigenous Agricultural Innovation and Dietary Dietary and Innovation Agricultural Indigenous Food’? Man’s Lazy ‘The “Cassava, Oppen, von Achim Stephen Mennell, Mennell, Stephen - Henrietta L. Moore and Megan Vaughan, Vaughan, Megan and Moore L. Henrietta
64, 80. 80. 64, 56 merica and Europe and merica
For Central Kordofan, Sudan, Joachim Theis has found that rural consumers hadconsumers rural that found has Theis Joachim Sudan, Kordofan, Central For
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), 4 1985), Blackwell, Basil (Oxford: All Manners of Food: Eating and T and Eating Food: of Manners All , ed. Carola Lentz (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999), 47, 50 47, 1999), Publishers, Academic Harwood (Amsterdam: Lentz Carola ed. ,
- 1970),” in 1970),” - Cutting Down Trees: Gender, Nutrition, and Agricultural Agricultural and Nutrition, Gender, Trees: Down Cutting 5. 5.
- 1990 Changing Food Habits: Case Studies from Africa, Africa, from Studies Case Habits: Food Changing to Ages Middle from France and England in aste (Portsmou th: University of Zambia Press, 1994), 1994), Press, Zambia of University th: fied the production of production the fied -
tos Moreover, ations. the thick porridge porridge thick the an a te real the as rains - ad taste’. and e
er the dietary dietary the er 54 although they although
to the point point the to may not be not may 243 55 -
CEU eTD Collection Change and Continuity Taste: 59 77. 73, 69, 2006), Books, Europe and America 58 South Africa, 101 95, 1999), Publishers, Academic Harwood from Studies Case Habits: Food 57 all’ ‘almost how shown having Lindenbaum Shirley with consumers of part the from rejection of reactions strong such incentives. material pr to authorities of efforts sustained thedespite and invadingarmiesof part the fromdestructionpurposeful andrequisitioning to susceptible less being of advantage the had calories, of terms in g and quantitatively other any than yields higher crop new produced the though even cultivation potato of adoption the resisted repeatedly had consumers European of majority the Significantly, mainland. European the in diffusion bread unfamiliar largely the with foods barley and rice familiar the recruits of rations military the in substitute to attempts Army’s and Navy Japanese the of case the in shown has Cwiertka Katarzyna decid sometimes did unfamiliar consumers the food, ‘core’ markedly a produced boiling) vs. (baking processes preparation different and ingredient main new a which in instances In unfamiliar. completely not was food p is food ‘core’ the of variant ‘original’ the for prepared preference resilient was their therefore, and, processes which cooking unchanged otherwise through food ‘core’ a of ingredient main the involving substitutions of [it].’ to ascribe they value nutritional higher the and taste its of ‘because sorghum over millet preferred still they that but crop,
Katarzyna J. Cwiertka, Cwiertka, J. Katarzyna le esr “Th Messer, Ellen Joachim Theis, “Changing Patterns of Food Consumption in Central Kordofan, Sudan,” in in Sudan,” Kordofan, Central in Consumption Food of Patterns “Changing Theis, Joachim ree Centuries of Changing European Tastes for Potatoes,” in Potatoes,” for Tastes European Changing of Centuries ree 59
Modern Japanese Diet: Food, Power and National Identity National and Power Food, Diet: Japanese Modern Nevertheless, an unfamiliar ‘core’ food may not necessarily elicit necessarily not may food ‘core’ unfamiliar an Nevertheless,
58 , ed. Helen Macbeth (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1997), 101 1997), Books, Berghahn (Oxford: HelenMacbeth ed. ,
n a sever as and
ra ad ua rsdns rm 90 Bnlds had Bangladesh 1980s from residents rural and urban 57 mt is utvto truh ehia avc and advice technical through cultivation its omote -
102, 106 (for bread and wheat flour). and bread (for 106 102, These example These l uhr hv age i te ae f potato’s of case the in argued have authors al rain crops per unit of labor and land, land, and labor of unit per crops rain articularly noteworthy given that the new new the that given noteworthy articularly edly reject the new food as, for example, for as, food new the reject edly s describe consumers’ perceptions consumers’ describe s ,
ed. Carola Lentz (Amsterdam: (Amsterdam: Lentz Carola ed.
Food Preferences and and Preferences Food
(London: Reaktion Reaktion (London: - 120.
Changing Changing 244
CEU eTD Collection 435. 433, Habits, Food Human 60 explic not are combinations ‘fringe’ ‘core’ appropriate/expected the concerning norms commonly, most that, fact the by con complicated,however, analysis anis dietarySuchtime the change.the of at combinations of rules and culturally the norms of specific examination an include to has mămăligă for preference continued a to contributed have might which conditions the of discussion complete a but changes theoreti generally been have mămăligă for preference their despite bread of consumption their increased have may continued top had residents rural that assumption the implication, by and, model conservatism dietary the supports which exists evidence empirical that indicate to merely but exhaustive be preference their for maintained hedonically defined had consumers which in cases This of reasons. presentation physiological succinct and convenience of because bread with meal lunch the wheat exp was less because bread of intake their increased had but, villagers poorer wheat the preference, this over despite rice prefer hedonically to continued had population the of majority a professional of case well less of case the in meals evening at serving regular the as additionally, and, food breakfast a as diets their into bread incorporated
Shirley Lindenbaum, “Loaves and Fishes in Bangladesh,” in Bangladesh,” in Fishes and “Loaves Lindenbaum, Shirley The arguments presented above in support of the assumption that rural residents rural that assumption the of support in above presented arguments The
refer after mămăligăand bread the over during change. dietary
ed. Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), 1987), Press, University Temple (Philadelphia: Ross B. Eric and Harris Marvin ed. ensive than rice while the urban middle classesensive middle chosen than ricewhilethehad toconsume urban nd commercial urbanites. commercial nd
the displaced version of the ‘core’ food has not been intended to intended been not has food ‘core’ the of version displaced the
cal and based on analogies with similar cases of dietary dietary of cases similar with analogies on based and cal
itly formulated into a comprehensive system but are but system comprehensive a into formulated itly upin ocrig prpit ‘core’ appropriate concerning sumption 60 - to
However, according to the author, the author, the to according However, - do villagers and at lunch meals in the in meals lunch at and villagers do Food and Evolution. Toward Evolution. and Food
a Theory of Theory a - ‘fringe’ ‘fringe’ 245 -
CEU eTD Collection to participants the to and 1937 in organization. Service the Social to attached Echipieri) de (Școala County Buzău Cânepii, Valea and Largu 1938, County in Durostor Vale, de Cusuiul villages the in dispatched teams students the membersof the to served 50 105, 61 sou cheese, cream, sour (milk, products dairy dishes: ‘fringe’ following the with combination in food ‘core’ of function the performed had mămăligă meals, 650 appropriatewith particularconsume dishes. ‘fringe’ to foods ‘core’ what conversely, and, mămăligă with consume to appropriate were dishes ‘fringe’ what of understanding elites’ social the into insight an provides 1930s late the during villages in work community performing teams student the of members the valid toaconsiderable extent. maybe results obtained the that suggests therefore andagreement of degreehigha shown identi dishes ‘fringe’ the cross a but classes social across mămăligă involving rules consumption of homogeneity the about and norms consumption past and present between relationship nor consumption past infer to evidence indirect such using In population. Romanian the of practices culinary broader the of accounts general and practices dietary peasants’ of descriptions medical of rules and practices oral my to participants the with discussions informal on draws analysis my Consequently, dishes. ‘fringe’ specific with p on before or change dietary the of period the from residents rural by directly presented information limited is there addition, In practices. consumption everyday in to adhered and recognized implicitly
Arhivele Naționale ale României. Fundațiile Culturale Regale Culturale Fundațiile României. ale Naționale Arhivele - 0 114 60, An analysis of the ‘core’ the of analysis An - 131, 62/1939, 62/1939, 131, s m aayi mks ahr tog supin aot the about assumptions strong rather makes analysis my ms, osmto ad n niet ore o ifrain uh as such information of sources indirect on and consumption
fied by the various sources as preferred with mămăligă has has mămăligă with preferred as sources various the by fied 1 - 2, 513, 367 75/1937, 325,
otentially explicit norms of consuming bread or mămăligă mămăligă or bread consuming of norms explicit otentially - ‘fringe’ combinations from roughly 650 meals serve meals 650 roughly from combinations ‘fringe’ questionnaire - 9, 413, 205 74/1937, 390,
concerning their past and present dietary dietary present and past their concerning 61 -
Centrală. Files 85/1938, 90/1938, 102 90/1938, 85/1938, Files Centrală. Specifically, in 57 out ofroughlySpecifically, in57
- 8. h dt rfr o h meals the to refer data The 281.
the Training School School Training the - check review of of review check r cream and and cream r
were were d to d 246 -
CEU eTD Collection 62 elites, social bread consuming of option the had which consumers other for attested been has reviewed four the to mămăligă with products dairy specific instance, for combining, for preference not the as institutions were consumption of rules such Furthermore, consuming time and labor more the with together frequency, considerable particu served nonetheless had consumers who caterers food t consumption of norms social existing of indicative consider I qualifications, dish hot a of part as consumed pastas while ready purchased be could bread since level desired the below been and time restrictions labor of because their Especially energy. on claims competing and equipment cooking unavailable personnel, ideal an time every construct to possibilities limited their also and schools management household in training shared their despite meals the preparing with responsible masters kitchen 4 the of one each of styles cooking the of idiosyncrasies the certa a to reflect may above presented configurations meal The (10.5%). cases 19 of out 2 in eggs/omelet fried and (11%) cases 27 (34%), of out cases 3 in 35 sauerkraut of and sarmale out 12 in served been had stews meat (37%), cases 88 of out 33 (3.5%). meals 2 in eggs mă with served been fried had dish, hot a of part when cheese, cottage Alternatively, and (5.3%) meals 3 in sauerkraut/sarmale (21%), meals 12 in stews) chicken (predominantly stews (70%), meals 40 in butter) and cheese,
Gheorghe Crăiniceanu, Crăiniceanu, Gheorghe - 62
which accounted for the remaining 55 meals when cottage cheese had been been had cheese cottage when meals 55 remaining the for accounted which
ua rsdns rm rvne wee ra hd en consumed been had bread where provinces from residents rural
ol hv mr esl poie a oe ovnet cr’ od to food ‘core’ convenient more a provided easily more have could Igiena Țeranului Român Țeranului Igiena
-
could be pre be could , 235. , a ‘rne dse, oe f hm with them of some dishes, ‘fringe’ lar
pared more easily. Keeping in mind these mind in Keeping easily. more pared , the consumption of mămăligă may have have may mămăligă of consumption the , -
made from bakeries from made meal given limited limited given meal
he fact that that fact he mămăligă. mămăligă. măligă in in măligă in extent extent in
such as as such 247
CEU eTD Collection 64 Regale Culturale Fundațiile României. Fu (Bucharest: 63 negati perceived been have may it that suggests model this bread, wheaten to mămăligă the from change to dietary Applied evidence. empirical by supported partially least, at and, theoretically frequency ofthese ofconsumption ‘fringe’ dishes. the in reduction altogether an to contributed even have may and preferences consumers’ hedonic against went have may consumption bread in rise the that consequently, cabbage products, dairy least, at consuming, of appropriateness the defining norms upheld and recognized had region relevant the from residents rural that possible is it case, either In example. during diets institutional with experiences their following norms such adopted had residents rural that or world rural the in prevalent consumption of rules appropriated or maintained had elites social the that either assuming by explained be with dishes ‘fringe’ certain consuming for norms present and past between classes social across consistency This preferences. food current on questionnaire my un by supported tentatively is mămăligă with stews meat combining pr the and residents rural by preferred highly presently is mămăligă with omelets 20 the of beginning the from least at elites social for norm the been have may and region relevant the from residents rura for combination ideal the today represents mămăligă with dishes ‘fringe’ based preponderantly
Gheorghe Crăiniceanu, Crăiniceanu, Gheorghe Ioan Claudian, Claudian, Ioan This overview o overview This dța etu ieauă i ră Rgl Crl I, 99, 2 ad riee ainl ale Naționale Arhivele and 126 1939), II’, Carol ‘Regele Artă și Literatură pentru ndația 63 lmnai Pprli oâ î cdu Atooegaii i soii Economice Istoriei și Antropogeografiei cadrul în Român Poporului Alimentația and present and - ae pout ad re eggs/omelet fried and products based Igiena Țeranului Român, Român, Țeranului Igiena vely by consumers by predicting, maximally, that consumers which consumers that maximally, predicting, by consumers by vely f the Dietary Conservatism Model shows that it is well grounded grounded well is it that shows Model Conservatism Dietary the f
- day rural residents. Similarly, the consumption of cabbage of consumption the Similarly, residents. rural day
th -
Centrală, 59/1936, 70. 59/1936, Centrală, century. 64 235.
ial, h cmiain f re eg and eggs fried of combination the Finally,
with mămăligă and, and, mămăligă with
military training, for for training, military - elicited responses to responses elicited
mămăligă can mămăligă actice of of actice 248 - l
CEU eTD Collection 93 2006), UK, Wallingford, Publishing: Raats(CABI Monique and in Preferences,” Food of Development in Learning 65 the and consumer the of state need energy the to related limitations certain to subject post positive the with association by differ calorie of case the in Specifically post negative food the of features certain (condit of association the through aversions and preferences food of formation the explains which theories conditioning Pavlovian by inspired model based of process the through preferences ParticularMămăligă with D Calorie The 4.1.3 conditioning are modelwhich pre calorie the of predictions the to relation in and dishes ‘fringe’ served commonly data against prediction these as of both combinations of merits such The appropriate. defined which norms social of recognition in mămăligă with mi and, bread of consumption increased their of spite in food ‘core’ established the for preference their maintained had mămăligă on centered practices dietary into socialized early been have
o a eiw f h ltrtr o Flavor on literature the of review a For ent energy densities, the energy the densities, energy ent
odtoig s vrat f Flavor of variant a is conditioning oe stimulus ioned The energy density of foods has been documented to influence the formation of formation the influence to documented been has foods of density energy The
nterrl eiet’cret rfrne o ra rmmlg wt six with mămăligă or bread for preferences current residents’ rural the on - nimally, that consumers had continued to prefer a number of ‘fringe’ dishes dishes ‘fringe’ of number a prefer to continued had consumers that nimally, ingestion consequences of its consumption (unconditioned stimulus (unconditioned consumption its of consequences ingestion - Based Con Based - S, sal bt o ncsaiy t fao, ih h pstv or positive the with flavor, its necessarily not but usually CS),
ishes ditioning Model Predicting a Preference for Bread and Bread for Preference a Predicting Model ditioning sented in the followingsented inthe section.
energy - - - Conseque ae conditioning, based ingestion consequences of consuming more calories more consuming of consequences ingestion - denser food may become more liked or preferred preferred or liked more become may food denser - The Psychology of Food Choice Food of Psychology The - based or calorie or based osqec o Flavor or Consequence nce learning see Martin R. Yeomans, “The Role of of Role “The Yeomans, R. Martin see learning nce wl b eautd n eto 4 Section in evaluated be will s - 113. given two foods which have have which foods two given -
based conditioning. based
- Nutrient learning, a a learning, Nutrient , ed. Richard Shepherd Shepherd Richard ed. , Calorie - - US). based based .2.1 249 65 -
CEU eTD Collection Appetite 67 vs.Flavour Learning Nutrient 66 addition ofstarch the following densities energy higher having foods argument, my for relevance particular or acceptance liking, caffeine, including foods target in the of consumption change a condition to stimuli liked subjectively of variety Flavor of role the on energy the between correlation strong a indicated have that studies observational by documented been has and settings, naturalistic in studies controlled in consumers, human involving in also but protocol research rigorous a using animals on experiments calorie influenced consumers’ preferences forfoods. bread withspecific‘fringe’ ormămăligă how and whether of understanding proper a achieve to order in clarified be to necessary aspects settings, ordinarytheir in situations meal complex to settings artificial in trials the consumption simplified highly from and findings food delivering the for aversion or preference a conditions Calorie and Flavor supporting evidence empirical the discusses section This dishes. spec with food ‘core’ other the or one for preferences relative of formation Chapter (see change dietary the of time the at mămăligă to compared weight food. the of content calorie
Sirous Mobini et al. “Effect of Hung of “Effect al. et Mobini Sirous atn . emn e a. “fet f Caffeine of “Effect al., et Yeomans R. Martin -
39 (2 39 Flavor density and the preference ratings of a variety of fo of variety a of ratings preference the and density , energy ), 002): 35 002): - Based conditioning, the circumstances under which higher energy density density energy higher which under circumstances the conditioning, Based - Nutrient learning has been demonstrated conclusively in controlled controlled in conclusively demonstrated been has learning Nutrient - - ae cniinn eegs s ptnily motn fco i the in factor important potentially a as emerges conditioning based -
42. 42. the majority of carbohydrates are present in this form incereals form are this present in carbohydrates majority the of - Nutrient learning in the formation of food preferences have used a a used have preferences food of formation the in learning Nutrient
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Flavour Learning,” Learning,” Flavour 66
Given that bread provided 40% more calories p calories more 40% provided bread that Given er State on Flavour Pleasantness Conditioning at Home: Flavour Home: at Conditioning Pleasantness Flavour on State er Appetite - ervto o Lkn fr Non a for Liking on Deprivation
48 (2007): 20 (2007): 48 67
salt, protein and carbohydrates. Of carbohydrates. and protein salt, - based odstuffs. The studies focusing studies The odstuffs. - 28. 28. odtoig ih have might conditioning
- laboratory studies laboratory - Nutrient learning Nutrient Caffeinated Drink,” Drink,” Caffeinated h Introductory the applicability of of applicability ific ‘fringe’ ific er unit of unit er -
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CEU eTD Collection Intake,” Lack ofProtein recent on Dependent Preferences 73 Eaters,” 72 vs.Flavour Learning Nutrient 71 Flavor 70 45 El Wael Life,” Everyday in Humans 69 Starch of Research Intake Pleasantness Eating and Intake by Indexed Satiation, 68 it. protein, towards that findings Further aversion slight a expressed even have studies certain in and food energy high the margin significant statistically a by prefer/like not did trials conditioning the consume Incontrast, (hungry). state need appropriate the werein to modest they that provided content energy significant, higher the with associated flavor the statistically margin moderate a by preferred/liked consumers that found have th all used, measurement of type the of Regardless test. choice a of high the for preferences relative consumers’ the or content energy lower a having flavor another or same the for liking their in change the to relative co energy higher the with associated flavor the for linking consumers’ in change display lowerenergy higher densities. or juice/sorbet, energy Flavor in (US) stimulus reinforcing sta to compared preferred more been
Jeffrey M. Brunstrom and Gemma L. Mitchell, “Flavor L. Mitchell, Gemma and Brunstrom Jeffrey M. K. Sirous Mobini et Mobini Sirous - .L isne l, DsusdPoeni Lnhatr Low after Lunch in Protein “Disguised al., et Gibson L. E. D.A. Booth et al., “Starch Content of Ordinary Foods Associatively Conditions Human Appetite and and Appetite Human Conditions Associatively Foods Ordinary of Content “Starch al., et Booth D.A. Martin R. Yeomans et al., “Differential Hedonic, Sensory and Behavioral Changes Associated with with Associated Changes Behavioral and Sensory Hedonic, “Differential al., et Yeomans R. Martin 49. 49. M. Appleton et al., “Evidence of a Role for Conditioning in the Development of Liking for Flavours in in Flavours for Liking of Development the in Conditioning for Role a of “Evidence al., et Appleton M. - Nutrient and Flavor and Nutrient
- - Physiology and Behavior and Physiology h sree suis n calorie on studies surveyed The based conditioning have used a variety of foods (CS) including soup, including (CS) foods of variety a used have conditioning based Deredy, “Effects of Energy Conditioning on Food P Food on Conditioning Energy of “Effects Deredy, 70
3 (1982), 163 3(1982), cd tea, iced
al., “Effect of Hunger State on Flavour Pleasantness Conditioning at Home: Flavour Home: at Conditioning Pleasantness Flavour on State Hunger of “Effect al., - Flavor Learning,” Learning,” Flavor 71 Physiology & Behavior Behavior & Physiology -
- Flavour Learning,” Learning,” Flavour
184. 184. fru
90 (2007): 133 (2007): 90 73 t n cooae desserts chocolate and it
caffeine - rch Physiology & Behavior Physiology uret erig Fnly suis n successful on studies Finally, learning. Nutrient 74 - -
- 141. 141.
Appetite free foods indicating that starch is an efficient efficient an is starch that indicating foods free ae cniinn hv maue ete the either measured have conditioning based and salt con salt and 7 20) 478 (2006): 87
- Physiology & Behavior Physiology Unr and Restrained Learning in Nutrient
48 (2007): 20 (2007): 48 references and Choice,” Choice,” and references - Protein Breakfast Conditions Food Conditions Breakfast Protein - dition 72 Paired Flavours,” Flavours,” Paired
ht ae en aiuae to manipulated been have that
93 (2008): 798 (2008): 93 - 486 and Elizabeth H. Zandstra and and Zandstra H. Elizabeth and 486 -
- 75 or low or 28. 28.
a preference for the foods the for preference a
rs that were sated during during sated were that rs -
58 (1995): (1995): 58 energy flavor as part as flavor energy e surveyed studies studies surveyed e - peie Junl for Journal Appetite: 806. Appetite 57 Appetite
68 363
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- (2011): Flavor Flavor ntent
251 69 - -
CEU eTD Collection simplified, by (defined validity ecological low has that behavior eating human on research of setting) 79 477. Satiety,” Learned Likingand 78 277 Loss,” Sweat and NaCl Dose 77 Satiety,” Learned Liking and Flavour 76 on 75 in Humans,” 74 meals. everyday an to created compared which consumption protocol of context research artificial studies’ exceptional, surveyed the given degree certain present and past consumers’ the lower,of foods level. equalhigher toavariable whichbe optimum might relative or the of state need energy the on depend energy for preferences consumers’ the on effects invariable loads. calorie high at aversion intermediate at effects maximum loads, calorie low calorie with food a by delivered load energy total the on depending shape U inverted an has ratings betweenpreference relationship salt the or calorie Rather, of range levels/contents. entire the across consistently ratings preference influence re calorie that found have a studies recent two to led have consumers sated in conceptualizationFlavor of foods same the for aversion an condition even or ratings preference on effect no have but consumers deprived in them delivering
N. Wald and M. Leshem, “Salt Co“Salt Leshem, M. and Wald N. Martin R. Yeomans, “Effects of Energy Density and Portion Size on Development of Acquired Flavour Flavour Acquired of Development on Size Portion and Density Energy of “Effects Yeomans, R. Martin For an intere an For Depending Exercise after Aversion or Preference Flavour a Conditions “Salt M., Leshem, and Wald N. Caffeine by Conditioned Preferences Flavour of Extinction and “Acquisition al., et Yeomans R. Martin
atnR emn ta. “fet fEeg DniyadPrinSz nDvlpeto Acquired of Development on Size Portion and Density Energy of “Effects al., et Yeomans R. Martin NaCl Dose and Sweat Loss,” Loss,” Sweat and NaCl Dose The application of the findings on Flavor on findings the of application The Appetite sting debate on the external validity (applicability of a study’s findings outside its specific specific its outside findings study’s a of (applicability validity external the on debate sting
35 (2000): 131 (2000): 35 - ae odtoigpouigmnml fet o rfrne at preferences on effects minimal producing conditioning based
Appetite - - Nutrient learning as a contex a as Nutrient learning 284.
nditions a Flavour Preference or Aversion after Exercise Depending on on Depending Exercise after Aversion or Preference Flavour a nditions 78 - 141. Appetite
preferences for preferences Calorie
40 (2003): 277 (2003): 40
52 (2009): 469 (2009): 52 consumers (low vs. high) and on the caloric load load caloric the on and high) vs. (low consumers - based conditioning does not produce, therefore, produce, not does conditioning based - based - 284.
bread or mămăligă may be restricted to a to restricted be may mămăligă or bread - 76 Nutrient learning in the interpretation of interpretation the in learning Nutrient
-
and salt and 478. 478. calorie loads and no effects or slight slight or effects no and loads calorie calorie
t - dependent process. In dependent addition, process. - based - denser foods but its effects its but foods denser - ae cniinn and conditioning based 77
conditionings do not do conditionings
79
252 For
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CEU eTD Collection Energ and 80 “Methodolo Appetite Meiselman, L. Herbert see settings) artificial long of possibility the out rule cannot consequently, short on focused have studies the of most but content a consume individuals that content. energy their on than rather foods of volume and weight the on more depends intake that arguing studies of majority the with literature the in debated intake their adjust consumers which energy the for preference relative a condition to available intake caloric in difference the thereby reduce to and combinations mămăligă of quantities greater increasing by food In ofconsuming settings,have/hadthepossibility consumption. participants real life meal particular a of content energy low the for compensate to unable hig and low of quantities equal with phase conditioning the during presented been had consumers Furthermore, components. food other from isolated and individually presented is food the when to opposed as readily food’s a between associations post the and that characteristics exists possibility the structure, meal complex ‘fr six the of s meal a within dishes ‘fringe’ with combination in consumed been have however, mămăligă, and Bread effects. contamination prevent to enough longconsidered time of intervalan byfoods other of ingestion the fromseparated individua presented been had food studied each instance,
For a review of these studies see Barbara J. Rolls, “The Relationship between Dietary Energy Density Density Energy Dietary between Relationship “The Rolls, J. Barbara see studies these of review a For
19 (1992): 49 (1992): 19 y Intake,” yIntake,” ne dse dsusd n hs C this in discussed dishes inge’ Physiology & Behavior Physiology - 55 and the subsequent comments and replies from the same issue of the Journal. the Journal. of issue same from the replies and comments and the subsequent 55
mas cntn aon o fo rgrls o is nutrient its of regardless food of amount constant a meals t - ingestion con ingestion - ‘frin
97 (2009): 609 (2009): 97 -
esr bread denser codn t te nry otn o fos s still is foods of content energy the to according e cmiain rltv t bread to relative combinations ge’ sequences of its consumption might form less less form might consumption its of sequences h energy foods and, therefore, they had been been had they therefore, and, foods energy h atr t es oe te cus. ihn a Within course. other one least at hapter tructure that usually included in the case the in included usually that tructure -
615. gy and Theory in Human Eating Research,” Research,” Eating Human in Theory and gy - fig’ obnto. h etn to extent The combination. ‘fringe’
- lly outside the meal context and and context meal the outside lly em euain f nae and, intake of regulation term - em dutetlann. In adjustment/learning. term 80
The implication is implication The
- ‘fringe’ ‘fringe’ 253
CEU eTD Collection 97. Preferences,” ofFood Children,” Old 82 P Adults,” in 81 less energy dishes. mămăligă dense calorie ‘fringe’ withhigh the and dishes ‘fringe’ calorie low with bread denser energy the preferred simultaneously had have may they that postulating by change the to reactions mixed had have might Calorie the bread, to mămăligă from change dietary the to Applied theoretically. articulated well and evidence empirical by to the formationpreferences offoodcontexts ineveryday Flavor the that indicates densities energy their with correlated strongly are foods of ratings preference observational of findings the however, nutrient Overall, foods. the the to of sensitive content less are meal the during intake as such aspects other while requirements nutrient body’s the to sensitive are meal a of initiation the as such appetite asp certain periods that suggest to shorter interpreted be may that for finding a bread, satiates to compared mămăligă that consider consumers more significantly showthat meal results experiences. The ordinarylastingeffect totheir satiating according longe a has/had foods ‘core’ two the been of has which asking question respondents rural a to presented volume), and weight vs. content (energy mămăligă and bread of case the in intake influence that characteristics the tentatively and indirectly asses To foods. respective the to exposures of number limited a after even content energy with studi of number a addition, reloads: Adjustment, not Compensation,” Adjustment,not Compensation,” reloads:
Katherine M. Appleton et al., “Age and Experience Predict Accurate Short Accurate Predict Experience and “Age al., et Appleton M. Katherine E. L. Gibson and J. Wardle, “Energy Density Predicts Preferences for Fruit and Vegetables in 4 in Vegetables and Fruit for Preferences Predicts Density “Energy Wardle, J. and Gibson L. E. This review of the Calorie This reviewofthe Appetite Appetite Appetite - Nutrient type of learning documented in the controlled studies contributes studies controlled the in documented learning of type Nutrient
6 21) 602 (2011): 56 41 (2003), 97 (2003), 41
es have found evidence of partial regulation of intake in line in intake of regulation partial of evidence found have es
- - 606 and Joanne E. Cecil et al., “Energy Intakes of Children after after Children of Intakes “Energy al., et Cecil E. Joanne and 606 98 and Martin and 98 - based Conditioning model shows that is well supported well showsthat is Conditioningbased model The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Clinical of Journal American The - based conditioning model suggests that c that suggests model conditioning based
R. Yeomans, “The Role of Learning in Development Development in Learning of Role “The Yeomans, R. as well.
- 82 Term Energy Compensation Compensation Energy Term
82 (2005): 302 (2005): 82 tde ta the that studies onsumers cs of ects - Year - 308. 254 81 r -
CEU eTD Collection to foods accompanying six mentioned above the selected haveI consumers, by perceived affected potentially have could which other the on mămăligă and bread between and hand various one the the on dishes between ‘fringe’ existed that differences marked the acknowledging particular, to appropriate inquire considered have I food, ‘core’ the of quantities large the of ingestion the facilitated which diversity and flavor the adding foods ‘fringe’ the with and meal functional their Given interdependence, preparation. their for used sources food of range wide the to due compositions caloric and macronutrient different and characteristics physical diverse un largely in served in component stable every in dishes ‘fringe’ of variety a with pairings the represented commonly most but themselves by consumed discussion ‘core a within components food between interrelations the considering appropriate is dishes ‘fringe’ of number a and The sarmale. meat) without and (with sauerkraut steamed eggs, omelet/fried stew, bean soup, vegetable soup, beans dried dishes: six following the with combination in ascertained ‘fringe’ of selection interpretation results and The Dishes: Served Six with Mămăligă Commonly or Bread for Preference the on Survey Dietary 2013 The 4.2.1 Change In 4.2 utv Aayi o Fo Peeecs t h Tm o te Dietary the of Time the at Preferences Food of Analysis ductive T bu hw el b well how about e osmr’ eaie rfrne fr ra ad ăăiă oa hv been have today mămăligă and bread for preferences relative consumers’ he
from evaluation of consumers’ preferences for bread and mămăligă in relation to relation in mămăligă and bread for preferences consumers’ of evaluation with the ‘core’ food representing, quantitatively, the larger part of the the of part larger the quantitatively, representing, food ‘core’ the with h Itoutr Chapter Introductory the modified form, the ‘fringe’ foods came in various forms and had had and forms various in came foods ‘fringe’ the form, modified ed r ăăiă obnd with combined mămăligă or read
’ - ‘ fringe’ dietary pattern. Summarizing the more detailed detailed more the Summarizing pattern. dietary fringe’ o ec ‘core’ each how ‘oe fos ee ny exceptionally only were foods ‘core’ , - day meals. While the ‘core’ foods were were foods ‘core’ the While meals. day - ‘fringe’ pairing might have been been have might pairing ‘fringe’ - ihs dt cleto and collection data dishes, specific
fig’ ihs In dishes. ‘fringe’ 255
CEU eTD Collection to (difficult unpredictable be outside) the from anticipate to combinations specific for preferences considered have I expectation, minimal this Beyond others. with preferred less relatively and dishes ‘core’ each that likely considered for ‘core preferred expectations preliminary of terms In eggs). omelet/fried and sarmale sauerkraut, semi to soups) (the liquid mostly in discussed foods ‘core’ Chapter Introductory between differences the considering combinations the on of factors these assessment of an influence possible enable to properties textural and physical different also have dishes six selected The content. calorichigh with meals in resulting densities energyhigh would or masked be would bread of density energy higher the of effects the that but densities energy low have dishes ‘fringe’ the bepreferredexpectation hasbeenofbreadfrequently consumption would when more that the of predictions the Considering sarmale). and eggs omelet/fried stew, (beans density energy in high and sauerkraut) steamed and soup vegetable soup, beans (dried density energy in low both prefer dishes ‘fringe’ with combination consumers’ the evaluate to their appropriate prescribed considered have that I Specifically, norms mămăligă. or cultural bread with combination the in consumption of strength the and properties, textural su the preferences to meal/dish contribute of to formation considered been have that factors on variation adequate assure - fringe’ combinations based on textural and physical properties, I have have I properties, physical and textural on based combinations fringe’ . Specifically, the six dishes can be positioned on a continuum from continuum a on positioned be can dishes six the Specifically, . as culturally as -
liqu food would be relatively more preferred with certain with preferred more relatively be would food id (bean stew) and to mostly solid forms (steamed forms solid mostly to and stew) (bean id
ch as energy density, physical appearance and and appearance physical density, energy as ch h frain f rfrne fr ‘core’ for preferences of formation the -
or socially or be negative when the ‘fringe’ dishes have have dishes ‘fringe’ the when negative be
Calorie ences for bread and mămăligă in in mămăligă and bread for ences - determined rules of combination are are combination of rules determined - based conditioning model, the model, conditioning based - ‘fringe’ ‘fringe’ 256 the
CEU eTD Collection 85 84 84 și Ploiești,” Oltenia,Dobrogea 83 indicate 1984 County from Dolj Bratovoești, andPrahova County Bălțești, from residents day. the of meals three of out two as year per days 62 of and day the of meals the all at food ‘core’ the yeardays as 231 of per consumption of frequencya had whichmămăligă centered on diet a to corresponded menus daily the of structure year.This per days 153 on consumed been days. 78 on consumed been had eggs and days 62 on consumed been had cabbage using prepared 89 days, those on had consumed been preparedfromcooked beans courses, dishes second respe days 167 and 198 on average on consumed been second had cooked courses and soups survey, dietary 1957 the to According warm. or hot while served normally were they and labor and time of expenditure the required preparation less and lunch at predominantly consumed were dishes six the classification, of level general a At change. dietary the after and before residents rural by consumed frequently most foods ‘fringe’ the been had they properties, physical in represent they dish ‘fringe’ of type the by or themselves by areI recognizedby readily rural expectedwidespread have residents, a preference. cel minor more and funerals weddings, by occasioned meals public at reinforced and asserted are appropriateness their defining norms cultural which for mămăligă with sauerkraut or be sarmale as such combinations without For system. comprehensive practice everyday through internalized usually
Ibid. Ibid. I. Ardelean. and A. Sporn, “Particularitățile alimentației în mediul rural din regiunile București, Argeș, Argeș, București, regiunile din rural mediul în alimentației “Particularitățile Sporn, A. and Ardelean. I.
In addition to all these reasons, the six ‘fringe’ dishes have been selected because because selected been have dishes ‘fringe’ six the reasons, these all to addition In 84
Among soups, the meatless types prepared from vegetables and l and vegetables from prepared types meatless the soups, Among
- 86.
85
Additional data on the dietary patterns of 381 rural 381 of patterns dietary the on data Additional frequently at dinner, their their dinner, at frequently n fraie it a into formalized ing terms of textural and and textural of terms ebrations and which and ebrations
the ‘core’ food at at food ‘core’ the ctively. egumes had egumes 83
Among
257
CEU eTD Collection 88 87 86 he/she since choice informed an make not could respondent the that given preferences industrially of interpretation the in used been has which combination respective the for consumed’ ‘Not category the to ‘fringe’ lives.at A negative answercontributed anyduring dishwithmămăligă their point respond asked questions face the of part second the in included questions of set a through collected been have dishes ‘fringe’ six selected Interpretation and Collection 4.2.1.1 Data foods with which therural residents bread. toconsume hadtochoose mămăligă or ‘fringe’ the of share large a for change dietary the of time the at accounted represent, t the through and themselves by dishes, selected six the that suggests frequent. relatively was lunch, at course opening the usually was which soup, of consumption the that suggesting courses two included day, the of meal of 65% Moreover, day. every repre respondents all of 97% for which dishes lunch, that indicated respondents such three consumed having 39% and two consumed having 51% with day every dish cooked warm or hot one least at consumed respon all foods, ‘fringe’ of types broad of consumption the of period the during bread mămăligă. only consumed had they that declared4% only just while observation consumed had they that declared respondents of center diet a within menus daily the of structure similar a
Ibid. 327 Ibid., IulianMincu,
The data on the consum the on data The - 328. - produced bread but which has been excluded from the analysis of relative relative of analysis the from excluded been has which but bread produced Impactul Om Impactul
the rural residents’ perception of the rising availability of of availability rising the of perception residents’ rural the -
Alimentație, Alimentație, - ns o niae hte te hd osmd eual each regularly consumed had they whether indicate to ents to - ae ques face
ers’ relative preferences for bread or mămăligă with the with mămăligă or bread for preferences relative ers’ 323 - inar dsrbd n hpe 1 Chapter in described tionnaire 330.
ed on bread. on ed dents declared that they had had they that declared dents 88 86 ypes of dishes they they dishes of ypes
l ti evidence this All At this date, 80% date, this At sented the main the sented Te is six first The . 87
Concerning
258
CEU eTD Collection of distribution the of Intervals) Confidence (95% analysis statistical the Furthermore, fac of variety a by determined been have may dispositions such since interpret to difficult more is today mămăligă and bread for preference equal or bread for preference relative respondent’s a However, change. dietary the of time the at preference similar a a that probability high considered with indicates have today mămăligă I for preference relative preferences, respondent’s dietary of modification and formation the r rural the of assessment inductive an for point starting the provided have mămăligă and present on results The convenience. or cost to related factors that residents rural of percentage the nowad estimate to performed been has hand other the the on consumed’ and ‘Not and Preference’ hand any ‘Without bread’, one with ‘Preferred categories the on mămăligă’ with ‘Preferred category the among responses anyand ‘Without preference’. with mămăligă’,‘Preferred withbread’ the categories onehas of contributed to consumers’ combina the specific a of influence choice could that been factors has for foods control to both attempt of an in availability emphasized ready The them. prepare or purchase to need consumption the defined questions of set second this preceded which statement brief A dish. respective the with mămăligă and/or bread for preference their indicate to respondents requiring question respe the tried not had esidents’ relative preferences at the time of the dietary change. Grounded in theories on on theories in Grounded change. dietary the of time the at preferences relative esidents’ ays prefer to consume each of the ‘fringe’ dishes with mămăligă independent of independent mămăligă with dishes ‘fringe’ the of each consume to prefer ays h saitcl nlss 9% ofdne nevl) f h distributio the of Intervals) Confidence (95% analysis statistical The ctive combination. An affirmative answer was followed by a a by followed was answer affirmative An combination. ctive
context: lunch, at home, with both foods available without the without available foods both with home, at lunch, context: tion other than a liking for it. Each response in this section this in response Each it. for liking a than other tion
- day preferences for bread for preferences day n of of n tors. 259
CEU eTD Collection dishes. of ‘fringe’ pairs for preferences distributionof 2288 Conditional,” Exact then Better are 89 who consumers of higher or sample the from ratio the obtaining of probability the calculates dishes. ‘fringe’ six the of pairs for test exact McNemar the preferenc with the reviewed mămăligă familiarized thoroughly and early been not had respondents the that risk the minimizing dieta established the for preference enduring an conditions clear more a permits it since preferred been has youth their in mămăligă overwhelmingly consumed rural those to only restricted analysis An respondents). (17 mămăligă than frequently more bread or respondents) (19 bread than consumed frequently had more mămăligă they that merely indicated who respondents to opposed as occasions hadas been cozonac orthat hadbeen viewed intheirc families it bread that maintained who or week per day one on most at bread consumed regularly had they that indicated who respondents 32 of identification the purpose this for enabled has quest the of analysis content detailed more A mămăligă. with dishes ‘fringe’ reviewed the of each consume to prefer still who residents rural relevant of percentage the estimate to performed been has Preference’ any ‘Without catego and bread’ with the ‘Preferred and hand one the on mămăligă’ with ‘Preferred category the between youth their in mămăligă overwhelmingly consumed had who residents rural of responses
Morten W. Fagerland et al., “The McNemar Test for Binary Matched Binary for Test McNemar “The al., et Fagerland W. Morten - 13 rfre oe ih ih ăăiă n te te ds wt bed eaie to relative bread with dish other the and mămăligă with dish one preferred - h saitcl infcne f h osre dfeecs n h respondents’ the in differences observed the of significance statistical The 91. See the Appendix to this Chapter for a detailed presentation of the McNemar test and of the of and test McNemar the of presentation detailed a for Chapter this to Appendix the See 91. es for combinations of ‘fringe’ dishes with mămăligă has been evaluated using using evaluated been has mămăligă with dishes ‘fringe’ of combinations for es - cut evaluation of the assumption that an early socialization into a food culture culture food a into socialization early an that assumption the of evaluation cut
- ‘fringe’ combinations.
M Mdcl eerh Methodology Research Medical BMC
ry practices of that culture by culture that of practices ry - Pairs Data: Mid Data: Pairs 89
h cea xc test exact McNemar The 3 (2013) 13 onsumed only on special onlyonsumed onspecial
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- doi:10.1186/1471 p and Asymptotic Asymptotic and p ionnaire data ionnaire 260 ries ries -
CEU eTD Collection the regularly consumed not had or dishes respective the with combination in foods ‘core’ particula a indicate not did bread, with dishes ‘fringe’ six the of each consume to preferred respondents of percentage remaining the Conversely, mămăligă. with dishes ‘fringe’ six the of each consume to preferred who respondents 4.2.1.2 Results as theaccompanying ‘core’ food. bread or mămăligă for preference (relative) prevalent more a support that dishes ‘fringe’ the from McNem the of application results The options. the mămăligă’ to with ‘Preferred compared and bread’ magnitude with lower ‘Preferred of preference a nonetheless, expresses, option approp have considered I However, preference. relative a expressed in had foods dish ‘core’ another the with of combination one for preference specific a indicated had who but dish one ind not had who consumer a that grounds the on category preference’ any ‘Without the from information I the preferences.appropriate consideredtoinclude have opposite consumers had the who equally or mămăligă with dish one preferred who consumers of ratio the on performed been have tests exact McNemar the time This preferences. relative of analysis the into category preference’ exac McNemar in of differenceset second a no through Furthermore, population. is the in there dishes two fact, the for preferences in if, preferences opposite the had who consumers Figure
. (e the (see 4.1 tss I ae nertd h ifrain rm h ‘ihu any ‘Without the from information the integrated have I tests, t icated a preference for any of the two ‘core’ foods in combination with combination in foods ‘core’ two the of any for preference a icated riate to run two separate analyses since the ‘Without any preference’ preference’ any ‘Without the since analyses separate two run to riate
ih oh cr’ od ad h ohr ih ih ra rltv to relative bread with dish other the and foods ‘core’ both with ar test have informed my interpretation of the characteristics of characteristics the of interpretation my informed have test ar Appendix
o hs Chapter) this to r preference for one of the two the of one for preference r present s
the percentage of of percentage the 261
CEU eTD Collection sauerkraut. ofsteamed the case in respondents respondents 29 of stew, beans dried the of case the in respondents 20 of soup, beans dried the of case the in respondens 91 respondent of50 ofsarmaleand case the in respondents 61 of dish, eggs omelet/fried the of case the in the respondents 62 of of stew,case beans the dried in respondents 59 of soup, beans dried the of case the in respondens 55 of soup, vegetable 90 consume to preferred respondents more significantly and mămăligă with soups the and stew bean than omelet consume to preferred respondents more significantly mămăligă, omelet, than mămăligă with sauerkrautand different sarmale consume to preferred respondents more significantlyfoods, ‘core’ with dishes ‘fringe’ compared the consume to preferred that residents rural data sample the from observed differences the that probability the estimate to performed is test McNemar appropriate the and analysis the from excluded are mămăligă with them consumed regularly not have estimates. optimistic most the under residents rural of fifth one than more slightly by mămăligă with combination in soups vegetable and beans dried the and residents rural of minority residents, rural of number considerable a by mămăligă with combination in omelet County, Argeș from residents rural of majority vast the by mămăligă with preferred be to likely highly nonetheless are sauerkraut and f allowance Making sample. the from data the with consistent are that Intervals Confidence 95% the define graphs the from bars error bread. or mămăligă with dishes ‘fringe’ six the of each prefer currently who and o consumed had who respondents of percentages lives. their during point any at mămăligă with dishes
Figure 4.1 summarizes the consumption practices and preferences of 53 respondents in the cas the in respondents 53 of preferences and practices consumption the summarizes 4.1 Figure iue . smaie te rfrne o 1 rsodns n h cs o te eeal su, f 22 of soup, vegetable the of case the in respondents 16 of preferences the summarizes 4.2 Figure
An identical hierarchy of hierarchy identical An in the case of the omelet/fried eggs dish, of 30 respondents in the case of sarmale and of 24 24 of and sarmale of case the in respondents 30 of dish, eggs omelet/fried the of case the in
s in the case of steamed sauerkraut. ofsteamed case the sin
en tw did en su ad eeal su with soup vegetable and soup beans dried stew, bean are the result of sampling errors. Specifically, among among Specifically, errors. sampling of result the are the six ‘fringe’ dishes emerges if the consumers who consumers the if emerges dishes ‘fringe’ six the
bean stew in combination with mămăligă by a a by mămăligă with combination in stew bean or such possible sampling errors, sarmale sarmale errors, sampling possible such or verwhelmingly mămăligă in their youth their in mămăligă verwhelmingly 90
Similarly, Figure 4.2 presents the presents 4.2 Figure Similarly,
e of the the of e 91
The 262
CEU eTD Collection optimu the exceeds that load caloric a has combination ‘fringe’ bread the that indicate to interpreted be can sarmale and omelet as such dishes calorie highwith combination in mămăligăfor respondents’preference Alternatively,the effects. bread the of load caloric a given preference relative a conditioned had bread of density energy higher the Flavor the of framework the within interpreted c soups vegetable and beans dried as such dishes calorie low with combination respondents’ Calorie the of predictions the preferences food of formation the for model learning Flavor a with consistent partly is dishes ‘fringe’ six the with mămăligă or bread appreciation of thephysiological ofbread. qualities factors ‘cultural’ include to aspects convenience its or economic shift the the of beyond opportunity went that bread for preference a by promoted been have may change dietary the that is finding this of implication The Chapter). this of 4.1.2 Chapter Section Introductory the (see food ‘core’ established their to attachment strong consumers’ the despite mămăligă on centered pattern dietary a into socialized early been had that consumers of case the in emerge can dishes certain with bread for preference beans withmămăligă. and vegetable soups dried the between and sauerkraut and sarmale for preference residents’ rural the between mămăl with soups the than stew bean The second conclusion is that the observed pattern of relative preferences for for preferences relative of pattern observed the that is conclusion second The predominant a that is results observed the on based conclusion first The preferences) - ‘fringe’ combination that was associated with positive positive with associated was that combination ‘fringe’ Seiial, h rsodns peeecs o bed in bread for preferences respondents’ the Specifically, . - based Conditioning model Conditioning based igă. No statistically significant difference existed existed difference significant statistically No igă.
- Nutrient learning model to indicate that indicate to model learning Nutrient
(see Figure 4.3 for an evaluation an for 4.3 Figure (see relative to relative m level beyond which the the which beyond level m
the d the istribution of the the of istribution post - ingestion ingestion - Nutrient
n an and an be be an
263 and and
of of -
CEU eTD Collection prob very was dishes two the between content caloric in difference the although mămăligă with stew bean to compared mămăligă with omelet preferred r rural of percentage higher considerably a addition, In soups). vegetable and beans (dried content energy low or stew) bean and (omelet content energy high having ru more considerably foods, dishes the than rather sauerkraut steamed meatless the mămăligă ‘core’ with preferred residents different with dishes compared the of each preferred that residents rural among that indicates test McNemar the using dishes ‘fringe’ h the with dish the sarmale, prefer that residents rural of proportion same the by mămăligă with preferred are content, caloric average having dish a meat, with sauerkraut steamed sauerkraut, meatless steamed conspicuously, Most predictions. its to conform not do stew bean with mămăligă for and meat) without and (with sauerkraut steamed with bread for preferences patte the explain typical dishes. ‘fringe’ fast with mămăligă than better satiated bread that belief consumers’ the by justified practice pr it consume to used they quantities, limited in available been had bread when that indicated residents rural of number a particular, In generally. low match to preferred consumers calorie the for evidence additional the provides of questionnaire scope immediate the beyond residents rural with discussion Further an aversion. conditions or preferences relative on effect no has bread of density energy higher ighest caloric content, with mămăligă. Further comparative analysis on pairs of the six six the of pairs on analysis comparative Further mămăligă. with content, caloric ighest The third conclusion is that the Flavor the that is conclusion third The
a dish having the lowest caloric content among the six ‘fringe’ dishes, and and dishes, ‘fringe’ six the among content caloric lowest the having dish a rn of relative preferences for bread and mămăligă since the consumers’ consumers’ the since mămăligă and bread for preferences relative of rn
- aoi dse wt te energy the with dishes calorie - Nutrient learning model is not sufficient to sufficient not is model learning Nutrient edominantly on fasting days, a a days, fasting on edominantly - ba sed conditioning model as as model conditioning sed ably not large. All this this All large. not ably - denser bread more more bread denser esidents 264 ral
CEU eTD Collection Preference and 7 in Vegetables Disliked Initially of Acceptance on Exposure Repeated Li Children’s ‘core’ the to 92 be to has exposure the that requirement possible the although change dietary the after soon dominant become have would preferences these dishes, ‘fringe’ ‘mere’ the if even that is change dietary the of perceptions consumers’ of interpretation the for findings these of implication The level. certain a after plateau liking in increments that have them of majority food a to exposure fifth the by liking in increases considerable found dishes. ‘fringe’ particular with rising factors,gradually contribhave may observed the convenience accordingly, and economic strictly by initially motivated and, if even bread, of consumption consumption repeated its with increases ‘mere The dishes. ‘fringe’ certain socio the in and developments effect exposure ‘mere’ the involve change dietary the after mămăligă and bread dietary change developments food preferences in 4.2.2 CurrentPreferences PastPreferences: asIndicators of post Controllingfor energy significantly having foods ‘core’ for preferences produce calorie to or intermediate combinations for preferences promote calorie of to effects accordingly, the overriding of capable are food a of the on information and norms cultural as such factors that suggests evidence
Stephanie Anzman Stephanie - The most likely processes processes likely most The densities with‘fringe’ foods considerably differ densities that donot inenergy xoue fet s epnil fr h cret rfrne o bed ih certain with bread for preference current the for responsible is effect exposure king of Vegetables,” Vegetables,” of king 18 (2007): 1023 (2007): 18 - Frasca et al., “Repeated Exposures and Associative Conditioning Promote Preschool Preschool Promote Conditioning Associative and Exposures “Repeated al., et Frasca
not examined the effects beyond the 15 the beyond effects the examined not
- 1032. - cultural norms prescribing the appropriate ‘core’ food for for food ‘core’ appropriate the prescribing norms cultural
Appetite
However, the studies on the ‘mere’ exposure effect have have effect exposure ‘mere’ the on studies the However,
’ exposure theory postulates that preference for a food food a for preference that postulates theory exposure ’ that may have affected the consumers’ preferences for for preferences consumers’ the affected have may that uted to the formation ofa formation preference relative foruted tothe bread
8 21) 543 (2012): 58 -
553 and Andrea Maier et al., “Effects of of “Effects al., et Maier Andrea and 553 - month Old Infants,” Infants,” Old month - th ae cniinn and, conditioning based
exposure, it is believed is it exposure, - es ‘core’ dense 92
and although the although and -
density. social value social Food Quality Quality Food
different different - ‘fringe’ ‘fringe’
- 265 -
CEU eTD Collection pre that confirm dietary the of time the at operational likely very were processes underlying whose model conditioning based calorie the of predictions the with perfectly, not although well, fits preferences current ‘core’ such for preferences consumers’ on effects similar presumably with change dietary the of time the before place in been actually have mămăligă with products dairy and products socio the that grounds theoretical on appear may assumptions these pertinent However bread. with only soups consuming of habits predisposed have p relative the to answer to may consumers change dietary the since them combining of practice regular the least, at or, change dietary the after developed similarly have may bread with soups Alternativel change. dietary the after developed the have may explains combinations, these believe for preferences I marked current which respondents’ and meals commemorative and festive at reinforced cabbage of consuming norm recognized the instance, For dishes. ‘fringe’ respective the with food ‘core’ each of consumption the of valorization relative a to contributed have may dishes ‘fringe’ recomme change dietary the neededtime general a preference for tobecome for established. bread ‘fringe - ‘fringe’ combinations. combinations. ‘fringe’ the prolonged necessarily have would bread to simply than rather combination ’ The possible construction of socio of construction possible The - cultural norms whic norms cultural - itr cag cnues rfre t cmie low combine to preferred consumers change dietary - change as well. Suggestive in this sense, written and oral sources sources oral and written sense, this in Suggestive well. as change base d products with mămăligă, which today is reaffirmed and and reaffirmed is today which mămăligă, with products d nding the consumption of mămăligă or bread with specific with bread or mămăligă of consumption the nding h ore rvee n hs C this in reviewed sources the , Moreover, it is significant that the observed pattern of of pattern observed the that significant is it Moreover, h today prescribe the consumption of cabbage of consumption the prescribe today h reference questions in accordance with their current current their with accordance in questions reference , mlct om peciig h cnupin of consumption the prescribing norms implicit y, - cultural norms subsequent to the moment of of moment the to subsequent norms cultural hapter conclusively show show conclusively hapter
- calories ‘fringe’ ‘fringe’ calories - based based 266 -
CEU eTD Collection 125 1939), II’, ‘RegeleCarol Artă și Literatură pentru Fundația (Bucharest: 93 preferred had they which with dishes ‘fringe’ consumed had residents rural meals, these numbe considerable a cover to fail categories, respective their in frequently most consumed although dishes, ‘fringe’ selected six the Specifically, meals. of number justify equal not an at foods does ‘core’ both consume mămăligă to preferred had with residents rural that half assumption and bread with dishes ‘fringe’ selected dietary change. the of time the at view of point hedonic a from consumption bread and mămăligă for balance optimum an approximating for contribution specific their only I discuss to Section intend this in and dissertation my of part Concluding the in detail in discussed be food o culture a into socialization early an of influence the on debates current the for findings generalthese Therelevanceof dishes. accompanying‘fringe’ the on mămăligă depending at likely, most and, presently residents rural of majority the that demonstrate findings the Secondly, ‘core’ specific for preferences current consumers’ the of diversity fai the by demonstrated clearly argument an preferences, food and patterns dietary of multidimensionality and Conclusions more frequently t consuming of practice the had they that and bread denser energy scarce the with dishes
Ioan Claudian, Claudian, Ioan The finding that the majority of rural residents prefer to consume half of the the of half consume to prefer residents rural of majority the that finding The foremost, and First n later n
- the time of the dietary change had preferred hedonically both bread and bread both hedonically preferred had change dietary the of time the
life food preferences and on dietary changes involving ‘core’ foods will will foods ‘core’ involving changes dietary on and preferences food life lmnai P Alimentația he energy denser turtă during periods of fasting. energy turtă denser he during periods ue f l te eiwd oes o con cmltl fr the for completely account to models reviewed the all of lure
the findings presented in this C this in presented findings the prli oâ î cdu Atooegaii i soii Economice Istoriei și Antropogeografiei cadrul în Român oporului
hapter reaffirm the complexity the reaffirm hapter - 126. 93 -
‘fringe’ combinations. ‘fringe’
r of meals. At At meals. of r 267 the the
CEU eTD Collection hedonically, reconsider the previous findingsfrom Chapte the defined preferences consumers’ of understanding maize on centered hedonic defined configuration component ‘core’ optimum an from more deviated bread on centered configuration change dietary post the that suggests strongly evidence this All bread. than other products cereal with to preferred had change dietary the of time the at residents rural that possibility the open leaves which mămăligă or bread with than ratherturtă with stewbean consume to currentlyprefer residents rural majorityof the that ‘fringe’ 6 the for preferences consumers’ of respondents 5 to limited analysis an Finally, mămăligă. crumbling more the than suitable more was bread which for task a workplace, the at sandwiches form the under products such consuming t to related preference a bread, consume to preferred they which with cuts) meat (cold dishes ‘fringe’ of category broad additional one only indicated co preferences of Calorie the pattern of predictions a mămăligă, with fish fried and steaks meat stews), (chicken stews meat consume to prefer they that specified had residents rural addition, In periods. time several for Chapter this of 2 Section in presented data b and authors various with by confirmed cheese) readily preference cottage a yoghurt,mămăligă, cream, sour (milk, products dairy consume to prefer they that declared had residents rural of proportion overwhelming an precisely, More un fromquestionnaireand oral the of phase pilot the from information the to according bread than frequently more mămăligă consume to - ae pout o o mmlg aoe Hvn fnly ece an reached finally Having alone. mămăligă on or products based - based Conditioning model. By comparison, rural residents had residents rural comparison, By model. Conditioning based ally than the pre the than ally consume 4 of the 6 reviewed ‘fringe’ dishes ‘fringe’ reviewed 6 the of 4 consume - r elicited responseselicited s inlight information. ofthis - dietary change configuration change dietary
dishes with turtă indicates turtă with dishes
he practical aspect of of aspect practical he during the interviews. the during it is necessary to to necessary is it y the consumption consumption the y sset ih the with nsistent
268 -
CEU eTD Collection most consumers that finding associated the although preferences hedonic consumers’ wit modified becan unhealthy that optimismdietarypractices for room leavesmodel conservatism dietary the of rejection The culture. respective the of practices dietary the for preference permanent a conditions culture food a into socialization early which to according model conservatism dietary the of version strong a of inadequacy the demonstrates conclusively bread with dishes ‘fringe’ certain prefer currently youth and childhood their during preponderantly mămăligă consumed have who residents rural that finding the generally, More bread. consuming with associated costs financial greater (1900 change dietary the before period the during an extent certain a to up preferences consumers’ matched had change dietary the that is finding this of implication The bread. with dishes ‘fringe’ of number a change, dietary the of ru that finding the the in changes dietary of preferences hedonic of perspective the later on culture culinary a into socialization early an of influence the concerning Chapter Introductory the in presented models and theories the of evaluation an permit to available now is information sufficient of pieces individual the interpr an into assembled which be can information in approach analytical less comprehensive, more
consumers’ experiences during socialism. The interpretation can fruitfully begin from begin fruitfully can interpretation The socialism. during experiences consumers’ The discussion has progressed sufficiently by now to permit the adoption of a a of adoption the permit to now by sufficiently progressed has discussion The d that rural residents may have had desired to consume bread more frequently more bread consume to desired had have may residents rural that d ral residents currently prefer, and most likely had preferred at the time time the at preferred had likely most and prefer, currently residents ral G - life food preferences, on the consumers’ perceptions from perceptions consumers’ the on preferences, food life ENERAL C ONCLUSIONS etation of the dietary change. Furthermore, change. dietary the of etation - 1960) but did not do so because of the the of because so do not did but 1960)
volving ‘core’ foods and on and foods ‘core’ volving hout impinginghouton 269
an an
CEU eTD Collection with model Conservatism Dietary the of current version softer the by the and model Conditioning for account to predictions of configuration strong their with models Conservatism Socio the both of failure The bread. for preference and implicitly transmitted information exp mămăligă, than valued more socially was bread that information the that demonstrates conclusively mămăligă with dishes ‘fringe’ ge More well. as level individual the at cases, of number substantial a for and, aggregate the in preferences, hedonic consumers’ of fulfillment and frustration a both simultaneously below. 1960 period the during frequently more mămăligă consume to desired had have may residents rural of myfind implication the preferences, past for representative are mămăligă for preferences current that suggests evidence available the As bread. of consumption predominant of decades dense high energy of range wide a prefer to continue nonetheless they bread, with dishes ‘fringe’ of highsubstitution respect, and, the total caloricintakeinthis reduce pressingtodaythe most isto challenges the than densities energy higher encourag less is load caloricspecific a at foods have established corresponding that foods novel prefer to learn commonly eal, h fnig ht ua rsdns otne o rfr cnieal nme of number considerable a prefer to continue residents rural that finding the nerally, iil b vros osmto patcs dd o tasae no generalized a into translate not did practices, consumption various by licitly hl rrl eiet crety rfr low prefer currently residents rural While h deay hne mre, hrfr, s dvlpet ht a involved has that development a as therefore, emerges, change dietary The ingdietary isthatthechange had - 1980 but did not do so because of a complex of factors that are discussed discussed are that factors of complex a of because so do not did but 1980
semi
consumers’ preferences and the better fit provided by the Calorie the by provided fit better the and preferences consumers’ - - energy low foods dense for liquid and mostly solid ‘fringe’ dishes with mămăligă even after after even mămăligă with dishes ‘fringe’ solid mostly and liquid
gone beyondgone - energy thesolution. foods isnot dense - nry dense energy - Cultural ‘Prestige’ and Dietary Dietary and ‘Prestige’ Cultural
consumers’ preferences and that preferencesconsumers’ and that
iud n semi and liquid ing since one of of one since ing - - liquid based based 270
-
CEU eTD Collection s availabilitythe maize of in deficiencies giventhe bread to overall theyit preferredif even mămăligă consume to choose to possibility the have not did residents rural of number pres consuming of convenience the as such aspects other since frequency observed the at bread consume the preclude not does 1970s the po during did they than frequently more mămăligă preferences thanthe pre wit well less fitted bread on centered configuration change dietary post the that indicates evidence available the bread, to mămăligă from transition the of case specific the In configuration. optimum an from deviated configurations change thepre much how aculture weighing careful of culinary majorfood and ‘core’ established each for requires change dietary the of interpretation proper a scenario, a such Under consumers. by ambivalently perceived been have may benefits, economic conveni for preferences hedonic traded had residents rural that suggesting by negatively or classes upper the of practices consumption the emulate to managed finally had residents rural that suggesting by positively either interpreted commonly been has European the that argue I sense, this In foods. ‘core’ involving changes dietary least, at of, perceptions consumers’ combinati ‘core’ specific for preferences consumers’ concerning predictions flexible their ple ascae wt a non a with associated upplies ssibility that they had nevertheless preferred in the broader sense of the term to to term the of sense broader the in preferred nevertheless had they that ssibility cribing br h observati The ons underlines the need to move beyond binary approaches in interpreting the the interpreting in approaches binary beyond move to need the underlines ons ready ead consumption at public meals were appreciated by them. Alternatively, a Alternatively,a appreciated atpublic by meals them. were consumption ead - made made n ht ua rsdns a had may residents rural that on - dietary centered change configuration onmămăligă. ra ad h opruiy o ofr t socio to conform to opportunity the and bread - wide transition from grits, gruels and porridges to bread, wh bread, to porridges and gruels grits, from transition wide - akt centrally market, - planned distribution system and an an and system distribution planned
hedonically
h consumers’ hedonic hedonic consumers’ h preferred to consume consume to preferred -
and post and - utrl norms cultural
- ence or or ence - ‘fringe’ ‘fringe’ dietary dietary 271 ich ich -
CEU eTD Collection developm poor the However, incomes. their increase to order in meals certain at mămăligă preferred less the consume and rye or wheat sell 1900 period the from residents ruralthat manner same the in products p prevailing the from financially profit to order in meals certain at bread preferred less the consume and maize sell to option the appealing found have may proportion unknown an it, desired they whenever mămăligă consume to choice rur Among frequent. more was turtă of form the under maize of consumption the as and areas these in lower was availability maize as position a such foodstuff in residents ‘core’ rural more relatively including preferred Counties Vâlcea and Gorj the to corresponding consume to option the have not did residents rural of minority a only that therefore, indicates, conclusively evidence this All calculations. my in used mămăligăcentered mealson 6 to bread on centeredmeal of balance optimum than extreme less the certainly was food ‘core’ other since the or one consuming it preferred hedonically they whenever mămăligă consume to maize of quantities sufficient to access had having as identified are residents pr greater even an supplies, maize of availability the qualify on data the further to mămăligă or bread with dishes ‘fringe’ specific for preferences residents’ it. preferred they whenever mămăligă consume to the support supplies quantit sufficient to access had residents rural majorityof the that assumption maize of availability the on sections previous the in presented evidence the regard, this In incomes. meager their increase to order in maize profitable financiall more the sell to necessary considered have may residents rural of part while Farms State and Cooperatives Agricultural by dominated system production agricultural
Using the information on the rural rural the on information the Using ent of the peasant free market market free peasant the of ent ie ofgrto fr cereal for configuration rice al residents who had the the had who residents al
with the territories territories the with - 1940 have opted toopted have 1940 oportion of rural of oportion
the ratio of one one of ratio the ies of maize maize of ies 272 y
CEU eTD Collection rural the influenced have may to extent the diminished certainlyhad that and changedietary the of perception residents’ that processes related other from process relevant lif rural in development positive or becausefinancially theyconsume found inconvenient theavailable quantities. to bread their increase to accepted simplyconsumption they because grudgingly who residents rural substitution those forced of involving instance an as marginally and secondarily only and residents improvement an as therefore, emerges, change dietary The livestock. feeding for bread use to inappropriate consider culturally not did residents rural some least at that suggests evidence archival the and cor the keep to and feed animal as industrially purchased use to mămăligă. choice the had of residents rural Specifically, consumption the with incompatible inherently not was residents rural industrially purchasing of function socio to conform to or reasons convenience for bread consume to opted nonetheless had mămăligă preferred more the consume to choice con my evidence, this all Considering food. ‘core’ other the or one consuming of incomes implications financial the rural terms relative in reduced of growth the as and increased maize of sale remunerative the permit d the as 1970s and 1960s the during declining was addition, in and, small was preferred hedonically than frequently more bread consume to reasons financial by motivated were who residents rural of proportion the that suggests h eauto o te iig viaiiy f industrially of availability rising the of evaluation The
n h oeal tnad f iig f h mjrt o rural of majority the of living of standard overall the in sye hs efre a aayia sprto o the of separation analytical an performed has estyles did not have access have ofmămăligă did not sufficient to quantities responding maize supplies for their own consumption own their for supplies maize responding - pr oduced bread of increasing the fodder supplies of of supplies fodder the increasing of bread oduced lso i ta rrl eiet wo a the had who residents rural that is clusion - cultural norms especially since the other other the since especially norms cultural istribution of bread types that did not did that types bread of istribution - produced bread as a a as bread produced - produced bread bread produced
273
CEU eTD Collection industrially of availability rising the evident: of benefits depict valid a for approach an such adopting The socialism. during experiences consumers’ reevaluating in approach consumer a adopting of difficulties and benefits the illustrate economic performance. political a given expected as authorities political against consumers of part the from protests overt fueled had which and incomes ri the by muted completely been not had that dissatisfaction of source a price, fixed a at available readily be to expect to come had they product a procure to perceiv had residents order in bear to had they cost the in increase an as mix rural output the in change therefore,the The products. expensive more the of characteristics consider evidence archival the and later years several only industrially encountered first who residents rural that been has result The varieties. expensive more stabilizat of period subsequent the that and varieties bread expensive more towards shift noticeable a by paralleled been had increase major second the that but configuration output existing distr the in increase industrially of availability rising the of analysis chronological a importantly, Most world. rural the in interventions ha regime socialist the which Beyond the specific focus of my disser my of focus specific the Beyond ed ion of per rural resident distribution levels had seen a pronounced shift towards shift pronounced a seen had levels distribution resident rural per of ion
- produced bread at an average price of 2.8 lei per kilogram had to pay 3. pay to had kilogramper lei 2.8 of price average an at bread produced utfe te pay the justified ibution of bread had been performed while largely maintaining the the maintaining largely while performed been had bread of ibution
- produced bread in rural areas shows that the first major major first the that shows areas rural in bread produced et f h pie ifrne n iw of view in difference price the of ment cptlzd oiial fo oe f t mr successful more its of one from politically capitalized d - economic system which automatically politicizedautomatically systemwhich economic ion of consumers’ experiences are, I believe, believe, I are, experiences consumers’ of ion - produced bread, a development found to to found development a bread, produced tation, my analysis has been intended to intended been has analysis my tation,
ugssta h osmr had consumers the that suggests - etrd ls normative less centered,
e n monetary in se h additional the 72 lei 72
274 not not ed, ed,
CEU eTD Collection yet, And above. discussed prices of movement indirect the considering perspective living change positive a overall represented had it that conclude confidently to able been not have I accurately, relatively retrieved be can change the of time the at evaluations consumers’ which for products involving lifestyles in change a for even that of free in series operations commercial time by provided is that relevance and detail of level the at data of lack the oral). Never and written consumers, of testimonies (personal research historical for typical sources and products) of sale and production the with responsible authorities the between economic non for typical sources including sources of variety wide a sampling by amassed be can socialism during perceptions consumers’ of evaluation an for basis informational relative consumers’ the pr of valuations on information limited transmit sales of volume and prices approach diff the of reminder sober a is analysis my that consider I time, same the At socialism. during consumers of segments large of expectation of horizon the literature the in discussed goods durable of such other capture pra to consumption unconventional capacity the has approach anthropological the of application the that belief my is It norms. consumption ‘Western’ or elites’ local the by informed are missed residents,otherwise been rural have would million 1.2 least at of lifestyles the in change major a signified have theless, these alternative sources of information can only partially compensate for for compensate partially only can information of sources alternative these theless,
-
systems (queuing, petitions, movements of protest, instances of friction friction of instances protest, of movements petitions, (queuing, systems in the non the in oducts. In the absence of information conveyed by market operations, the operations, market by conveyed information of absence the In oducts. iculty of reaching the consumers consumers the reaching of iculty - market, centrally market, - market economic systems. I find significant in this r this in significant find I systems. economic market ctices that may represent better than the usual selection selection usual the than better represent may that ctices through the application of standard approaches that that approaches standard of application the through - planned version of socialism in which the data on data the which in socialism of version planned -
the goal of the anthropological anthropological the of goal the from a standard of of standard a from - market market egard 275
CEU eTD Collection of the regimes. trajectory ofsocialist understanding sectorsbe a necessaryfor proper maygoodsconsumption supplying across arra consumers’ of reevaluation a y of consumption practices considering practices consumption of y
appreciation
s the socialist regime socialist the
f eeomns from developments of ’s uneven performance in in performance uneven ’s
sfiinl large sufficiently a 276
Percentage of Total Cereal Consumption Needs Cereals 1. Figure (0.6=60%)
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1
0
1
1900 Percentage 1901 1902 CEU eTD Collection 1903 1904
of Tota of 1905 1906
1907 Wheat/Rye of Quantities Available by covered Needs Consumption Cereal l 1908 1909 1910 Appendix to Chapter 1 to Appendix 1911 1912 1913
1921 1922 1923 1924 1925
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 277
CEU eTD Collection
Percentage of Total Cereal Consumption per Year 1. Figure
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 0.1 Needs (0.5=50%)
1
0
1948
covered by Distribution of Industrially of covered Distribution by 2
ecnae f oa Cra Cnupin Needs Consumption Cereal Total of Percentage
1952
1956
1959
Year - Produced Bread
1965
vlae a 125 kg 162.5 at evaluated , 1948 -
1970 1975
278
1975
CEU eTD Collection per Year 1. Figure
covered by Distribution of Industrially of covered Distribution by 3
ecnae f oa Cra Cnupin Needs Consumption Cereal Total of Percentage - Produced Bread, 1978
vlae a 125 kg 162.5 at evaluated
279
CEU eTD Collection 2 1960s. with the beginning magnitudeoccurred had ofconsiderable change thatdietary a hypothesis e minimum 1 consumedto havehad Bread Preponderantly Table Cereal Needs E Consumption the from Table
Evaluated against the consumption level of 112 kg of cerea kg of level of112 consumption the against Evaluated iue i bl dnt ta te ae aiu etmts n fgrs un figures and estimates maximum are they that denote bold in Figures Time Period Time Period 1978 1950 1921 1900
1. 1. 1938 1907 1978 1957 2
stimates in accordance with the principle of giving precedence to evidence that goes against my against goes that evidence to precedence giving of principle the with accordance in stimates 1 Relevant Region, in K in Region, Relevant
- - - -
Proportion of the Rural Population from the R the from Population Rural the of Proportion 1939 1913 1980 1965 Average Q Average
uantities of Wheat/Rye Cereals A Cereals Wheat/Rye of uantities
Physical of Quantities Wheat/Rye
valuated at162.5valuated kg. 26.9% 26.9% 100.5 kg 124.8 kg 92.2 kg 53.6 kg g and in T in and g
(95% Confidence Interval: 11% Cereals Proportion of Rural Population 1
erms of their Contribution to the to Contribution their of erms
At least 75% Under 50% ls observed in the 1979 lsobserved
31%
Contribution to TotalCereal to Contribution vailable to Rural Residents Rural to vailable elevant Region considered Region elevant
Consumption NeedsConsumption - bolded denote that they are are they that denote bolded - (110%) 1980 Study. Dietary 1980 61.8% 56.7% 76.8% 33%
-
48
%)
2
Total Total 280
CEU eTD Collection units equivalent black bread Production of bread in ton Production of bread i Intervals/Year Five s
- 41 51/1971, 11 10 9 8 7 6 up Development its and Prospective 1965 and between 1960 Sector 1960 perioada 5 Alimentară Industry], Baking ofthe Forward March Continuing the [For panificație de industriei al continuu 4 Nicolae Căliman, System],” Mihai Payment New the of Norms in the Applying and Elaborating in Gained presented Experience [The salarizare de sistem norms work technical from Cordăreanu derived ratios transformation and 3 of Capacity Average and Workers Production per U Productive Directly of Number Funds, Fixed Tab 3
Year C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 15/1966, 10 15/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al 41 12/1966, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al and 52 119/1952, Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al from information on based Calculated Ibid. avântul “Pentru and 52 119/1952, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. from information on based Calculated C.C. al P.C. al C.C. Calculated using the data and references from figure 2.1 on the breakdown of production on bread types bread on production of breakdown the on 2.1 figure from references and data the using Calculated
C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 51/1971 Economică. Secția P.C.R. C.C.al Adjusted data from C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. 134/1976 and C.C. al P.C.R. Secția Economică. Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. and 134/1976 Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. from data Adjusted le
2. Industria Alimentară [The Food Food Industry] [The Alimentară Industria
1
8
n Iaa Moșu, Ioana and
- R. Secția economică. 77/1959 “Studiu cu privire la dezvoltarea Subramurii Industriei Pâinii in in Pâinii Industriei Subramurii dezvoltarea la privire cu“Studiu 77/1959 economică. Secția R. 9 (1953): 5. (1953): 9 Changes in the Volume of Production, Volume of I of Volume Production, of Volume the in Changes - 1965 și în perspectivă până în 1975 [Study Concerning the Development of the Baking Baking the of Development the Concerning [Study 1975 în până perspectivă în și 1965 n nit, 1950 nit, (1955) 1015000 (1952) 1951
716424
Epreț dbniă n lbrra i piae nreo î cdu noului cadrul în normelor aplicarea și elaborarea în dobîndită “Experiența - 1955 -
1975 A
5 4
PPENDIX TO
(1959) 1110000 1956 1297790 , , 41
- 1 6 960
4 (1969): 176 (1969): 4 7
C
HAPTER (1552855) (1965) 1637000 2008610 1961 .
to 1975]”, 395, 496 496 395, 1975]”, to - 1965
2
8
9
(1970) 1820400 1966 2640690 nv estments, Value of Value estments, - 1970
10
” 1956000 1975 3257504
Industria Industria 281
11
CEU eTD Collection Production per Unit Average Capacity of Productive Activities Number of Workers in (1950=100) ofGrowthIndex FundsFixed unspecified prices) in (millions Alternative data prices) 1963 in (millions Investments 423 făinoase,” și produse panificație de industriei dezvoltarea of share sectors’ each adân that 17 assuming de by veac 426 workers. shareofqualified its percentagewise făinoase,” equals personnel de highlyskilled from produse sfert industry și “Un panificație products de flour Popa, industriei and M. dezvoltarea baking Ioan the in and technicians Negreanu and Alexandru engineers foremen, of number the on al C.C. from ratio the and Sec P.C.R. 134/1976 File Economică. Secția P.C.R: al C.C. from taken been has workers 16 its and Prosp 1965 and between 1960 Sector 1960 perioada 15 Carus, It] Improve to Ways the and Industry Food the in Investments of Efficiency Economic [The ei 14 Industry Food the in Production throughInvestments],” of Base Technical the of Modernization and [Development investițiilor and Baking the 13 in Developments Important and Profound Industries,” Products Flour of Century a of Quarter [A făinoase și produse adânci de veac de sfert “Un Popa, 12
Idem. 686 and Vintilă Rotaru, Rotaru, Vintilă and 686 Idem. Vintilă Rotaru, “Dezvoltarea și modernizarea bazei tehnice de producție a industriei alimentare pe calea calea pe alimentare industriei a producție de tehnice bazei modernizarea și “Dezvoltarea Rotaru, Vintilă Calculated by applying a ratio of skilled to unskilled workers of 4 to 5. Data on the number of skilled skilled of number the on Data 5. to 4 of workers unskilled to skilled of ratio a applying by Calculated Includes also investments in the flour products and biscuit sectors. Alexandru Negreanu and Ioan M. M. Ioan and Negreanu Alexandru sectors. biscuit and products flour the in investments also Includes 12 lxnr Ngen ad on . oa “ Popa, M. Ioan and Negreanu Alexandru .. l ... eța cnmc. 715, Sui c Piie a evlae Sbaui Pii în Pâinii Subramurii Dezvoltarea la Privire cu “Studiu 77/1959, Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C.
1974), 31. 1974), 14
ția Economică. 77/1959, 15. The number of highly skilled workers has been calculated from data calculated has been workers skilled highly of number The 15. 77/1959, Economică. ția
-
1965 și în perspectivă până în anul 1975 [Study Concerning the Development of the Baking Baking the of Development the Concerning [Study 1975 anul în până perspectivă în și 1965
13
Revista I Revista
3.66 (1952) 1955/1950 141% 101 160 Revista Industriilor Alimentare [Review of the Food Industry]Food the of [Review Alimentare Industriilor Revista
ndustria Alimentară ndustria
Eficiența economică a investițiilor în industria alimentară și căile sporirii sporirii căile și alimentară industria în investițiilor a economică Eficiența
importante transformări în dezvoltarea industriei de panificație și și panificație de industriei dezvoltarea în transformări importante 6.16 (1959) 1959 11000 1960/1950 199% 152 170 ective Development up to 1975]”, 84. 84. 1975]”, to up ectiveDevelopment Un sfert de veac de adânci și importante transformări în în transformări importante și adânci de veac de sfert Un
15
12 (1970): 684. (1970): 12 -
1965/1960 364% 505 594
ci și importante transformări în în transformări importante și ci
10.3 1970/1950 690% 917 1970) (without 621
(1969)
17
8 (1969): 423. (1969): 8
(Bucharest: 14.8 19000 813%
282
16
CEU eTD Collection
Share of Total Production
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
0 Figure 2.
1950
1955
1960 1
Changes in in Changes
1961
1962
1963 the StructureProduction Bread of
1964
1965
1966
1967
Year
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
black bread black semi-white bread baking specialties baking whitebread 283
CEU eTD Collection Figure 2. 2
Total Output for Each Type of of forType Each Bread Output Total
284
CEU eTD Collection
Kg Resident 2. Figure
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1948 (Kg) 3
Residual Quantity of Industrially Produced Bread per Capi per Bread Produced Industrially of Quantity Residual
1952
1956
Year
1959
1965
1970 ta of Rural of ta
1975 285
CEU eTD Collection of Consumption Industrially and of of Quantities Produced Bread Figure 2. Index of Growth (1948=100)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 4
Rhythm of Growth of the Urban and Rural Populations, of UrbanLevels RuralPopulations, of and theUrban Growth of Rhythm of
1948
1956
1959
Year
1965
1970
1975
1980
286
Urban Population
RuralPopulation
Quantity of Industrially- Quantityof Produced Bread
UrbanBread Levelof Consumption
CEU eTD Collection Figure 2.
5
Levels of Levels
Bread Production
per Rural Resident byRegion,1959 Resident per Rural
( Kg)
287
CEU eTD Collection First Quarters (October Three 2. Figure
6
Levels of Levels Bread Distribution Distribution Bread - June ) of the1975 ) of per Rural Resident by County ( County by Resident Rural per - 1976 Agricultural Year
Kg ) -
The The 288
CEU eTD Collection First Three Needs Consumption Cereal Total of 2. Figure 7
Levels of of Levels Quarters (October Bread Distribution Distribution Bread - June) of the1975 of June)
evaluated at 140 Kg of Bread per Year per Bread of Kg 140 at evaluated per Rural Resident by County (Percentage County by Resident Rural per - 1976 Agricultural Year
) -
The The 289
CEU eTD Collection Figure 2. 8
Levels of Levels
Bread Distribution
per ( Rural Resident byCounty Kg ) -
1978 290
CEU eTD Collection Cereal Total of Consumption Needs 2. Figure 9
Levels of Levels
Bread Distribution Bread
evaluated at140 Kg Year Bread per of
per Rural Resident Rural per by County (Percentage County by ) -
1978 291
CEU eTD Collection
Percentage of Rural Residents (0.5=50%)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 In and Production Plot Cooperatives Private from Maize 3. Figure
1
0
1972-1973 1
Percentage of Rural Residents h Residents Rural of Percentage
A
1973-1974 PPENDIX TO
Agricultural Year Agricultural C aving Access to Sufficient Quantities of Quantities Sufficient to Access aving HAPTER - id amns y Agricultural by Payments Kind
1974-1975 3
1975-1976 292
CEU eTD Collection
Percentage of Rural Residents (0.5=50%) Agriculturalby Cooperatives Sufficient 3. Figure
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
0 Quantities of Maize from Private Plot Production and In and Production Plot Private from Maize of Quantities
1972-1973 2
ecnae f ua Rsdns rm li Rgos aig ces to Access having Regions Plain from Residents Rural of Percentage
1973-1974
Agricultural Year Agricultural
1974-1975 - Kind Payments Kind
1975-1976 293
CEU eTD Collection
Percentage of Rural Residents (0.5=50%)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 In Quantit Sufficient to Access having 3. Figure
1
0 - Kind Payments Cooperatives byAgricultural
1972-1973 3
ecnae f ua Rsdns rm il ad onanu Regions Mountainous and Hilly from Residents Rural of Percentage
1973-1974 ies of Maize from Private Plot Production and Production Plot Private from Maize of ies
Agricultural Year Year Agricultural
1974-1975
1975-1976 294
CEU eTD Collection
Percentage of Rural Residents (0.5=50%) Production Plot Cooperatives, Results Adjusted Private from Maize 3. Figure
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
0 4
1972-1973
Percentage of Rural Residents having Access to Sufficient Quantities of Quantities Sufficient to Access having Residents Rural of Percentage
1973-1974
Agricultural Year Agricultural n In and - id amns y Agricultural by Payments Kind
1974-1975
1975-1976 295
CEU eTD Collection
Percentage of Rural Residents (0.5-50%)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
0 In Production, Plot Private Cooperatives theStateCommercial and from Maize 3. Figure
1972-1973 5
Percentage of Rural Residents having Access to Sufficient Quantities of Quantities Sufficient to Access having Residents Rural of Percentage
1973-1974
Agricultural Year Agricultural
Network - id amns y Ag by Payments Kind
1974-1975 ricultural
1975-1976 296
CEU eTD Collection
Percentage of Rural Residents (0.5=50%)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 In Production, Plot Private Cooperatives,Commercial the State from Maize 3. Figure
1
0
1972-1973 6
Percentage of Rural Residents having Access to Sufficient Quantities of Quantities Sufficient to Access having Residents Rural of Percentage
1973-1974 Network and PrivateNetwork and Landholding
Agricultural Year Agricultural - id amns y Agricultural by Payments Kind
1974-1975
Production 297
1975-1976
CEU eTD Collection
Percentage of Rural Residents (0.5=50%) Agricul and Maize County by Sources, from all 3. Figure
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
0
1972-1973 7
Percentage of Rural Residents having Access to Sufficient Quantities of Quantities Sufficient to Access having Residents Rural of Percentage
1973-1974
Year
1974-1975 tural Year
1975-1976
Argeș
Dâmbovița
Gorj
Prahova
Vâlcea 298
Figure 3.
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
3
2
1
0
1900 8
1902 RelativePrices Wheat of
1904
Price of 1 kg of Wheat Flour under the Form of Black Bread relative to the Price of 1 KgFlour Maize Price relative of 1 of the Bread Black of to Form the under Flour ofWheat kg Price 1 of
Price of 1 Kg of Wheat Flour under the Form of Black Potato Bread relative to the Price of 1 kg ofMaize kg Price relative 1 of the Bread to Potato Black of Form the under Flour KgPriceWheat of 1 of Flour Price of 1 Kg of Wheat Flour under the Form of Semi-White of KgForm Flour Maize Price relative the of 1 Bread of the to under Flour KgPriceWheat of 1 of
Price of 1 Kg of Wheat relative to the Price of 1 kg ofMaize kg Price relative 1 of the KgPriceWheat of 1 to of
CEU eTD Collection 1906
1908
1910 - Based and Maize and Based
1912
1914
1921
1923 - Based Products Based
1925
1927
1929
1931
1933
1935
1937
1939
1963
1969
1972
299
CEU eTD Collection
Percentage of Rural Residents (0.5=50%)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
0 ‘Fringe’ Dishes 4. Figure 1
ecnae f epnet prefer Respondents of Percentage -
All Respondents
Fringe Dishes A PPENDIX TO
1 C HAPTER ig ăăiă ih ah f h Six the of each with Mămăligă ring 4
Vegetable Soup Vegetable
Dried Beans Soup Dried Beans
Bean Stew
Omelet/Fried Eggs
Sarmale
Steamed Sauerkraut 300
CEU eTD Collection
Percentage of Rura Residents (0.5=50%) Youth Dishes ‘Fringe’ 4. Figure
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
0
2
ecnae f epnet peern Mmlg wt ec o te Six the of each with Mămăligă preferring Respondents of Percentage
-
Only Respondents with High Consumption of Măm of Consumption High with Respondents Only
'Fringe' Dishes 'Fringe'
Vegetable Soup Vegetable
Dried Beans Soup DriedBeans
Bean Stew Bean
Omelet/FriedEggs
Sarmale
Steamed Sauerkraut Steamed ăligă in their in ăligă 301
CEU eTD Collection the ‘Fringe’ Six Dishes with Mămăligă or Bread for Preferences Relative Respondents’ the of Distribution 4. Figure 3
The Hypothesized Fit of the of Fit Hypothesized The
Calorie - Based Conditioning Model to the to Model Conditioning Based 302
CEU eTD Collection random through obtained be could bread with dish ‘fringe’ second the and mămăligă proportion extreme more a or proportion observed the that probability the directly calculate to applied been has test conditional exact McNemar The consumers, considered the For pairs). (concordant who consumers for data the disregarding but pairs) (discordant food ‘core’ different a with dishes ‘fringe’ two compared the of each preferred who consumers for data the using by dishes ‘fringe’ six observed the of significance statistical rel consumers’ the differencesin the evaluates test McNemar the analysis, present the In population. the in frequent equally are responses discordant the of variants can sample the in observed responses of distribution the that probability the calculate to pairs concordant from information the measurement or variable other the on individual same the of or individual measurement or variable one on individual same the uses test McNemar the information from pairs discordant purpose, this For alone. imperfections sampling from statisticallyare sample the in observed differences the that probability the estimate to order in performed is and other each of independent considered be cannot that variables two on measured individuals of or pairs matched appropri is test This data. sample on based population Commonly Table
4. The McNemar test is a statistical test used for making inferences about a a about inferences making for used test statistical a is test McNemar The 1
McNemar Tests for Relative P Relative for Tests McNemar - S erved ‘Fringe’ Disheserved ‘Fringe’
rfre bt ‘rne dse wt te ae cr’ food ‘core’ same the with dishes ‘fringe’ both preferred f osmr wo rfre te is ‘rne ds with dish ‘fringe’ first the preferred who consumers of ative preferences for bread or mămăligă with pairs of the the of pairs with mămăligă or bread for preferences ative -
pairs in which the response of one individual or of the orthe responseindividual of ofone which pairs in
result by chance on the assumption that the two the that assumption the on chance by result referen differs from the response of the other other the of response the from differs different from what might be expected be might what from different ces for Bread or Mămăligă with Six with Mămăligă or Bread for ces ate for samples consisting of of consisting samples for ate -
and neglects neglects and 303
CEU eTD Collection the and dish ‘fringe’ first the preferred consumers the of with dish ‘fringe’ the second preferred half which in population a from bread with ex more a or proportion observed 1 mămălig early and childhood their in currentbreadpreferencesor fortheir about informationprovided alsohave and adulthood mămăligă with omelet and sauerkraut steamed both 308 Tab in presentedfigures The data. the of understanding bettera may facilitate it to applied been has test McNemar the how and below presentedtables the in summarized by th alone chance less was it obtaining of probability the if significant statistically be to considered been has dishes ‘fringe’ compared the with mămăligă or bread for preferences respondents’relative the in the concerning pres decision are results the of significance the statistical and alone chance by obtained been have could sample the in observed dishes ‘fringe’ compared the with mămăligă or bread for preferences are th that probability the Finally, bold. categories in presented discordant relevant The analysis. the from excluded or included were bread with dishes ‘fringe’ compared the of one least at equally prefer they res the whether on depending dishes ‘fringe’ of pairs possible 15 the of each for information the summarizing tables 2 with tables contingency dish andthe other half preferr ‘fringe’ first the preferred consumers the of half which in population a from sampling Equivalently, the McNemar exact conditional test can be applied to calculate the probability that the the that probability the calculate to applied be can test conditional exact McNemar the Equivalently, upr al) niae ht 3 epnet hv asee ta te hd consumed had they that answered have respondents 13 that indicate table) upper , Two illustrations of how the information from the oral questionnaire has been been has questionnaire oral the from information the how of illustrations Two 2x2 30 in presented is sample/questionnaire the from information The ă with these two ‘fringe’ dishes. Of these 13 respondents, 7 currently prefer both both prefer currently 7 respondents, 13 these Of dishes. ‘fringe’ two these with ă
and and the second ‘fringe’ dish with mămăligă mămăligă with dish ‘fringe’ second the
an 5%. treme proportion of consumers which preferred preferred which consumers of proportion treme ed the second ‘fringe’ dishwithmămăligă. ed thesecond‘fringe’
bread
.
ented in each table. The observed difference difference observed The table. each in ented e distribution of the respondents’ relative relative respondents’ the of distribution e could be obtained through random sampling sampling random through obtained be could pondents who had indicated that that indicated had who pondents the first ‘fringe’ dish dish ‘fringe’ first the 1
and
le 3 ( 3 le mămăligă
other half half other Page 304
CEU eTD Collection the prefer who but mămăligă and bread with equally soup vegetable the prefer currently sample the in sinc difference significant McNemar the case, this In bread. with soup vegetable the driedwith mămăligă bread beansand soupwith and 1prefersdried the soup the with dishes ‘fringe’ both prefer 15 mămăligă, with dishes ‘fringe’ both prefer 4 respondents, 21 these Of ‘fringe’dishes. two these with mămăligă or bread for preferences current their about information provided c their in mămăligă with soup vegetable and soup beans dried both consumed had they that answered have respondents 21 that chancesimple 2%(less probability). than obt been have to unlikely more even is sample the from preferences relative of distribution the therefore, and, mămăligă and bread with equally omelet prefers who but mămăligă with sauerkraut steamed prefers currently who respondent additional one 4 Table preferences. opposite the have population the of half only and bread with sauerkraut and mămăligă with omelet prefer population relevant entire the of half full a actually if preferences opposite the had who none and bread with omelet and mămăligă with sauerkraut steamed prefer who respondents 5 of consisting sample a selected randomly having of 3% of probability a test is there that shows conditional exact McNemar the data, this to Applied bread. with sauerkraut and mămălig with omelet prefer none and bread with omelet and mămăligă with sauerkraut steamed prefer 5 bread, with dishes ‘fringe’ both prefers 1 mămăligă, with dishes ‘fringe’ By comparison, the figures presented in Table 2 Table in presented figures the comparison, By . Table 30 (page 321 (page 30 Table . e
the two versions of the discordant pairs are equally frequent frequent equally are pairs discordant the of versions two the , bottom table) includes 3 additional respondents who respondents additional 3 includes table) bottom , bread, 1 prefers the vegetable soup with mămăligă and and mămăligăwith vegetablesoup the prefers bread,1
hildhood and early adulthood and have also also have and adulthood early and hildhood (Page 308 (Page 9 (page 321 (page 9
test , bottom table) inclu table) bottom ,
cannot find a statistically statistically a find cannot , upper table) indicate indicate table) upper , ained by by ained des only only des 305 ă
CEU eTD Collection more preva is preferences) of pattern with opposite the vs. bread with soup soup beans dried for and vegetable mămăligă for (preference preferences relative of distribution other the or s not is there that been has conclusion the Therefore, 5%. most at of limit cutoff the above 19%, is bread) with soup beans dried the prefer who none and mămăligă with soup vegetable the prefer opposite the has who respondent 1 of and mămăligă and bread with equally it prefer who or mămăligă with soup vegetable the prefer who respondents 4 of consisting sample a selection random w soup beans dried lent inthe relevant population. ufficient information from the sample to confidently conclude that one one that conclude confidently to sample the from information ufficient t bed Nvrhls, h poaiiy f aig band through obtained having of probability the Nevertheless, bread. ith rfrne, r mr etee itiuin 5 epnet who respondents (5 distribution extreme more a or preferences,
306
CEU eTD Collection Dishes Dishes ‘Fringe’ Sarmale ‘Fringe’ Sarmale dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
Bread Mămăligă 11 Bread Mămăligă
Mămăligă
2 11 Mămăligă Bre
Sauerkraut 3 Sauerkraut
0 1 0 1 Bread
ad
P=0.5 (not significant) significant) P=0.3125 (not
307
CEU eTD Collection Dishes ‘Fringe’ Dishes ‘Fringe’ Omelet Omelet dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
Bread Mămăligă 7 Mămăligă 7 Bread
Mămăligă
Mămăligă Bread 6
Sauerkraut Sauerkraut 5
Bread
1 0 1 0
P=0.015625 (significant) P=0.03125 (significant) 308
CEU eTD Collection Stew Dishes Stew ‘Fringe’ ‘Fringe’ Dishes Beans Beans dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
Bread Mămăligă
Mămăligă Bread
Mămăligă Bread Mămălig
Sauerkraut Sauerkraut 6 8 5 5
ă
1 0 Bread 1 0
P=0.0039 (significant) P=0.015625 (significant)
309
CEU eTD Collection Soup Beans Dishes Soup Beans Dishes
‘Fringe’ ‘Fringe’ Dried Dried dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
Bread Mămăligă Bread M ămăligă
Mămăligă Mămăligă 6 4 6 4
Sauerkraut Sauerkraut
1 0 Bread 1 0 Bread
P= 0.0156(significant) P= 0.0156(significant)
310
CEU eTD Collection Soup Vegetable Dishes Soup Vegetable Dishes ‘Fringe’ ‘Fringe’ dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
Bread Mămăligă Bread Mămăligă
Mămăligă Mămăligă 8 2 8 2
Sauerkraut S auerkraut
0 0 Bread 0 0 Bread
P=0.0039 (significant) P=0.0039 (significant)
311
CEU eTD Collection Dishes Dishes Omelet ‘Fringe’ Omelet ‘Fringe’ dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
Mămăligă Bread Mămăligă Bread
Mămăligă
Mămăligă Sarmale
14 34 34 Sarmale 9
4 1 Bread 4 2 Bread
P=0.0021 (significant) P=0.0107 (significa
312 nt)
CEU eTD Collection Stew Dishes Stew Dishes
Beans ‘Fringe’ Beans ‘Fringe’ dishes Includingcon
sumers who prefermămăligăsumers bothbread ofthe who andwith atleast two one Bread Mămăligă 13
Bread Mămăligă
Mămăligă BreadMămăligă
Mămăligă 23
14 Sarmale 27
Sarmale
0 3
3 0 Bread
(significant) P=0.00000012
(Significant) P=0.00000007
313
CEU eTD Collection Beans Soup Dishes Beans Soup Dishes Dried ‘Fringe’ Dried ‘Fringe’
dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
Mămăligă Bread Mămăligă Bread
Mămăligă Mămăligă
27 7 28 7
Sarmale
Sarmale
Bread 2 1 Bread 2 0
(significant) P=0.000000007 (significant) P=0.00000006
314
CEU eTD Collection Soup Dishes Soup Dishes Vegetable ‘Fringe’ Vegetable ‘Fringe’
dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
Bread Mămăligă Bread Mămăligă
Mămăligă Mămăligă 24 5 21 5
Sarmale Sarmale
1 1 Bread 1 0 B
read
(significant) P=0.0000005 (signifi P=0.0000008 cant)
315
CEU eTD Collection Stew Dishes Stew Dishes
Bean ‘Fringe’ B ‘Fringe’
ean dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread andwith atleast one
Bread Mămăligă Bread Mămăligă
Mămăligă Mămăligă 15 8 23 8
Omelet Omelet
8 1 Bread Bread
8 2
P=0.00001 (significant) P=0.00026 (significant)
of the two 316
CEU eTD Collection Soup Beans Dishes Soup Beans Dishes Dried ‘Fringe’ Dried ‘Fringe’ dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
Bre Mămăligă Bread Mămăligă
ad
Mămăligă Mămăligă 19 4 23 4 Omelet Omelet
Bread Bread 4 2 4 2
P=0.0001 (significant) P=0.00001 (significant)
317
CEU eTD Collection Soup Vegetable Dishes Soup Vegetable Dishes ‘Fringe’ ‘Fringe’ dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
Bread Bread Mămăligă Mămăligă
Mămălig Mămăligă 12 Omelet 3 Ome 18 3
let
ă
Bread 4 1
4 1 Bread
P=0.00004 (significant) P=0.002
318
0
3
CEU eTD Collection Soup Beans Dishes Soup Beans Dishes
Dried ‘Fringe’ Dried ‘Fringe’ dishes Includingconsumers prefermămă who bothbread and
Mămăligă Bread Mămăligă Bread
Mămăligă Mămăligă Bean Stew Bean Bean S 5 6 8 5
tew
17 0 Bread 17 2 Bread
ligă ofthewith atleast two one
significant) P=0.0547 (not P=0.016 (significant)
319
CEU eTD Collection Soup Vegetabl Dishes Soup Vegetable Dishes
‘Fringe’ ‘Fringe’ dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
e
Bread Mămăligă
Bread Mămăligă
Mămăligă Mămăligă Bean Stew Bean Stew 11 7 2 2
12 1 Bread 13 4 Bread
P=0.035 (significant) significant) P=0.0592 (not
320
CEU eTD Collection Soup Beans Dishes Soup Beans Dishes Dried ‘Fringe Dried ‘Fringe’ dishes Includingconsumers prefermămăligă who bothbread ofthe andwith atleast two one
’
Mămăligă Bread Bread Mămăligă
Mămăligă Mămăligă Vegetable Soup Vegetable Soup 1 4 4 4
15 1 Bread 15 1 Bread
P=0.187 (not significant) Not aplicable
321
CEU eTD Collection (1960 Ani Șase de Planului Economică. cursul in Alimentare Secția P.C.R. al C.C. Prospective its and 1965 and 1960 between Sector Development 1975].” upto Baking the of Development the 1960 perioada in Pâinii Industriei economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. andCollectivized Un R.P.R. Population the Livingof of Standard the din on Data with populației Material [Informational individuali al țarani și colectiviști trai tărani funcționari, de nivelul la “Mat 58/1953: privire Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. Flour and Baking the of Development for Prospects Industry].”Products the and Situation Current the on [Report Făinoase Produselor și Panificației Industriei ale desvoltare de perspectivele Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. de produselor BreadBaking and Specialties].” al și pâine 21 November from de Party Workers consumului reglementarea la [T panificație privire cu 1950 din21.XI. P.M.R. al C.C. Secretariatul “Hotărârea 15/1950: Economică. Secția P.C.R. al C.C. 18/1979. 130/1976, 78/1976, 21/1969, 22/1973, 24/1972, 4/1969, 51/1971, 12/1964, 18/1971, 23/1961, 4/1968, 30/1960, 104/1959, 13/1967, 103, 10/1967, 102, 101, 100, 99, 31/ 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 34/1956, 27/1956, 70/1955, 339/1952, 149/1952, 56/1948, Files: ArhiveleRomâniei. Secția C.C. Naționale ale Economică: alP.C.R. A. 94 1/95 1/96 12/1966, 10/1966, 11/1965, 1964, Archival SourcesArchival
he Decision by the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Romanian Romanian the of Committee Central the of Secretariat the by Decision he
3/96 1517, 9/96 817, 817, 617, 4/1979, 56/1977, 18/1977, 8/1977, 196/1976, 195/1976, 133/1976, - Collectivized Peasants].”Collectivized
- 1965 și în perspectivă până în 1975 [ 1975 în până perspectivă în și 1965 st 77/1959: “Studiu cu privire la dezvoltarea Subramurii dezvoltarea la privire cu “Studiu 77/1959: , 1950 Concerning the Regulation of Consumption of Consumption of Regulation the Concerning 1950 , B 1/92 “aot u rvr l sit la privire cu “Raport 119/1952: IBLIOGRAPHY 715: Sui piid evlae Industriei Dezvoltarea privind “Studiu 77/1959:
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Study Concerning Concerning Study uația actuală și și actuală uația 322
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1936, 64/1936 (Vol. 1), 74/1937, 75/1937, 85/1938, 90/1938, 97/1938, 62/1939. 1936, 64/1936(Vol. 85/1938,90/1938, 1),74/1937, 75/1937, - 1975 - 1965) and upto1975],” Prospectively iod 1960 Mtra Dcmna pnr eaoae shți rga p prod 1960 perioada pe program schiței elaborarea pentru Documentar Material . R. Secția Economică. Secția R. -
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- in Indicators],” 41. in 1965 [Increases in Standards of Living in Living of Standards in [Increases 1965 [oe ocrig h Principal the concerning [Note e de plan de dezvoltare a economiei economiei a dezvoltare de plan de et n h Pouto o Bread, of Production the in ment the Main Bread Types
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asca, 1/1966, C.A.P. Boțești, 2/1966, C.A.P. Drăganu, 1/1966, C.A.P. 1/1966, Drăganu, C.A.P. 2/1966, Boțești, C.A.P. 1/1966, asca,
C.A.P. Mihăești, 1/1973, C.A.P. Lerești, unnumbered/1973, C.A.P. unnumbered/1973, Lerești, C.A.P. 1/1973, Mihăești, C.A.P.
nakd16, ... onri e ucl 216, C.A.P. 2/1966, Muscel, de Poenarii C.A.P. unmarked/1966, P Natș umre/96 CAP Zărnești, C.A.P. unmarked/1966, Noapteș, .P. nu, 1/1974, C.A.P. Mareș, 1/1974, C.A.P. Moșoaia, C.A.P. 1/1974, Mareș, C.A.P. 1/1974, nu, .. l ... eța Agrară Secția P.C.R. al C.C.
/1974, onr d Mse, 3/1974 Muscel, de Poenari
- oet, 4/1970 Golești,
. 6/1963, 6/1963, , C.A.P. Vața, Vața, C.A.P. , - 94 C.A.P. 1974, 11/1965,
324
CEU eTD Collection si Morarit de Intreprinderea Naționale. Arhivelor Panificatie Alba. a Alba Județeană Direcția Introducing Breadinto Potato cu pîinii a fabricare de cartofi etapă prima în obținute rezultatele Privind “Raport: 256/1965: Constanța Județeană Direcția Morărit, de Întreprinderea Panificație șiProduseConstanța. Făinoase Naționale. Arhivelor a Constanța Județeană Direcția Națio Arhivelor a Constanța. Constanța Județeană Direcția 4/1969, Urlueni, C.A.P. 14/1968, Humele, Merișani.C.A.P. 1/1973. C.A.P. 16/1966, Hârsești, C.A.P. 1/1965, Mare cel Ștefan 4/1964, Dobrești, C.A.P. 4/1964, Vața, C.A.P. 3/1962, Bârlogu, C.A.P. de unnumber Sus, Bradu C.A.P. Argeș,1/1975, de Curtea C.A.P. Ștefănești,2/1975, C.A.P. 4/1975, Golești, Schitu C.A.P. 1/1975, Stolnici, C.A.P. 1/1975, Mare, cel Ștefan C.A.P. 1/1975, Lerești, 3/1975, Bălilești, C.A.P. 1/1975, Vața, 1/ Mărului, Valea C.A.P. C.A.P. 2/1975, Dobrești, C.A.P. 2/1975, Sus, de Săpata C.A.P. 2/1975, Priboieni, C.A.P. unnumbered/1975, Humele, C.A.P. 1/1975, 3/197 Bârla, C.A.P. Țuțulești, C.A.P. 1/1974, Suseni, C.A.P. Râca,1/1974, C.A.P. has 3/1973(it been suchalthough as labeled refer thedata to1974). 1/1974, Popești, C.A.P. 5/1974, Ștefănești, Hârt C.A.P. 1/1974, Stolnici, C.A.P. 2/1974, Lerești, C.A.P. 1974), to refer data the although such as labeled been has -
cobi 1963 octombrie
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1975, C.A.P. Mălureni, 1/1975, C.A.P. Mihăești, 1/1975, C.A.P. Mihăești,1/1975, C.A.P. 1/1975, Mălureni, C.A.P. 1975, -
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- 94 C.A.P. 1974, 325 -
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58 (2012): 543 58 (2012): ală 1977. Statistică, de Culegere de lucrări lucrări de Culegere havior havior - Term Energy Energy Term - 553. eie by edited , 7 (2006): 87
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Journal ofConsumer Appetite: Journal for IntakeAppetite: for Research Journal
Jeffrey M. and Gemma L. Mitchell. “Flavor Mitchell. L. Gemma and M. Jeffrey
. “Effects of Peer Models’ Choices and Eating Behaviors on Preschoolers’ on Behaviors Eating and Choices Models’ Peer of “Effects .
et al. “Time of Day Influences Food Acceptability.” Food Influences Day of “Time al. et 9 (1965): 447 t l “h Ifune f Social of Influence “The al. et New York: OxfordUniversityYork: New 2012. Press, et al., “Eating as the ‘Means’ Activity in a Contingency: Effects on on Effects Contingency: a in Activity ‘Means’ the as “Eating al., et Distinction: A Social Crit Social A Distinction: Child Development Child - Century France.” InCenturyFrance.” geois Good? Sugar, Norms of Consumption and the Labouring the and Consumption of Norms Sugar, Good? geois Physiology andBehavior - C 453. hild Developmenthild Culture
Communism Unwrapped: Consumption in Cold War Cold in Consumption Unwrapped: Communism Child DevelopmentChild
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4 (2004): 5 Food, Drink and Identity: Cooking, eating andeating Identity:Cooking, and Drink Food, , edited by Peter Scholliers, 99 Scholliers, Peter by edited , ique of the Judg the of ique Press, 1984. Press, - 3 (1982), 163 3 Affective Context on the Formation of of Formation the on Context Affective
51 (1980): 856 Ethnology
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- Nutrient Learning in Restrained in Learning Nutrient
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8 “Effects of Time of Day and Appropriateness on Food Intake Food on Appropriateness and Day of Time of “Effects . doi:10.1186/1471 ersity 2012. Press, supra regimului pelagroșilor [Contributions to the Study of of Study the to [Contributions pelagroșilor regimului supra .” Revista de Igienă Socială Igienă de Revista traRmne’ umr f P of Summary României’: ntarea - 339.
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