International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

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International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713425816 Wild and semi-domesticated food plant consumption in seven circum-Mediterranean areas Andreas CH. Hadjichambis a; Demetra Paraskeva-Hadjichambi a; Athena Della a; Maria Elena Giusti b; Caterina De Pasquale b; Cinzia Lenzarini b; Elena Censorii b; Maria Reyes Gonzales-Tejero c; Cristina Patricia Sanchez-Rojas c; Jose M. Ramiro-Gutierrez c; Melpomeni Skoula d; Chris Johnson d; Anaya Sarpaki d; Mohamed Hmamouchi e; Said Jorhi e; Mohamed El-Demerdash f; Mustafa El-Zayat f; Andrea Pieroni g a Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus b Department of Art, Music and Performance, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy c Department of Plant Biology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain d Park for the Preservation of Flora and Fauna, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece e Institut National des Plantes Medicinales et Aromatiques, Rabat, Morocco f Department of Botany, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt g SCH Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centres, Wageningen, The Netherlands

First Published: August 2008 To cite this Article: Hadjichambis, Andreas CH., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, Demetra, Della, Athena, Elena Giusti, Maria, De Pasquale, Caterina, Lenzarini, Cinzia, Censorii, Elena, Reyes Gonzales-Tejero, Maria, Patricia Sanchez-Rojas, Cristina, Ramiro-Gutierrez, Jose M., Skoula, Melpomeni, Johnson, Chris, Sarpaki, Anaya, Hmamouchi, Mohamed, Jorhi, Said, El-Demerdash, Mohamed, El-Zayat, Mustafa and Pieroni, Andrea (2008) 'Wild and semi-domesticated food plant consumption in seven circum-Mediterranean areas', International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 59:5, 383 — 414 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/09637480701566495 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637480701566495

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School Correspondence: Pharmacy, of Department address: Present * Keywords: future the to consumption them infusing these of how ways and innovative 2003 find when years and the and systems During important is consumed generations. knowledge it Mediterranean Additionally, such are Mediterranean. need the study crucial around plants a place to also and there these time is though over there change Even taxa, how phenomena disappearance. edible of wild understand brink of inventories the to on at is information plants abundant relatively food is Mediterranean local of use The Abstract 1 HADJICHAMBIS CH. ANDREAS areas circum-Mediterranean in consumption seven plant food semi-domesticated and Wild 383 Nutrition 59(5): and 2008; Sciences August Food of Journal International PARASKEVA-HADJICHAMBI LN CENSORII ELENA RSIAPTII SANCHEZ-ROJAS PATRICIA CRISTINA RAMIRO-GUTIERREZ JOHNSON ADJORHI SAID EL-ZAYAT lsl eae otetaiin,evrnetadclua eiaeo ahcuty More country. each of the and is heritage Mediterranean and Eastern cultural the areas seven between and study revealed were in Mediterranean. several environment use Western the popular traditions, sites edible among wild the varies of study similarities knowledge to that showing traditional selected related undertaken of was data in closely taxa quality the plant and of food conducted analysis quantity wild comparative semi-struc- 294 the A was and survey. and the people in indigenous plants Structured documented to were Project). administered food been RUBIA have wild questionnaires Union-funded tured (European for areas survey Mediterranean field nical GIUSTI giutrlRsac nttt AI fCpu,Ncsa Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, of (ARI) Institute Research Agricultural 2 AEIAD PASQUALE DE CATERINA , tnbtn,Mdtraende,ehoilg,wl odpat,fo medicine food plants, food wild ethnobiology, diet, Mediterranean Ethnobotany, 6 4 NRAPIERONI ANDREA & , NY SARPAKI ANAYA , 5 6 OAE EL-DEMERDASH MOHAMED , eateto oay asuaUiest,Mnor,Eyt and Egypt, Mansoura, University, Mansoura Botany, of Department 2 AI EE GONZALES-TEJERO REYES MARIA , 414 3 4 EPMN SKOULA MELPOMENI , akfrtePeevto fFoaadFua Technical Fauna, and Flora of Preservation the for Park 5 ntttNtoa e lne eiiae tAromatiques, et Medicinales Plantes des National Institut 1 TEADELLA ATHENA , 4 OAE HMAMOUCHI MOHAMED , # 1 08IfraU Ltd UK Informa 2008 DEMETRA , 7* 2 IZALENZARINI CINZIA , 06acru-eierna ethnobota- circum-Mediterranean a 2006 3 3 eateto ln ilg,University Biology, Plant of Department , OEM. JOSE , 6 MUSTAFA , 4 1 CHRIS , AI ELENA MARIA , 2 eateto r,Music Art, of Department 3 , 5 2 , , 7 SCH Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 iia nomto saalbefridvda onre rudteMediterranean Obo & the Rivera around 1983; countries 1976). world h Tanaka Floc’ individual the 1968; Le of for Uphof 1952; plants available 1919; (Grossheim (Hedrick edible is weeds of information many and catalogues Similar plants global In wild the exhaustive crops, disappears. hence several including 2005). are and knowledge al. There et disappearing, world. this (Pieroni of system before risk knowledge such at plants study are to need food traditions about urgent data these wild obtain to regions importance of Mediterranean outmost of uses is Deward It and popular 2001). Khafagi and Gibbons 1994; discovery and Balick drug Heinrich and in ethnopharma- Cox and 2000; or 1994; resources ethnobotanical Marsh food and new an in (Chadwick with useful development (i.e. very nature. is ethno-directed persistent with research that most basis) relationship most reason cological close the the this their of losing for among progressively is two are are It and that been cultures management, always in plant even have ones, popular uses for medicinal reasons and traditions. relevant regional food or region, local Mediterranean distinct around a revolve and share also which backgrounds diets, but many ecologic 1959). elements in Keys of beliefs, resulted and multitude Mediterranean religious, (Keys the Keys around cultures, development Margaret different historic and many Ancel in nutritionists coined the it was the and However, diet’’ meat, by ‘‘Mediterranean red vegetables, written little term book of a The only a diet’’. composed and ‘‘Mediterranean seafood local mainly the wine, diet exemplifies termed oil, olive was a that pasta, food as spices, and example and traditional described groups fruits an salads, Mediterranean been is ethnic The sometimes plants people, knowledge. has food of knowledge ecological wild identity traditional of or regional use knowledge the the reflect and always communities, dishes and Food Introduction 384 lnsadhv goe odpat,wieRvr ta.(06 nlsdi a in analysed (2006) al. et have Rivera studies All while plants. plants, food 2006) Mediterranean food al. gathered et the ignored (Pieroni publication ethnoveterinary comprehensive have circum-Mediterranean or and a 1999) al. At plants et 2006). primarily (Moerman have al. conducted medicinal et studies addressed Della ethnopharmacological Valle and 2005; ethobotanical and al. most al. Bonet level, et et 2002, Pieroni Paelotti al. 1986; 2003; et 1982, Guarrena specific Pieroni Meilleur in 1999; 1976; botanicals (Forbes Pieroni area non-cultivated 1995; Mediterranean of 2003). the consumption al. of the et regions 1998; detail Ogle al. sufficient 2002; et in Grivetti Tukan analysed and 1997; Johnson and Price 2000; Leimar Ladio al. (Moreno- 1996; 1997; et Asia Lee Khasbagan in 1995, and 2000; and Turner Pemberton Ertug 2001), 1996; 1992; Vibrans al. and Kuhnlein Grivetti et Vierya-Odilon Black al. 1985; 2001; and et al. Ladio Americas Mertz 2000; the et Ogle 2001; in Lozada et Marshall Lepofski 2005), Schackleton al. 2001; at 1982; 1981; et Tadesse 1996b; Addis and (Bye aimed 2003; 1996a, Ross Asfaw Aagaard-Hansen al. studies 2000; and Ogoye-Ndegwa and al. et 2001; field et Johns Lockett (Etkin of 1991; 1998; Kokwaro al. number Africa and increasing Johns in ethnoecological/ 1985a,b,c,d; an and context: anthropological of an in ethnobotanical focus (TK) knowledge the traditional documenting been have plants idpat aea motn oei h ieo nieospol rudthe around people indigenous of life the in role important an have plants Wild the of traditions folk the in significant been always have plants food While ihnteMdtraeni h atdcd,fwsuishv systematically have studies few decade, past the in Mediterranean the Within food non-cultivated of consumption and collection the years, 25 past the During .C.Hdihmi tal. et Hadjichambis Ch. 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Mediterranean these traditional that demonstrated clearly u loalpoess ehooisadtosue o ahrn,soig washing, storing, plants. gathering, recorded for the used consuming and tools sites, cooking, and Mediterranean applicable), selected technologies (where the processes, in detoxifying gathered all still are also that plants but food wild these the how only not and a when time. abundant and is and consumed place there relatively are over countries, plants change is Mediterranean these phenomena the how there consumption in understand to consumed though need taxa even crucial food studies wild that previous on from demonstrating revealed information gap the Mediterranean, fill to in aiming countries Mediterranean medicinal seven database, of in centralized production a their eco-sustainable of in small-scale perspectives their products. the data been under plants’ and resources these have plant feasibility plants all few a agronomic these food, deposited evaluated and which We for them in plants compared processed. evaluate context cultivated and and identify anthropological neglected to gathered as and and well as wild socio-economic basketry, of the and handicrafts, uses dying, textiles, plant medicine, traditional food to wild on related study the to experi- give perspective. to and conceived multi-disciplinary was backgrounds a and consumption areas with as research plants scholars of variety defined included a in been Consortium ences has The that Project. of RUBIA process detriment the a to 1997). in culture Ember inferior, societies and people (Ember considered urbanized hand acculturation of one, other hand features the one ‘traditional’ few on the their and a On few plants. depopulation, adopted last about important living the TK an still in of suffered loss because have considerable places urgent a rural particularly been are has general there generations in countries industrialized in . . . . . hl nmn uoenrgosteueo o-utvtdpat o odand food for plants non-cultivated of use the regions European many in While hrfr,teamo hsppri to: is paper this of aim the Therefore, record to order in conducted were studies field ethnobotanical the RUBIA Within areas selected in recorded been have plants food wild study, broad this of part a As knowledge ethnobotanical record to were project research this of perspectives The Union-funded European the of framework the in performed research present The ieidctosfrteifso fT eae ofo ln sst future to uses plant food to related TK of circum- infusion ‘common’ the presumed generations. for a indications of areas; selected perspective give and the the heritage; in under cultural medicine Mediterranean data food as field country; edibles the one wild analyse than of more food contribution by wild the plant referred recorded discuss collection, most plants the the the highlight of and analysing view consumption, plants, of of point models the and used from in parts uses plant consumed traditional plants the food compare wild areas; the study of seven uses the ethnobotanical detailed the document odpatcnupini icmMdtraenareas circum-Mediterranean in consumption plant Food ¨ ta.20) nfc,ehooaia studies ethnobotanical fact, In 2003). al. et m 385 Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 ovrainwsrcre ncsetsadtepoeue eepoorpe and photographed were procedures the the the of and possible, part recorded. 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.C.Hdihmi tal. et Hadjichambis Ch. A. 394 5673 ARI stems, young leaves/ thistle, Milk (Asteraceae), Cass. syriaca Notobasis odpatCpu reeSanIayMrcoAbnaEgypt Albania 49193 Morocco GDA rhizomes, leaves/young sorrel, Cape (Oxalidaceae), pes-caprae Oxalis 29F CAP part, Italy aerial marjoram, leaf Small (Apiaceae), majorana Origanium Spain 410 TUC fruits, flowers/ cumin, Black Greece (Ranunculaceae), sativa Nigella Cyprus 49110 GDA part, aerial leaves/ cress Water (Brassicaceae), Br. officinale Nasturtium plant Food ( II Table 5682 ARI leaves, poppy, Red (Papaveraceae), rhoeas Papaver Continued L. L. (L.) L. ) R. L. legumes with boiled and alone boiled or Raw evsue a Young raw used Leaves or salad in Raw salad in Raw salad in Raw peteinou ( pie TR in or fried Boiled, Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 ) orkatou pourekia lemon and oil olive by garnished and Boiled food flavour to used Flowers te greens other with mixture Saute saute as or fresh raw used rhizomes ´ ,in ´, okdRwi salad, in Raw Cooked raw used Leaves R(crescione) TR a for filling like used also are leaves The soups. doing for plants other with boiled dish, side like plants other with boiled o soups for plants other with boiled or dish side like consumed and herbs other with boiled are parts aerial the o seasoning for or herbs different other with Soup

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odpatcnupini icmMdtraenareas circum-Mediterranean in consumption plant Food 395 odpatCpu reeSanIayMrcoAbnaEgypt Albania Morocco Italy 5627 ARI shoots/fruits, Spain stem Terebinth, (Anacardiaceae), terebinthus Pistacia Greece 5625 ARI fruits/leaves, Lentisc, Cyprus (Anacardiaceae), lentiscus Pistacia 460 TUC leaves, ox-tongue, Bristly (Asteraceae), echioides Picris plant Food ( II Table evs AN48F BAGN leaves, plantain, Common (Plantaginaceae), major Plantago 237 TUC leaves, plantain, Ribwort (Plantaginaceae), lanceolata Plantago Continued L. L. L. L. L. )

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odpatcnupini icmMdtraenareas circum-Mediterranean in consumption plant Food 397 odpatCpu reeSanIayMrcoAbnaEgypt Albania Morocco Italy Spain Greece Cyprus 5675 ARI leaves, dock, Fiddle (Polygonaceae), pulcher Rumex plant Food ( II Table 597 TUC stems/leaves, young Green-brier, (Ruscaceae), aspera Smilax 5878 ARI part, aerial Charlock, (Brassicaceae), arvensis Sinapis 5672 ARI part, aerial Mustard, (Brassicaceae), alba Sinapis hzm,GA49160 GDA rhizome, leaves/stems/ oyster, Spanish (Asteraceae), hispanicus Scolymus evs U 674 TUC leaves, fruits/ nightshade, Blach (Solanaceae), nigrum Solanum evs R 5667 ARI leaves, champion, Bladder (Caryophylaceae), Garcke (Moench) vulgaris Silene Continued L. L. L. L. L. ) L. en n naTR ( a in and beans broad with Boiled eggs with or alone fried boiled, stems Young tomatoes and onions with fried or legumes with boiled alone, boiled or salad in Raw tomatoes and onions with fried or legumes with boiled alone, boiled or salad in Raw n ‘ and eggs with or alone fried boiled, or raw used Leaves/stems a risBie leaves Boiled fruits Raw i ( TR pie a in or legumes with boiled beans, or eggs with Fried

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.C.Hdihmi tal. et Hadjichambis Ch. A. 398 ete evs r1 Ur leaves, nettle, Roman (Urticaceae), pilulifera Urtica D 49191 GDA leaves, thistle, saw Smouth (Asteraceae), oleraceus Sonchus R 5673 ARI stems/leaves, beard, Goats (Asteraceae), Avi.-Lall. sinuatus Tragopogon odpatCpu reeSanIayMrcoAbnaEgypt Albania Morocco Italy Spain Greece Cyprus 48F CAP leaves, thistle, sow Prickly (Asteraceae), asper Sonchus plant Food ( II Table LEP-ORT leaves, nettle, Stinging (Urticaceae), dioica Urtica Continued L. L)Hill (L.) L. L. ) a nsldBie a oldwt other with Boiled Raw Boiled salad in Raw Downloadedlegumes with boiled or alone boiled Stems By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 okdCooked Cooked te greens other with mixture in Sautee, or boiled Leaves a a nsld or salads in Raw Raw okdFeha filling a as Fresh Cooked on omelettes doing for alone or soups, doing for plants herbs other with boiled ( TR a for filling like and omelettes, doing for dishes, ( pasta stuffing for o i ( pie for urcio tordelli ` n sfilling as ) rfrrice for or ) byrek ) evdwt noodles with served and boiled soups; utr ( butter) fresh heating by (obtained butter semi-liquid with preserved or ( butter fresh with eaten ( pie for filling ra ( cream with used and boiled soup; a as used and milk, and flour with Boiled byrek ;bie and boiled ); burrofresko maze te ¨ lyne ¨ )as ¨ )in )

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In ‘polenta’. called iue2 otrpeettv families. representative Most 2. Figure a in chestnuts with boiled as cooked or salad in raw used ‘ are called leaves TR the Italy in while 400 aysuisrvae htweshv lydacuilrl nehooayand ethnobotany in role crucial a played have weeds that revealed studies Many some region, Mediterranean the in representatives many with families big are These otue plants. used Most .C.Hdihmi tal. et Hadjichambis Ch. 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Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 Spain Morocco Italy Egypt Cyprus Greece comosum idfo aaaesmtmstesm,teclua motneo hs aai very is taxa these of importance cultural quoted the cuisine. most same, the the the in though the sometimes different even in are since heritage taxa plants, popular, cultural food food ‘Mediterranean’ most wild gathered common the the no regarding is is areas there species selected that five of suggest of case can the we group in data different as similarities a few area, only showing area each the In in variability. citation great of of use times III. Table the the in with five and along seen The history, important be country knowledge. its each can ecological an with in recorded traditional quoted community are the times a with most plants of related plants link is food families a wild botanical and these identity Additionally, local species. of element consumed widely most ( marshes and aiya hl so eea itr eeac.Frisac,tePruaae or Portulacacea the instance, For these relevance. or but taxa dietary each, these species general that one of imply only is not yield does whole Capparidaceae family a plant However, as 2001). particular family a (CBD a of family) diversity plant species (major high importance the family’s a of indicator direct onr is ln eodpatTidpatFut ln it plant Fifth plant Fourth plant Third plant Second plant First Albania Country rgnmmarjorana Origanum acutifolius Asparagus ti la htwti h ee td ra h ln pce ottmsqoe show quoted times most species plant the areas study seven the within that clear is It tnbtnsshv fe rudta ihrt fueu pce nafml sa is family a in species useful of rate high a that argued often have Ethnobotanists ,wtrcuss( courses water ), L communis Tamus 5 citations) (50 3 citations) (37 majorana Origanium intybus Cichorium .(9citations) (29 L. oleracea Portulaca citations) (17 Garcke (Moench) vulgaris Silene 5 citations) (53 pecten-veneris subsp. L. pecten-veneris Scandix 4 citations) (40 bonus-henricus Chenopodium . 1 citations) (15 mlxaspera Smilax L. L. al I.Teﬁepat ototnqoe nec td area. study each in quoted often most plants ﬁve The III. Table ,psue ( pastures ), L. , rteu azarolus Crataegus 1 citations) (14 mastichina Thymus 4 citations) (47 officinale Taraxacum .(1citations) (31 L. pulegium Mentha L. vulgaris Beta 2 citations) (24 .(6citations), (16 L. spinosa Capparis 3 citations) (36 majus Prasium 3 citations) (36 rgravesca Fragaria etapulegium Mentha a.cicla var. odpatcnupini icmMdtraenareas circum-Mediterranean in consumption plant Food emt evr uhappreciated. much very be to seem ) Weber nhs italica Anchusa L. L. L L. . 1 citations) (15 integrifolia Andryala 4 citations) (47 dioica Urtica 2 citations) (27 Moench officinalis Calamintha citations) Willd spina-Christi Ziziphus 1 citations) (15 acutifolius Asparagus .(4citations) (34 L. oleraceus Sonchus 3 citations) (35 idaeus Rubus , , atrimofficinalis Nasturtium (22 rteu ooyaOiau virens Origanum monogyna Crataegus .oleracea P. , L. L. nhs strigosa Anchusa (L.) L. L. .oleracea P. ik(2citations) (12 Link and Hoffmanns. virens Origanum .(4citations) (44 L. radicata Hypochaeris iu carica Ficus 2 citations) (20 olitorius Corchorus 1 citations), (14 parviflora Malva .(2citations) (32 L. spinosum Cichorium .(3citations) (23 L. triquetrum Allium toaes.Acrigt that to According areas). (two oet ( forests ) and L. rslns( grasslands ) L. .spinosa C. L. 9citations) (9 Gaertner (L.) barbata Tolpis irsichioides Picris oleracea Portulaca 4 citations) (44 .(0citations) (20 L. sylvestris Malva citations), cus hispani- Scolymus 3 citations) (32 rhoeas Papaver 1 citations) (15 alpinus Rumex uru ilex Querqus .(13 L. Muscari L. r the are 401 L L L. . ) . , Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 iue3 viaiiyo lnstruhu h year. the throughout plants of Availability 3. Figure by influenced are they are wild since the from therefore, collected and plants Mediterranean. edible in vegetables, food, environment the cooked raw natural of the around with trends in dietary areas feed outside contemporary time be rural much the to so of to spend order due context not is do reason socio-economic people with one Nowadays, the always that contrast people assume in of Mediterranean could is Someone that change This raw. and 28%. vegetables diets of eating while Mediterranean percentage depicted areas, about lower study think seven much people the the in what or with 54% more the of follow a in percentage imply edibles predominate total others raw recipes a some cooked with and need that consumption eaten, them obvious of be is of models to It plant Some process. the preparation traditions. of complex local part less the to of according washing the recipes only diverse using 4. prepared Figure of are in distribution seen The consumption. be of respectively. can Models 13%, countries and seven 18% the at within follow used fruits part plant and part aerial The sickles scissors, of pair parts. a Plant 10%. as in such used tools are Other tools knife. traditional a some by 3. and gathered Figure are in 35% while seen hand be can countries seven throughout plants the of edible use in a of the year availability include in The a variability greens availability. including wild seasonal greens aspect on leafy seasonal edible depending this with species many reflect recipes and summer Many species of tough. in range become broad and leaves is temperature decreases, their the greens then and on wild to bloom depending number mid of increases, The from number gathering collected precipitation. the mainly The where and are role. spring, greens wild until important the autumn sites an late studied have the and In still greens seasonal. small- cuisine, general strongly a Mediterranean in is local the there plants In Occasionally, gardens. wild live. home their informants in the cultivation where scale places year. the a near throughout populations availability supply: Plant 402 codn otetosue o ahrn,5%o h lnsaegtee ipyby simply gathered are plants the of 55% gathering, for used tools the to According .C.Hdihmi tal. et Hadjichambis Ch. 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Figure 7%, and (11% and sites squalene studied the fat, in representation monounsaturated of intake people. Mediterranean additional (Kaloger- they for while phytosterols an oil indices, throbogenic profile olive provide and lipid atherogenic healthy virgin their a furthermore and represent in classes to acid pan-fried appear and fatty vegetables 1989) concerning vegetables that indicates al. of 2006) the of et al. value evaluation et (Andrikopoulos nutritive while opoulos the E Dietary on increase 1998), vitamin effect usually food. 1998) in less (Bognar Henry fried rich even and methods (Fillion are or acids that cooking same fatty unsaturated oils the other frying almost with of have absorption involve to compared often considered losses Spain is and nutrient Frying in Italy oil. pan-frying Cyprus, of olive of Greece, recipes variety virgin in elaborated wide Many a especially meat. accompany countries roasted they Mediterranean and and greens, studied and salads, areas fried like (ARDs) the The dishes in cooking. 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Figure h ecnaeo ahtp fcnupin h ifrn ssadtetospecies two the and uses in different seen the be consumption, of can type countries each seven of lower percentage the The have in recipes consumption food of to models of condiment a distribution The as used plants and parts plant Preserved Morocco Albania Greece Cyprus Spain Egypt Italy 05402719 082 16 20 8 40 0 047 51229 8617108 855708 33 28 9 9 38 13 52 615 16 9 29 25 , aaau officinalis Taraxacum ihntesvnsuyaes aypat 2% ihedible with (28%) plants many areas, study seven the Within odpatcnupini icmMdtraenareas circum-Mediterranean in consumption plant Food Number oftaxa,% , ihru intybus Cichorium 8 1 , atrimofficinale Nasturtium 15 14 5 5 6 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 Seeds Roots Aerial part Infructescence Inflorescence Leaves Stems .oleracea P. , 403 C. , Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 and ( spinosa consumption. plant food of Models 5. Figure 404 oepat r osmdfiduigoieoladepcal na mlte The omelette. an in especially and oil olive of using shoots fried consumed young are plants Some tl ti sda iln o Rcle ‘ called TR a for filling a as dioica used is it Italy lnaomajor Plantago fte r ae oldaoeo ihlgms n r anse ihoieoland oil olive with are garnished boiled are as and used legumes, plants with popular or most alone The boiled lemon. eaten are them of cooked. consumed Plants ( Spain in Only raw. form. fresh in consumed directly are which others), theophrasti risof fruits an make to eggs with mixed and fried cut, are studied, sites omelette. the in examples some of are leaves young the and (Cyprus) aae rhoeas Papaver Valle and 2004). (Bonet (Ertug Peninsula Turkey Iberian the 1999), creticum ie-pwt az lu,adkedda ae n r.Wti ahoeo the of one II). each (Table plants. Within recipes fry. Preserved traditional and in used cakes are a plants as several kneaded countries, and seven flour, maize with mixed-up n osmdalya on.Mn lnsta r sda cn r re and dried are round, scent year a all used as therefore as used and such vessels are plants glass other that or some bottles plants while plastic Many bags, plastic round. in year stored all consumed and yu syriaca Pyrus ubro ideilsaeue ntaiinlrcps o xml,telae of leaves the example, For recipes. traditional in used are edibles wild of number A Cichorium .C.Hdihmi tal. et Hadjichambis Ch. A. r sda iln o Rpecle ‘ called pie TR a for filling as used are

n tes nteohrhn,mn dbefut r osmda desserts as consumed are fruits edible many hand, other the On others. and Number of taxa, % uru ilex Querqus (Cyprus), .acutifolius A. lai reeCpu gp tl ooc Spain Morocco Italy Egypt Cyprus Greece Albania rue)o dberos( roots edible or Greuter) 10 80 10 , n tl ( Italy and ) p.Hwvr oemr lbrtdpeaain aebe recorded. been have preparations elaborated more some However, spp. nCpu r sdi R(i)cle ‘ called (pie) TR a in used are Cyprus in rteu azarolus Crataegus ubro lns(1)aegtee n rsre ob stored be to preserved and gathered are (11%) plants of number A saau acutifolius Asparagus rtmmmaritimum Crithmum nSanaeue okdi Ri hc risaecrushed, are fruits which in TR a in cooked used are Spain in oto h idpat 5% aebe ae okd Most cooked. eaten been have (54%) plants wild the of Most 16 54 13 17 speae ntesm a nsm at fIay(Pieroni Italy of parts some in way same the in prepared is oaoofficinalis Borago a okdPeevdCondiment Preserved Cooked Raw .spinosa C. 26 59 ieevulgaris Silene 6 9 , eaoi siliqua Ceratonia ucr commosum Muscari Cpu,San Italy), Spain, (Cyprus, Cpu,Iay ooc,Egypt), Morocco, Italy, (Cyprus, 36 40 20 crescione 4 Cpu,Gec)and Greece) (Cyprus, , byrek il odorata Viola s20)adi h ormae of area Bodrum the in and 2002) `s Cpu,Gec,San tl) which Italy), Spain, Greece, (Cyprus, nAbnaad‘ and Albania in ’ .Adtoal,telae of leaves the Additionally, ’. 22 58 12 8 clmshispanicus Scolymus , iihsspina-christi Ziziphus orkatupeteinou tou pourekia r lwr r consumed are flowers are ) and 49 32 15 4 acscarota Daucus saau stipularis Asparagus urcio ucr comosum Muscari hoi purpurea Phlomis ` 39 47 12 n 2 , nIay The Italy. in ’ Rumex ,wiein while ’, , Eryngium Phoenix among Urtica spp., , Fried lexumes with Boiled recipe Traditional leaves Green Raw Fruits Roots nvinegar in Preserved alone Boiled Cooked Flowers 0 6 6 6 2 2 39% 52% alpinus L., bonus-henricus Chenopodium 22% 36% 26% 16% oleracea Portulaca 10% %1%6 0 2 5 12% 15% 12% 47% 20% 29% 6% 58% 13% 40% 0% 59% 54% triquetrum Allium 80% al V ye fcnupin h ifrn ssadtetoseisms fe utdi ahdfeetueb h ee td areas. study seven the by use different each in quoted often most species two the and uses different the consumption, of Types IV. Table Rumex lai reeCpu gp tl ooc Spain Morocco Italy Egypt Cyprus Greece Albania L. L.

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A. 406 Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 mle htteetx aegnrlyavr akdtse(itri h aeof case the in could This (bitter 2005). the taste al. et to marked (Pieroni due Lamiaceae) very This of a oils. be case the generally essential could in have many aromatic medicine, taxa and contain Asteraceae these the for Lamiaceae contain that while to as Asteraceae that implies lactones relevant given well groups, sesquiterpene these be as of mainly species can many food Johns of and features and as phytochemical (Etkin related Valle worldwide, nutraceuticals closely and Lamiaceae or are pharmafoods Bonet foods, uses these 1998; in functional plant Valle presence of and their medicinal development Bonet the that of by and be digestibility stated the may increase food also it to as medicinal, so but food digestive, culinary cooked only a not as is dishes medicine heavy often folk in used often rohrdse n rdtoa eie.Tems oua rmtcpat eogto belong plants aromatic popular most The recipes. of traditional genus and dishes other or condiments. as used Plants dubium o rlyadteeoei o oprbewt t neto sfo.Freapein example For food. as ingestion of is others its administered used among with is case part comparable plant the the is the not this instance, or is Cyprus For purpose, therefore medicinal and food. or orally as culinary not uses the their to with according different unrelated or intestine. related the remotely of health of good leaves general of the the while part to bronchitis, contribute aerial to cure the to perceived example, is intybus for be because 1994); could legumes thus Etkin with and 1990; benefits health segetum (Johns and assumed Chrysanthemum foods medicine certain of as medicinal because used called used be are can foods Food certain traditions. and local 2005) and 2002, research. al. indigenous et ethnopharmaceutical in Pieroni well including field 1982; quite neglected Ross is plants, often medicine and an and (Etkin recorded represents food as societies between the traditional recognition Overlapping in receive of ethnoflora. known represent that medicinal and (30% of eaten) biomedicine or part (actually plants ethnomedicine a medicine, plants traditional These food food in for either are used medicine. medicinal, (69%) be spices) to 282 for and recorded recorded, been plants as condiments have edible (31%) 406 well 124 the while from as food that for noted exclusively Mediterranean be used the should are around it point medicines this food At as plants edible wild of Contribution and Italy), (Spain, itetmd ysahdfoesmxdu ihoieolfrtetetetof treatment the for traditional oil a in olive used with are up flowers its mixed ulcers. while flowers mouth meatballs, and smashed of wounds TR by a made in ointment or boiled as cooked ffo.Fut fsvrlwl re r sdfrtepeaaino asand jams of preparation the for used are trees wild several kinds several of as with such appetizers marmalades Fruits like eaten food. and vinegar of in preserved are Greece) (Cyprus, eiia ahrdfo lnsicueas pce hs eiia ssare uses medicinal whose species also include plants food gathered Medicinal in especially plants, medicinal and food between line dividing clear no is There lnsue ssie nlclciie ftesm ftesuyaes( areas study the of some the of cuisines local in spices as used Plants , nteBgoaal rao tl r ae a nsld eas r perceived are because salads in raw eaten are Italy of area Bagnocavallo the in rgnmmajorana Origanum Origanum , rgravesca Fragaria yu syriaca Pyrus Lavandula s20) h eaieycmo s fAtrca and Asteraceae of use common relatively The 2002). `s ntePpo rao yrsi osmdete a rboiled or raw either consumed is Cyprus of area Paphos the in oepat 7)aeue ocnietses op,pies soups, stews, condiment to used are (7%) plants Some odpatcnupini icmMdtraenareas circum-Mediterranean in consumption plant Food , oyohmscapitatus Corydothymus and , (Cyprus) Iay Albania) (Italy, Mentha. aedl arvensis Calendula rteu azarolus Crataegus s(02.Ti ofrstefc that fact the confirms This (2002). `s , arsnobilis Laurus h evso hc r used are which of leaves the , (Cyprus), mn tes are others) among ieversa vice ruu unedo Arbutus Cichorium Origanum while , 407 Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 408 eierna utrlhrtg eadn h ahrdfo lns h highest common is, The this no Cyprus; plants. is and Greece food there between revealed gathered that was low, means the ranging though low, even statistical regarding (0.325), very similarity by heritage are proving indices cultural similarity 0.325, Mediterranean that and meat. out 0.014 important pointed Adriatic most between is the the it of is coefficient), beef part case (Sorensen this and as In moderate in pitta. 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Greece. consume essential in are countries especially oregano high, Mediterranean important and most Western Eastern parsley the as Dill, as is products. pork Cyprus Italy and and with high and food, is Greece staple consumption Spain meat. as oil Research, potatoes Olive legumes. and RUBIA and pasta vegetables rice, of bread, areas consume countries study Mediterranean the From countries. local distinct around revolve ecologic also but in beliefs, traditions. elements resulted of regional religious multitude basin as or a Mediterranean cultures, share referred the which different diets, around be many developments many wine). should historic oil, the and knowledge olive backgrounds local since a food (pasta, from of diets traditional derived ingredients combination Mediterranean often basic Mediterranean the are known precisely, suggests which widely diet More spices, some and Mediterranean including fruits a traditions, salads, of vegetables, idea of the diversity people many For circum-Mediterranean of perspective the under heritage cuisines cultural traditional and diets households’ Mediterranean the future of are ‘medicine in studies the most of depth and instead the underestimated healers’ greater 2003). the often of (Howard of is in women ‘medicine 2002) provision the (Niehof investigated the household privileging healthcare the and by as be care area, in administered circum-Mediterranean of should practices the mainly in healthcare studies aspects a are ethnobotanical of These studied part be 1994; cultures household. to non-Western al. considered traditional in and et the also plants on but Logeril based 2001). Mediterranean preparations Maffi (De 1997; in heart (Hocking longevity the only coronary Israel or greater in not of India rate 2000) of with vegetables, lower patterns populations al. with fruits, and correlated et dietary of been cancer Thrichopoulou consumption often beneficial have diabetes, The wine health 1980). disease, red al. and the oil et olive towards (Keys region groups attention human 2002). Mediterranean first al. much the et by Pieroni drawn 2002; plants al. medicinal et these Leonti of 1998; selection Heinrich the and in (Brett role a had have nlsn h lnsrcre ytesvnsuyaeswt iiaiyindices similarity with areas study seven the by recorded plants the Analysing Mediterranean in diets of groups various distinguished (2001) Truswell and Noah culinary that revealed was it survey field ethnobotanical RUBIA the From have Studies’, Countries ‘Seven the especially studies, epidemiological Several .C.Hdihmi tal. et Hadjichambis Ch. A. Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 okue fpat erae nps eeain n,srl,i ra ra the A areas decades. previous urban in than in consumed surely, are age, plants retirement and, wild past fewer were generations far interviewees today the past that of agreed Most in and delimited. decreased much regions very plants is Mediterranean in knowledge of other than in the uses consumed observed of are folk some been vegetables In also Valle plants. traditionally and has edible fewer (Bonet shift wild that This of domain proved study decades. several the was previous regions the in it in TK rural areas, of farmers selected and keepers study nutritional women main the to Elderly the in area. are related rural areas patterns framework selected social dietary the the specific in as behaviours on suggests well information project as comprehensive RUBIA aspects providing the social of and fieldwork cultural ethnobotanical the from local generations Evidence future a European to of knowledge Central transformation traditional of the and Infusion of in North example agent have prime in product. years flavouring a commercial salads recent is a as in into many salad and uses food rocket taste of local Thus, spicy widespread ingredients persisting prominent, countries. this a common the of have Ancient Remnants leaves are the become regions. Its of times most dishes. food in Central ancient traditional important disuse the an in into in was only fell reputation it known later and well which Umbria) originally Romans, (especially were Italy investigated parts of of scientifically sectors aerial provinces been certain The have in use; benefits food 1952). in popular health (Grossheim and new Some foods a Community. is gathered become similar has European Mediterranean salad plants of the rocket from and availability years the example recent groups increasing In and telling ceae). ethnic an A dishes people, in cultures. special resulted consequently different their has and globalization of world’ however, the proud of are ‘vision communities a Mediterranean reflect is Eastern always similarity with greater compared that Mediterranean seen (0.21), African be (0.13). counties can North Mediterranean it Western by and However, followed Mediterranean VI). ones. Eastern (Table other between the low shown from very different very are be indices to seemed area each of plants food wild quoted flora. of patterns similarities by ethnobotanical also similar affected to heavily due has partially only however, lai 4213411 4 3 5 20 6 9 1 0.16 6 17 5 9 10 0.13 0.08 4 77 16 0.12 19 0.11 17 0.22 3 69 0.14 0.12 0.163 17 19 0.19 1 0.19 0.12 0.25 34 131 0.231 0.064 0.059 0.325 0.88 2 0.072 78 Morocco 0.014 Egypt 0.043 Spain Italy 14 Greece Cyprus Albania idfo lnsaea xml hteepiislclT.Fo n ihsdo dishes and Food TK. local exemplifies that example an are plants food Wild similarity the again groups, most geographical four the into that areas showing study III, seven Table the with Grouping agreement in are V) (Table data Statistical al .Srne’ iiaiyidxfrtepat eoddwti h ee td areas. study seven the within recorded plants the for index similarity Sorensen’s V. Table lai yrsGec tl pi gp Morocco Egypt Spain Italy Greece Cyprus Albania s20;Peoie l 05.I a eiidta h rnmsinof transmission the that verified was It 2005). al. et Pieroni 2002; `s odpatcnupini icmMdtraenareas circum-Mediterranean in consumption plant Food rc sativa Eruca * nta hspicture this instead (Brassica- 409 Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 hr uttd feeet,btas eov ruddsic oa rregional or local distinct around revolve also which but diets, many elements, several in of the backgrounds resulted traditions. multitude in ecologic Mediterranean members a beliefs, the community religious, around share development cultures, among historic different varies many and TK while The areas, of studied areas. seven quality studied the and within extent quantity different common a cuisine. the with local no and the plants in is food the cultivated different same, few there very the food is sometimes only that are gathered taxa taxa these showing the food suggest of wild regarding popular, quoted importance can areas most cultural most the selected though we the even the since data, was in plants, heritage species our cultural of to ‘Mediterranean’ In group variable. According very different were similarities. recorded a species plant area the areas was have study each It we seven ‘Mediterraneans’. instead the many that within by (2006) that made al. clear Mediterranean traditional et composite a and Pieroni as variegate with ethnobotany the very agree Mediterranean a to about describing natural tend speak we the to Consequently, concepts of difficult whole. is organization wild it cultural spatial therefore of the and in collection and landscape, resources the embedded natural that of revealed inextricably in management plants Mediterranean is food the wild around plants traditional areas for selected study seven ethnobotanical circum-Mediterranean The a informants Conclusions as middle-aged often way, to many negative past. necessary a the while TK in of vegetables poverty species, the of non-cultivated lost these symbol of has consumption process it the perceive and lifestyle, been has western gather generation younger contemporary the identify, and the change by habits nutritional influenced while that obvious is It declared survey field the during Cyprus in met we generation that younger the of couple 410 ditc00 .600 14 5 1 1 0.04 12 16 0.06 37 146 38 0.01 0.04 0.21 209 0.13 Adriatic African-Saharan North Western Eastern eierna region Mediterranean h osmto fwl lnsi sa diino opeett itof diet a to complement a or addition an as is plants wild of consumption The the with familiar not are recognize they to processed. them easy or be of not some is fruits should identify it plants can greens, wild case way the buying in of to and instead going to plants imported, though, edible consuming even even the or Since effort cultivated fields. are the and they to if time running matter no less markets, and the from easier spices much is it .C.Hdihmi tal. et Hadjichambis Ch. A. al I oesnssmlrt ne o h egahclgroups. geographical the for index similarity Sorensen’s VI. Table Cpu,Greece) (Cyprus, Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean Iay Spain) (Italy, Western African-Saharan Mediterranean North Mediterranean Adriatic cultural Downloaded By: [Wageningen UR] At: 15:49 30 July 2008 el ,PrseaHdihmiD ajcabsCA 06 nehooaia uvyo idedible wild of survey ethnobotanical An Ekstro 2006. ChA. Hadjichambis D, Paraskeva-Hadjichambi A, Della eLgrlM eadS ael ,SlnP atnJ,MnadI udle ,TualP eaeJ. Delaue P, Toubaul J, Guidollet I, Monjaud JL, Martin P, Salen N, Mamelle S, Renaud M, Logeril De o A aikM.19.Teehooaia praht rgdsoey c m270:60 Am Sci discovery. drug to approach ethnobotanical The Symbosium Wiley. 1994. Foundation Chichester: MJ. Ciba applications. Balick drugs. PA, and new Cox Principles Ethnobotany. for 1996. search CM. the Cotton and Ethnobotany 1994. Forest J. theme: Marsh Main DJ, 7/1NF/2. advice Chadwick technological and technical scientific on body Subsidiary 2001. CBD. y A 91 Quelites 1981. RA. Bye rt ,Hirc .19.Clue ecpinadteevrnet.JAp o 72:67 Bot Appl J environments. the and perception Culture, 1998. M. Heinrich J, Brett olsL 99[02.Foao gp.vl 1 vols Egypt. of Flora [2002]. 1999 L. Boulos oe MA Bonet MA Bonet onrA 98 oprtv td ffyn oohrcoigtcnqe nuneo h urtv value. nutritive the on influence techniques cooking Ethiopia. other in to plants frying food of wild study Comparative of 1998. development A. and Bognar use sustainable J for oils. Prospect olive 2001. Greek M. of Tadesse content Z, tocopherol Asfaw The 1989. AG. Manoukas manual. field MN, a Hassapidou research: NK, ethnobotanical Andrikopoulos for of guidelines districts Selected selected some 1996. in editors. JW, plants Sheldon wild NM, edible Alexiades of study Ethnobotanical 2005. D. Dikasso K, Urga G, Addis o nnigti rjc.(C3 02103 hnsaeas u oalthe all to due also TK. are valuable References their Thanks with 2002-10023) study this (ICA3. to contributed General project. who Directorate informants this Commission-Research European financing the thank for to wish authors The Acknowledgements heritage. cultural with the take connections in efforts the inextricable required if food’s be only the account will meaningful into stakeholders in is agro-biodiversity cultural changes food and substantial Sustaining or policy-makers Mediterranean. Additionally, schools local useful. for many material very of instructive agenda is innovative dissemination Slow developing 2003; for of Rodriguez novel idea handbooks Fajardo require the and will and Lopez TK 2005), (Verde this Food universities of and renaissance inventory knowledge schools The ecological in scientific generations. traditional curricula future The and to communities, fundamental. infused local be and the should pressing within value is gain knowledge be should this to of expected is preserving knowledge the areas in urban decreased limited. plants in much of consequently very uses and folk autumn and of late transmission generations, the between past that especially realized Mediterranean, was it of however, people spring; rural in role important lnso ahsadLraacutyieo yrs tnbo tnmd2:34. Ethnomed Ethnobiol J Cyprus. of countryside Larnaca and Paphos of plants oshlseprecn eetok.ItJCn tde 27:294 Studies Cons J Int perestrojka. experiencing households disease. heart coronary of prevention secondary in diet 343:1454 rich Lancet acid alpha-linolenic Mediterranean 1994. 8.Cihse:Jh ie Sons. & Wiley John UNEP/CBD. Chichester: Montreal: 185. resources. forest non-timber of management sustainable diversity, biological bra eisl) n odSiNt 53:225 Nutr Sci Food J Int Peninsula). Iberian l Emporda Alt rssAets49:250 Aceites Grasas 55:47 Bot Econ 46:503 Agric Food Sci Garden. Botanical York New York: New 33:83 Ecol Hum Ethiopia. h ai fuigwl odpat ssilaie u s‘gig.Tercrigand recording The ‘ageing’. is but alive, still is plants food wild an using of play habit The still plants food gathered wild that suggests field the from Evidence ¨ M Ekstro KM, m ` ` Valle , aaaM eg ,Valle A, Selga M, Parada , n e uleis(aaoi,IeinPnnua.JEhohrao 68:145 Ethnopharmacol J Peninsula). 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British of people native Nuxalk the by foods traditional of use the in Change 1992. HV. Kuhnlein hsaa,Ha Y e J 00 idpat ntede fAcoci oglhrse ninner in herdsmen Mongol Archorchin of diet the in plants Wild 2000. SJ. Pei HY, Huai Khasbagan, hfg K eadA 00 h fcec frno essehodrce eerhi h vlainof evaluation the in research ethno-directed versus MJ, random of Karvonen efficiency The F, 2000. A. Fidanza Deward AS, IK, Khafagi Dontas BS, Doubledays. Djordjeuic York: New R, way. Buzina Mediterranean The H, well: stay Blackburn and C, well eat Aravanis to A, How 1959. Keys of M. evaluation Keys Dietary A, Keys 2006. NK. Andrikopoulos A, Falirea A, Mylona D, Grigorakis pre- in N, traditions Kalogeropoulos food and food of Choice group 2002b. focus IM. Gustafsson Repeated LRM, Sweden: Halberg in AM, Wallin foodways IM, Cultural Jonsson 2002a. IB. Gustafsson LRM, Halberg IM, Jonsson ono ,Giet E 02 ahrn rcie fKrnwmn usinbecnrbto obeta to contribution Questionable women: Karen of practices Gathering 2002. LE. Grivetti N, Johnson on ,MooE,Ui C 96.Eil lnso aaRgo,Tnai.Eo odNt 35:71 Nutr Food Ecol Tanzania. Kenya: Region, Mara Distinc. District, of Ngorongoro plants Siaya Edible of 1996b. of Batemi FC. the Usio Luo of EB, masticants Mhoro the T, and Johns of plants Food remedies 1996a. P. Herbal 45:103 Sanaya Bot EB, 1990. Econ Mhoro T, Kenya. EK. Johns Distinc. Press. Siaya Kimanani Arizona of JO, of Luo University the Kokwaro AZ: of Tucson, T, plants it. Food Johns eat 1991. shall JO. they Kokwaro plants. T, herbs & Johns bitter Women With editor. 1990. T. PL, Johns Howard In: exploration. An world: Publ. Plexus plant NJ: a potential Medford and products. Women and Agricultural natural 2003. role of its PL. 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