Index: Table of Substitution Reactions of Pyridines
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Facile Procedure for the Generation of Dichlorocarbene from the Reaction of Carbon Tetrachloride and Magnesium Using Ultrasonic Irradiation
Molecules 2003, 8, 608-613 molecules ISSN 1420-3049 http://www.mdpi.org A Facile Procedure for the Generation of Dichlorocarbene from the Reaction of Carbon Tetrachloride and Magnesium using Ultrasonic Irradiation Haixia Lin *, Mingfa Yang, Peigang Huang and Weiguo Cao Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200436, P.R. China *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: e-mail [email protected] Received: 7 April 2003; in revised form: 7 July 2003 / Accepted: 20 July 2003 / Published: 31 July 2003 Abstract: An improved method for the generation of dichlorocarbene was developed that utilizes ultrasound in the reaction of carbon tetrachloride with magnesium. High yields of gem-dichlorocyclopropane derivatives can be obtained in the presence of olefins by this method. Keywords: Dichlorocarbene; gem-dichlorocyclopropanes; ultrasonic irradiation; olefin addition; magnesium Introduction Gem-dichlorocyclopropanes are valuable intermediates in organic synthesis [1,2]. They are typically prepared by the addition of dichlorocarbene to olefins under phase-transfer catalysis conditions [3-5]. Sonochemical generation of dichlorocarbene has also been reported [6-8]. The reactions of dichlorocarbene with olefins in solid-liquid two-phase systems using ultrasonication usually afford high yields of double-bond addition products. In addition, excellent yields of diadducts have been obtained from dienes and dichlorocarbene under ultrasonication and phase-transfer catalyst [9]. Molecules 2003, 8 609 Previously, we reported a novel route for the generation of dichlorocarbene by the reaction of carbon tetrachloride with magnesium in a neutral medium and hypothesized that the mechanism of these reactions might involve a single electron transfer [10]. However, these reactions suffered from several experimental drawbacks: some of the major ones being the sudden exotherm that occurs after an unpredictable induction period, foaming, and in some cases, the use of iodine as the activating agent. -
Material Safety Data Sheet Sodium Hydrosulphite (Hydro)
Safety Data Sheet According to EC Regulation / 1272/2008 TSIPL/MSDS/001/18, Revision 03/03-01-2018 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SODIUM HYDROSULPHITE (HYDRO) 1. Identification of Substance and Manufacturer 1.1 Product details Product name : Sodium hydrosulphite CAS No. : 7775 – 14 – 6 Synonyms : Sodium hydrosulphite; Sodium dithionite, Hydro Chemical Formula : Na2S2O4 Molecular weight : 174.11 g/mole Reach Registration No : 01 – 2119520510 – 57 – 001 Relevant identified uses : Reducing and Bleaching agent Bleaching : As a beaching aid in bleaching of ground wood pulp Textile : For dying and printing of Vat, Sulphur & Indigo dyes. Reduction clearing of synthetic goods. Stripping of dyes. Reducing Agent :Reduction of heavy metals such as Titanium, Chromium,Manganese, Molybdenum and Tungsten. Disulphide linkage in wool hair. Other Applications : Machine cleaning, Water treatment, Food bleaching (Sugar,Honey and gelatin),Soap Manufacturing and Glue manufacturing. 1.2 Company details TRANSPEK – SILOX INDUSTRY PRIVATE LIMITED Kalali Road, Atladra, Vadodara – 390 012, Gujarat, India Telephone : +91 265 2680401-05 Fax : +91 265 2680407 / 2680062 1.3 Emergency contact details Telephone: +91 265 2680401, Email : [email protected] Contact Person: Factory Manager www.transpek-silox.com Page 1 of 19 Safety Data Sheet According to EC Regulation / 1272/2008 TSIPL/MSDS/001/18, Revision 03/03-01-2018 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SODIUM HYDROSULPHITE (HYDRO) 2. Hazard identification 2.1 Classification according to regulation (EC) 1272/2008 [EU-GHS/CLP] NFPA Rating HMIS Rating Health 1 1 Flammability 2 2 Reactivity 2 2 Specific hazard Not available E Classification according to EU Directives 67/548/EEC or 1999/45/EC May cause fire. -
Chloroform 18.08.2020.Pdf
Chloroform Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid that is produced on a large scale as a precursor to PTFE. It is also a precursor to various refrigerants. It is one of the four chloromethanes and a trihalomethane. It is a powerful anesthetic, euphoriant, anxiolytic and sedative when inhaled or ingested. Formula: CHCl₃ IUPAC ID: Trichloromethane Molar mass: 119.38 g/mol Boiling point: 61.2 °C Density: 1.49 g/cm³ Melting point: -63.5 °C The molecule adopts a tetrahedral molecular geometry with C3v symmetry. Chloroform volatilizes readily from soil and surface water and undergoes degradation in air to produce phosgene, dichloromethane, formyl chloride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen chloride. Its half-life in air ranges from 55 to 620 days. Biodegradation in water and soil is slow. Chloroform does not significantly bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Production:- In industry production, chloroform is produced by heating a mixture of chlorine and either chloromethane (CH3Cl) or methane (CH4). At 400–500 °C, a free radical halogenation occurs, converting these precursors to progressively more chlorinated compounds: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2 + Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl Chloroform undergoes further chlorination to yield carbon tetrachloride (CCl4): CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl The output of this process is a mixture of the four chloromethanes (chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride), which can then be separated by distillation. Chloroform may also be produced on a small scale via the haloform reaction between acetone and sodium hypochlorite: 3 NaClO + (CH3)2CO → CHCl3 + 2 NaOH + CH3COONa Deuterochloroform[ Deuterated chloroform is an isotopologue of chloroform with a single deuterium atom. -
Derivatization of Methylglyoxal for LC-ESI-MS Analysis—Stability and Relative Sensitivity of Different Derivatives
Supplementary Derivatization of Methylglyoxal for LC-ESI-MS Analysis—Stability and Relative Sensitivity of Different Derivatives Stefan Fritzsche 1,2, Susan Billig 1,, Robby Rynek 1, Ramarao Abburi 1,3, Elena Tarakhovskaya 1,4, Olga Leuner 1,5, Andrej Frolov 6 and Claudia Birkemeyer 1,* 1 Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected] (S.F.), [email protected] (S.B.), [email protected] (R.R.), [email protected] (R.A.), [email protected] (E.T.), [email protected] (O.L.); 2 Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; 3 Department of Chemistry, Krishna University, Machilipatnam-521001, Andhra Pradesh, India; [email protected] 4 Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University and Russian Academy of Science Library, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation; 5 Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic; 6 Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation; [email protected]; * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-341-973-6092 Synthesis of the permanently charged hydrazines and anilines 1.1. Materials and chemicals Acetonitrile (ACN; ROTISOLV®, ≥ 99.8%, for preparative HPLC), formic acid (> 98%, p.s.), n-hexane (ROTISOLV®, ≥ 95%, GC Ultra Grade), potassium bromate (p.a.), zinc dust (98%), methanol (ROTISOLV®, ≥ 99.95%, LC-MS Grade) and diethyl ether (ROTIPURAN®, ≥ 99.5%, p.a.) were purchased from Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany. Ethanol (absolute, > 99.7%, HiPerSolv® CHROMANORM®), cyclohexane, 4-hydroxyacetanilide (p.s., ≥ 99.0%), sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium sulfite (purum, anhydrous), potassium carbonate and hydroxide, ammonia (35%, p.a.), acetic (100%, p.a.) and sulfuric acid (98%, p.a.) were purchased from VWR Chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany. -
Gas-Solid Alkali Destruction of Volatile Chlorocarbons
LA-13042-MS Gas-Solid Alkali Destruction of Volatile Chlorocarbons c£lVi •% to BO Los Alamos NATIONAL LABORATORY Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by the University of California for the United States Department of Energy under contract W-7405-ENG-36- An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government, or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government, or any agency thereof. The Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher's right to publish; therefore, the Laboratory as an institution does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best aTaiiable original document. LA-13042-MS UC-901 Issued: December 1995 Gas-Solid Alkali Destruction of Volatile Chlorocarbons Jerry Foropoulos, Jr. -
Investigation of the Zinc-Mitophagy Signaling in Hypoxic Cells a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the College of Arts An
Investigation of the Zinc-Mitophagy Signaling in Hypoxic Cells A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Qiping Lu May 2020 © 2020 Qiping Lu. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Investigation of the Zinc-Mitophagy Signaling in Hypoxic Cells by QIPING LU has been approved for the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and the College of Arts and Sciences by Yang V. Li Professor of Biomedical Sciences Florenz Plassmann Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT LU, QIPING, Ph.D., May 2020, Molecular and Cellular Biology Investigation of the Zinc-Mitophagy Signaling in Hypoxic Cells Director of Dissertation: Yang V. Li Zinc is one of the most essential trace elements in the body. The concentration of intracellular free zinc is strictly regulated. The abnormal zinc concentration has been implicated in numerous clinical manifestations including ischemic stroke. Zinc homeostasis is achieved by proteins and organelles which sequester zinc or release zinc. Mitochondria are the power plants of the cell, the proper function of mitochondria is crucial for cellular metabolisms and physiological activities, their quality and quantity are regulated by mitophagy through selectively removing damaged mitochondria. Emerging evidence over the past decade has shown that zinc affects mitochondria in response to ischemia. It is progressively clear that zinc-mitochondrial interactions occur in and contribute to ischemic injury. Among the pathological effects of zinc accumulation on mitochondria, zinc induced release and accumulation of ROS draws special interest. ROS is a major cause of mitochondrial damage and initiates mitophagy. -
Lecture 13 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution I 5.1 Principles
NPTEL – Chemistry – Principles of Organic Synthesis Lecture 13 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution I 5.1 Principles The reaction occurs in two stages: the electrophile adds to one carbon atom of the aromatic ring, yielding a carbocation in which the positive charge is delocalized, and a proton is then eliminated from the adduct. H E H E H E E -H E 5.2 Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds 5.2.1 Friedel-Crafts Acylation Acylation of aromatic rings is generally peroformed using acid chloride or acid anhydride as an acylating agent in the presence of Lewis acid. O Z RCOCl, AlCl Z 3 R H2O Mechanism AlCl3 RCOCl RC=O + AlCl4 H H RC=O COR Z Z COR Z Joint initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 1 of 26 NPTEL – Chemistry – Principles of Organic Synthesis In some circumstances, carboxylic acid is used as an acylating agent in the presence of a proton acid. HO OH O 2 PhOH, H2SO4 O O -H2O O O Phenolphthalein Indicator Intramolecular reactions are of particular value to construct cyclic systems. These reactions are usually carried out using dibasic acid anhydrides. For example, the synthesis -tetralone has been accomplished from benzene and succinic anhydride using AlCl3 in 80% yield. O O OH OH AlCl3 reduction + O O O O SOCl2 Cl AlCl3 O O Joint initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 2 of 26 NPTEL – Chemistry – Principles of Organic Synthesis Examples: 5 mol% Tb(OTf)3 CO H 2 PhCl O D.-M. Cui, C. Zhang, M. Kawamura, S. -
Safety Data Sheet
World Headquarters Hach Company P.O.Box 389 MSDS No: M00107 Loveland, CO USA 80539 (970) 669-3050 SAFETY DATA SHEET _____________________________________________________________________________ 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product Name: Hydrosulfite Reagent for Total Copper Catalog Number: 2118869 Hach Company Emergency Telephone Numbers: P.O.Box 389 (Medical and Transportation) Loveland, CO USA 80539 (303) 623-5716 24 Hour Service (970) 669-3050 (515)232-2533 8am - 4pm CST MSDS Number: M00107 Chemical Name: Dithionous acid, disodium salt CAS Number: 7775-14-6 Additional CAS No. (for hydrated forms): Not applicable Chemical Formula: Na2S2O4 Chemical Family: Reducing Agent Intended Use: Laboratory Use _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION GHS Classification: Hazard categories: Self Heating: Self-heat. 1 Acute Toxicity: Acute Tox. 4-Orl . Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation:Eye Irrit. 2 Specific Target Organ Toxicity - Single Exposure: STOT SE 3 Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment: Aquatic Chronic 3 GHS Label Elements: DANGER Hazard statements: Self-heating: maycatch fire. Harmful if swallowed. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause respiratory irritation. Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Precautionary statements: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. Handle environmental release according to local, state, federal, provincial requirements. Wear eye protection. IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. IF INHALED: Remove victim/person to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. -
The Dichlorocyclopropanation of 3-Methyl-1-Cyclohexene and 4-Vinyl-1- Cyclohexene Using Water Soluble Multi-Site Phase Transfer Catalyst-A Kinetic Study
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(9) 211-223 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 9 (2014) pp. 211-223 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article The dichlorocyclopropanation of 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene and 4-vinyl-1- cyclohexene using water soluble multi-site phase transfer catalyst-A kinetic study K.Shanmugam* and E.Kannadasan Deptartment of Chemistry, Government Arts College, Chidambaram, TamilNadu, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T The present study focuses the attention towards the utility of multi-site phase K e y w o r d s transfer catalyst (MPTC), is demonstrated by studying hydroxide-ion initiated reaction like dichlorocarbene addition to olefins. The formation of the product was Multi-site phase monitored by GLC.Dichlorocyclopropanation of 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene and 4- transfer catalysts, vinyl-1-cyclohexene catalysed by multi-site phase transfer catalyst carried out in Dichlorocyclopro biphasic medium under pseudo-first-order conditions by keeping aqueous sodium panation, hydroxide and chloroform in excess. The effect of various experimental parameters 3-methyl-1- on the rate of the reaction has been studied. Also thermodynamic parameters such cyclohexene;4- as S#, G# and H# were evaluated; based on the experimental results, a suitable vinyl-1- mechanism is proposed.It also deals in greater detail on the kinetic aspects of cyclohexene, Kinetics chosen reactions. An attempt has been made to compare the ability of MPTC-1 with MPTC-II and single-site PTC for dichlorocarbeneaddition to olefins like 3- methyl-l-cyclohexene and 4-vinyl-l-cyclohexene. Introduction The reaction of chloroform with strong to be generated in, or transferred to the bases to generate synthetically useful organic phase, where its reaction with 3- dichlorocarbene normally requires methyl-l-cyclohexene is much greater than anhydrous conditions to avoid its rapid with water addition of dichlorocarbene to 3- hydrolysis (Reeves et al., 1976). -
Carbene Rearrangements: Intramolecular Interaction of a Triple Bond with a Carbene Center
An Abstract OF THE THESIS OF Jose C. Danino for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry presented on _Dcc, Title: Carbene RearrangementE) Intramolecular Interaction of a Triple Bond with aCarbene Center Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Dr. Vetere. Freeman The tosylhydrazones of2-heptanone, 4,4-dimethy1-2- heptanone, 6-heptyn-2-one and 4,4-dimethy1-6-heptyn-2- one were synthesizedand decomposed under a varietyof reaction conditions:' drylithium and sodium salt pyrolyses, sodium methoxide thermolysesin diglyme and photolyses of the lithium salt intetrahydrofuran. The saturated ana- logues 2-heptanone tosylhydrazoneand its 4,4-dimethyl isomer afforded the alkenesarising from 6-hydrogeninser- product distribution in the tion. It was determined that differ- dry salt pyrolyses of2-heptanone tosylhydrazone was ent for the lithiumand the sodium salts. However, the product distribution of thedry sodium salt was verysimilar diglyme to product distributionobtained on thermolysis in explained by a with sodium methoxide. This difference was reaction of lithium bromide(present as an impurity inall compound to the lithium salts)with the intermediate diazo afford an organolithiumintermediate that behaves in a some- what different fashionthan the free carbene.The unsaturated analogues were found to produce a cyclic product in addition to the expected acyclic alkenes arising from 3-hydrogen insertion. By comparison of the acyclic alkene distri- bution obtained in the saturated analogues with those in the unsaturated analogues, it was concluded that at leastsome cyclization was occurring via addition of the diazo moiety to the triple bond. It was determined that the organo- lithium intermediateresulting from lithium bromide cat- alyzed decomposition of the diazo compound was incapable of cyclization. -
An Approach to the Influence of Particle Size Distribution of Leuco Vat Dye Converted by a Reducing Agent
Fibers and Polymers 2006, Vol.7, No.2, 164-168 An Approach to the Influence of Particle Size Distribution of Leuco Vat Dye Converted by a Reducing Agent Woo Sub Shim*, Jung Jin Lee1, and Renzo Shamey Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA 1Department of Textile Engineering, Dankook University, Seoul 140-714, Korea (Received January 25, 2006; Revised March 23, 2006; Accepted April 2, 2006) Abstract: Three vat dyes have been applied to regular viscose rayon and their dyeing and wash fastness properties were eval- uated. Particle size determination was undertaken to obtain information about the size of dye particles converted by a reduc- ing agent, to see if dye particle size has an affect on dyeing properties of regular viscose rayon. It is observed that viscose rayon exhibits more dyeability with reducing agent concentrations between 5-7.5 g/l. Also, we found that the vat dyeing sys- tem is greatly affected by the particle size of the vat dye converted to leuco form by a reducing agent. Keywords: Particle size, Particle size distribution, Reducing agent, Viscose rayon, Vat dye, Dyeing properties, Wash fastness Introduction (Na2S2O4). The name “hydro” is commonly used for sodium hydrosulfite in the dyehouse. Reduction is done in the presence Vat dyes are used to dye cellulosic fibers in relatively dull of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) which is usually called caustic. shades requiring good fastness. They are insoluble in water The quantities of caustic and hydro required depend on how and cannot be used directly for dyeing cellulosic fibers. -
Interfacial Processes—The Key Steps of Phase Transfer Catalyzed
Review Interfacialcatalysts Processes—The Key Steps of Phase Transfer Catalyzed Reactions Review InterfacialMieczysław Mąkosza Processes—The 1,* and Michał Fedoryński 2 Key Steps of Phase Transfer1 Institute of Organic Catalyzed Chemistry, Polish Reactions Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01‐224 Warsaw, Poland 2 Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00‐664 Warsaw, Poland; Mieczysł[email protected] M ˛akosza 1,* and Michał Fedory ´nski 2 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel: +48‐22‐3432334 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland 2Received:Faculty 18 of November Chemistry, 2020; Warsaw Accepted: University 5 December of Technology, 2020; Published: Noakowskiego 8 December 3, 00-664 2020 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] *Abstract:Correspondence: After short [email protected]; historical introduction, Tel.: + interfacial48-22-3432334 mechanism of phase transfer catalyzed (PTC) reactions of organic anions, induced by aqueous NaOH or KOH in two‐phase systems is Received:formulated. 18 NovemberSubsequently 2020; experimental Accepted: 5 December evidence 2020; that Published: supports 8 the December interfacial 2020 deprotonation as the key initial step of these reactions is presented. Abstract: After short historical introduction, interfacial mechanism of phase transfer catalyzed (PTC) reactionsKeywords: of organiccarbanions; anions, dichlorocarbene; induced by aqueous sodium NaOH hydroxide; or KOH ininterfacial two-phase processes;