Firearms: a Global History to 1700 Kenneth Chase Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-72240-7 - Firearms: A Global History to 1700 Kenneth Chase Index More information

Index

ëAbbas, 117, 119, 121–22, 124, 126 Bacon, Roger, 58 accuracy, 26–27, 74, 144–45, 150, Baghdad, 13–15, 83–84, 120, 122, 125–26, 201 216 n1 Aceh, 136, 139–40 Bahmani sultanate, 130 Aden, 130, 135–36 Balkans, 84–85, 89–93, 107, 209 Afghanistan, 83, 113–14, 123–24, Balkh, 113, 124 128 bamboo, 32, 147, 153 Afghans, 129–33, 203, 254 n11 barbed wire, 82, 202, 207 Africa, 8, 51, 83, 101, 109–11, 204, see also bayonet, 62, 93, 147, 200–201 Maghrib Bedouin, 12–13, 100–101, 231 n52 agrarianate civilizations, 6 beehive, 246 n66 Aleppo, 99, 102, 104 Beijing, 18, 34, 36, 40–42, 45, 52–53, 153, Algiers, 108–9 160, 162, 169, 170 Altan Khan, 159–60, 166 capital moved to, 43, 51–52 Americas, 8, 27, 80–82, 110, 154, 196, Belgrade, 88–90 201–3 Berbers, 108 Anatolia, 14, 83–85, 93, 100–103, 114–15, Black Death, 66, 81, 101 119, 206 black musketeers, 103, 233 n78 Ancestral Injunctions, 42, 47 bombard, 60, 231 n54 Aqquyunlu, 102, 107, 114–15, 119, 206 bombs, 31–32, 58, 131, 152, 155, 173, 202, Arid Zone, 8–9, 13, 128, 207–10 249 n21 armor, 10, 20–22, 24, 38–39, 61, 67, 74, 94, bow, 20–22, 24, 73–75, 148, 177, 180, 186, 100, 117, 129, 133, 150–51, 176, 209 189–90, 193–94, 252 n67, see also on ships, 182, 187 crossbow, longbow, mounted archers, arquebus, 24, 61, 216 n55, see also musket recurved composite bow arrows, ﬁred from guns, 39, 46, 173–74 brass, 82, 202, 229 n18 asymmetry, 237 n40 breech-loaders, 27, 82, 143–45, 147, 202, auxiliaries, 19, 36–37, 46, 54, 87, 100–101, see also swivel gun 115, 138, 156–57 bronze, 31, 39, 50, 71, 78, 87, 105, 131, ëAyn Jalut, 98, 107 138, 143, 152, 168, 229 n18 Ayyubids, 14, 98, 107 Buddhism, 6, 30, 33, 136–37, 170, 175–76, Azarbayjan, 14, 83, 114–15, 119–22, 125 182, see also Negoro temple, Shaolin Aztecs, 8, 80 temple, True Pure Land Buddhist cave sculptures, 32 Babur, 123, 131–32, 242 n10 Burma, 138, 196 Bacon, Francis, 197 Byzantine empire, 9, 20, 57, 84–85

285

286 Index

Cairo, 13–15, 99–100, 102–6, 126, 216 n1, Confucianism, 29–30 234 n78 continuous bullet gun, 147 Calicut, 131, 134, 138 copper, 78, 87, 157, 173 camels, 10, 12–13, 15, 103, 105–6, Cossacks, 19, 69, 77 108, 206 coups, 36, 99, 184 cannibals, 142 Crete, 93, 95 cannon, 23–24, see also bombard, horse Crimean Tatars, 18, 77–80, 87 artillery, swivel gun crossbow, 30–32, 34, 45, 68, 76, 228 n6, field artillery, 62, 92, 201 235 n2, 244 n22, 246 n68, 249 n20 naval artillery, 52, 70–73, 134, 174–75, crouching tiger cannon, 246 n66 182–83 Crusades, 9, 21, 57, 85, 98, 102, 107, 209 siege artillery, 60, 62, 97, 102, 133, culture, influence on firearms of, 2, 96, 185, 247 n85 105–6, 127, 198–99 caracole, 69 Cyprus, 93–95 carbine, 70, 92–93, 148–50, 201 Cardano, Girolamo, 80 Damascus, 13, 15, 107 cartridges, 82, 147, 201–2 Darwin, 26 catapult, 24, 32, 58, 102, 109, 173, 216 n60, Deccan Plateau, 128–31, 133 228 n6 definitions, 1 cavalry, see also knights Delhi, 9, 129–32 border patrols, 77, 161–63 depots, supply, 18–19 dismounted, 59, 213 n19, see also disease, 11, 47–48, 80–81, 111, 124, 176, dragoons 203, see also Black Death, sleeping and firearms, 24–25, 68–70, 92, 148–50, sickness see also culture Diu, 103, 131, 135–36 and infantry, 59, 62, 67–68, 175–77, 190, donkeys, 220 n50 218 n27 dragoons, 63, 68–69, 92, 96, 110, 117, heavy and light, 20–23, 32, 67–70, 84, 119, 126–27, 163, 221 n71 100, 107, 112, 115–17, 133, 176, drill, 24, 75, 147, 200, 205 209–10 Dutch, 72, 75, 111, 138–40, 154, 157–58, origins, 20 168, 193, 195 Chaldiran, 117, 119–20 Dzungars, 170 Champa, 137 charcoal, 31, 60, 87 earliest firearm, 1, 32 chariot, 19–20, 162 elephants, 43, 48, 128–29, 137, 241 n86 chemistry, 2–3, 31, 84 energy, 30–31 child-mother gun, 147 English, 59–60, 71–74, 87, 97, 99, 111, 136, China, south and north contrasted, 28, 138–39, 168, 193, 196, 199–200 33–35, 145, 147–48, 158, 162 Esen, 53, 158, 169 China proper, 41 Ethiopia, 86, 99, 136 Chinggis Khan, 9, 11, 29, 58 descent from, 113–14, 123, 131, 158 feigned flight, 10–11, 23, 44, 93, 123–24, Ch’oe Mu-son, 173–74 127 Christianity, 6, 56–58, 134, 168, 179, fifth class musketeers, 103, 105 see also Crusades, Jesuits fire-arrows, 31, 34, 152, 163, 180, 187, citadels, 15, 89, 121–22, 124, 126, 177 191 civilizations, 6–7 fire-lance, 31–32, 39, 84, 163, 220 n62, combination-mechanism gun, 145–46, 222 n9 150 Firearms Division, 36, 152 comparisons of firearms, 2, 141–42, 192 fireworks, 30, 130 compass, 50, 57, 80, 197 flamethrower, 31–32, 155, 173, 202, competition, 211 n4, see also prohibitions see also fire-lance on firearms flintlock, 93, 201, 203, 226 n52

Index 287

fodder, 17, 19, 22, 40, 46, 79, 81–82, 106, hook gun, 61 120, 165–66, 206, see also pasture horse artillery, 70 foraging, 16–17, 44–45, 68, 120–21 horses, 14, 17, 42, 68–70, see also fodder, fortiﬁcations, 15, 60, 62, 81, 90–91, 121, pasture, sleeping sickness 126, 169, 185, 189–90, 195, see also breeding, 40–41, 110, 128, 138, 151, 167, Great Wall, siege warfare, trace italienne 176, 248 n12 French, 59–60, 62, 68–70, 72, 75, 85, 92, numbers, 10, 17, 20, 40, 42, 47, 70, 79 97–98, 199–203 shortages, 41, 54, 167, 170 Frois,´ Luıs,´ 184–85, 215 n36, 248 n12, 249 spare, 10, 17, 20, 22, 45, 77 n24, 251 n46 symbolism, 56, 106, 132, 199 trading, 40–41, 110, 130, 133, 137–38, galleon, 71 158 galley, 71–72, 89, 93–95, 136, 139, 143, household registration, 35, 40, 151, 167 155–56, 187 Hungary, 56, 58, 73, 85–86, 89–92, 97, generalissimo, invincible, 145, 163 206, 227 n60, see also Magyars, Genghis Khan, see Chinggis Khan Schooles of Warre ghulams, 117 hunting, 10–11, 22, 81, 101, 117–19, 144, Gibbon, Edward, 85, 203, 211 n4 159, 195, 201, 235 n11 Goa, 130–31, 134, 139, 168 Hurmuz, 130, 135–36 Gobi Desert, 41–42 Hussites, 60, 206 Golden Horde, 58, 76–77 Granada, 60, 105, 108–9 Ibn Khaldun, 108 grapeshot, 143, 246 n66 Ieyasu, 180–82, 193, 250 n37, 251 n52 Great Wall, 41, 54, 158–62, 253 n84 Industrial Revolution, 7, 82, 136, 204–5, guerrilla warfare, 48–49, 81, 247 n84, 254 n3 see also skirmishing iron, 10, 78, 87, 138, 157, 174, 182 Gujarat, 103, 131, 135–36 cast iron, 34, 71, 84, 95, 131, 139, gunpowder 143–44, 168 black powder, 31 wrought iron, 60, 84, 131, 143, 153 corning, 60–61, 142, 144–45, 152, Islam, 6, 12–13, 58, 83–84, 86, 99, 106, 245 n44 110–11, 137, see also jihad formulas, 31, 58, 84, 130, 144, 147 Ismaëil, 115, 117, 119–20, 123, 126 invention, 1, 31–32, 58 production, 38, 60, 78, 81, 87, 157, Jalayirids, 102, 107 173–74, 179, 250 n36 Jam, 117, 123, 133 smokeless powder, 202 janissaries, 78, 86, 88, 90–92, 99, 103, 107, gunpowder empires, 254 n11 117, 119–20, 240 n76 gunpowder weapons, 1, 30, 31–32, 202, see Java, 49, 51, 241 n7 also bombs, ﬂamethrower, mines, rocket Jesuits, 138, 168, 170–71, 179, 182, 243 n17, see also Frois´ Habsburgs, 85, 90–93, 98, 108–9 Jiajing emperor, 157, 159 Hai Rui, 244 n39 jihad, 85 Hainan, 137 junks, 49–50, 139, 155, 178 hand cannon, 39, 58, 174 Jurchens, 9, 29, 31–32, 167, 173–75, heaven model see also Manchus China (hand cannon), 39 Korea (naval cannon), 174 Kaiping, 18, 44 hell, 59–60 khaghan, 9, 58, 68, 166, 222 n73 Herat, 113, 123–24, 127, 236 n15 Khanua, 132, 206, 255 n15 Hetoum, 7, 58–59, 67 knights, 11, 20–21, 56, 59, see also Crusades Hideyoshi, 180, 183–88, 190–93, 195 Knights of St. John, 85, 94 Hongwu emperor, 33–35, 41–43, 47, 50, 55, Khurasan, 14, 83, 119, 122–24, 126–27, 152, 173 131

288 Index

Korea, 9, 30, 49, 145, 172–75, 186–93, Outer Mongolia, 18–19, 41–42, 44–47, 205, 208–9 52, 55, 170 Kurds, 14, 87, 98, 100, 115 Mongols, 9–11, 44, 170, see also Kyushu, 175, 178–79, 183 Uriyangkhai Eastern Mongols, 170, see also Tatars lance, 10, 20–21, 23, 30, 63–64, 68–69, 100, Western Mongols, see Oirats, Dzungars 105, 116–17, 150, 201, 209 Morocco, 13, 83, 108–10, 225 n37 Lepanto, 89, 94–95, 109 mortar, 72, 117, 124, 131–32, 155, 195, 251 Liu Sheng, 45–46, 48 n52 logistics, 11, 16–19, 37–38, 41–42, 47, 66, mounted archers, 10–11, 36–37, 68–70, 77, 79–80, 87, 101, 120–22, 125, 151, 100, 116–18, 137, 176, 209 165–66, 170, 187, 207, see also depots, multiple-barreled firearms, 59, 147–48, fodder, foraging, wagons, water 202 quantities, 17–18, 44–45, 54, 79, 166 musket, 24–25, 61–62, 73–75, 117–19, sea voyages, 50–51, 72–73, 93, 142 144–50, 152–53, 163–65, 188–89, sieges, 61–62, 124, 188, 191 201 longbow, 73–75 Mustafa Rumi, 131–32 Lurs, 115 Mustafa Rumi Khan, 136 muzzle-loaders, 25, 143–44 M-16 automatic rifle, 23 Macau, 138, 157, 168, 179 Nagashino, 182, 184, 193 Machiavelli, 63, 65–67, 252 n67 naphtha, 231 n54 machine gun, 147, 202, 204 naval warfare Maghrib, 13, 84, 103, 105, 107–9, 203, Atlantic Ocean, 71–72 209 China, 33–34, 49–52, 155–56 Magyars, 56–57, 68 Indian Ocean, 95, 103–4, 134–36 Malta, 93–94 Japan, 182–83 mamluks, 20–21, 98–107, 117, 129, 203, Korea, 187, 190 209 Mediterranean Sea, 71, 93–95 Manchuria, 1, 29, 32, 42–46, 167–69, 173, Southeast Asia, 139 175 Negoro temple, 178, 181, 183 Manchus, 158, 167–71, 193, 204, see also Nobunaga, 180–83, 185 Jurchens nomads Manila, 154, 157, 178 desert nomads, 12–13, see also Bedouin, Marj Dabiq, 104–6 Tuaregs matchlock, 24–25, 69, 74, 93, 117–19, 131, excluded and enclosed nomads, 13 144–46, 201, 203 steppe nomads, 9–12, see also Mongols, Melaka, 51, 134–36, 138–42, 178 Turks, Xiongnu mercenaries, 91–92, 97, 138, 178, 222 n12 metallurgy, 2–3, see also bronze, iron Oikoumene, 6–9, 15–16, 19, 81, 197–99, military manuals, Chinese, 2, 31, 38–39, 203, 207–10 145–46, 152–53, 195, see also Qi Oirats, 44–46, 52–53, 158, 170 Jiguang, Zhao Shizhen Onin War, 176–77, 185 military revolution debate, 224 n31, Ordos, 44, 54–55, 158–60 254 n3 Osaka, 181–83, 193, 249 n18 mines, 31, 39, 202 outposts, Chinese, 43–44, 54 misfires, 74 Mongol empire, 9, 11, 29–30, 42, 58, 76, Panipat, 132 84, 98, 106–7, 113, 119, 130, 173, Parthians, 20, 22, 67, 125 177, 208, 221 n65 partisans, 187, 189 Mongolia, 9–10 pasture, 9–14, 40, 127–28, 167, 206, Inner Mongolia, 29, 34, 41, 43–46, 52, see also fodder 54, 158, 166 Persian Gulf, 135–36, 139

Index 289

pike, 59, 62–63, 75–76, 92–93, 177, 180, safety, 23, 72 182, 184, 193–94, 200–201, 203, Sahara Desert, 9, 12–13, 108–10 205–7, 252 n67, 255 n18 Sakai, 178–79, 181, 250 n36 piracy, 33, 41, 51, 93, 135, 144, 148, 151, salaries of Presbyterian ministers in 154–58, 166, 173, 178 Massachusetts, 206 pistol, 61–62, 69–70, 92–93, 96, 150, 201 saltpeter, 31, 58, 60, 78, 84, 87, 157, Poland, 16, 58, 69, 76, 78–79, 206 173–74, 179, 250 n36 Polo, Marco, 19, 49–50, 130 Samarqand, 113–14, 123 population, 8, 11, 16, 28, 37–38, 57, 65–66, Sassanids, 20 80–81, 125, 128–30, 176–77, 185 Satan, 59, 199 porters, 17–18 Schooles of Warre, 97 Portuguese, 50–51, 85–86, 97, 103–4, science, 7, 84 109–10, 130, 134–36, 138–44, 155–57, scorched earth tactics, 79–80, 120–22 168–69, 178–79 secrecy, 40, 152–53, 172, 174–75 prohibitions on firearms, 87, 89, 151–54, Selim, 89, 104, 106, 119 183, 195, 198 Seoul, 186, 188, 191 prohibitions on trade, 50, 157, 159, 166, 193 Shangdu, 41, see also Kaiping Pusan, 186, 188, 190–91 Shaolin temple, 156 P’yongyang, 186–87, 191–92 shells, 174, 195, 251 n52 shields, 10, 21, 39, 117, 149–50 Qaraquyunlu, 102, 107, 114–15 wooden shields, 78, 105–6, 132, 163–65, Qi Jiguang, 143–45, 147, 151–52, 157, 206–7 162–66, 188, 193 shipwrecks, 137, 174–75, 245 n55 Qizilbash, 115, 119, 120–22, shogun, 176, 179–82, 193, 196 126–27 siege warfare, 23–24, 60–65, 88–91, quiver-bearers, 115, 119, 123, 235 n10 94, 102, 121–22, 126, 133, 181–85, 187–95 railroad, 16, 27, 66, 68, 82, 203 nomads and, 53, 77, 124, 161 rainfall, 9, 13, 28, 45, 65, 84, 107, 113, 128 silk, 49, 141, 151 rate of fire, 23–24, 27, 73–75, 143, 147–48, Silk Road, 141, 144 165, 189, 201–2 silver, 134, 151, 153–54, 167 ratio of firearms to other weapons, 62, 92, size of armies, 37, 75, 87, 101, 119, 200 138, 163, 180–81, 190 skirmishing, 22, 44, 63, 86, 92, 110, Raydaniya, 105–6, 242 n10 123, 126, 137, 139, 191, 201, 207, rebellions, 33–34, 47–48, 169, 171, 173, see also guerrilla warfare 193, 195, 198 slaves, 77, 110–11 recruitment, see also mercenaries, slaves military slaves, 15, 86, 99, 117, 129, China, 36, 151, 156–57, 167 see also black musketeers, ghulams, Egypt, 101–105 janissaries, mamluks Europe, 75, 199 sleeping sickness, 110–11 Japan, 175–76, 181, 184 smoothbore, 25–26, 63, 71, 74, 82 Ottoman empire, 86–87 solo-flying divine-fire arrow, 39 recurved composite bow, 22, 36–37, sound from firearms, 45–46, 48, 59, 73, 73, 93 106, 142, 239 n58 Red Sea, 13, 95, 104, 135–36 Spanish, 57, 80, 94–95, 97, 105, 108–9, renegades, 90–91, 97, 109 154, 157 Rhodes, 93–94 Spanish Armada, 50, 71–72 rifle, 25–27, 82, 201–2 spread of gunpowder and firearms, 1–2, repeating rifle, 27, 82, 202 58–59, 78, 84–86, 99–100, 108–11, riverine warfare, 33–34, 132 114, 124, 130–31, 138, 140–44, rocket, 31, 34, 130, 188, 202 173–75, 177–79, 188, 195 Romans, 20, 66–67, 75, 107, 125, 206, 246 Sri Lanka, 51 n62, see also Byzantine empire steel, 10, 80, 84, 131

290 Index

strel’tsy, 78 unity and disunity Suleyman,¨ 88–92 China, 21, 28–29, 32–35 sulfur, 31, 60, 87, 157, 173–74 Europe, 3, 240 n85 Sumatra, 51, 86, 136, 139 Islamdom, 83–84 Swiss, 59, 207 Japan, 2, 176–77, 183–86, 193 swivel gun, 2, 71, 93, 97, 123, 131–32, 134, Mongols, 9, 11–12, 44, 158, 166 139, 143–44, 147, 153, 155–56, 163, Southeast Asia, 139, 240 n85 174–75, 251 n43 Uriyangkhai, 42–47, 170 sword, 23, 30, 62, 69, 105, 152, 193, 201, Uzbeks, 85–86, 119, 121, 123–24, 126–27, 209, 233 n78, 252 n67 254 n31 Syria, 98, 100–102, 104–5, 107, 209 Venice, 85, 93–95, 97, 103, 114, 117, 199, Tabriz, 114–15, 120–22, 125–26 214 n35 Taiwan, 157–58 victory gun, 191 Tatars, 44–46, 52–53, 60, 76–80, 161, 170, Vienna, 90–91, 93, 98 see also Crimean Tatars Vietnam, 38, 43, 47–49, 51–52, 137–38, tea, 40, 49, 54, 158 154, 187, 192 telegraph, 27, 82, 203 Vijayanagara, 130–31, 239 n65 Temur,¨ 85, 102, 107, 114, 123, 129, 131, Vikings, 56–57, 242 n10 228 n6 volley ﬁre, 75, 147, 165, 189, 250 n31, ten-eyed gun, 147 250 n41 Thailand, 51, 138, 144, 154, 178 three-eyed gun, 147–48, 150 wagons Tibetans, 40, 158, 170 desert nomads, 14 timariots, 78, 86–87, 90 steppe nomads, 10, 255 n16 timber, 89, 101, 104 supply wagons, 17–18, 41, 44–45, 54, tin, 78, 87 70, 79–81, 162, 165–66, 169 Tokugawa period, 193–96, 249 n24, 252 wagon laager, 60, 76, 78, 86, 90, 92–93, n67 97, 105–6, 114, 117, 120–23, 126, trace italienne, 65, 90, 92, 133, 226 n57, 132–33, 147, 150, 162–69, 200–201, 247 n85 205–7, 255 n18 Transoxania, 9, 13, 58, 83, 113, 123, water, 17–18, 53, 93, 101, 124, 191 131, 141 wheel lock, 69, 92, 201 tributary system, 50, 142, 172, 187 William of Rubruck, 11, 58 True Pure Land, 181–84 winged-tiger gun, 148–50 Tsushima, 175, 188 Tuaregs, 12–13, 108 Xiongnu, 28, 161, 252 n69 Tumu, 52–55, 152 Xuande emperor, 48, 51–52, 218 n31 Tunis, 95, 99, 108–9, 134 Turcopoles, 21 Yi Sun-sin, 187, 190–92 Turkmens,¨ 87, 100, 102–5, 114–15, Yongle emperor, 43–48, 50–51, 55, 119, 131, 204, see also 152, 217 n4, 221 n71 Aqquyunlu, Qaraquyunlu, Yu Song-nyong, 145, 186, 188–90, 193 Qizilbash Turks, 9, 14–15, 21–22, 28, 83, 98–99, Zhao Shizhen, 145–50, 152–54, 163–64, 112–15, 128–29, 131, 133, 192, 195 204–5, 208–9, see also Afghans, Zheng He, 50–51 Turkmens,¨ Uzbeks Zhengde emperor, 52, 159, 247 n84 turtle boat, 187 Zhu Yuanzhang, see Hongwu emperor